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Numismatics
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Andrea Fulvio
Andrea Fulvio (in his Latin publications and correspondence Andreas Fulvius) (c. 1470 – 1527) was a Renaissance humanist, poet and antiquarian of Rome, who advised Raphael in the reconstructions of ancient Rome as settings for his frescoes. Fulvio was Raphael's companion and cicerone as they explored the ruins, Fulvio showing Raphael what was essential to be drawn and ex temporising on them.
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Anselmo Banduri
Anselmo Banduri (August 18, 1671 or 1675, Ragusa, off the coast of Dalmatia – January 4, 1743, Paris) was a Benedictine scholar, archaeologist and numismatologist from the Republic of Ragusa.
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Augustus
:For other uses of Octavius, see Octavius (disambiguation). For other uses of Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). For other uses of Augustus, see Augustus (disambiguation).
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Bartolomeo Borghesi
Bartolomeo (also Bartolommeo) Borghesi (11 July 1781 – 16 April 1860) was an Italian antiquarian who was a key figure in establishing the science of numismatics.
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Boniface VIII
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Camillo Serafini
Camillo Serafini was an Italian Marquis and the only Governor of Vatican City from 11 February 1929 – 31 March 1952. He was a noted numismatist.
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Celestino Cavedoni
Celestino Cavedoni (18 May 1795, at Levizzano-Rangone, near Modena – 26 November 1865, in Modena) was an Italian ecclesiastic, archæologist, and numismatist.
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Charles Surasky
Charles Surasky is an expert numismatist, with a special interest in postal notes. Among his publications are
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Churchill Babington
Churchill Babington (11 March 1821 – 12 January 1889) was an English classical scholar, archaeologist and naturalist, born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire.
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Claude Gros de Boze
Claude Gros de Boze (28 January 1680, Lyon - 10 September 1753, Paris) was a French scholar and numismatist.
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Eduard Rüppell
Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon Rüppell (20 November 1794 - 10 December 1884) was a German naturalist and explorer. Rüppell is occasionally transliterated to "Rueppell" for the English alphabet.
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Francesco Carelli
Francesco Carelli (8 October 1758, Conversano – 17 September 1832, Naples) was an administrative officer of the Kingdom of Naples and an important numismatist, coin collector and antiquarian. He had a special interest in ancient coins and himself had an important collection of ancient Greek coins. In an extensive work, Numorum Italiae veteris Tabulae CCII (published posthumously in 1850) he put together all the known ancient coins of Italy.
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Georges Bataille
Georges Bataille () (10 September 1897 – 8 July 1962) was a French writer. Although several philosophers have been significantly influenced by his thought, Bataille tended not to refer to himself as a philosopher.
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Giuseppe Fiorelli
Giuseppe Fiorelli (1823–1896) was an Italian archaeologist born in Naples, Italy. His excavations at Pompeii helped preserve the city.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610) was King of France from 1589 to 1610 and King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. His parents were Queen Jeanne III and King Antoine of Navarre.
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Joachim II
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Joel L. Malter
Joel Lawrence Malter (May 9, 1931-June 5, 2006), an internationally known dealer in ancient coin and antiquities, became a recognized expert, scholar and pioneer in these fields.
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Joseph Pellerin
Joseph Pellerin (1684-1782) French Intendant-General of the Navy, first Commissioner of the Navy as well as a celebrated numismatic pioneer.
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Julius Friedländer
Eduard Julius Theodor Julius Friedländer (June 25, 1813 – April 4, 1884) was a German numismatist. He was born in and died in Berlin.
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Jörgen Zoega
Jörgen Zoega (December 20, 1755 - February 10, 1809) was a Danish archaeologist and numismatist; born at Daler near Tönder, near the west coast of northern Schleswig.
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Kyrgyz people
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Louis Robert
Louis Robert (Laurière, 15 February 1904 - Paris, 31 May 1985) was a professor of Greek history and Epigraphy at the Collège de France, and author of many volumes and articles on Greek epigraphy (of all periods, from the archaic period to Late Antiquity), numismatics, and the historical geography of Greek lands. Robert studied at the École Normale Supérieure from 1924-1927, was a member of the École française d'Athènes from 1927-1932, and taught at the École pratique des hautes études (IVth section) in Paris from 1932. He was made full professor at the Collège de France in 1939, where he remained until his retirement in 1974.
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Louis XIV
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Petrarch
Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism". In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio and, especially, Dante Alighieri. This would be later endorsed by the Accademia della Crusca. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to refer to the Dark Ages.
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Philip Grierson
Philip Grierson, FBA (15 November 1910 – 15 January 2006) was a British historian and numismatist, emeritus professor of numismatics at Cambridge University and a fellow of Gonville and Caius College for over seventy years. During his long and extremely prolific academic career, he built the world’s foremost representative collection of medieval coins, wrote very extensively on the subject, brought it to much wider attention in the historical community and filled important curatorial and teaching posts in Cambridge, Brussels and Washington DC.
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Raffaele Garrucci
Raffaele Garrucci (b. Naples, 22 January 1812; d. Rome, 5 May 1885) was a historian of Christian art. He belonged to a wealthy family, entered the Society of Jesus at the age of fifteen and was professed on 19 March 1853. He devoted himself to the study of the Church Fathers, also to Pagan and Christian antiquities; both he and the celebrated Giovanni Battista de Rossi became the principal disciples of Father Marchi. On his many journeys through Italy, France, Germany, and Spain, he collected much material for his archaeological publications.
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Simone Assemani
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Stefano Borgia
Stefano Borgia (3 December 1731–1804) was an Italian Cardinal, theologian, antiquarian, and historian.
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Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca. 69/75 – after 130), was a Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order in the early Imperial era. He is important to Christians because of his reference to the Historicity of Jesus.
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Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist, and writer generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, and was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code (BGB).
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Walter Breen
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Armenia
Armenia (, transliterated : Hayastan, ), officially the Republic of Armenia (, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, ), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Bode Museum
The Bode Museum belongs to the group of museums on the Museum Island in Berlin and is a historically preserved building. The museum was designed by architect Ernst von Ihne and completed in 1904. Originally called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum after Emperor Frederick III, the museum was renamed in honour of its first curator, Wilhelm von Bode, in 1956.
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Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital (), until 2000 called Santa Fé de Bogotá, is the capital city of Colombia, as well as the most populous city in the country, with an estimated 7,304,384 inhabitants as of 2009. Bogotá and its metropolitan area, which includes municipalities such as Chía, Cota, Soacha, Cajicá and La Calera, had an estimated population of 8,566,926 in 2009. In terms of land area, Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia, one of the biggest of Latin America, figures in the 30th largest cities of the world, and it is the third-highest capital city in the world after (La Paz and Quito) at 2640 metres above sea level. With its many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America". Bogotá owns the biggest moorland of the world, which is located in the Sumapaz Locality.
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Brasília
Brasília () is the capital of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 (3,599,000 in the metropolitan area) as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the fourth largest city in Brazil. However, as a metropolitan area, it ranks lower at sixth. It is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Brasília hosts 119 foreign embassies.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Cambridge
The city of Cambridge ( ()) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north-by-east of London. Cambridge is also at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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Doha
Doha (, ' or ', literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 80% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
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Havana
Havana (, , officially Ciudad de La Habana,) is the capital city, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city is one of the 14 Cuban provinces. The city/province has 2.1 million inhabitants, the largest city in Cuba and the largest in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa, and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Lucca
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on) the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca. Among other reasons, it is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls.
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Madrid
Madrid (Spanish , English ) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million (as of December 2009); the entire population of the metropolitan area (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be nearly 6 million. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous in the European Union after Paris and London. The city spans a total of 698 km² (234 sq mi).
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
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Naples
Naples ( , , Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Italy; it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Situated on the west coast of Italy by the Gulf of Naples, the city is located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields.
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New Delhi
New Delhi (, naī dillī) is the capital city of India. It serves as the centre of the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
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Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (; ) is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province) located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the 2001 census).
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Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Paramaribo
Paramaribo (nickname: Par′bo) is the capital and largest city of Suriname, located on banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. Paramaribo has a population of roughly 250,000 people, more than half of Suriname's population. The historic inner city of Paramaribo has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Purbalingga
Purbalingga is a regency () in Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is Purbalingga. Purbalingga Regency has an area of 777.65 km² and population of 848,000 (2003).
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Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
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Retiro, Buenos Aires
Retiro is a barrio (district) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, noted for its train and bus terminals, and its high-end shopping and residences. Retiro is a popular residential area for Buenos Aire's upper-class families and expatriate executives.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Royal Coin Cabinet
The Royal Coin Cabinet () is a museum located on Slottsbacken, Gamla Stan, in central Stockholm, Sweden, dedicated to the history of money.
http://wn.com/Royal_Coin_Cabinet -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San José, Costa Rica
San José ("Saint Joseph", , ) is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation.
http://wn.com/San_José_Costa_Rica -
Skopje
Skopje (, ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
http://wn.com/Skopje -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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St. Petersburg
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Stockholm
Stockholm () is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the Riksdag (parliament), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace outside of Stockholm and uses the Royal Palace of Stockholm as his workplace and official residence. As of 2009, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden with a population of 829,417 in the municipality (2009), 1.25 million in the urban area (2005), and 2 million in the 6650 km² large metropolitan area (2009).
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Suriname
'Suriname or Surinam' ( or , ; Sarnami: शर्नम् Sarnam, Sranan Tongo: Sranangron or Sranankondre), officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America. Its geographical size is just under , and it has an estimated population of approximately 470,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uppsala
Uppsala (; older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden with 144,839 inhabitants.
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Vatican City
Vatican City or Vatican City State, officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (), which translates literally as "State of the City of the Vatican", is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy. It has an area of approximately , and a population of just over 800.
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Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums (), in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are among the greatest museums in the world, since they display works from the immense collection built up by the Roman Catholic Church throughout the centuries.
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Yerevan
Yerevan (, ) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
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- 1729
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- Adolf Soetbeer
- Albert pick
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- Anselmo Banduri
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- Argentina
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- Arnold Luschin
- Ashmolean Museum
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- Attilio Stazio
- Auction catalog
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- Celestino Cavedoni
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- coin
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- coin collector
- Coin grading
- coins
- Colombia
- Colorado Springs
- Commodity money
- Copenhagen
- Costa Rica
- Cowry
- cowry shell
- Credit (finance)
- credit card
- Cuba
- Cundinamarca
- currency
- Currency Museum
- debt
- denarius
- Denmark
- Doha
- Dresden
- Economic
- Eduard Rüppell
- elongated coin
- engraving
- Ercole Gnecchi
- Erich B. Cahn
- Ernest Babelon
- Ernst Haeberlin
- Ernst Lejeune
- Exchange rate
- Exonumia
- Farouk I of Egypt
- Fitzwilliam Museum
- Florence
- France
- Francesco Carelli
- Francesco Gnecchi
- Frankfurt
- French language
- Gemstone
- Georges Bataille
- Germany
- Giuseppe Fiorelli
- gold
- Greece
- Greek language
- Guillaume Budé
- Hans-Jörg Kellner
- Havana
- Henry IV of France
- Herbert A. Cahn
- Hermitage Museum
- horse
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
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- Jean-Baptiste Frener
- Jena
- Joachim II
- Joel L. Malter
- Joseph Eckhel
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- Joseph von Arneth
- Julius Friedländer
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- Late Latin
- Laura Breglia
- legal tender
- Leo Mildenberg
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- Leper colony money
- London
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- Louis XIV
- Lucca
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- Malaysia
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- Martin A. Armstrong
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- medal
- Michael H. Crawford
- mint-made errors
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- paper money
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- Peter Robert Franke
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- precious metal
- Purbalingga
- Qatar
- Raffaele Garrucci
- Renaissance
- Retiro, Buenos Aires
- Rome
- Royal Coin Cabinet
- Russia
- San José, Costa Rica
- Saturnalia
- scarcity
- Scripophily
- Secondina Cesano
- sheepskin
- silver
- silver coin
- Simone Assemani
- Skopje
- Spain
- St. Petersburg
- Stefano Borgia
- stock
- Stockholm
- Suetonius
- Suriname
- Sweden
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- Theodor Mommsen
- Theodor Struve
- token coin
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uppsala
- Vatican City
- Vatican Museums
- Vienna
- Walter Breen
- Washington, D.C.
- Where's George?
- Where's Willy?
- wooden nickel
- World Money Fair
- World War II
- Yerevan
- Zurich
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Gold bullion vs. Numismatics -- investors want the wood, not the furniture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 02 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: SchiffReport
Also check me out on www.facebook.com and twitter.com
http://wn.com/Gold_bullion_vs_Numismatics_-_investors_want_the_wood,_not_the_furniture
Gold bullion vs. Gold Numismatics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 07 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 30 Oct 2011
- Author: swissamerica
Craig R. Smith, CEO of Swiss America, discusses the price and value of gold bullion coins vs. gold numismatic coins on CNNfn's The Money Gang-Jan 31,2002
http://wn.com/Gold_bullion_vs_Gold_Numismatics
A selection from the National Numismatic Collection.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 15 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 17 Oct 2011
- Author: robmarlowe
Here is a selection of coins from the National Numismatic Collection the the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC These coins are owned by every American. We should be proud to own such a beautiful collection.
http://wn.com/A_selection_from_the_National_Numismatic_Collection
Harlan Berk - Numismatist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 09 May 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jun 2011
- Author: ChicagoRevealed
We talk the art & science of Numismatics with Harlan J. Berk, a man who has been in the business for over 40 years! harlanjberk.com
http://wn.com/Harlan_Berk__Numismatist
Legend Numismatics - quality rare coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 23 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Sep 2011
- Author: legendcoin
Top coin dealer Legend Numismatics www.legendcoin.com. Quality rare coins are a perfect match for today volatile economic times. Rare quality coins hold their value and are extremely liquid. Visit www.legendcoin.com or call 800-743-2646 for more info.
http://wn.com/Legend_Numismatics__quality_rare_coins
Silver Update 8/12/11 - Numismatics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:32
- Published: 12 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 12 Nov 2011
- Author: BrotherJohnF
Silver Update 8/12/11 - Numismatics
http://wn.com/Silver_Update_8/12/11__Numismatics
numismatics how to tell what makes a coin valuable
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Published: 28 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Sep 2011
- Author: OneMinuteU
www.OneMinuteU.com numismatics how to tell what makes a coin valuable
http://wn.com/numismatics_how_to_tell_what_makes_a_coin_valuable
Numismatic, roman and byzantine gold, silver coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Published: 07 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2011
- Author: mukimaks11
For details and more coins numizmatika.weebly.com Visit my website http Old rare roman, byzantine, gold and silver coins.
http://wn.com/Numismatic,_roman_and_byzantine_gold,_silver_coins
Numismatic, roman and byzantine gold coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Published: 05 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 23 Oct 2011
- Author: mukimaks11
For details and more coins numizmatika.weebly.com Visit my website http Old rare roman, byzantine, gold and silver coins.
http://wn.com/Numismatic,_roman_and_byzantine_gold_coins
Difference Between Bullion Coins and Numismatic Coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:39
- Published: 24 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 06 Jul 2011
- Author: bcanada006
thevalueofsilver.com - There are several differences between bullion coins and numismatic coins. It really all depends on whether you are collecting coins as a hobby or collecting coins for profit. Still, there are differences when it comes to buying bullion coins for investment purposes. It can get really confusing This video will not explain all that you need to know to start your own coin collection. You will have to look at ways of educating yourself. However, you will at least learn some chief differences and that will allow you to get started. More information can be found at the the value of gold (thevalueofgold.com) or the value of silver (thevalueofsilver.com). Also, if you are an Independent collector or dealer looking for ways to market your business, you can get some free marketing training from numisnetworkopportunity.com ~ Happy Collecting!!
http://wn.com/Difference_Between_Bullion_Coins_and_Numismatic_Coins
The Collector Coin Confiscation Con - Numismatics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 27 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: GoldMikeMaloney
Mike Maloney answers questions about numismatic collector coins, pre-1933 gold coins, and other topics. For more information like this visit and sign up for the free weekly emails from GoldSilver.com, WealthCycles.com, and OroPlata.com
http://wn.com/The_Collector_Coin_Confiscation_Con__Numismatics
Investing in Numismatic and US Coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Published: 11 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Aug 2011
- Author: BuyerOfGold
This video is about what you need to know if you want to invest in numismatic coins.
http://wn.com/Investing_in_Numismatic_and_US_Coins
Warning regarding Numismatics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 28 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 11 Oct 2011
- Author: stellaconcepts
www.spotmex.com
http://wn.com/Warning_regarding_Numismatics
Numismatic silver vs Silver bullion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 01 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: Excidium567
www.silversnowball.com A quick video on my theory of how numismatic silver may have extra potential that silver bullion does not, I am a big fan of silver bullion and bullion does make up the bulk of my silver collection. Just exploring the potential of silver numismatics as an investment....
http://wn.com/Numismatic_silver_vs_Silver_bullion
Buy Silver Bullion Or Numismatics?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Published: 27 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Nov 2011
- Author: SilverBullionAtCost
www.preservationofwealthteam.com Wondering whether to buy silver bullion or numismatic coins? Opinions about. In this short vid we look at just a few of the reasons to invest in both. Both have gone up in value over time. Numismatics have out-performed silver bullion and have never been confiscated by the government. I buy silver bullion and numismatic coins for a reason. One of the safest investments you can make.
http://wn.com/Buy_Silver_Bullion_Or_Numismatics?
Putting Your Wealth In Numismatic Assets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:04
- Published: 08 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 22 Oct 2011
- Author: XonixRogotta
This is another one of my wealth perservation alternative videos. In this one, I talk about the investment/wealth perservation class known as numismatics. Also check out my "Physical Silver Is Money -End The Paper Ponzi" video as well as my "Physical Copper/Nickel Is ALSO Money - End The Paper Ponzi" video.
http://wn.com/Putting_Your_Wealth_In_Numismatic_Assets
Numismatic Coin Trick by Tim David
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 10 May 2007
- Uploaded: 05 Nov 2011
- Author: timagician
www.TimDavidMagic.com Trailer for the signed coin through glass table magic trick called Numismatic by Tim David
http://wn.com/Numismatic_Coin_Trick_by_Tim_David
{Numis Network} Numismatic Future Queen {MS70} Silver Eagle Coin Collector {MLM}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Published: 12 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 08 Sep 2011
- Author: cbeckby916
www.TheSilverCoinOfTheMonth.com The UPS guy dropped off my Numismatic MS70 Silver Eagle coin the other day from Numis Network. I showed it to my 3 girls. Watch what happened. Numis Network is the top MLM company on the USA right now for a several reasons. 1) Numis Network products - Basically, you can't beat the fact we sell gold and silver assets packaged in a Numis square coin graded by the top grading companies on the planet. The coin is PERFECTLY graded (MS70). 2) Numis Network is not a scam! Frankly I believe it's the BEST-1 Of A Kind-Unique MLM Company out there because Numis Network is the only business TEACHING people how to make money with Numismatic MS70 Silver & Gold Collectible coins. 3) When you build your Numis Network business it's as if you're getting the Numis MS70 Silver Eagle coin for free. Most people have to spend the extra money to get the Numis MS70 Eagle coins but we just teach people HOW TO to build the business and have a nice Free collection of these awesome coins. I only work with serious like minded people who are ready to partake in the Hobby of Kings...and NOW QUEENS, which is collecting valuable MS70 Graded Coins! Here's your opportunity to partner up with Numis Network and Corina Beckby~Your Latinapreneur in an opportunity of a lifetime! Wouldn't it be cool if you had a garage full of gold and silver? OF COURSE IT IS! Get yours NOW! To Your Success, Numismatic Queen, Corina Beckby Your Latinapreneur 916-548-3746 Skype Corina.Beckby Learn <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/{Numis_Network}_Numismatic_Future_Queen_{MS70}_Silver_Eagle_Coin_Collector_{MLM}
Numismatic Coins Versus Bullion Coins
EzineArticles.com: EzineArticles.com The condition and the grading of the numismatic coins are of utmost important while deciding to buy. In the present day, the mint coins are given a number from 60-70, with '70' being the preferred coin condition. With all of this information, we can easily conclude that numismatic coins are more valuable for the reason that they are certified and graded. American eagle coins, lady liberty coins and maple leaf coins are some examples of bullion coins. They are not used in daily retail. Therefore the dealers and the investors recommend that numismatic coins perform better as investments and make more money. Velma Kearney Office Phone - 757-467-1784 www.silver-and-gold-coins.com
http://wn.com/Numismatic_Coins_Versus_Bullion_Coins
Numismatic vs bullion coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Published: 09 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Oct 2011
- Author: silverfuturist
Antique and collector coins are neumismatic coins. I go over the pros and cons.
http://wn.com/Numismatic_vs_bullion_coins
Silver: Collecting vs. Investing; Numismatic, Commemorative, & 99.9% discussion BUCHAN BULL VLOG 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:44
- Published: 14 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: BuchanBullBullion
Please note this video should really be 2 separate blogs: 0:00 - 7:00 discusses my investing vs. collecting and my 2009 collection 7:01 - 14:44 Discusses the relative price moves of numismatic vs. investment pure pieces of bullion, as well as a short discussion of unpure commemorative pieces vs. old CDN & US silver circulation coinage (around 10:55 in video). Sorry about the length, still catching onto this Youtube thing! Thanks for watching & All the best, THE BULLWelcome to the Buchan Bull Bullion Channel!! Your Economic & Financial Friend!! We specialize in Bullion Sales, Production and Custom Casting. Buchan Bull 99.9% Fine Silver, Traditionally Hand-Poured, Serialized and Sealed Bars should be available mid-January 2011. This is the third video that we are posting, but first BULL VLOG, and is just a general discussion touching upon some of the topics often brought up by clients`, such as Numismatic Values, Collecting vs. Investing, Commemorative or other unpure types of bullion vs. .999 and higher bullion. Sorry about the length, I am going to work on getting these shorter; this entry should have probably been split into a couple. Thanks for viewing and your support of Buchan Bull Bullion. As always any questions, comments and criticism are welcome, and All the Best! Stay tuned for more updates and videos of the production process. PLEASE NOTE: No materials used in production are stored on-site. All materials used in production, including molds, are kept at various <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Silver_Collecting_vs_Investing;_Numismatic,_Commemorative,_999__discussion_BUCHAN_BULL_VLOG_1
the Roman Emperors and Co-Emperors on their coins - Ancient Roman Numismatics - Roman coins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Published: 02 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: NumismaticaRomana
Please join to Numismatica Romana on Facebook: www.facebook.com if You are a collector of the ancient Roman coins. The Roman Emperors and Co-Emperors on their coins between 27 BC - AD 395, from Augustus to Theodosius. Background music: Gioachino Antonio ROSSINI - Aureliano in Palmira / Sinfonia (Overture) ( en.wikipedia.org ) - Created with AquaSoft SlideShow for YouTube: www.aquasoft.net
http://wn.com/the_Roman_Emperors_and_Co-Emperors_on_their_coins__Ancient_Roman_Numismatics__Roman_coins
Bullion: Cautions on Marketed Numismatic (Graded) Gold and Silver Bullion Coins!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Published: 27 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 04 Sep 2011
- Author: WhyMeWhySilver
I point out Marketing of Gold and Silver Numismatic Coins and the extra money that these coins can cost. I think people should understand that liquidating raw bullion can recoup your investment verses FIDING a market for your Numismatic Graded Coins.
http://wn.com/Bullion_Cautions_on_Marketed_Numismatic_Graded_Gold_and_Silver_Bullion_Coins!
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- Adolf Soetbeer
- Albert pick
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- Argentina
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- Arnold Luschin
- Ashmolean Museum
- Athens
- Attilio Stazio
- Auction catalog
- August Germar
- Augustus
- Austria
- Banca d'Italia
- banknote
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- barter
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Yahoo Daily News
Wholesale Gold Group has expanded its variety of physical gold and silver offerings to include gold and silver coins with numismatic value. With this, the dealer hopes to attract investors who prefer to buy coins of historical value and augment their existing precious metal investments. Being...
size: 8.5Kb
size: 8.5Kb
Numismatic association fires executive director
28 Sep 2011
Colorado Springs Gazette
The American Numismatic Association fired Larry shepherd, the group's executive director since 2008, for...
size: 0.7Kb
size: 0.7Kb
Stacks Bowers Galleries Realizes Over $57.7 Million in August 2011 Numismatic Auction Sales
07 Sep 2011
Business Wire
U.S. and World Coin and Currency Auctions in Chicago and a Chinese & Asian Coin and Paper Money Auction in Hong Kong Yield Exceptional Results IRVINE, Calif. - Stack’s Bowers Galleries, numismatic auction house and subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. (spgz.pk), announced today that...
size: 12.2Kb
size: 12.2Kb
Business Wire
May 26 episode to explore Utah as first state to legalize gold and silver as currency IRVINE, Calif. - The Todd Griffiths Show has launched on Blog Talk Radio. The show answers questions related to tangible asset investing, precious metals and numismatics. Listeners from around the country are...
size: 5.0Kb
size: 5.0Kb
Numismatics, philately exhibition on
27 Feb 2011
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects. While numismatists are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other payment media used to resolve debts and the exchange of goods. Lacking a structured monetary system, people in the past lived in a barter society and used locally found items of inherent or implied value. A few people today still use bartering in absence of a monetary system. Early money used by people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes in prison). The Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit and gave small change in lambskins. The lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horse is not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals and gems.
Today, most transactions take place by a form of payment with either inherent, standardized or credit value. Numismatic value may be used to refer to the value in excess of the monetary value conferred by law. This is also known as the "collector value." For example, a collector may be willing to pay more than $2.00 for a United States two-dollar bill, given their low circulation.
Economic and historical studies of money's use and development are an integral part of the numismatists' study of money's physical embodiment.
Etymology
First attested in English 1829, the word numismatics comes from the adjective numismatic, meaning "of coins", borrowed 1792 from French numismatique, which derives from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma, a variant of nomisma meaning "coin", itself the latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα (nomisma), "current coin, custom", which derives from νομίζω (nomizō), "to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily", in turn from νόμος (nomos), "usage, custom", ultimately from νέμω (nemō), "I dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold".
History of money
Money itself must be a scarce good. Many items have been used as money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money such as banknotes. Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token - an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money.
History of numismatics
Coin collecting may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts.Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vinediggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355.
The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Budé. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.
Professional societies organized in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle. The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866.
In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958.
In the 20th century as well the coins were seen more as archaeological objects. After World War II in Germany a project, Fundmünzen der Antike (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched, to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.
In the United States, the US mint established a coin Cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois’ Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet.
C. Wyllys Betts' American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.
Modern numismatics
Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid 17th to the 21st century, the period of machine struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics lies frequently in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the socio-political context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.
Subfields
Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists.Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld. The turning point occurred in the 1970s, when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the USA, Germany and France began publishing their respective national catalogues of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.
Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. It is an interesting area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as a stock in a successor company.
Numismatists
The term numismatist applies to collectors and coin dealers as well as scholars using coins as source or studying coins.The first group chiefly derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices and studying these coins as private amateur scholars. In the classical field amateur collector studies have achieved quite remarkable progress in the field. Examples are Walter Breen, a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, and King Farouk I of Egypt was an avid collector who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist.
The second group are the coin dealers. Often called professional numismatists, they authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists.
The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context. An example would be Kenneth Jenkins. Coins are especially relevant as source in the pre-modern period.
List of publicly displayed numismatic collections
{|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country !State/City !Description (Museum Name, etc.) |- |Argentina |Retiro, Buenos Aires |Casa de Moneda de la República Argentina |- |Armenia |Yerevan |History Museum of Armenia |- |Austria |Vienna |Kunsthistorisches Museum |- |Belgium |Brussels |National Bank of Belgium Museum |- |Brazil |Brasília |Museu de Valores do Banco Central |- |Canada |Ottawa |Currency Museum Bank of Canada |- |Colombia |Bogotá Cundinamarca |Casa de Moneda de Colombia |- |Costa Rica |San José |Numismatic Museum |- |Cuba |Havana |Numismatic Museum |- |Denmark |Copenhagen |National Museum of Denmark |- |France |Paris |Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale de France |- |France |Paris |Monnaie de Paris |- |Germany |Berlin |Bode Museum, Museumsinsel |- |Germany |Dresden |Coin Cabinet in Royal Palace/Münzkabinett im Residenzschloss |- |Germany |Frankfurt |Numismatic Museum/Münzkabinett Historisches Museum Frankfurt |- |Germany |Jena |Oriental Coin Cabinet Jena |- |Greece |Athens |Numismatic Museum of Athens |- |India |New Delhi |National Museum, New Delhi |- |India |Mumbai |www.museum.rbi.org.in |- |Indonesia |Jakarta |Museum Bank Indonesia |- |Indonesia |Purbalingga |Museum Uang Purbalingga |- |Italy |Florence |Mint Tower, Florence Numismatic Museum/Museo della Moneta a Firenze: Torre della Zecca Firenze |- |Italy |Florence |National Archaeological Museum in Florence |- |Italy |Lucca |Lucca Mint/Zecca di Lucca |- |Italy |Naples |Naples National Archaeological Museum |- |Italy |Rome |National Museum of Rome Crypta Balbi/Museo Nazionale Romano: Crypta Balbi |- |Italy |Rome Banca d'Italia |School groups only and by appointment only. Banca d'Italia Museo della Moneta |- |Italy |Rome Vatican |Vatican Museums Philatelic and Numismatic Museum/Museo Filatelico e Numismatico |- |Macedonia |Skopje |Narodna Banka na Republika Makedonija |- |Malaysia |Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory |Bank Negara Malaysia Museum and Art Gallery |- |Philippines |Manila |Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |- |Qatar |Doha |Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani Museum |- |Russia |St. Petersburg |Hermitage Museum |- |Spain |Madrid |Museo Casa de la Moneda |- |Suriname |Paramaribo |Numismatic Museum of the Centrale Bank van Suriname |- |Sweden |Stockholm |Royal Coin Cabinet |- |Sweden |Uppsala |Uppsala University Coin Cabinet |- |Switzerland |Zurich |Money Museum |- |Ukraine |Odessa |Odessa Numismatics Museum |- |United Kingdom |Cambridge |Fitzwilliam Museum |- |United Kingdom |London |British Museum Department of Coins and Medals |- |United Kingdom |Oxford |Ashmolean Museum |- |United States |Colorado Springs |American Numismatic Association Money Museum |- |United States |Washington, D.C. |National Numismatic Collection (NNC), Smithsonian National Museum of American History |}
List of important numismatic scholars
See also
Notes
Category:Auxiliary sciences of history Category:Exonumia Category:Collecting Category:Methods and principles in archaeology Category:Greek loanwords Category:Numismatists
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