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Adolf Eichmann
Otto Adolf Eichmann (March 19, 1906 – May 31, 1962), sometimes referred to as "the architect of the Holocaust", was a German Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). Because of his organizational talents and ideological reliability, he was charged by Obergruppenführer (General) Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.
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Albanians
Albanians () are a people from southeast Europe who live in Albania, Kosovo and neighboring countries. They speak the Albanian language. Roughly half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia and Montenegro. There are Albanian communities in a number of other countries, including Turkey, Greece, Serbia and Italy.
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Albert Speer
Albert Speer, born Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, (; March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office. As "the Nazi who said sorry", he accepted responsibility at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs for crimes of the Nazi regime. His level of involvement in the persecution of the Jews and his level of knowledge of the Holocaust remain matters of dispute.
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Amon Göth
Amon Leopold Göth (11 December 1908 – 13 September 1946; ) was an Austrian Nazi war criminal. A Hauptsturmführer (Captain) of the SS, he was the commandant of the Nazi concentration camp at Płaszów, General Government (a German-occupied area of Poland).
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Arthur Nebe
Arthur Nebe (13 November 1894, Berlin – 21 March 1945) was a Gruppenführer in the Schutzstaffel (SS). Other positions included Berlin Police Commissioner in the 1920s, an early member of both the Sturmabteilung and President of Interpol (1942-1943).
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Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart (in German: Seyß-Inquart) (July 22, 1892October 16, 1946) was a lawyer and later Nazi official in pre-Anschluss Austria, the Third Reich and for wartime Germany in Poland and the Netherlands. At the Nuremberg Trials, he was found guilty of crimes against humanity and later executed.
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Aryan
Aryan is an English language loanword derived from Sanskrit Arya ('Noble') and denoting variously
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August Eigruber
August Eigruber (16 April 1907 – 28 May 1947) was the Nazi Gauleiter of Oberdonau (Upper Danube) and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Caucasian peoples
This article deals with the various ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region. There are more than
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Christian Berkel
Christian Berkel (born October 28, 1957) is a German actor.
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Emil Maurice
Emil Maurice (19 January 1897, Westermoor – 6 February 1972, Munich ) was an early member of the Nazi Party. A watchmaker, he was a close associate of Adolf Hitler with a personal friendship dating back to at least 1919. With the founding of the Sturmabteilung in 1920, Maurice became the first Oberster SA-Führer (Supreme SA Leader).
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Erhard Heiden
Erhard Heiden (b. Weiler, February 23, 1901 – September 1933) was an early member of the Nazi Party and the third commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS). Heiden was a Nazi stormtrooper who, in 1925, joined a small stormtrooper bodyguard unit known as the Schutzstaffel. Heiden was an early advocate of separating the SS from its master organization, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and in March 1927 he was appointed Reichsführer-SS in an attempt to keep the SS from being disbanded under SA desires.
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Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 – 16 October 1946) was a senior Austrian official during World War II, holding the offices of Chief of the RSHA, and President of Interpol from 1943 to 1945. He was the highest-ranking SS leader to face trial at the first Nuremberg Trials, having the full rank of Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei und Waffen-SS. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed.
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Gerald Reitlinger
Gerald Roberts Reitlinger (born London, United Kingdom 1900, died St Leonards-on-Sea, United Kingdom 1978) was a scholar of the economics of art and of history, particularly the Holocaust. Reitlinger became prominent because of works such as The Economics of Taste and The SS: Alibi of a Nation.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic in older literature) are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages, which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Gitta Sereny
Gitta Sereny (born 13 March 1921) is an Austrian-born British biographer, historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on the Holocaust and child abuse. She is the stepdaughter of the economist Ludwig von Mises.
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Hajj Amin al-Husayni
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Hans Landa
Colonel Hans Landa is the primary antagonist of the 2009 Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds, portrayed by Austrian actor Christoph Waltz.
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Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and later the Minister of the Interior, Himmler oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo. Serving as Reichsführer and later as Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration (Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung), Himmler rose to become the second most powerful man in Nazi Germany.
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Herman Wirth
Herman Wirth (alternatively referred to as Herman Wirth Roeper Bosch, or Herman Felix Wirth or Hermann) (6 May 1885 Utrecht - 16 February 1981, Kusel) was a Dutch-German lay historian and scholar of ancient religions and symbols.
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Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893– 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. He was a veteran of the First World War as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite ("The Blue Max"). He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1, the air squadron of Manfred von Richthofen, "The Red Baron".
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Himmler
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Jew
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Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
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Josef Mengele
Josef Mengele (, 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979), also known as the Angel of Death (Todesengel in German), was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. He earned doctorates in anthropology from Munich University and in medicine from Frankfurt University. He initially gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, but is far more infamous for performing grisly human experiments on camp inmates, for which Mengele was called the "Angel of Death".
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Joseph Berchtold
Joseph Berchtold (March 6, 1897 – August 23, 1962), a former stationery salesman, succeeded Julius Schreck as Reichsführer SS in 1926. He was the last surviving person to hold that position and the only one to survive World War II.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and head of state who served as the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. After the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Stalin rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union, which he ruled as a dictator.
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Juan Perón
Juan Domingo Perón (;), October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974, was an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, though he only managed to serve one full term, after serving in several government positions, including the Secretary of Labor and the Vice Presidency. He was overthrown in a military coup in 1955. He returned to power in 1973 and served for nine months, until his death in 1974 when he was succeeded by his third wife, María Estela Martínez.
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Julius Schreck
Julius Schreck (July 13, 1898 – May 16, 1936) was an early Nazi Party member and also the first commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
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Kalmyks
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Karl Hanke
Karl August Hanke (24 August 1903 - 8 June 1945) was an official of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party or NSDAP). He served as governor (Gauleiter) of Lower Silesia from 1941 to 1945 and as the final Reichsführer-SS for a few days in 1945.
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Karl Wolff
Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (13 May 1900 – 17 July 1984) was a high-ranking member of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), ultimately holding the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS. He became Chief of Personal Staff to the Reichsführer (Heinrich Himmler) and SS Liaison Officer to Hitler until his replacement in 1943.
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Kurt Daluege
Kurt Daluege (September 15, 1897 – October 24, 1946) was a German Nazi SS-Oberstgruppenführer and Generaloberst der Polizei as chief of the Ordnungspolizei (Order/uniformed Police) and ruled the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia as Deputy Protector after Reinhard Heydrich's assassination.
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List of SS personnel
Between 1925 and 1945, the German SS grew from a mere eight members to over a quarter of a million Waffen-SS and well over a million Allgemeine-SS members. The following list of SS personnel gives the names of persons who are counted among the organization's most famous, influential, and sometimes notorious members.
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Martha Plimpton
Martha Campbell Plimpton (born November 16, 1970) is an American actress and singer. She currently plays the role of Virginia Chance on the Fox sitcom Raising Hope.
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Miklós Nyiszli
Miklós Nyiszli (June 17, 1901 in Szilágysomlyó, Hungary, now: Şimleu Silvaniei, Romania – May 5, 1956) was a Jewish prisoner/doctor at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Nyiszli, along with his wife and young daughter, were transported to Auschwitz in June 1944. On arrival, Nyiszli volunteered himself as a doctor and was sent to work at number 12 barracks where he operated on and tried to help the ill with only the most basic medical supplies and tools. He was under the supervision of Josef Mengele, an SS officer and physician. Mengele decided after observing Nyiszli’s skills to move him to a specially built autopsy and operating theatre. The room had been built inside Crematorium 3, and Nyiszli, along with members of the 12th Sonderkommando, were housed there.
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Oskar Dirlewanger
Dr. Oskar Dirlewanger (26 September 1895, Würzburg – 5 June 1945, Altshausen) was a World War II officer of the SS who commanded the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, a penal battalion composed of German criminals. Together with the German SS-Brigade Kaminski, the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger is regarded as one of the most controversial German military units due to its human rights abuses, including mass murder of civilians in the Warsaw Uprising.
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Oswald Pohl
Oswald Pohl (30 June 1892 - 7 June 1951) was a Nazi official and member of the SS (with a rank of SS-Obergruppenführer), involved in the mass murders of Jews in concentration camps, the so-called Final Solution.
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Paul Hausser
Paul "Papa" Hausser (October 7, 1880 – December 21, 1972) was an officer in the German Army, achieving the high rank of lieutenant-general in the inter-war Reichswehr. After retirement from the regular Army he became the "father" (thus the nickname “Papa”) of the Waffen-SS and one of its most eminent leaders. Battling in both the Eastern and Western fronts of World War II, he was seriously wounded twice, losing an eye in the first incident. After the war he became a member of the HIAG which sought to rehabilitate the reputation and legal status of the Waffen-SS.
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Poles
The Polish people, or Poles ( , singular Polak) are the inhabitants of Poland and Polish emigrants irrespective of their ancestry. Their religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. As a nation, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe, the Americas and Australia. Polish citizens live predominantly in Poland.
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Reinhard Heydrich
Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (General) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the SD, Gestapo and Kripo) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. In August 1940, he was appointed and served as President of Interpol (the international law enforcement agency). Heydrich chaired the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which discussed plans for the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory. He was attacked by British-trained Czech agents on 27 May 1942 sent to assassinate him in Prague (see Operation Anthropoid). He died approximately one week later due to his injuries.
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Richard Glücks
Richard Glücks (April 22, 1889, Odenkirchen, Rhine Province – May 10, 1945) was a high-ranking Nazi official. He attained the rank of a SS-Gruppenführer and a Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and was from 1939 until the end of World War II as the head of Amt D: Konzentrationslagerwesen of the WVHA the highest-ranking Concentration Camps Inspector in Nazi Germany. Close to Himmler, he was directly responsible for the forced labour of the camp inmates, and was also the supervisor for the medical practices in the camps, ranging from human experimentation to the implementation of the "Final Solution", in particular the mass murder of inmates with Zyklon-B gas. When the Nazi regime fell and Germany capitulated, Glücks committed suicide by swallowing a potassium cyanide capsule.
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Romani people
The Romani (also Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms; exonym: Gypsy; Romani: Romane or Rromane, depending on the dialect) are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to mediaeval India.
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Rudolf Diels
Rudolf Diels (December 16, 1900 - November 18, 1957) was a German politician and Oberführer. A protégé of Hermann Göring, Diels was in charge of the Gestapo from 1933 to 1934.
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Sepp Dietrich
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Simon Wiesenthal
Simon Wiesenthal KBE (December 31, 1908September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish Holocaust survivor who became famous after World War II for his work as a Nazi hunter who pursued Nazi war criminals.
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Subhash Chandra Bose
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Tatars
[[File:RuslanChagaev.jpg" />
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic ethnic group numbering 10 million in the late 20th Century, including all subgroups of Tatars, such as Volga Tatars, and Lipka Tatars.
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Theodor Eicke
Theodor Eicke (17 October 1892 – 26 February 1943) was a German General of the SS, (Obergruppenführer), commander of the SS-Division (mot) Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS and one of the key figures in the establishment of concentration camps in Nazi Germany. His Nazi Party number was 114901 and his SS number was 2921. Together with SS-Obersturmbannführer Michael Lippert, Eicke executed SA Chief Ernst Röhm following the Night of the Long Knives.
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Turkic peoples
The Turks (or Turkics) are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, Mongolia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Krymchaks, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Turgeshs, Seljuks, Khazars, Ottomans, Mamluks, Timurids, and possibly the Xiongnu and Huns.
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Uki Goñi
Uki Goñi (born 1953) is an Argentine author who is principally known for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (, Ukrayintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly—citizens of Ukraine (who may or may not be ethnic Ukrainians). Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Ruthenians (). Around 45 million people identify with the Ukrainian ethnicity, an ethnos that today, due to centuries of foreign rule and distinct periods of Polonization and Russification, is significantly less homogenous than neighboring ethnic groups. Many ethnic Ukrainians, in addition to having been descended from Ruthenian stock, maintain various other ancestries, such as Russian, Belarussian, Polish, Greek, German, Romanian, and/or Jewish.
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Walter Schellenberg
Walter (correctly Walther) Friedrich Schellenberg (16 January 1910 – 31 March 1952) was a German SS-Brigadeführer who rose through the ranks of the SS to become the head of foreign intelligence following the abolition of the Abwehr in 1944.
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Wilhelm Höttl
Wilhelm Höttl or Hoettl (March 19, 1915 – June 27, 1999) was an Austrian Nazi Party member, S.S. officer, secret agent, author, and Doctor of History.
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William L. Shirer
William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist, war correspondent, and historian, who wrote The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich a groundbreaking history of Nazi Germany which has been widely read and cited in scholarly works for over fifty years. Originally a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, Shirer was the first reporter hired by Edward R. Murrow for what would become a storied team of journalists for CBS radio. Shirer became famous for his broadcasts from Berlin, from the rise of the Nazi dictatorship through the first year of World War II. With Murrow, Shirer organized the first broadcast world news roundup, a format still followed by major news broadcasts. Shirer's other books include Berlin Diary (published in 1941), The Collapse of the Third Republic which drew on his experience spent living and working in France from 1925 to 1933, and his three volume autobiography, "Twentieth Century Journey."
http://wn.com/William_L_Shirer
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Allgemeine SS
The Allgemeine SS ("General SS", literally "Universal SS") was the most numerous branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany. It was managed by the SS-Hauptamt (). The Allgemeine SS was officially established in the autumn of 1934 to distinguish its members from the SS-Verfügungstruppe (which would later become the Waffen-SS) and the SS-Totenkopfverbände (concentration camp guards).
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Allgemeine-SS
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Auschwitz-Birkenau
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Babi Yar
Babi Yar (, ) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kiev and a site of a series of massacres carried out by the Nazis during their campaign against the Soviet Union. The most notorious and the best documented of these massacres took place on September 29–30, 1941, wherein 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation. The decision to kill all the Jews in Kiev was made by the military governor, Major-General Friedrich-Georg Eberhardt, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch. It was carried out by combined forces of SS, SD and SiPo.
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Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch, but in German referred to as the Hitlerputsch or the Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch) was a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff, and other heads of the Kampfbund unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. Putsch is the German word for a military coup d'état.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires () is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around 13 million.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945 the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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Dachau massacre
The Dachau massacre occurred in the area of the Dachau concentration camp, near Dachau, Germany, on April 29, 1945, during World War II. During the camp's liberation, American soldiers from 45th Infantry Division of the U.S. Seventh Army allegedly wounded and killed German prisoners of war. The number of victims differs by account, some witnesses speculating that more than 100 German soldiers were killed; others report that 30-50 soldiers were killed during the camp's liberation, only a dozen of those being victims of alleged war crimes.
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Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (; ) was the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the former Dutch East India Company that came under the administration of the Netherlands in 1800.
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Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen (German: "task forces" ; singular Einsatzgruppe) were SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups and political categories. The Einsatzgruppen operated throughout the territory occupied by the German armed forces following the German invasions of Poland, in September, 1939, and later, of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The Einsatzgruppen carried out operations ranging from the murder of a few people to operations which lasted over two or more days, such as the massacres at Babi Yar (33,471 killed in two days) and Rumbula (25,000 killed in two days). The Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the murders of over 1,000,000 people, and they were the first Nazi organizations to commence mass killing of Jews as an organized policy.
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Embu
Embu, also Embu das Artes, is a Brazilian city in the State of São Paulo. It is a suburb of the capital. The population in 2006 was 245,855 inhabitants. Population density is 3,508.2 /km² and the area is 70 km².
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo (; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("security police").
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Kosovo
Kosovo (; ) is a disputed territory in the Balkans. The partially-recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, with North Kosovo being the largest Kosovo Serb enclave. Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a United Nations-governed entity within its sovereign territory, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохија, Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija), according to the 2006 Constitution of Serbia.
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Kriminalpolizei
is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the police forces of Germany, Austria and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia -
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, is the common name for the country of Germany while governed by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) from 1933 to 1945. Third Reich () denotes the Nazi state as a historical successor to the medieval Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) and to the modern German Empire (1871–1918). Nazi Germany had two official names, the Deutsches Reich (German Reich), from 1933 to 1943, when it became Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich).
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Niederkirchnerstraße
Niederkirchnerstraße, formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, is a street in Berlin, the capital of Germany. The street runs east-west from Wilhelmstraße to Stresemannstraße near Potsdamer Platz, forming the border between the districts of Mitte and Kreuzberg. It is best known for having been the location of the headquarters of the Reich Main Security Office, SD, Gestapo and the SS in Nazi Germany. The site is now marked by the Topography of Terror memorial and museum.
http://wn.com/Niederkirchnerstraße -
Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
http://wn.com/Norway -
Nuremberg Trial
http://wn.com/Nuremberg_Trial -
Nuremberg Trials
The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany.
http://wn.com/Nuremberg_Trials -
Obersalzberg
Located SE of Munich, the Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the village of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. The area is best known as the location of Adolf Hitler's beloved mountain residence, the Berghof, and for the bus depot which transports tourists to the nearby Kehlsteinhaus, more popularly known as the ''Eagle's Nest''.
http://wn.com/Obersalzberg -
ODESSA
ODESSA, (from the German Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, “Organization for Former SS Members”) is believed to have been an international Nazi network set up toward the end of World War II by a group of SS officers in order to avoid their capture and prosecution for war crimes. Several authoritative books by those involved in the U.S. War Crimes Commission (including T.H. Tetens and Joseph Wechsberg) have verified the organization's existence and provided details of its operations. Wechsberg studied Simon Wiesenthal's memoirs on ODESSA and verified them with his own experiences in the book The Murderers Among Us. In the realm of fiction, Frederick Forsyth best-selling 1972 thriller The Odessa File brought the organization to popular attention (the novel was turned into a film starring Jon Voight). Forsyth's ODESSA smuggled war criminals to Latin America.
http://wn.com/ODESSA -
Ordnungspolizei
The Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) was the name for the uniformed regular German police force in existence during the period of Nazi Germany, notably between 1936 and 1945. It was increasingly absorbed into the Nazi police system. Owing to their green uniforms, they were also referred to as Grüne Polizei (green police). The Orpo brought together the city and municipal uniformed forces that had been organised on a state-by-state basis and covered the towns and cities as well as the the Gendarmerie (in Württemberg known as the Landjäger) which covered small towns and rural areas; eventually the Orpo would embrace virtually all of the Third Reich's law-enforcement and emergency response organizations, including fire brigades, coast guard, civil defence, and even night watchmen.
http://wn.com/Ordnungspolizei -
Reich Chancellery
The Reich Chancellery () was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (Reichskanzler) from 1871 to 1945. Today the office is usually called Kanzleramt (Chancellor's Office), or more formally Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellor's Office).
http://wn.com/Reich_Chancellery -
Reichszeugmeisterei
The Reichszeugmeisterei (RZM), formally located in Munich, was the first and eventually the primary Zeugmeisterei (quartermaster's office), as well as the national material control office of Nazi Germany. It replaced the SA-Wirtschaftsstelle, the purchasing agency of the Sturmabteilung.
http://wn.com/Reichszeugmeisterei -
Rotary International
Rotary International is an organization of service clubs known as Rotary Clubs located all over the world. The stated purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders to provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. It is a secular organization open to all persons regardless of race, color, creed, gender, or political preference. There are 33,976 clubs and over 1.22 million members worldwide. The members of Rotary Clubs are known as Rotarians. Members usually meet weekly for breakfast, lunch or dinner, which is a social event as well as an opportunity to organize work on their service goals.
http://wn.com/Rotary_International -
Sicherheitsdienst
The Sicherheitsdienst (SD, Security Service) was primarily the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. The organization was the first Nazi Party intelligence organization to be established and was often considered a "sister organization" with the Gestapo, which the SS had infiltrated heavily after 1934. Between 1933 and 1939, the SD was administered as an independent SS office, after which it was transferred to the authority of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA), as one of its seven departments/offices.
http://wn.com/Sicherheitsdienst -
Sicherheitspolizei
The Sicherheitspolizei (security police), often abbreviated as SiPo, was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kripo (criminal police) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was folded into the RSHA in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of the Third Reich.
http://wn.com/Sicherheitspolizei -
SS Führungshauptamt
The SS-Führungshauptamt () (SS-FHA) was the operational headquarters of the SS.
http://wn.com/SS_Führungshauptamt -
SS Personalhauptamt
The SS Personalhauptamt was the central recording office for all officers and potential officers for the SS in Nazi Germany.
http://wn.com/SS_Personalhauptamt -
SS-Hauptamt
The SS-Hauptamt () (SS-HA) was the central command office of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) in Nazi Germany until 1940.
http://wn.com/SS-Hauptamt -
SS-Totenkopfverbände
SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), meaning "Death's-Head Units", was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi concentration camps for the Third Reich.
http://wn.com/SS-Totenkopfverbände -
Sturmabteilung
The Sturmabteilung (), Storm Division or Battalion, abbreviated SA and usually translated as stormtroop(er)s, functioned as a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party. It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s.
http://wn.com/Sturmabteilung -
Wolf's Lair
'''Wolf's Lair''' is the standard English name for Wolfsschanze, Adolf Hitler's first World War II Eastern Front military headquarters, one of several Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarters) or FHQs located in various parts of Europe. The complex, which was built for Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, was located in the Masurian woods, about from the small East Prussian town of Rastenburg, now Kętrzyn in Poland.
http://wn.com/Wolf's_Lair
- 20 July plot
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- Slavic peoples
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- Subhash Chandra Bose
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- Wolf's Lair
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Ss, Eddy Filmography
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Waffen SS GDH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Published: 07 Dec 2006
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: kingtiger88
Waffen SS video. World War II
http://wn.com/Waffen_SS_GDH
Auschwitz through the lens of the SS
In December 2006, a retired US Army Lieutenant Colonel and former member of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) wrote to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives. As one of its many tasks as a military intelligence agency, the CIC conducted investigations of Nazi perpetrators for US prosecutors in the Judge Advocate General's Office after World War II. While stationed in Germany in 1946, this officer found a photograph album in an abandoned apartment in Frankfurt and took it home with him. In 2007, he donated the album to the Museum, but wanted his donation to remain anonymous. The album contained 116 pictures taken between May and December 1944 chronicling the life of SS officers and other officials at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The rare images capture SS guards and Nazi officials relaxing and enjoying time off—hunting, singing, trimming Christmas trees, and more—all while Jews were being murdered at rates as fast as anytime during the Holocaust. The album was created and owned by Karl Hoecker, an adjunct to camp Kommandant Richard Baer. The album complements the only other known collection of photographs taken at Auschwitz, published as the "Auschwitz Album" in 1980. Those images specifically depict the arrival of Hungarian Jews at the camp in late May 1944, and the selection process that the SS imposed on them. Some of the images contained in the new album were taken just days later. In contrast to documenting mass murder, they focus on the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Auschwitz_through_the_lens_of_the_SS
Florian Geyer lied
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 02 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: saopaulo450
THE SONG IS FLORIAN GEYER LIED, OR WIR SIND DES GEYERS SCHWARZE HAUFEN!!! This is not a apologie video or something like that, purelly historical and musical purposes. THE SONG IS FLORIAN GEYER LIED, OR WIR SIND DES GEYERS SCHWARZE HAUFEN!!!
http://wn.com/Florian_Geyer_lied
Nazi Nostalgia: SS veteran march sparks public outrage in Latvia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 16 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: RussiaToday
Around a thousand Latvian veterans who fought alongside the Nazis during the Second World War, have held a controversial parade in the country's capital, Riga. They've marked the day since the collapse of the USSR, to pay tribute to the Latvian Legion, formed on Hitler's orders in 1943. The event has sparked anger both at home and abroad.
http://wn.com/Nazi_Nostalgia_SS_veteran_march_sparks_public_outrage_in_Latvia
SS Gairsoppa Shipwreck
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 23 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Sep 2011
- Author: ShipwreckOmex
The SS Gairsoppa lies approximately 3 miles below the surface of the north Atlantic Ocean. The ship sank after being hit with a torpedo on February 17, 1941. Odyssey discovered the shipwreck in 2011 and inspected the site with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). What appear to be tea chests were observed in one cargo hold that was accessible to the ROV. The Gairsoppa's cargo manifest included more than 1700 tons of tea and up to 7 million ounces of silver.
http://wn.com/SS_Gairsoppa_Shipwreck
Ilsa She Wolf Of The SS Trailer (Unoffical)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 19 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: EazyWWEfan
Please Note I'm Not A Nazi I Don't Agree With Nazi Views This Film Just Really Defines The Nazi Sexploitation Flim Possibly The Best One Ever Made And It's A Shame Not Many Know About This 70's Cult Classic The Music In This Is "Die Fahne hoch" Which Was Used In The Actual Film
http://wn.com/Ilsa_She_Wolf_Of_The_SS_Trailer_Unoffical
COD BLACK OPS LIVE COMM,GETTING BACK INTO MIX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Published: 06 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: ELPRESADOR
TSIA
http://wn.com/COD_BLACK_OPS_LIVE_COMM,GETTING_BACK_INTO_MIX
HotForWords - "I'll shove that cucumber up ur @ss!!!!"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Published: 29 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: hotforwords
This is a fun video I did with my friends. I'm not a good actress, I was just having fun ;-) Let me know what you think! My website hotforwords.com My facebook www.facebook.com * Highly Recommend watching in 720p HD. Starring Rich Rotella as "Brennan the Plumber" www.youtube.com Marina Orlova as "Anya" www.youtube.com Evan Gamble as "Jeff" evangamble23.com Sarah Rotella as "Fiona" Camera Operator - Joe Nation www.youtube.com SUBSCRIBE & Pass the video along to friends !!!
http://wn.com/HotForWords__I'll_shove_that_cucumber_up_ur_@ss!!!!
2012 Chevrolet Camaro SS Transformers Edition Start Up, Exhaust, and In Depth Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:40
- Published: 26 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: saabkyle04
In thisvideo I give a full in depth tour of the 2012 Chevrolet Camaro SS Transformers Edition. I take viewers on a close look through the interior and exterior of this car while showing details, over viewing of features, and noting unique styling cues to the vehicle itself. I also show the engine and the details of it, start it up and see how it sounds under acceleration. A thorough tour/review of this car designed to give others a greater overall appreciation of the vehicle.
http://wn.com/2012_Chevrolet_Camaro_SS_Transformers_Edition_Start_Up,_Exhaust,_and_In_Depth_Tour
2011 Chevrolet Camaro SS Convertible vs 2011 Ford Mustang GT Convertible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Published: 27 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: motortrend
With the all new Camaro Convertible due to hit showrooms soon, we got a hold of one and put it up against it's Ford rival, the 2011 Ford Mustang GT Convertible. Read the full story here: www.motortrend.com Also find Motor Trend on: twitter.com facebook.com Shot by: Mike Suggett & Duane Sempson Edited by: Mike Suggett
http://wn.com/2011_Chevrolet_Camaro_SS_Convertible_vs_2011_Ford_Mustang_GT_Convertible
Kazaky at Dsquared2 ss 2012 men's fashion show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Published: 25 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: KievBuddhabar
FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER: @KazakyProject Kazaky on iTUNES: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Kazaky_at_Dsquared2_ss_2012_men's_fashion_show
2012 Chevrolet Camaro SS 45th Anniversary Edition Start Up, Exterior/ Interior Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:48
- Published: 29 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: GrandPrixGTP02
Although the 2011 automotive season is still upon us, the 2012 Camaro SS has already been released, and as such, Chevrolet has now created a limited series of Camaro's in honor of their 45th Anniversary (first Camaro's were built in 1967). So in celebration of this momentous occasion, I'd like to take you all on an extensive review of this legend in the making. Special features of this 2012 SS are: -Carbon Flash Metallic paint -Brilliant Red/ Medium Charcoal "45" stripes -Special embossing/ embroidery in seat center -Red/ Blue stitching on the contours of the seats
http://wn.com/2012_Chevrolet_Camaro_SS_45th_Anniversary_Edition_Start_Up,_Exterior/_Interior_Review
Test Drive - 2010 Hennessey HPE700 Camaro SS 725 HP Supercharged LS9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Published: 07 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: RamblinAround
* Trust me, the video doesn't do justice to the awesome sound this beast makes. I thought you'd like a look at this amazing 2010 Hennessey HPE700 Camaro equipped with it's 6.2 Liter LS9 (Supercharged) 725 HP V8, 6 Speed Manual Transmission, Limited Slip Rear, Traction Control System, P. Steering, P. 4 Wheel Brembo Disc Brakes w/ ABS & Cross Drilled Rotors, P. Windows, P. Locks, P. Mirrors, P. Trunk, P. Drivers Seat, AM/FM/CD/XM Boston Acoustics Premium 9 Speaker Audio System, Leather Wrapped Steering Wheel w/ Cruise & Redundant Audio Controls, Leather Bucket Seats w/ Center Console Containing Gauge Cluster, Rear Park Assist, Rear Window Defogger, Tilt/Tele, Air Conditioning, Cam Aero Body Upgrades-- Carbon Fiber Rear Lip Spoiler, Side Rocker Panels & Front Splitter, Special Front Facia. HPE Performance Exhaust, Suspension & Braking System, Special Savini 20in Hennessey Wheels, Hockey Stick Stripe, Original Window Sticker, Books, Hennessey Dyno, CD & Booklet, Clean Auto Check, NOT For The Faint of Heart! 1 Owner Still Like New, One Bad Boy Bow Tie! #24 of 24 HPE 700 LS9 Camaro's Produced in 2010!! Thanks for watching and commenting, I appreciate it! Filmed at Fast Lane Classic Cars in St. Charles, Missouri 2010 Hennessey HPE700 Chevrolet Camaro SS LS9 Supercharged V8 725HP muscle car test drive hot rod high performance Corvette ZR1 engine quick fast collector car rare automobile custom auto race racing rat rod lead sled Fast Lane Classic Cars St Charles Missouri <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Test_Drive__2010_Hennessey_HPE700_Camaro_SS_725_HP_Supercharged_LS9
D&G; WOMENSWEAR SS 2012 FASHION SHOW
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Published: 22 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: dolcegabbanachannel
Sexy yet playful, vintage yet contemporary, this is the D&G woman for S/S 12. Today the catwalk was awash with colour, panther like models with long flowing locks were strutting their stuff while wrapped in sensual silk foulards. The scarf is at the centre of next summer's collection, the colours, prints and texture as well as the intrinsic lightness of the fabric give the whole collection a fresh and young feel.
http://wn.com/D&G;_WOMENSWEAR_SS_2012_FASHION_SHOW
Mauser K98k ( SS marked)
Shooting and showing a 1943 vintage Mauser K98k. This particular gun has had a Timney trigger installed, so it's pretty sweet to shoot.
http://wn.com/Mauser_K98k__SS_marked
VU SS ute catches fire at Burnout Mayhem 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Published: 13 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: modifiedcarforums
www.modifiedcarforums.com
http://wn.com/VU_SS_ute_catches_fire_at_Burnout_Mayhem_2011
Arigato from Japan Earthquake Victims
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: johnkobayashitokyo
Video about the eqrthquake in Japan. People from the Tohoku area are expressing their thanks to all of the international aid that has helped them. Done pretty well. Made me cry....
http://wn.com/Arigato_from_Japan_Earthquake_Victims
2012 Boss 302 vs. 2010 Camaro SS on Road Course - AmericanMuscle.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 21 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: americanmusclevideos
AmericanMuscle.com heads to New Jersey Motorsports Park with our 2012 Boss 302 Mustang and a 2010 Camaro SS (oh yes we did!) for a little bit of fun! Lap Times: 2012 Boss 302 Mustang 1:20.392 2010 Camaro SS 1:22.440 The 2012 Ford Boss 302 Mustang was not only more comfortable on the track, but much more at home than the similarly rated 2010 Chevrolet Camaro SS. We realize that the Boss is a purpose-built motorsports car (even though it's stock). To be fair, the Camaro was completely stock, as well. With a 2.048 second lap time difference, the Boss would gain more and more of a separation over time. It held up better at high speeds and extreme driving, with better handling, less brake fade and quicker acceleration.
http://wn.com/2012_Boss_302_vs_2010_Camaro_SS_on_Road_Course__AmericanMusclecom
1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS Clone Burnout
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Published: 30 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: LawellMotorsports
Lawell Motorsports' built 1970 Chevelle warming up the tires, this Chevelle is fully built, it has a 125HP nitrous kit, Ported heads, Headers, Turbo 350 Transmission, Shift Kit, Suspension, Big Brakes, Flow Master Exhaust and much more! Lawell Automotive Performance www.lawellmotorsports.com
http://wn.com/1970_Chevrolet_Chevelle_SS_Clone_Burnout
Most Muscle? Camaro SS v Challenger SRT8 v Shelby GT500
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Published: 15 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: InsideLineVideo
2010 Camaro SS vs. 2009 Challenger SRT8 vs. 2010 Shelby GT500 www.edmunds.com Camaro v Mustang v Challenger: www.youtube.com Hennessey Camaro v Shelby GT500: www.youtube.com More Articles: www.insideline.com Car Prices & Info www.edmunds.com Twitter Feed twitter.com Facebook Page www.facebook.com Hi-Res Videos: www.hulu.com side-line In our recent pony car comparison test, the retro-heavy — and just plain heavy — 2010 Chevrolet Camaro SS walked away with top honors in its debut. The big V8-powered coupe needed a new challenge. It was time to refocus the lens. Shoot from a different angle, so to speak. So we squared the brooding visage of our SS-badged protagonist up against the cruelest bunch of savages we could find, the range-topping 2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8 and 2010 Ford Shelby GT500.
http://wn.com/Most_Muscle?_Camaro_SS_v_Challenger_SRT8_v_Shelby_GT500
Amazing cars at Goodwood SS - McLaren F1, Enzo, EB110, Agera, XJ220, Zonda, and many more!
Shmee150 attends the Goodwood Supercar Sunday meeting on the morning of Sunday 1st May 2011 at the Goodwood Motor Circuit. This video, although long, contains the arrivals of many of the cars at the event including an absolutely fascinating number of amazing cars all at the one event. Some of the more special additions include: Ferrari Enzo Mercedes CLK DTM Morgan Aeromax Supersports McLaren MP4-12C Jaguar XJ220 Koenigsegg CCX McLaren F1 GTR Pagani Zonda PS Koenigsegg Agera Lexus LFA Porsche Carrera GT Lamborghini Countach Ferrari F40 Aston Martin DB6 Bugatti EB110 And so many other Ferraris, Lamborghinis, Aston Martins and other supercars you'll be lost in a daze! Camera: Shot on a Sony CX520 with MGZ1 microphone inFullHD and uploaded in 1080p Location: Goodwood Motor Circuit, UK Don't forget to check out my blog at www.shmee150.co.uk - videos of all things cars and like Shmee150 on Facebook at www.facebook.com to get the latest updates straight to your feed! All feedback on my videos is appreciated! Thanks for watching, Tim
http://wn.com/Amazing_cars_at_Goodwood_SS__McLaren_F1,_Enzo,_EB110,_Agera,_XJ220,_Zonda,_and_many_more!
Michael Wittmann: WAFFEN SS "Tanks" 1/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 13 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Dec 2011
- Author: kingtiger88
Michael Wittmann WAFFEN SS "Tanks" Videos Running Time 00:47:00 in 5 Parts Tanks: " Aces: Michael Wittmann " This episode of Tanks chronicles the exploits of SS-Hauptsturmführer Michael Wittmann (1914-1944) Michael Wittmann's later actions are known to most readers in Normandy campaign. However, Wittmann began his career as a tank ace in actually an assault gun; the StuG III. In the Ukraine Whitmann found success with the StuG III against T-34's. He was credited with several victories during this time. On July 12, 1941, Wittmann received the first of many awards; the Iron Cross Second Class. When asked, at the presentation of the medal, if he had any special requests, Wittmann requested that a T-34 crew be given treatment afforded any brave soldier. His request was granted. Whitmann was awarded the; Iron Cross First Class on September 8th, 1941. Wittmann, his crew, and their StuG III nicknamed "Buzzard" were quickly making a name for themselves fighting against superior T-34/76. On December 20th 1942 Wittmann completed the Officer Training course at Bad Tölz. He was commissioned a SS-Untersturmführer (2nd Lieutenant) and assigned to Heavy Panzer Replacement Battalion 500. Wittmann checked out in a long-barreled PzKw IV. Soon after Wittmann began training in the weapon that would make him famous; the PzKw VI "Tiger." As fortune would have it, he was paired with an excellent crew. One the soon to be best gunners in the Waffen-SS, Rottenführer Balthasar "Bobby" Woll first <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Michael_Wittmann_WAFFEN_SS_Tanks_1/5
Shelby GT500 Crushes Camaro SS! - Drag Race Showdown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 01 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: motortrend
When we first pitted the Camaro SS against the Mustang GT, Ford fans complained it was an unfair race given the horsepower disparity. But now Ford has tipped the scale way back in it's advantage with the top of the line supercharged snake, the GT500. We head to the drag strip to see how the underdog Chevy stacks up. Shot By: Mike Suggett & Jim Gleason Edited By: Jim Gleason & Mike Suggett
http://wn.com/Shelby_GT500_Crushes_Camaro_SS!__Drag_Race_Showdown
![Neptune's Fountain in the centre of the Long Market, a masterpiece by a Dutch architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617.[53][54]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111229140447/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/3a/b6/8f641eb40796dbce81a6b32459fa_medium.jpg "Neptune's Fountain in the centre of the Long Market, a masterpiece by a Dutch architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617.[53][54]")
photo: AP / Matt Sayles
29 Dec 2011
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| Agency name | SS |
|---|---|
| Nativename | Schutzstaffel |
| Logo | Flag Schutzstaffel.svg |
| Logo width | 100px |
| Logo caption | SS insignia |
| Picture | Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H04436, Klagenfurt, Adolf Hitler, Ehrenkompanie.jpg |
| Picture width | 300px |
| Picture caption | Adolf Hitler inspects the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler on arrival at Klagenfurt in April 1938. Heinrich Himmler is to the right of and behind Hitler's right side. |
| Formed | April 4, 1925 |
| Preceding1 | |
| Preceding2 | |
| Dissolved | May 8, 1945 |
| Jurisdiction | GermanyGerman-occupied Europe |
| Headquarters | SS-Hauptamt, Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, Berlin |
| Employees | 1,250,000 (c. February 1945) |
| Minister1 name | Adolf Hitler |
| Minister1 pfo | Führer |
| Minister2 name | Heinrich Himmler |
| Minister2 pfo | Reichsführer |
| Chief1 name | Julius Schreck |
| Chief1 position | Reichsführer-SS(Reich Leader of the SS)(1925–1926) |
| Chief2 name | Joseph Berchtold |
| Chief2 position | Reichsführer-SS(1926–1927) |
| Chief3 name | Erhard Heiden |
| Chief3 position | Reichsführer-SS(1927–1929) |
| Chief4 name | Heinrich Himmler |
| Chief4 position | Reichsführer-SS(1929–1945)Karl Hanke, Reichsführer-SS(29 April – May 1945) |
| Agency type | Paramilitary |
| Parent agency | NSDAP |
| Child1 agency | Allgemeine SS |
| Child2 agency | Waffen-SS (SS-Verfügungstruppe) |
| Child3 agency | SS-Totenkopfverbände |
| Child4 agency | RSHA – Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) |
| Child5 agency | Ordnungspolizei |
| Footnotes | }} |
The Schutzstaffel (, translated to Protection Squadron or defence corps), abbreviated SS—or 16px|Runic "↯↯" with stylized "Armanen" Sig runes—was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II (1939–1945). After 1945, the SS was banned in Germany, along with the Nazi Party, as a criminal organization.
The SS was formed in 1925 under the then name "Saal-Schutz" (Assembly-Hall-Protection), intended for providing security for Nazi party meetings and as a personal protection squad for Adolf Hitler. Under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler between 1929 and 1945, the SS was renamed to "Schutz-Staffel" and grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich.
Background
The SS grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as the Führer's "Praetorian Guard", the Nazi Party's "Protection Squadron" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence in the Third Reich as the Wehrmacht (Germany's regular armed forces).According to the Nuremberg Trials, as well as many war crimes investigations and trials conducted since then, the SS was responsible for the vast majority of war crimes perpetrated under the Nazi regime. In particular, it was the primary organization which carried out The Holocaust. As a part of its race-centric functions, the SS oversaw the isolation and displacement of Jews from the populations of the conquered territories, seizing their assets and transporting them to concentration camps and ghettos where they would be used as slave labor (pending extermination) or immediately killed.
Initially a small branch of the Sturmabteilung (the "Brownshirts" or Stormtroopers, abbreviated in German as SA), the SS grew in size and power due to its exclusive loyalty to Adolf Hitler, as opposed to the SA, which was seen as semi-independent and a threat to Adolf Hitler's hegemony over the party. Under Himmler, the SS selected its members according to the Nazi ideology. Creating elite police and military units such as the Waffen-SS, Adolf Hitler used the SS to form an order of men claimed to be superior in racial purity and ability to other Germans and national groups, a model for the Nazi vision of a master race. During World War II, SS units operated alongside the regular Heer (German Army). However, by the final stages of the war, the SS came to dominate the Wehrmacht in order to eliminate perceived threats to Adolf Hitler's power while implementing his strategies, despite the increasingly futile German war effort.
Chosen to implement the Nazi "Final Solution" for the Jews and other groups deemed inferior (and/or enemies of the state), the SS was the lead branch in carrying out the killing, torture and enslavement of approximately twelve million people. Most victims were Jews or of Polish or other Slavic extraction. However, other racial/ethnic groups such as the Roma made up a significant number of victims, as well. Furthermore, the SS purge was extended to those viewed as threats to "race hygiene" or Nazi ideology—including the mentally or physically handicapped, homosexuals, or political dissidents. Members of labor organizations and those perceived to be affiliated with groups (religious, political, social and otherwise) that opposed the regime, or were seen to have views contradictory to the goals of the Nazi government, were rounded up in large numbers; these included clergy of all faiths, Jehovah's Witnesses, Freemasons, Communists, and Rotary Club members.
Foreseeing Nazi defeat in the war, a significant number of SS personnel organized their escape to South American nations. These escapes are said to have been assisted by an organization known as ODESSA, an acronym of the German phrase Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, which translates as the Organization of Former Members of the SS. Many others were captured and prosecuted by Allied authorities at the Nuremberg Trials for war crimes, and absconding SS criminals were the targets of police forces in various Allied nations, post-war West and East Germany, Austria and Israel.
The Nazis regarded the SS as an elite unit, the party's "Praetorian Guard", with all SS personnel (originally) selected on the principles of racial purity and loyalty to the Nazi Party. In the early days of the SS, officer candidates had to prove German ancestry to 1750. They also were required to prove that they had no Jewish ancestors. Later, when the requirements of the war made it impossible to confirm the ancestry of officer candidates, the proof of ancestry regulation was dropped.
In contrast to the black-uniformed Allgemeine SS (the political wing of the SS), the Waffen-SS (the military wing) evolved into a second German army aside the Wehrmacht (the regular national armed forces) and operating in tandem with them; especially with the Heer (German Army).
Special ranks and uniforms
The SS was distinguished from other branches of the German military, the National Socialist Party, and German state officials by its own rank structure, unit insignia, and uniforms. The all-black SS uniform was designed by SS-Oberführer Prof. Karl Diebitsch and graphic designer SS-Sturmhauptführer Walter Heck. These uniforms were rarely worn after the war began, however, as Himmler ordered that the all-black uniforms be turned in for use by others. They were sent east where they were used by auxiliary police units and west to be used by Germanic-SS units such as the ones in Holland and Denmark. In place of the black uniform, SS men wore uniforms of dove-grey or Army field-grey with distinctive insignia. The uniforms were made by hundreds of clothing factories licensed by the RZM, including Hugo Boss, with some workers being prisoners of war forced into labor work. Many were made in concentration camps. The SS also developed its own field uniforms. Initially these were similar to standard Wehrmacht wool uniforms but they also included reversible smocks and helmet covers printed with camouflage patterns with a brown/green "spring" side and a brown/brown "autumn" side. In 1944, the Waffen SS began using a universal camouflage uniform intended to replace the wool field uniform.
SS ideology
In contrast to the Imperial military tradition, the nature of the SS was based on an ideology where commitment, effectiveness and political reliability, not class or education, would determine how far they succeeded in the organization. The SS also stressed total loyalty and obedience to orders unto death. It became a powerful tool used by Hitler and the Nazi state for political ends. The SS ideology and values of the organization was one of the main reasons why the SS was entrusted with the execution of many Nazi atrocities and war crimes of the Nazi state.
Merger with police forces
As the Nazi party monopolized political power in Germany, key government functions such as law enforcement were absorbed by the SS, while many SS organizations became de facto government agencies. To maintain the political power and security of the Nazi party (and later the nation), the SS established and ran the SD (Security service) and took over the administration of Gestapo (Secret state police), Kripo (criminal investigative police), and the Orpo (regular uniformed police). Moreover, legal jurisdiction over the SS and its members was taken away from the civilian courts and given to courts run by the SS itself. These actions effectively put the SS above the law.
Personal control by Himmler
Himmler, the leader of the SS, was a chief architect of the Final Solution. The SS Einsatzgruppen death squads, formed by his deputy, Heydrich, murdered many civilian non-combatants, mostly Jews, in the countries occupied by Germany during World War II. Himmler was responsible for establishing and operating concentration camps and extermination camps in which millions of inmates died of systematic mass gassing, shooting, hanging, inhumane treatment, overwork, malnutrition, or medical experiments. After the war, the judges of the Nuremberg Trials declared the SS and its sub-parts criminal organizations responsible for the implementation of racial policies of genocide and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.
History
The History of the SS may be grouped into several key periods of the organization's existence. The first group associated with SS (but not known as such) existed briefly in 1923, before being disbanded and re-founded in 1925. This second version of the SS, sometimes known as the "Pre-Himmler SS", existed from 1925 to 1929; the more recognizable SS under Heinrich Himmler then came into being. Himmler's SS existed from 1929 to 1945, and may itself be divided into a peacetime SS until 1939, replaced by a wartime SS lasting until the end of World War II. The group was formally disbanded upon the defeat of Nazi Germany.Origins
The group was first formed in 1923, as a company of the SA who were given the task of protecting senior leaders of the Nazi Party at rallies, speeches, and other public events. Commanded by Emil Maurice, and known as the Stabswache (Staff Guard), the original group consisted of eight men and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a violent Freikorps of the time.After the failed 1923 Putsch by the Nazi Party, the SA and the Stabswache were abolished, yet they returned in 1925. At that time, the Stabswache was reestablished as the 30-man "Stosstrupp Adolf Hitler", given the task of providing personal protection for Hitler at Nazi Party functions and events. That same year, the Stosstrupp was expanded to a national level, and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel (storm squadron), then the Schutzkommando (protection command), and finally the Schutzstaffel (SS). The new SS was delegated to be a protection company of various Nazi Party leaders throughout Germany. Hitler's personal SS protection unit was later enlarged to include combat units and after April 13, 1934, was known as the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). After Germany mobilized in 1939, the combat units in the LSSAH were mobilized as well, leaving behind an honour guard battalion to protect Hitler. It is these SS troops that are seen at the Reich Chancellery and Hitler's Obersalzberg estate in his personal 8 mm movies.
Development
Between 1925 and 1929, the SS was considered merely a small Gruppe of the SA and numbered no more than 1000 personnel; by 1929 that number was down to 280. On January 6, 1929, Hitler appointed Himmler as the leader of the SS, and by the end of 1932, the SS had 52,000 members. By the end of the next year, it had over 209,000 members. Himmler's expansion of the SS was based on models from other groups, such as the Knights Templar and the Italian Blackshirts. According to SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS, Karl Wolff, it was also based on the model from the Society of Jesus of absolute obedience to the Pope. A motto of the SS was "Treu, Tapfer, Gehorsam" ("Loyalty, Valiance, Obedience").Before 1929, the SS wore the same brown uniform as the SA, with the exception of a black tie and a black cap with a Totenkopf ("death's head") skull and bones symbol on it. In that year Himmler extended the black colour to include breeches, boots, belts, and armband edges; and in 1932 they adopted the all-black uniform, designed by Prof. Diebitsch and Walter Heck. In 1936 an "earth-grey" uniform was issued. The Waffen ("armed") SS wore a field-grey (feldgrau) uniform similar to the regular army, or Heer. During the war, Waffen-SS units wore a wide range of items printed with camouflage patterns (such as Platanenmuster, Erbsenmuster, captured Italian Telo Mimetico, etc.), while their feldgrau uniforms became largely indistinguishable from those of the Heer, save for the insignia. In 1945, the SS adopted the Leibermuster disruptive pattern that inspired many forms of modern battle dress, although it was not widely issued before the end of the war.
Their official motto was "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" ("My Honour is Loyalty"). The SS rank system was unique in that it did not copy the terms and ranks used by the Wehrmacht's branches (Heer ("army"), Luftwaffe ("air force"), and Kriegsmarine ("navy")), but instead used the ranks established by the post-World War I Freikorps and taken over by the SA. This was mainly done to establish the SS as being independent from the Wehrmacht, although SS ranks did generally have equivalents in the other services.
Heinrich Himmler, together with his right-hand man, Reinhard Heydrich, consolidated the power of the organization. In 1931, Himmler gave Heydrich the assignment to build an intelligence and security service inside the SS, which became the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). By the time the war began, the number of members rose to 250,000, and the Waffen-SS was formed in August 1940, expanding the earlier armed SS troops who had fought in Poland and France in 1939–40, to serve alongside the Wehrmacht, Germany's regular armed forces. Himmler also received control of the Gestapo in 1934, and, that same year, Hitler had given the SS jurisdiction over all concentration camps. In the wake of the plot against Hitler's life by a group of regular military generals in July 1944, the Führer came to distrust his regular military, putting ever more trust in the SS, particularly Himmler, who had acted against the plotters and their families. This attitude of Hitler's was further shown at the very end of the war, when he refused to station himself in the OKW bunker in Berlin, claiming that he did not 'trust the strength of army concrete', however the true reason was probably that he feared another generals' plot and so chose to stay in his own headquarters, surrounded by an apparently more loyal SS retinue.
Early SS disunity
Far from the united instrument of oppression that the SS would eventually become, in its first years of existence, the SS was in fact significantly divided into several factions both geographically within Germany as well as within the structure of the SS as a whole. In addition, prior to April 1934, the Gestapo was a civilian state police agency outside the control of SS leadership. In some cases, it came into direct conflict with the SS and even attempted to arrest some of its members.The first major division in the early SS was between SS units in Northern Germany, situated around Berlin, and SS units in southern Germany headquartered around Munich. The "Northern-SS" was under the command of Kurt Daluege who had close ties to Hermann Göring and enjoyed his position in Berlin where most of the Nazi government offices were located. This in contrast to the SS in southern Germany, commanded unquestionably by Heinrich Himmler and located mostly in Munich which was the location of the major Nazi political offices.
Within the SS, early divisions also developed between the "General SS" and the SS under the command of Sepp Dietrich which would eventually become the Waffen-SS. The early military SS was kept quite separate from the regular SS and Dietrich introduced early regulations that the military SS answered directly to Hitler, and not Himmler, and for several months even ordered his troops to wear the black SS uniform without a swastika armband to separate the soldiers from other SS units once the black uniform had become common throughout Germany.
The division between the military and general SS never entirely disappeared even in the last days of World War II. Senior Waffen-SS commanders had little respect for Himmler and he was scornfully nicknamed "Reichsheini" by the Waffen-SS rank and file. Himmler worsened his own position when he attempted to hold a military command during the last months of the war and proved totally incompetent as a field commander.
The Gestapo, which would eventually become a semi-integrated part of the SS security forces, was at first a large "thorn in the side" to Himmler as the group was originally the Prussian state political police under the control of Hermann Göring and commanded by his protege Rudolf Diels. Early Gestapo activities came into direct conflict with the SS and it was not until the SA became a common enemy that Göring turned over control of the Gestapo to Himmler and Heydrich (the three then worked together to destroy the greater threat of the SA leadership). Even so, Göring was reported to have disliked Himmler to the last days of the war and even turned down honorary SS rank since he did not want to any way be subordinated to Himmler.
The SS before 1933
1925–1928
In early 1925, the future SS was a single, thirty-man company that was Hitler's personal bodyguard. In September, all local NSDAP offices were ordered to create body guard units of no more than ten men apiece. By 1926, six SS-Gaus were established, supervising all such units in Germany. In turn, the SS-Gaus answered to the SS-Oberleitung, the headquarters unit. The SS-Oberleitung answered to the office of the Supreme SA Leader (Oberste SA-Führer), Franz Pfeffer von Salomon, clearly establishing the SS as a subordinate unit of the Sturmabteilung.Between 1926 and 1928, the SS command Gaus were as follows:
1929–1931
In 1929, the SS-Oberleitung was expanded and reorganized into the SS-Oberstab with five main offices, as listed below:At the same time, the SS-Gaus were expanded into three SS-Oberführerbereiche as listed below
Each SS-Oberführerbereiche contained several SS-Brigaden, which in turn were divided into regiment-sized SS-Standarten.
1931–1933
In 1931, as the SS began to increase its membership to over 100,000, the organization was again restructured beginning with the SS-Oberleitung, which was replaced by the SS-Amt, divided into five sections as follows:In addition to the SS-Amt, the SS-Rasseamt (Race Office) and Sicherheitsdienst Amt (Office of the SD) were established as two separate offices on an equal footing with the Headquarters Office.
At the same time that the SS Headquarters was being reorganized, the SS-Oberführerbereichen were replaced with five SS-Gruppen, listed as follows:
The lower levels of the SS remained unchanged between 1931 and 1933. However, it was during this time that the SS began to establish its independence from the Sturmabteilung (SA), although officially the SS was still considered a sub-organization of the SA and answerable to the SA Chief of Staff.
The SS after the Nazi seizure of power
After the Nazi seizure of power, the mission of the SS expanded from the protection of the person of Adolf Hitler to the internal security of the Nazi regime. In 1936, Himmler described the new mission of the SS, protecting the internal security of the regime, in his pamphlet, "The SS as an Anti-bolshevist Fighting Organization." {{bquote|We shall unremittingly fulfill our task, the guaranty of the security of Germany from the interior, just as the Wehr-macht guarantees the safety, the honor, the greatness, and the peace of the Reich from the exterior. We shall take care that never again in Germany, the heart of Europe, will the Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans be able to be kindled either from within or through emissaries from without. Without pity we shall be a merciless sword of justice for all those forces whose existence and activity we know, on the day of the slightest attempt, may it be today, may it be in decades or may it be in centuries.}} Following Hitler's assumption of power in Germany, the SS became regarded as a state organization and a branch of the established government. The Headquarters Staff, SD, and Race Office became full-time paid employees, as did the leaders of the SS-Gruppen and some of their command staffs. The rest of the SS were considered part-time volunteers, and in this concept the Allgemeine-SS came into being.By the autumn of 1933, Hitler's personal bodyguard (previously the 1st SS Standarte located in Munich) had been called to Berlin to replace the Army Chancellery Guard as protectors of the Chancellor of Germany. In November 1933, the SS guard in Berlin became known as the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. In April 1934, Himmler modified the name to Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). Following the Night of the Long Knives, the SS again underwent a massive reorganization. The SS-Gruppen were renamed as SS-Oberabschnitt, and the former SS Headquarters and command offices were reorganized into three and then eight SS-Hauptämter. The SS-Hauptamt offices would eventually grow in number to twelve main offices by 1944. These offices remained unchanged in their names until the end of World War II and the fall of the SS.
By mid-1934, the SS had taken control of all concentration camps from the SA, and a new organization, the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) had been established as the SS Concentration Camp Service. The original SS-TV was organized into six Wachtruppen at each of Germany's major concentration camps. The Wachtruppen were expanded in 1935 into Wachsturmbanne and again in 1937 into three main SS-Totenkopfstandarten. This structure would remain unchanged until 1941, when a massive labor and death camp system in the occupied territories necessitated the concentration camps to be placed under the Wirtschafts und Verwaltungshauptamt (SS-WVHA) in three main divisions of Labor Camps, Concentration Camps, and Death Camps.
The early Waffen-SS can trace its origins to 1934 in the SS-Verfügungstruppe: two Standarten (regiments) under retired general Paul Hausser armed and trained to Army standards, and held ready at the personal disposal of the Führer in peace or war. Hausser also established two Junkerschule for the training of SS officers.
1936–1939
Himmler was named the chief of all German police (nominally in that role subordinate to Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick) on June 17, 1936. He thereby assumed control of all of the German states' regular police forces and, nationalizing them, formed the Ordnungspolizei and the Kriminalpolizei. The Orpo, uniformed police, were placed under the command of SS Obergruppenführer Kurt Daluege. Further, the Gestapo and the Kripo or Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police) were incorporated into the SiPo or Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and considered a complementary organisation to the SD or Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service).In 1939, from the existing Totenkopfverbände was formed the SS Division Totenkopf composed of members of the Concentration Camp service together with support units transferred from the Army. The Totenkopf or "Death's Head" division would later become a division of the Waffen-SS.
The SS during World War II
By the outbreak of World War II, the SS had solidified into its final form. By this point, the term "SS" could be applied to two completely separate organizations, mainly the Allgemeine-SS and the Waffen-SS. The Allgemeine-SS also had control over a third SS branch, known as the Germanic-SS, which was composed of SS groups formed in occupied territories and allied countries. In the last months of World War II, a fourth branch of the SS known as the "Auxiliary-SS" was formed from non-SS members conscripted to serve in Germany's concentration camps.
SS and police leaders
During the Second World War, the most powerful men in the SS were the SS and Police Leaders, divided into three levels: Regular Leaders, Higher Leaders, and Supreme Leaders. Such persons normally held the rank of SS-Gruppenführer or above and answered directly to Himmler in all matters pertaining to the SS in their area of responsibility. Thus, SS and Police Leaders bypassed all other chains of command. In Himmler's grand dream of the SS, the SS and Police Leaders were eventually to become SS-Governors of the Lebensraum which would be ruled by SS-Lords, protected by SS-Legions, and worked and lived in by SS-Yeoman Warriors overseeing Slavic serfs.
SS offices
By 1942, all activities of the SS were managed through twelve main offices of the Allgemeine-SS.
Allgemeine-SS
The Allgemeine-SS (the "General SS") refers to a non-combat branch of the SS. The Allgemeine-SS formations were divided into Standarten, organized into larger formations known as Abschnitte and Oberabschnitte. Many personnel served in other branches of the state government, Nazi Party, and certain departments within the RSHA (e.g., the SD, Gestapo and Kripo). Members of the Allgemeine-SS were considered more or less reservists with many serving the German military, or the Waffen-SS. For those who served in the Waffen-SS, it was a standard practice to hold separate SS ranks for both the Allgemeine-SS and the Waffen-SS.
Waffen-SS
The Waffen-SS were frontline combat troops trained to fight in Germany's battles during World War II. During the early campaigns against Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland, military SS units were of regiment size and drawn from existing armed SS formations:
For the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940 (Fall Gelb) the three SS-VT and three of the SS-TV regiments were each organized into divisions (the future 2nd "Das Reich" and 3rd "Totenkopf"), and another division was raised from the Ordnungspolizei (later the 4th "Polizei"). Following the campaign, these units together with the Leibstandarte and additional SS-TV Standarten were amalgamated into the newly-formed Kommandoamt der Waffen-SS within the SS Führungshauptamt.
In 1941 Himmler announced that additional Waffen-SS Freiwilligen units would be raised from non-German foreign nationals. His goal was to acquire additional manpower from occupied nations. These foreign legions eventually included volunteers from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands.
While the Waffen-SS remained officially outside the Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) and under Himmler's authority, they were placed under the operational command of the Armed Forces High Command (OKW) or Army High Command (OKH), and were largely funded by the Wehrmacht. During the war, the Waffen-SS grew to 38 divisions. The most famous are the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking and the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend.
The Waffen-SS maintained several "Foreign Legions" of personnel from conquered territories and countries allied to Germany. The majority wore a distinctive national collar patch and preceded their SS rank titles with the prefix Waffen instead of SS. Volunteers from Scandinavian countries filled the ranks of two divisions, the 5th "Wiking" and 11th "Nordland." Belgian Flemings joined Dutchmen to form the "Nederland" Legion,their Walloon compatriots joined the Sturmbrigade "Wallonien". There was also a French volunteer division,(33rd Franzosiche Division), "Charlemagne".
Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that Ukrainian Slavs, Albanians from Kosovo, Turkic Tatars, and even Asians from Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) units were recruited. The Ukrainians and the Tatars had both suffered persecution under Joseph Stalin and their motive was a hatred of communism rather than sympathy for National Socialism. The exiled Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al-Husayni, used hatred of Serbs and Jews to recruit an entire Waffen-SS division of Bosnian Muslims, the 13th SS Division "Handschar" (Scimitar). The year long Soviet occupation of the Baltic states at the beginning of World War II produced volunteers for Estonian and Latvian Waffen-SS units, though the majority of those units still was formed by forced draft. However, some other occupied countries such as Greece, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Poland never formed formal Waffen-SS legions. With that said, there were some countrymen that were in the service of the Waffen-SS. In Greece, the fascist organisation ESPO tried to create a Greek SS division, but the attempt was abandoned after its leader was assassinated.
The Indische Freiwilligen Infanterie Regiment 950 (also known at various stages as the Indische Freiwilligen-Legion der Waffen-SS, the Legion Freies Indien, and Azad Hind Fauj) was created in August 1942, chiefly from disaffected Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army, captured by the Axis in North Africa. Many, if not most, of the Indian volunteers who switched sides to fight with the German Army and against the British were strongly nationalistic supporters of the exiled, anti-British, former president of the Indian National Congress, Netaji (the Leader) Subhash Chandra Bose. See also the Tiger Legion and the Indian National Army.
Germanic-SS
The Germanic-SS was an SS-modeled structure formed in occupied territories and allied countries. The main purpose of the Germanic-SS was enforcement of Nazi racial doctrine and anti-semitic policies. Denmark and Belgium were the two largest participants in the Germanic-SS program. Germanic-SS members wore the all-black SS uniforms favored by the pre-war German SS. After the war began, Himmler ordered the uniforms to be turned in and many were then sent west to be used by Germanic-SS units such as the ones in Holland and Denmark.
Death squads
The Einsatzgruppen were special units of the SS that were formed on an 'as-needed' basis under the authority of the Sicherheitspolizei and later the RSHA, whose commander was Heydrich. The first Einsatzgruppen were created in 1938 for use during the Anschluss of Austria and again in 1939 for the annexation of Czechoslovakia. The original purpose of the Einsatzgruppen was to 'enter occupied areas, seize vital records, and neutralize potential threats'. In Austria and Czechoslovakia, the activities of the Einsatzgruppen were mainly limited to Nazification of local governments and assistance with the establishment of new concentration camps.In 1939 the Einsatzgruppen were reactivated and sent into Poland to exterminate the Polish elite (Operation Tannenberg, AB-Aktion), so that there would be no leadership to form a resistance to German occupation. In 1941, the Einsatzgruppen reached their height when they were sent into Russia to begin large-scale extermination and genocide of "undesirables" such as Jews, Gypsies, and communists. The Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the murders of over 1,000,000 people. The most notorious massacre of Jews in the Soviet Union was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on September 29–30, 1941.
The last Einsatzgruppen were disbanded in mid 1944 (although on paper some continued to exist until 1945) due to the retreating German forces on both fronts and the inability to carry on with further "in-the-field" extermination activities. Former Einsatzgruppen members were either folded into the Waffen-SS or took up roles in the more established Concentration Camps such as Auschwitz.
Special action units
Beginning in 1938, the SS enacted a procedure where offices and units of the SS could form smaller sub-units, known as Sonderkommandos, to carry out special tasks and actions which might involve sending agents or troops into the field. The use of Sonderkommandos was very widespread, and according to former SS Sturmbannführer (Major) Wilhelm Höttl, not even the SS leadership knew how many Sonderkommandos were constantly being formed, disbanded, and reformed for various tasks.The best-known Sonderkommandos were formed from the SS Economic-Administrative Head Office, the SS Head Office, and also Department VII of the Reich Main Security Office (Science and Research) whose duties were to confiscate valuable items from Jewish libraries.
The Eichmann Sonderkommando was attached to the Security Police and the SD in terms of provisioning and manpower, but maintained a special position in the SS due to its direct role in the deportation of Jews to the death camps as part of the Final Solution.
The term "Sonderkommando" was ironically also used to describe the teams of Jewish prisoners who were forced to work in gas chambers and crematoria, receiving special privileges and above-average treatment, before then being gassed themselves. The obvious distinction was that these Jewish "special-action units" were not SS Sonderkommandos; the term was simply applied to these obviously non-SS personnel due to the nature of the tasks which they performed.
SS and police courts
SS and police courts were special tribunals which were the only authority authorized to try SS personnel for crimes. The different SS and Police Courts were as follows:
The one exception to the SS and Police Courts jurisdiction involved members of the Allgemeine-SS who were serving on active duty in the regular Wehrmacht. In such cases, the SS member in question was subject to regular Wehrmacht military law and could face charges before a standard military tribunal.
Special protection units
The original purpose of the SS, that of safeguarding the leadership of the Nazi Party (Adolf Hitler) continued until the very end of the group's existence. Hitler had used bodyguards for protection since the 1920s, and as the SS grew in size and importance, so too did Hitler's personnel protection unit. In all, there were two main SS groups most closely associated with protecting the life of Adolf Hitler.
Hitler also made use of regular military protection, especially when travelling into the field or to operational headquarters (such as the Wolf's Lair). Hitler always maintained an SS escort, however, and his security was mainly handled by the Leibstandarte and the RSD.
SS special purpose corps
Another section of the SS consisted of special purpose units which assisted the main SS with a variety of tasks. The first such units were SS cavalry formations formed in the 1930s as part of the Allgemeine-SS (these units were entirely separate from the later Waffen-SS cavalry commands).One of the more infamous SS special purpose corps were the SS medical units, composed mostly of doctors who became involved in both euthanasia and human experimentation. The SS also formed a special corps for women, since full SS membership was available only for men, as well as a scientific corps to conduct historical research into Nordic-Germanic origins.
SS Cavalry Corps
The SS Cavalry Corps (German: Reiter-SS) comprised several Reiterstandarten and Reiterabschnitte, which were really equestrian clubs to attract the German upper class and nobility into the SS. In the 1930s, the Reiter-SS was considered as a nucleus for a military branch of the SS, but this idea was phased out with the rise of the SS-Verfügungstruppe (later the Waffen-SS).By 1941, the Reiter-SS was little more than a social club. Most of the serious cavalry officers transferred to combat units in the Waffen-SS and the SS Cavalry Brigade. Between 1942 and 1945, the Reiter-SS effectively ceased to exist except on paper, with only a handful of members. During the Nuremberg Trials, when the Tribunal declared the SS to be a criminal organization, the Reiter-SS was expressly excluded, due to its insignificant involvement in other SS activities.
SS Medical Corps
The SS Medical Corps first appeared in the 1930s as small companies of SS personnel known as the Sanitätsstaffel. After 1931, the SS formed a headquarters office known as Amt V, which was the central office for SS medical units.
In 1945, after the surrender of Germany, the SS was declared an illegal criminal organization by the Allies. SS doctors, in particular, were marked as war criminals due to the wide range of human medical experimentation which had been conducted during World War II as well as the role SS doctors had played in the gas chamber selections of the Holocaust. The most infamous member, Doctor Josef Mengele, served as Head Medical Officer of Auschwitz and was responsible for the daily gas chamber selections of people as well as experiments at the camp.
SS Womens Corps
The SS-Helferinnenkorps, translated literally as 'Women Helper Corps', comprised women volunteers who joined the SS as auxiliary personnel. Such personnel were not considered actual SS members, since SS membership was closed to women.The Helferin Corps maintained a simple system of ranks, mainly SS-Helfer, SS-Oberhelfer, and SS-Haupthelfer. Members of the Helferin Corps were assigned to a wide variety of activities such as administrative staff, supply support personnel, and female guards at concentration camps.
SS Scientific Corps
The Scientific Branch of the SS that was used to provide scientific and archeological proof of Aryan supremacy. Formed in 1935 by Himmler and Herman Wirth, the society did not become part of the SS until 1939.
Other SS groups
Austrian-SS
The term "Austrian-SS" was never a recognized branch of the SS, but is often used to describe that portion of the SS membership from Austria. Both Germany and Austria contributed to a single SS and Austrian SS members were seen as regular SS personnel, in contrast to SS members from other countries which were grouped into either the Germanic-SS or the Foreign Legions of the Waffen-SS.The Austrian branch of the SS first developed in 1932 and, by 1934, was acting as a covert force to influence the Anschluss with Germany which would eventually occur in 1938. The early Austrian SS was led by Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart and was technically under the command of the SS in Germany, but often acted independently concerning Austrian affairs. In 1936, the Austrian-SS was declared illegal by the Austrian government.
After 1938, when Austria was annexed by Germany, the Austrian SS was folded into SS-Oberabschnitt Donau with the 3rd regiment of the SS-Verfugungstruppe, Der Führer, and the fourth Totenkopf regiment, Ostmark, recruited in Austria shortly thereafter. A new concentration camp at Mauthausen also opened under the authority of the SS Death's Head units.
Austrian SS members served in every branch of the SS, including Concentration Camps, Einsatzgruppen, and the Security Services. One notable Austrian-SS member was Amon Göth, immortalized in the film Schindler's List. The fictional character of Hans Landa, seen in the film Inglorious Basterds was also depicted as a member of the Austrian-SS.
According to political science academic David Art:
Contract workers
To conduct upkeep, house-keeping, and the general maintenance of its many headquarters buildings both in Germany and in other occupied countries, the SS frequently hired civilian contract workers to perform such duties as maids, maintenance workers, and general laborers. The SS also occasionally employed civilian secretaries, but more often used the female SS corps for these duties.Within the concentration camps, the SS used a different method to gain such work skills, mainly through the use of slave labor by "assigning" concentration camp inmates to work in certain jobs. This included doctors, such as Miklós Nyiszli who, while a Jewish prisoner in Auschwitz, served as Chief Pathologist and personal assistant to Josef Mengele.
In occupied countries, especially France and the Low Countries, various resistance groups made use of the SS need for low level workers by planting resistance members in certain jobs within SS headquarters buildings. This allowed for intelligence gathering which assisted resistance attacks against German forces; resistance groups in the conquered eastern lands also used this method, with less success, although groups in Norway conducted several assassinations of SS officers through the use of intelligence plants within SS offices.. The SS was often aware of such "moles" and actively attempted to locate such persons and, on occasion, even used the resistance plants to German advantage by supplying bad information in an attempt to bring resistance groups out into the open and destroy them.
The French Resistance was by far the most successful in using SS contracted civilian workers to achieve intelligence gathering and conduct partisan operations. At the end of World War II, resistance groups also rounded up local civilians who had worked for the SS, usually subjecting them to humiliating ordeals such as the shaving of heads in public squares or carving swastikas into their foreheads with bowie knives.
Several motion pictures have been the subject of local civilians working for the SS, such as A Woman at War, starring Martha Plimpton, and Black Book, starring Christian Berkel.
Postwar activity and ODESSA
According to Simon Wiesenthal, toward the end of World War II, a group of former SS officers went to Argentina and set up a Nazi fugitive network code-named ODESSA, (an acronym for Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, "Organization of the former SS members"), with ties in Germany, Switzerland and Italy, operating out of Buenos Aires. ODESSA allegedly helped Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Erich Priebke, and many other war criminals find postwar refuge in Latin America.It is estimated that out of roughly 70,000 members of the SS involved in crimes in German concentration camps, only between 1650 and 1700 were tried after the war.
However, SS members who escaped judicial punishment were often subject to summary execution, torture and beatings at the hands of freed prisoners, displaced persons or allied soldiers. Waffen SS soldiers were executed by U.S soldiers during the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, and SS officer Oskar Dirlewanger was beaten and tortured to death at the end of the war. In addition at least some members of the U.S Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) delivered captured SS camp guards to displaced person camps with the intention of them being extra-judicially executed.
Argentinian citizen and water company worker Ricardo Klement was discovered to be Adolf Eichmann in the 1950s, by former Jewish Dachau worker Lothar Hermann, whose daughter, Sylvia, became romantically involved with Klaus Klement (born Klaus Eichmann in 1936 in Berlin). He was captured by the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, in a suburb of Buenos Aires on May 11, 1960, and tried in Jerusalem on April 11, 1961, where he explicitly declared that he had abdicated his conscience in order to follow the Führerprinzip (the 'leader principle' or superior orders).
Josef Mengele, disguised as a member of the regular German infantry, was captured and released by the Allies, oblivious of who he was. He was able to go and work in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1949 and to Altos, Paraguay, in 1959 where he was discovered by Nazi hunters. From the late 1960s on, he exercised his medical practice in Embu, a small city near São Paulo, Brazil, under the identity of Wolfgang Gerhard, where in 1979, he suffered a stroke while swimming and drowned.
The British writer Gitta Sereny (born in 1921 in Hungary), who conducted interviews with SS men, considers the story about ODESSA untrue and attributes the escape of notorious SS members to postwar chaos, an individual bishop in the Vatican, and the Vatican's inability to investigate the stories of those people who came requesting help.
More recent research, however, notably by the Argentine author and journalist Uki Goñi in his book The Real Odessa, has shown that such a network in fact existed, and in Argentina was largely run by Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón, a Nazi sympathiser who had been impressed by Mussolini's reign in Italy during a military tour of duty in that country which also took him to Nazi Germany.
In the modern age, several neo-Nazi groups claim to be successor organizations to the SS. There is no single group, however, that is recognized as a continuation of the SS, and most such present-day organizations are loosely organized with separate agendas.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1925 establishments in Germany Category:Military wings of political parties Category:Nazi organizations Category:Terrorism in Germany Category:The Holocaust Category:The Holocaust in Germany Category:Nazi Germany Category:Heinrich Himmler
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