name	Tokyopop
logo
type	Private
genre	Manga, Japanese light novels, graphic novels, original English-language manga
foundation	Los Angeles, California, United States (1997)
defunct	2011
founder	Stuart J. Levy
location	Los Angeles, California, United States
locations	4
area served	North America, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom
key people	Stuart J. Levy, Founder, CEO, & CCOJohn Parker, President & COOVictor Chin, Vice President of Inventory ControlBill Josey, General Counsel & Vice President, Business and Legal AffairsMike Kiley, Publisher
industry	Publication
revenue	$35 million (2003)
parent	Mixx Entertainment
homepage	None
intl	}}

Tokyopop, stylized TOKYOPOP, and formerly known as Mixx, is a distributor, licensor, and publisher of anime, manga, manhwa, and original English-language manga in German. It previously published works in English and Japanese. Tokyopop had its headquarters in the Variety Building in Los Angeles, California, and branches in the United Kingdom and Germany. Tokyopop products are available internationally.

On April 15, 2011 the ComicsBeat website announced that Tokyopop would be shutting down on May 31, 2011; the German branch of the company would continue to publish for the international market. Company president Stu Levy posted a farewell letter on the Tokyopop website, although the website currently points to the Tokyopop Facebook page, breaking the letter's URL and others.

History

Tokyopop was originally founded in 1997 by Stuart J. Levy. In the late 1990s the company headquarters were in Los Angeles.

When the company was known as Mixx, it sold ''MixxZine'', a manga magazine. Mixx also sold the shōjo manga anthology ''Smile''. ''Mixxzine'' later became ''Tokyopop'' before it was discontinued. In 2002, Tokyopop began selling "unflopped" manga, branding it as "100% Authentic Manga”, which permitted Tokyopop to undercut other companies. Matt Thorn characterises Tokyopop as "cutting corners on everything" in order to bring the price of manga below $10 per volume, cheap enough for children to buy, and says that this has spread to other US manga publishing companies. In 2005, Tokyopop began a new, free publication called ''Manga'' (originally ''Takuhai'') to feature their latest releases.

Tokyopop is one of the biggest manga publishers outside of Japan and as such has been attributed with popularizing manhwa in the United States. Tokyopop "published many Korean artists' work, possibly without Western fans even realizing the strips don't come from Japan. Series like ''King of Hell'' by Kim Jae-hwan and Ra In-soo, and the Gothic vampire tale ''Model'' by Lee So-young are both Korean, but could easily be mistaken for manga."

In March 2006, Tokyopop and HarperCollins Publishers announced a co-publishing agreement in which the sale and distribution rights of some Tokyopop manga and books, under this co-publishing license, would be transferred to HarperCollins in mid-June 2006. The agreement also enabled Tokyopop to produce original English-language manga (OEL) adaptations of HarperCollins' books. Meg Cabot's books were the first to be adapted into the manga format, along with the ''Warriors'' series by Erin Hunter. The first line of Tokyopop-HarperCollins OEL manga was released in 2007 with the goal of publishing up to 24 titles each year.

Tokyopop has released several series based on American games, films, and characters, such as ''Warcraft'', the ''Kingdom Hearts'' video game series, and Jim Henson films. They released the first volume of a series based on the ''Hellgate: London'' video game in April 2008.

2008 restructuring

In June 2008, the company announced that it was being restructured, with its name being changed to Tokyopop Group, a holding group for several new subsidiaries. The existing Tokyopop operations in the United States would be split into two subsidiaries: Tokyopop, Inc., and Tokyopop Media. Tokyopop, Inc., consists of the company's existing publications business, while Tokyopop Media focuses on the company's digital and comics-to-film works. Tokyopop Media will also manage the Tokypop website, which will continue to promote its publications. According to Tokyopop representative Mike Kiley, the division into two companies would allow the company to "set things up in ways that would very clearly and definitively allow those businesses to focus on what they need to do to succeed. The goals in each company are different and the achievement of those goals is more realistic, more possible if everyone working in each of those companies is very clearly focused."

During the restructure, Tokyopop laid off 39 positions, equating to 35–40% of its total American workforce. Most of the positions cut were those involved in the direct publication of its books. The publication output from Tokyopop, Inc., was scaled back. Tokyopop reported that it would be cutting the volumes released per year by approximately 50%, to an average of 20–22 volumes per month.

Tokyopop's Japan division was also to be split, with one unit operating under Tokyopop Media and the other becoming a subsidiary under the overall Tokyopop Group. In response to Tokyopop's restructuring, declining sales, and losing 20% of its manga market share, Tokyopop UK cut its publication release schedule from approximately 25 volumes a month to 20.

In December 2008, citing "dramatically low sales" in the publishing industry as a whole, Tokyopop, Inc., laid off eight more employees, including three editors, and noted that the company would have to rearrange some of its upcoming publication schedules.

Loss of Kodansha licenses

Licenses from the Japanese manga publisher Kodansha historically were a large part of Tokyopop's catalog. In the years leading up to 2009, the number of Kodansha titles licensed by Tokyopop decreased. The final new Kodansha title was ''Tokko'' by Tohru Fujisawa, and the final batch of volumes of Kodansha titles appeared around March 2009. Around that time Kodansha began to consistently give licenses to its manga to Del Rey Manga. Deb Aoki of About.com said "Well, more or less. You get the idea. If you're the type who reads the tea leaves of the manga publishing biz, you kinda sensed that things weren't quite the same as they used to be."

On August 31, 2009, Tokyopop announced that Japanese manga publisher Kodansha was allowing all of its licensing agreements with both the North American and German divisions of Tokyopop to expire for reasons unknown. Due to this loss in licensing, Tokyopop was forced to leave several Kodansha series unfinished, including popular series ''Rave Master'', ''Initial D'', ''GetBackers'', and ''Life''. It also would be unable to reprint any previously published volumes, rendering all Kodansha-owned Tokyopop releases out-of-print.

Several other titles licensed and published by Tokyopop, including best sellers ''Cardcaptor Sakura'', ''Chobits'', ''Clover'', and ''Magic Knight Rayearth'', were reacquired by Dark Horse Comics, though two other titles Kodansha licensed to Dark Horse had since transferred to Random House. ''Samurai Deeper Kyo'' was relicensed by competitor Del Rey Manga, a division of Random House, which published the remaining volumes of the series.

Tokyopop said that it expected the loss of the licenses to have minimal impact on the company economically due to its diversification of their holdings over the last few years, though they acknowledged the loss would hurt fans of the ongoing series who face uncertainty about the completion of those titles from other companies. ICv2 reported that Tokyopop would continue to publish light novels from Kodansha, and that Kodansha appeared to be planning to publish its own titles through its partnership with Random House.

In an interview with the website Anime Vice, Tokypop Marketing Manager Kasia Piekarz noted that the company was not entirely surprised by the move, stating, "It wasn't completely unexpected as we haven't licensed anything new from Kodansha in quite some time. What surprised us most was that they canceled licenses for series that were almost finished, such as ''Samurai Deeper Kyo'' and ''Rave Master''. From a fan and collector's perspective, that doesn't make sense to us."

Resignations and layoffs

In February 2011, the President and Chief Operating Officer, John Parker, resigned from the company and took the position of Vice President of Business Development for Diamond. This came shortly after Diamond became Tokyopop's new distributor, taking the business from Harper Collins. Tokyopop did not name a replacement for Parker. Parker's departure left only three remaining executives: the founder and CEO, Stuart Levy; Mike Kiley, Publisher; and Victor Chin, Vice President of Inventory.

On March 1, Tokyopop continued layoffs, removing many high-profile employees such as long-time manga editors Lilian Diaz-Przyhyl and Troy Lewter. Tokyopop's management also eliminated the position of Director of Sales Operations. In an interview with ICv2, Stuart Levy revealed that the layoffs were due to Borders Group, Tokyopop's largest customer, filing bankruptcy in March 2011, no longer carrying Tokyopop stock, and not paying debts that the company owed to Tokyopop.

North American publishing shutdown

On April 15, 2011, Tokyopop announced that it would close its Los Angeles, CA-based North American publishing operations on May 31, 2011. According to the release, Tokyopop's film and television projects, as well as European publishing operations and global rights sales, will not be closing. However, it was later announced via the Tokyopop facebook pages that the UK branch would cease to operate after May 31st due to their reliance on the importing of the North American branch's product. Stuart Levy, Tokyopop's founder, also released a personal statement reaffirming Tokyopop's role in introducing manga to the mainstream North American audience and thanking fans, creators, and employees for their dedication. On May 24, Tokyopop stated that the manga they licensed would revert to their original respective owners, who may license the titles to other companies.

Foreign markets

Tokyopop Germany

In the summer of 2004, Tokyopop founded its first foreign branch in Germany, incorporated as Tokyopop GmbH and headquartered in Hamburg. The first manga and manhwa by Tokyopop Germany were published in November 2004, and the first anime in the fall of 2005. In 2006, Tokyopop GmbH entered a "strategic partnership" with the Japanese publisher Shueisha, allowing them to publish popular titles such as Dragon Ball, Death Note, and Bleach. According to then-sales manager Vincent Lampert, Tokyopop GmbH was the second-largest manga publisher in Germany in 2010. The company has also released a number of original German-language manga, including ''Gothic Sports'', winner of a 2007 Sondermann award. Tokyopop GmbH continues to operate as a publisher of German-language manga for the international market after the closure of the US publishing office.

Other overseas markets

Also in 2004, Tokyopop set up a London, UK, office that mainly imports books from the U.S. and distributes them to bookstores in the United Kingdom. Tokyopop released an anime collection in the United Kingdom market in late 2006, including titles such as ''Initial D'' and ''Great Teacher Onizuka''. ''Vampire Princess Miyu'' was released on DVD by MVM Entertainment, and the Toonami television channel aired the first half of ''Rave Master'' in early 2005. It was announced via the official Tokyopop facebook page that because the UK branch mainly imported the North American branch's translated titles, the UK branch will become defunct. Levy also mentioned that the only branch left open would be the German office.

Tokyopop also distributes some of their titles to Australia and New Zealand through Funtastic, who recently acquired Madman Entertainment. In Greece, Tokyopop-owned properties are licensed by Anubis Comics.

Imprints

Blu Manga

Blu Manga is an imprint under which Tokyopop publishes ''shōnen-ai'' and ''yaoi'' manga titles. The imprint was launched in 2005. Initially, the company denied that it owned Blu, stating that it was only distributing for another company. The company also released no editor names nor company contact info, out of fear there would be backlashes and hate mail from "moral crusaders." In 2006, the company confirmed Blu was their own imprint. Blu Manga consider that they have "non-girly" branding which has enabled the imprint, in a genre stereotypically by women for women, to reach out to a male or gay audience. Early titles published by BLU were ''Earthian'', ''Love Mode'', and ''Shinobu Kokoro''.

Criticism

Americanization

Fans critical of possible mishandling of the ''Initial D'' property voiced concerns regarding "editorial changes" in the language localization of the manga and anime. The changes included renaming of several characters and the removal of one character's involvement in enjo kōsai, a practice in Japan where younger women are paid to provide older men with companionship. In a letter sent to Anime News Network, Tokyopop responded to the criticisms, noting that they felt the edits were necessary because they were marketing the series to a younger target audience than it was originally designed for in Japan. They also felt that the series would reach a larger audience if it had a broader American appeal.

The company alleviated some of the concerns by noting that the anime series would receive an "unedited, subtitled, Japanese language" DVD release. The manga series remained edited except for the first volume, which was accidentally printed before the editing decisions were made.

Tokyopop Tour

The Tokyopop Tour is a web-based documentary series created to search for "America's Greatest Otaku." The company developed the idea for the Tour back in 2009. It was to feature a group of Tokyopop Interns, called the "Otaku Six" and Tokyopop's CEO, Stu Levy. Filming them as they traveled across America. The show was filmed in summer of 2010 documenting various "otaku" culture hotspots from July 1, 2010, to August 25, 2010. Filming in over twenty-cities, in order of travel, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, Dallas, Kansas City, Albuquerque, Phoenix, San Diego, Oklahoma, Nashville, Baltimore, Washington D.C., New York City, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Louisville, Atlanta, New Orleans, and Chicago. The show was advertised as also a competition. Applicants were filmed all over the U.S in hopes of gaining the title "America's Greatest Otaku" and to win a trip to Japan.

''The Otaku Six cast mates involved in the web-based documentary series include:'''

1. Andre Jeanjacques from San Antonio, TX, One of the Otaku Six

2. Diana Hsu from St. Louis, MO, One of the Otaku Six

3. Dominique Therese Kruse from Anchorage, AK One of the Otaku Six

4. Meera Marie from St. Charles, IL, One of the Otaku Six

5. Stephan Cho from New York, NY, One of the Otaku Six

6. William Sullivan Brown from Seattle, WA, One of the Otaku Six

See also

List of Tokyopop publications

References

External links

TOKYOPOP at Facebook

(Archive)

Mixx Entertainment (Archive)

Blu Manga imprint Official site (Archive)

Category:Companies established in 1997 Category:Manga distributors Category:Manhwa distributors Category:Manhua distributors Category:Tokyopop

de:Tokyopop es:TOKYOPOP fr:Tokyopop it:Tokyopop hu:Tokyopop nl:Tokyopop ja:TOKYOPOP no:Tokyopop pl:Tokyopop pt:Tokyopop ru:Tokyopop simple:Tokyopop sv:Tokyopop tl:Tokyopop uk:Tokyopop zh:TOKYOPOP

name	Richard Hatch
birth name	Richard Lawrence Hatch
birth date	May 21, 1945
birth place	Santa Monica, California, United States
website	http://www.richardhatch.com/
tonyawards	}}

Richard Hatch (born May 21, 1945, in Santa Monica, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Apollo in the original ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series, and also as Tom Zarek in the remake of ''Battlestar Galactica''.

Career

Early career

Hatch began his theatrical career with the Los Angeles Repertory Theater. In the late 1960s, he starred Off Broadway in several plays and musicals and won the Obie Award for his work in ''PS Your Cat is Dead'' in Chicago.

Television

Hatch began working in television in 1970, when he starred as Philip Brent, one of the lead characters, in the daytime soap opera ''All My Children''; he played the role for two years. For some years, he then made guest appearances in primetime series such as ''Cannon'', ''Barnaby Jones'', ''Hawaii Five-O'', and ''The Waltons'', as well as appearing in several made-for-TV movies such as ''The Hatfields and The McCoys'' with Jack Palance, ''Addie and the Kings of Hearts'' with Jason Robards, ''Last of the Belles'' with Susan Sarandon, and ''Deadman's Curve'' in which he portrayed Jan Berry of the musical group Jan and Dean.

In 1976, Hatch gained his first major television role as Inspector Dan Robbins on the detective series ''The Streets of San Francisco'', a replacement for Michael Douglas (who played Insp. Steve Keller) who had left the series that year. Though the role was only for one season, Hatch won Germany's Bravo Youth Magazine Award for the role. Following this, he had a recurring role on the series ''Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman'', also for one season. By this time, Hatch had become something of a pin-up and regularly appeared in teen-oriented magazines such as ''Teen Beat'', ''16 Magazine'', and ''Tiger Beat''.

Hatch then gained his first starring role in Glen A. Larson's sci-fi series, ''Battlestar Galactica'' (1978), though this too proved to be for only a single season as the series was cancelled in 1979. Hatch was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the role.

Throughout the 1980s, Hatch made guest appearances on various television series such as ''Hotel'', ''Murder She Wrote'', ''The Love Boat'', and ''Fantasy Island''. In 1984, he appeared in several episodes of the prime time soap opera ''Dynasty'', which was at the top of the ratings at the time.

In 1990, Hatch returned to daytime soap operas and appeared on ''Santa Barbara'' originating the character Steven Slade. He continued to make guest appearances on prime time series such as ''Jake and the Fatman'' and ''Baywatch'', but roles were becoming few and far between.

Hatch's next prominent role would be as Tom Zarek in the reimagined version of ''Battlestar Galactica'', in which he made semi-regular appearances from 2004 to 2009.

Films

Hatch has made several low-key theatrical film releases, including ''Best Friends'' (1975), ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' (1981), and ''Prisoners of the Lost Universe'' (1983). An abridged version of the pilot episode of ''Battlestar Galactica'' was also released in cinemas, initially overseas and then for a limited run in the U.S.

Battlestar Galactica revival attempt

For many years, Hatch attempted to revive ''Battlestar Galactica''. In the 1990s, he began writing novels based on the series, and also wrote, co-directed and executive-produced a trailer called ''The Second Coming'' in the hopes of enticing Universal Studios (the rights holders for the franchise) into producing a new series that would have been a direct continuation of the original 1978 series (ignoring the events of the failed spin-off ''Galactica 1980'' in which Hatch did not appear). Original actors John Colicos (Baltar), Terry Carter (Col. Tigh) and Jack Stauffer (Bojay) appeared in the trailer along with Hatch himself. Hatch also believed that he could persuade Dirk Benedict to return and play Starbuck.

Although the trailer won acclaim at science-fiction conventions, Universal was not interested in Hatch's vision to revive ''Battlestar Galactica'', and instead opted for a remake rather than the sequel for which Hatch had campaigned. Initially, Hatch (who claimed to have remortgaged his house to make the trailer) was bitterly disappointed by this turn of events and was highly critical of the prospective new series on his web site. In 2004, he stated to Sci-Fi Pulse that he had felt resentment over the failure of his planned Galactica continuation and was left "exhausted and sick... I had, over the past several years, bonded deeply with the original characters and story... writing the novels and the comic books and really campaigning to bring back the show".

Battlestar Galactica re-imagining

Despite his resentment, Hatch developed a respect for Ronald D. Moore, the new series' writer and producer, when he appeared as a featured guest at Galacticon (the ''Battlestar Galactica'' 25th anniversary convention, hosted by Hatch) and answered questions posed by a very hostile audience. . Later, in 2004, Hatch was offered and accepted a recurring role in the new ''Battlestar Galactica'' series. He played Tom Zarek, a terrorist turned politician, who spent twenty years in prison for blowing up a government building; Hatch has said the character was presented to him as a Nelson Mandela figure, and that he views Zarek as challenging the status quo and working for the common man. Hatch/Zarek spends most of his first episode in heated debate with Captain Apollo (played by Jamie Bamber), the role that Hatch had played in the original series. He has appeared in several further episodes of the series as a guest star until 2009. After accepting the Zarek role, Hatch stated "it was a very deep and profound struggle for me to let go and realize that I was not the creator of the series and it didn’t belong to me... I’ve finally come to terms with and accepted that."

Other work

Alongside his attempts to revive the original ''Battlestar Galactica'', Hatch created his own space opera entitled ''The Great War of Magellan''. He has written a comic book series and a role-playing game in support of this, and is presently working a novel trilogy with Brad Linaweaver (who co-authored many of Hatch's ''Battlestar Galactica'' novels).

Most recently, Hatch has been working on a new reality TV series called ''Who the Frak?'', which he created and appears in as himself. The series is touted as "the world's first social network reality drama".

Hatch can also be heard in numerous television commercials and other voice-overs.

Personal life

When not acting, Hatch lectures and conducts workshops on acting, self-expression, and communication throughout the world. He appears annually at the San Diego Comic Con International to sign autographs and host a panel to discuss his career and his upcoming projects.

Battlestar Galactica bibliography

# ''Armageddon'' (August 1, 1997) # ''Warhawk'' (September 1, 1998) # ''Resurrection'' (July 1, 2001) # ''Rebellion'' (July 1, 2002) # ''Paradis'' (July 1, 2003) # ''Destiny'' (June 29, 2004) # ''Redemption'' (November 25, 2005)

References

External links

Sci-Fi Pulse interview from 2004

Richard Hatch's Galacticruise

Richard Hatch's Great War of Magellan

Who the Frak is the Real Richard Hatch?

Category:1945 births Category:American soap opera actors Category:American television actors Category:People from Santa Monica, California Category:Living people Category:Actors from California

bg:Ричард Хач de:Richard Hatch es:Richard Hatch fr:Richard Hatch it:Richard Hatch ms:Richard Hatch (pelakon) nl:Richard Hatch no:Richard Hatch pl:Richard Hatch (aktor) pt:Richard Hatch ru:Хэтч, Ричард

name	David Gerrold
birth date	January 24, 1944
birth place	Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
occupation	Author
website	David Gerrold Online }}

Jerrold David Friedman (born 24 January 1944, in Chicago, Illinois), better known by his pen name David Gerrold, is an American science fiction author who started his career in 1966 while a college student by submitting an unsolicited story outline for the television series ''Star Trek.'' He was invited to submit several premises, and the one chosen by ''Star Trek'' was filmed as "The Trouble with Tribbles" and became one of the most popular episodes of the original series. Gerrold's novelette "The Martian Child" won both Hugo and Nebula awards.

''Star Trek''

''Star Trek:'' The Original Series

Within days of seeing the ''Star Trek'' series premiere "The Man Trap" on 8 September 1966, Gerrold wrote a sixty-page outline for a two-part episode called "Tomorrow Was Yesterday", about the ''Enterprise'' discovering a generation ship launched from Earth centuries earlier. Although ''Star Trek'' producer Gene L. Coon rejected the outline, he realized Gerrold was talented and expressed interest in him submitting some story premises. Bearing preliminary titles and, in some cases, preliminary character names, Gerrold submitted five premises.

Two of the submissions of which he had little recollection involved a spaceship-destroying machine, similar to Norman Spinrad's "The Doomsday Machine", and a situation in which Kirk had to play a chess game with an advanced intelligence using his crew as chess pieces. A third premise, "Bandi", involved a small being running about the ''Enterprise'' as someone's pet, and which empathically sways the crew's feelings and emotions to comfort Bandi, and if necessary at someone else's expense. Gerrold noted, in retrospect, that it would not be like the ''Enterprise'' crew to have such attitudes against Kirk as Bandi induced, and that he might instead set the episode on another ship where laxity has been reported.

A fourth premise, "The Protracted Man", applied science fiction to use an effect seen in ''West Side Story'', when Maria twirls in her dancing dress and the colours separate. Gerrold's story involved a man transported from a shuttlecraft trying out a new space warp technology. The man is no longer unified, separating into three visible forms when he moves, separated by a fraction of a second. As efforts are undertaken to correct the condition and move the ''Enterprise'' to where corrective action can be taken, the protraction worsens. According to Gerrold, while they liked this idea, it was deemed too expensive in regards to the special effects required.

}} The fifth premise, "The Fuzzies", was also initially rejected by Coon, but a while later he changed his mind and called Gerrold's agent to accept it. Gerrold then expanded the story to a full television story outline entitled "A Fuzzy Thing Happened To Me…", and it eventually became "The Trouble With Tribbles". The name "Fuzzy" was changed because H. Beam Piper had written novels about a fictional alien species of the same name (see ''Little Fuzzy''). The script went through numerous rewrites, including, at the insistence of Gerrold's agent, being re-set in a stock frontier town instead of an "expensive" space station. Gerrold later wrote a book, ''The Trouble With Tribbles'', telling the whole story about producing the episode and his earlier premises. The concept of Tribbles was considered similar enough to the flat cats of Robert Heinlein's novel ''The Rolling Stones'' that legal permission was obtained from Robert Heinlein.

This was one of two books Gerrold wrote about ''Star Trek'' in the early 1970s after the original series had been canceled. His other was a comprehensive analysis of the series entitled ''The World of Star Trek''. He discussed them at various conventions where he was a frequent speaker and guest. In ''The World of Star Trek'', he criticized some of the elements of the show, particularly Kirk's habit of placing himself in dangerous situations and leading landing parties from the ship himself, and suggested some things he would change about the show if it were to air again. Among these were a Klingon as a member of the crew, a counselor to look after crewmembers' inner lives, and crewmembers allowed to bring their families and children along.

''Star Trek: The Animated Series''

Gerrold contributed two stories for the Emmy Award winning ''Star Trek: The Animated Series'' which ran from 1973 to 1974: "More Tribbles, More Troubles" and "Bem". "Bem" featured the first use of James T. Kirk's middle name, which was revealed, in that installment, to be Tiberius. This was later entered into live-action canon in the movie ''Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country'' when Captain Kirk and Doctor McCoy are on trial for the death of the Klingon Chancellor Gorkon.

''Star Trek: The Next Generation''

Many of the changes Gerrold had advocated in ''The World of Star Trek'' were incorporated into ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' when it debuted in 1987. In particular, Gerrold can be credited for reshaping the position of "first officer" as the ship's executive officer and commander of "away teams" (to overcome the unrealism of the ship's captain routinely beaming into dangerous situations). He parted company with the producers at the beginning of the first season, after a dispute before the Writers' Guild in which the Guild required that Gerrold be paid additional wages for the work he did helping to create the series, because he had largely written the show's bible rather than Gene Roddenberry. He was awarded cash but chose to forgo additional credit.

Gerrold wrote an unproduced script that would have had an allegory to the AIDS pandemic along with some brief scenes with two Star Fleet crewmembers that would have subtly been identified as being a homosexual couple. Gerrold wrote this script in response to being with Roddenberry at a convention in 1987 where he had promised that the upcoming ''Next Generation'' series would deal with the issue of sexual orientation in the egalitarian future. The script was rewritten to remove the homosexual couple. This script was later, after substantial rewriting, made a part of Gerrold's ''Star Wolf'' planned TV series, and was novelized as a ''Star Wolf'' story, ''Blood and Fire.'' ''(See below.)''

Post-''Trek'' involvement

Gerrold wrote a script for ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' entitled "Blood and Fire", which included an AIDS metaphor and an incidentally gay couple in the ship's crew. The script was purchased by the TNG producers, but eventually shelved. Gerrold eventually reworked it as a novel, ''Blood and Fire'', the third book in the ''Star Wolf'' series (see below). He later contributed the script to ''Star Trek: New Voyages'', where the script was reworked by staff writer Carlos Pedraza to place the story in the time frame of ''Star Trek: The Original Series'', and to introduce a homosexual couple on the Enterprise. Gerrold went on to direct the New Voyages episode in 2007.

Gerrold had always wanted to appear onscreen in an episode of ''Star Trek'', particularly "The Trouble with Tribbles". The character of Ensign Freeman, who appears in the famous bar scene with the Klingons, was originally intended by Gerrold to be a walk-on part for himself, although another actor eventually took the role. While Gerrold appeared as a crewman extra with other Trek fandom notables in ''Star Trek: The Motion Picture'', he did not get the chance to appear in a Trek series until ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'', when he appeared as a security guard in "Trials and Tribble-ations", set during the very same time frame as his original episode.

Gerrold also published a novelization of the ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' series premiere "Encounter at Farpoint", published in 1987, and an original ''Star Trek'' novel titled ''The Galactic Whirlpool,'' published in 1980. ''The Galactic Whirlpool'' was based on the story outline "Tomorrow Was Yesterday". (It has been suggested that the "Specs" character in that novel was Gerrold himself.) In 2006, for the 40th anniversary of ''Star Trek,'' he co-edited, with Robert J. Sawyer, an essay collection titled "''Boarding the'' Enterprise".

Other television work

After his early success with "The Trouble with Tribbles" Gerrold continued writing television scripts (mostly for science fiction series such as ''Land of the Lost'', ''Babylon 5'', ''Sliders'', and ''The Twilight Zone'').

Early science fiction novels

His science fiction novels, of which the best known are ''The Man Who Folded Himself'' (1973), about a man whose experiments with a time machine distorts the details of his life and reality, and ''When HARLIE Was One'' (1972), the story of an artificial intelligence's relationship with his creators. ''When HARLIE Was One'' was nominated for best novel for both the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award. This novel is notable for being the first to use the term "virus" to describe a computer virus. A revised edition, entitled ''When HARLIE Was One, Release 2.0'', was published in 1988, incorporating new insights and reflecting new developments in computer science.

''The War Against the Chtorr''

Gerrold is the author of the ''War Against the Chtorr'' series of books, about an invasion of Earth by mysterious aliens: ''A Matter for Men'' (1983), ''A Day for Damnation'' (1985), ''A Rage for Revenge'' (1989), and ''A Season for Slaughter'' (1993). As of 2010, he is still writing the fifth book (''A Method For Madness''), and has contracted to write a sixth (''A Time For Treason''). The ending chapters of the series have been set aside for the seventh and final book, which will be ''A Case For Courage''. As of 2007, he said he was only four sequences away from completing book five. The first two books exist in both "original" and "extended" versions.

The alien invasion is an ecological one. Instead of earthlings Terraforming another planet, the aliens are "Chtorraforming" Earth. Instead of armies, the unseen aggressors gradually unleash plants and animals from their older, more evolved planet (which is indicated as being perhaps a half billion years older than Earth, and evolved into a higher effective competitiveness). These outcompete and displace their terrestrial counterparts and Earth becomes more and more Chtorr-like as the "war" progresses. With each book, additional layers, features, creatures, details and characteristics are exposed. The Chtorran ecology created by Gerrold is so complex there was at one time rumored to be a "Red Book" in the works - an illustrated field guide to Chtorran wildlife.

One reason given by Gerrold for the length of time taken between books 4 and 5 is the need to develop a writing style called "first person psychotic". Indications are that the central character attempts to survive by adaptation without being absorbed by the alien ecology, descends into his own personal version of living hell, or both. The 5th book is available for preorder at a major online seller. The date is given as July 2011. Publication dates have been set for the 5th book in the past, however, and been unfulfilled. When queried about the July 2011 release date, Gerrold himself has cryptically commented that it would not "make it through the pipeline" by then. Whether this means that the book is forthcoming but will be released later in the year, or whether it is simply still in limbo, is unclear.

Portions of the remaining books have made it into print, however. Gerrold released to fans a cliffhanger teaser chapter from ''Method for Madness''. In his collection ''The Involuntary Human'' (ISBN: 978-1-886778-68-X), he included "It Needs Salt" (as a portion of the planned but not formally scheduled ''Time for Treason''). Finally, he also published the story "Enterprise Fish" in a volume of ''Thrilling Wonder Stories'', (ISBN: 978-0-9796718-1-4; Ed. by Winston Engle). "Enterprise Fish" is described as an excerpt from ''Time For Treason''. The Chtorr series and its central character have moved through stages of development with each book in the series, with another layer of the Chtorran ecology explained and understanding of it unveiled with each successive book. "It Needs Salt" and "Enterprise Fish", therefore, should be treated as containing spoilers.

''Star Wolf''

Gerrold is also the author of the ''Star Wolf'' series of books, centered on the star ship ''Star Wolf'' and its crew: ''Voyage of the Star Wolf'' (1990), ''The Middle of Nowhere'' (1995), ''Blood and Fire'' (2004), and ''Yesterday's Children'' (1972) which is actually an earlier novel that features the same main character, later significantly expanded and republished as ''Starhunt'' (1985)—it occurs prior to the other novels in the series' main continuity. The initial germ of ''Yesterday's Children'' was the "framing" story in his early Star Trek proposal "Tomorrow was Yesterday", much altered over time. Gerrold had planned to develop this concept into a TV series, as he writes in an introduction to ''Voyage of the Star Wolf''. The Star Wolf series reflects Gerrold's contention that, due to the distances involved, space battles would be more like submarine hunts than the dogfights usually portrayed—in most cases the ships doing battle would not even be able to see each other.

Other works

He also wrote the non-fiction book ''Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy'', published in 2001.

''The Martian Child'' is a semi-autobiographical novel, expanded from a novelette of the same name, based on the author's own experiences as a single adoptive father, with most of the key moments drawn from actual events. The novelette won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, and a movie version was released in November 2007, with John Cusack playing the adoptive father. There is some controversy surrounding this character, as David Gerrold and his character in the novel are both gay, but in the movie he is a straight widower.

In 2000, his long-time admiration of the works of Robert A. Heinlein led him to create a new series, called The Dingilliad. It follows a resourceful teenager and his family as they try to begin a new life. Although not necessarily canon, there are hints that it ties into the ''War Against the Chtorr'' universe, with everything from the plagues to the rumored appearance of a giant purple worm (similar cross-universe tie-ins occur in Gerrold's Trackers books). The Dingilliad trilogy consists of ''Jumping Off The Planet'' (2000), ''Bouncing Off the Moon'' (2001), and ''Leaping to The Stars'' (2002). ''Jumping off the Planet'' received the 2002 Hal Clement (Young Adult Award) for Excellence in Children's Science Fiction Literature

In 2005, Gerrold was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado.

Bibliography

Series

The War Against the Chtorr

#''A Matter for Men'' (1983) #''A Day for Damnation'' (1984) #''A Rage for Revenge'' (1989) #''A Season for Slaughter'' (1992) #''A Method for Madness'' (projected) #''A Time for Treason'' (projected) #''A Case for Courage'' (projected)

Star Wolf

#''Yesterday's Children'' (aka ''Starhunt'') (1972, rv.1980) #''Voyage of the Star Wolf'' (1990) #''The Middle of Nowhere'' (1995) #''Blood and Fire'' (2004)

The Dingilliad

#''Jumping Off the Planet'' (2000) #''Bouncing Off the Moon'' (2001) #''Leaping to the Stars'' (2002)

Trackers

#''Under the Eye of God'' (1993) #''A Covenant of Justice'' (1994)

''Star Trek'' novels

#''The Galactic Whirlpool'' (1980) #''The Trouble With Tribbles'' (photonovel) (1977) #''Encounter at Farpoint'' (1987)

Other novels

''The Flying Sorcerers'' (aka ''The Misspelled Magician'') (1971) (with Larry Niven)

''Space Skimmer'' (1972)

''When HARLIE Was One'' (1972; rv. as ''When HARLIE Was One, Release 2.0'', 1988)

''Battle For the Planet of the Apes'' (1973)

''The Man Who Folded Himself'' (1973)

''Moonstar Odyssey'' (1977)

''Deathbeast'' (1978)

''Chess with a Dragon'' (1987)

''The Martian Child'' (2002)

''Child of Earth'' (2005)

Collections

''With a Finger in My I'' (1972)

''Alternate Gerrolds'' (2005)

''The Involuntary Human'' (2007)

Anthologies (editor)

''Protostars'' (1971) (with Stephen Goldin)

''Generation'' (1972)

''Science Fiction Emphasis 1'' (1974)

''Alternities'' (1974)

''Ascents of Wonder'' (1977)

Nonfiction

''The Trouble With Tribbles'' (1973)

''The World of Star Trek'' (1973, rv.1984)

''Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy'' (2001)

''Taking the Red Pill: Science, Philosophy and Religion in The Matrix'' (2003) (with Glenn Yeffeth)

''Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek'' (2006) (with Robert J. Sawyer)

References

See also

Sexuality in Star Trek

External links

David Gerrold's web site

Fantastic Fiction Author Page

Career spanning interview

Category:1944 births Category:American science fiction writers Category:California State University, Northridge alumni Category:Gay writers Category:Hugo Award winning authors Category:Living people Category:Nebula Award winning authors

cs:David Gerrold de:David Gerrold fr:David Gerrold it:David Gerrold nl:David Gerrold ru:Герролд, Дэвид sk:David Gerrold

name	Carrie Ann Inaba
birth date	January 05, 1968
birth place	Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
occupation	Actress, singer, dancer, choreographer, television judge, game show host
years active	1986–present }}

Carrie Ann Inaba (born January 5, 1968) is an American dancer, choreographer, actress, game show host, and singer.

She started her career as a singer in Japan, but became best known for her dancing, first introducing herself to American audiences as one of the original Fly Girls on the sketch comedy series ''In Living Color''. She has appeared as one of three judges on the ABC television series ''Dancing with the Stars'' (DWTS), a show that pairs celebrities with professional dancers as they train and then compete in front of a studio audience.

Early life

Inaba was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, graduating from Punahou School in 1986. She is of Chinese, Japanese, and Irish descent. She studied at Sophia University and University of California, Irvine before graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles with a B.A. degree in World Arts and Cultures.

Career

Inaba, who speaks Japanese, lived in Tokyo from 1986 to 1988 and was a popular singer. She released three singles, "Party Girl" (backed with "China Blue"), "Be Your Girl" (backed with "6½ Capezio"), and "Yume no Senaka" (backed with "Searching") and hosted weekly radio and television series.

After returning to America, Inaba appeared as one of the "Fly Girls", a group of backing dancers on the television series ''In Living Color'' from 1990 to 1992. She also performed with Canadian singer Norman Iceberg and dancers Viktor Manoel (David Bowie's "Glass Spider" tour) and Luca Tommassini at Prince's notorious Glam Slam. Inaba appeared as a dancer during Madonna's 1993 Girlie Show World Tour.

Inaba appeared in the film ''Austin Powers in Goldmember'' (2002) as Fook Yu, alongside Diane Mizota who played her twin sister Fook Mi. The two women are not related, but when Mizota had been cast for her role, she was asked if she knew any actresses who resembled her and suggested Inaba. Inaba, who had appeared briefly in ''Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me'', was given the role and the two women were made up to appear as identical twins. Inaba and Mizota would later reprise their roles with Mike Myers in a commercial for Motorola.

Inaba has acted (usually as a dancer) in the movies ''Monster Mash: The Movie'', ''Lord of Illusions'', ''Showgirls'', ''Boys and Girls'', ''Flintstones II'', ''Freak'' and ''American Virgin'' and the television series ''Jack & Jill'' and ''Nikki''.

Inaba has choreographed several television series, including ''American Idol'', ''American Juniors'', ''All American Girl'', ''He's a Lady'', ''In Search of the Partridge Family'' (in which she also appeared on air), ''Married by America'', ''The Sexiest Bachelor in America Pageant'', ''The Swan'', and ''Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire?''. She also choreographed the Miss America Pageant for five years.

Inaba is the founder and President of EnterMediArts, Inc., a video production company. She directs, writes, and edits films. Her work includes ''E! Behind The Scenes Miss America Special'', ''7th Festival of the Pacific Arts'', ''A Portrait of IVI'' and ''Beyond the Dancing Image'', along with the short feature film, ''Black Water''. She also appeared in the first season of ''So You Think You Can Dance'' during the audition stages where she provided choreography for the "choreography round".

Other TV appearances include Inaba as guest and co-host on ''The View'', the ABC talent competition ''Dance War: Bruno vs. Carrie Ann'', and the FOX special ''Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed''.

Also, Inaba guest stars as Tina, Hannah's choreographer, in the ''Hannah Montana'' episode, "Papa's Got A Brand New Friend". In the episode, Tina is seen teaching Hannah new dance moves. However, she is accidentally pushed out of the window when Hannah does the electric slide, and becomes incapacitated in a full-body cast. Hannah pleads her to keep her job, but Tina refuses, forcing Hannah to hire a new choreographer.

TV Guide Network announced that Carrie Ann has been signed on to anchor its live red carpet coverage, beginning with the 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards.

In October 2010, she was named host of a revival of the game show ''1 vs. 100''. The show airs on GSN.

USA Dance 2009 National DanceSport Championships

According to the January/February 2009 issue of ''American Dancer'' magazine, Inaba will be an honorary judge at the 2009 USA DANCE National DanceSport Championships in Baltimore, April 3–5 USA Dance, which is the national governing body for DanceSport in the United States, as recognized by the IDSF (International Dancesport Federation) and the US Olympic Committee, of which USA Dance is a member organization. Inaba will be assisting in the first stages of the review by USA Dance of competitive ballroom dancing "in the modern era" as they explore a new major initiative in the critique of DanceSport and its public appeal. Her input to USA DANCE will provide additional critique outside that of the traditional judging panel and will be focused on aspects of performance and personality that may escape normal judging standards. USA Dance, along with Inaba, will present the first-annual Star Quality no Award to 12 DanceSport championship level couples being judged in their divisions.

Personal life

Inaba dated Artem Chigvintsev, a dancer and former ''So You Think You Can Dance'' contestant, from 2006 to 2008.

While sitting in as guest host on Live with Regis and Kelly on March 31, 2011, Regis was "answering" a letter asking for advice on how to propose. The lights dimmed just before her boyfriend, Jesse Sloan, appeared on stage. With violinists playing behind, Sloan, bent on one knee, asked for Inaba's hand, to which she responded "Yes! I will marry you!"

References

External links

Official website of Carrie Ann Inaba

Carrie Ann Inaba interview

Carrie Ann Inaba Interview at PR.com

Category:1 vs. 100 Category:1968 births Category:American female singers Category:American choreographers Category:American game show hosts Category:Living people Category:People from Honolulu, Hawaii Category:Punahou School alumni Category:Reality television judges Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:American people of Chinese descent Category:American people of Japanese descent Category:American people of Irish descent

fr:Carrie Ann Inaba ja:キャリー・アン・イナバ