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Adam Kraft
Adam Kraft (or Krafft) (c. 1460? – January 1509) was a German stone sculptor and master builder of the late Gothic period, based in Nuremberg and with a documented career there from 1490.
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Akhenaten
Akhenaten (; often also spelled Echnaton, Akhnaton, or rarely Ikhnaton; meaning Effective spirit of Aten) was known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning Amun is Satisfied), a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, ruled for 17 years and died in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. An early inscription likens him to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.
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Alberto Giacometti
Alberto Giacometti (10 October 1901 – 11 January 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Alberto Giacometti was born in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland and came from an artistic background; his father, Giovanni, was a well-known Post-Impressionist painter. Alberto was the eldest of four children and was interested in art from the beginning of his life.
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Alexander Calder
Alexander Calder (July 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor and artist most famous for inventing the mobile. In addition to mobile and stabile sculpture, Alexander Calder also created paintings, lithographs, toys, tapestry, jewelry, and household objects.
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Alexander Matveyev
Alexander Matveev (1878-1960) was one of the leading Russian sculptors of his generation, working in a simple, vigorous, modern classical style similar to Aristide Maillol of France. He was also a teacher for many years.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (, Mégas Aléxandros), was a Greek king of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history.
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Alfred Gilbert
:This is an article about the sculptor; see also Alfred Carlton Gilbert for the inventor and toymaker.
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Andy Goldsworthy
Andy Goldsworthy, OBE (born 26 July 1956) is a British sculptor, photographer and environmentalist living in Scotland who produces site-specific sculpture and land art situated in natural and urban settings. His art involves the use of natural and found objects, to create both temporary and permanent sculptures which draw out the character of their environment.
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Anne Truitt
Anne Truitt (March 16, 1921 - December 23, 2004) was a major American artist of the mid-20th century; she is associated with both minimalism and Color Field artists like Morris Louis and Kenneth Noland.
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Antoine-Louis Barye
Antoine-Louis Barye (September 24, 1796 – June 25, 1875) was a French sculptor most famous for his work as an animalier, a sculptor of animals.
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Anton Hanak
Anton Hanak (1875 - 1934) is among the best known Austrian sculptors of the early 20th century. Hanak was born in 1875 in Brno and studied between 1898 and 1904 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. From 1907 his studio was at Langenzersdorf near Vienna, today the site of the Hanak Museum. From 1913 until 1932, Hanak was professor of monumental sculpture at the School of Applied Arts in Vienna; between 1932 and 1934 he was a professor at Vienna's Academy of Fine Arts.
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Antonio Canova
Antonio Canova (1 November 1757 – 13 October 1822) was a Venetian sculptor who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh. The epitome of the neoclassical style, his work marked a return to classical refinement after the theatrical excesses of Baroque sculpture.
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Aristide Maillol
Aristide Maillol or Aristides Maillol (December 8, 1861 – September 27, 1944) was a French Catalan sculptor and painter.
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Arnaldo Pomodoro
Arnaldo Pomodoro is an Italian sculptor. He was born on 23 June 1926, in Morciano, Romagna, Italy. He currently lives and works in Milan. His brother, Giò Pomodoro (1930–2002) was also a sculptor.
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Arnolfo di Cambio
Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1240 – 1300/1310) was an Italian architect and sculptor.
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Arturo Martini
Arturo Martini (1889-1947) was a leading Italian sculptor between World War I and II. He moved between a very vigorous (almost ancient Roman) classicism and, later, modernism. In 1939 he abandoned sculpture altogether and wrote a book entitled "Sculpture is dead" - perhaps in response to the fascist regime under which Italian sculptors then had to serve. After the war, he returned to make one more monument before his death.
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Auguste Rodin
François-Auguste-René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917), known as Auguste Rodin ( respell|oh- roh-), was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art.
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Battle of Sitka
The Battle of Sitka (1804) was the last major armed conflict between Europeans and Alaska Natives, and was initiated in response to the destruction of a Russian trading post two years prior. The primary combatant groups were the Kiks.ádi (Frog/Raven) Clan of Sheet’-ká X'áat'l (Baranof Island) of the Tlingit nation and agents of the Russian-American Company assisted by the Imperial Russian Navy. Though the Russians' initial assault (in which Alexandr Baranov, head of the Russian expedition, sustained serious injuries) was repelled, their naval escorts bombarded the Tlingit fort ''Shis'kí Noow'' mercilessly, driving the natives into the surrounding forest after only a few days. The Russian victory was decisive, and resulted in the Sheet’-ká Kwáan being permanently displaced from their ancestral lands. They fled north and reestablished an old settlement on the neighboring Chichagof Island to enforce a trade embargo against the Russians.
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Bertel Thorvaldsen
(Albert) Bertel Thorvaldsen (19 November 1770 – 24 March 1844) was a Danish / Icelandic sculptor.
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Bill Reid
William (Bill) Ronald Reid, OBC (born Victoria, BC, 12 January 1920; died Vancouver, BC, 13 March 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry, sculpture, screen-printing, and painting. He was born to an American father of Scottish-German descent and a mother from the Haida (one of the First Nations of the Pacific coast) in Victoria, British Columbia. He developed a keen interest in Haida art while working as a radio announcer in Toronto, where he also studied jewelry making, having first learnt about his heritage from his maternal grandfather, who had himself been trained by Charles Edenshaw, a Haida artist of great renown.
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Bruce Nauman
Bruce Nauman (born December 6, 1941, in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is a contemporary American artist. His practice spans a broad range of media including sculpture, photography, neon, video, drawing, printmaking, and performance.
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Buddhism
Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद्ध धर्म Buddha Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.
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Camille Claudel
Camille Claudel (8 December 1864 – 19 October 1943) was a French sculptor and graphic artist. She was the older sister of the French poet and diplomat, Paul Claudel.
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Carl Milles
Carl Milles (1875-1955) was a Swedish sculptor, best known for his fountains. He was married to artist Olga Milles and brother to Ruth Milles and half brother to the architect Evert Milles. Carl Milles sculpted the Poseidon statue in Gothenburg, the Gustaf Vasa statue at the Nordiska museet, the Orfeus group outside the Stockholm Concert Hall and the Folke Filbyter sculpture in Linköping. The latter was featured on a stamp issued in 1975, commemorating the fact that he would have turned a hundred years old that year.
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Charles Despiau
Charles Despiau (November 4, 1874 – October 30, 1946) was a French sculptor.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chryssa
Chryssa Vardea Mavromichali (born December 31, 1933 in Athens, Greece) is a Greek American artist who works in a wide variety of media. An American art pioneer in light art and luminist sculpture widely known for her neon, steel, aluminum and acrylic glass installations, she has always used the mononym Chryssa professionally. She worked from the mid-1950s in New York City studios and has been working since 1992 in the studio she established in Neos Kosmos, Athens, Greece.
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Claus Sluter
Claus Sluter (born 1340s in Haarlem ; died in 1405 or 1406, Dijon) was a sculptor of Dutch origin. He was the most important northern European sculptor of his age and is considered a pioneer of the "northern realism" of the Early Netherlandish painting that came into full flower with the work of Jan van Eyck and others in the next generation.
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Constantin Brâncuşi
Constantin Brâncuşi (; February 19, 1876 – March 16, 1957) was an internationally renowned Romanian sculptor whose works, which blend simplicity and sophistication, led the way for numerous modernist sculptors.
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Czesław Dźwigaj
Czesław Dźwigaj (born June 18, 1950 in Nowy Wiśnicz) is a Polish artist, sculptor, and professor. Creator of numerous monuments, he is most often associated with monuments of Pope John Paul II, almost 50 of which have left his workshop.
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Dan Flavin
Dan Flavin (April 1, 1933, Jamaica, New York – November 29, 1996, Riverhead, New York) was an American minimalist artist famous for creating sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures. The Estate of Dan Flavin is represented by David Zwirner[http://www.davidzwirner.com/danflavin/], New York.
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Dhruva Mistry
Dhruva Mistry CBE RA is a sculptor, born in Kanjari, Gujarat, India in b 1957, having worked in Great Britain between 1981 and 1997, returned to Vadodara. Dhruva currently resides in Vadodara.
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Donald Judd
Donald Clarence Judd (June 3, 1928 - February 12, 1994) was a minimalist artist (a term he stridently disavowed). In his work, Judd sought autonomy and clarity for the constructed object and the space created by it, ultimately achieving a rigorously democratic presentation without compositional hierarchy. It created an outpouring of seemingly effervescent works that defied the term "minimalism".
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Donatello
Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c. 1386 – December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. He is, in part, known for his work in bas-relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant 15th century developments in perspectival illusionism.
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Duane Hanson
Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925–January 6, 1996) was an American artist based in South Florida, a sculptor known for his lifecast realistic works of people, cast in various materials, including polyester resin, fibreglass, Bondo and bronze. His work is often associated with the Pop Art movement, as well as hyperrealism.
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Edward Kienholz
Edward Kienholz (October 23, 1927 – June 10, 1994) was an American installation artist whose work was highly critical of aspects of modern life.
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Ernest Trova
Ernest Tino Trova (February 19, 1927 – March 8, 2009) was a self-trained American surrealist and pop art painter and sculptor. Best known for his signature image and figure series, The Falling Man, Trova considered his entire output a single "work in progress." Trova used classic American comic character toys in some of his pieces because he admired their surrealism. Many of Trova's sculptures are cast in unusual white bronze. He began as a painter, progressing through three-dimensional constructions to his mature medium, sculpture. Trova's gift of forty of his works led to the opening of St. Louis County, Missouri's Laumeier Sculpture Park.
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Ernst Barlach
Ernst Barlach (2 January 1870 – 24 October 1938) was a German expressionist sculptor, printmaker and writer. Although he was a supporter of the war in the years leading to World War I, his participation in the war made him change his position, and he is mostly known for his sculptures protesting against the war. This created many conflicts during the rise of the Nazi Party, when most of his works were confiscated as degenerate art.
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Eva Hesse
Eva Hesse (January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970), was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics.
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Fernando Botero
Fernando Botero Angulo (born April 19, 1932) is a Colombian figurative artist, self-titled "the most Colombian of Colombian artists" early on. He came to national prominence when he won the first prize at the Salón de Artistas Colombianos in 1958. Working most of the year in Paris, in the last three decades he has achieved international recognition for his paintings, drawings and sculpture, with exhibitions across the world. His art is collected by major museums, corporations and private collectors. In 2005, his series of drawings and paintings entitled Abu Ghraib, which was exhibited first in Europe, expressed his outrage at abuses during the Iraq War and concentrated on the dignity of the victims. The exhibit was featured at two United States venues in 2007.
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François Rude
François Rude (January 4, 1784 - November 3, 1855) was a French sculptor. He was the stepfather of Paul Cabet, a sculptor.
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Gandhara
:This article is about the ancient kingdom. For other places, see Gandhara City. Gandhara is also a proposed name of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. See also Gandara and Gandahar.
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Gaston Lachaise
Gaston Lachaise (March 19, 1882 – October 18, 1935) was a French sculptor, active in the early 20th century. A native of Paris, he was most noted for his female nudes such as Standing Woman.
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Gautama Buddha
Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: ; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from ancient India who founded Buddhism. In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE,
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Georg Kolbe
Georg Kolbe (15 April 1877 – 20 November 1947) was the leading German figure sculptor of his generation, in a vigorous, modern, simplified classical style similar to Aristide Maillol of France.
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George E. Ohr
George E. Ohr (July 12, 1857 – April 7, 1918), the self-proclaimed "Mad Potter of Biloxi," was an American ceramic artist. In recognition of his innovative experimentation with modern clay forms from 1880–1910, some
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George Rickey
George Rickey (June 6, 1907–July 17, 2002) was an American kinetic sculptor.
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Giacomo Manzù
Giacomo Manzù, pseudonym of Giacomo Manzoni (December 22, 1908 - January 17, 1991), was an Italian sculptor, communist, and Roman Catholic.
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Giambologna
Giambologna, born as Jean Boulogne, incorrectly known as Giovanni da Bologna and Giovanni Bologna (1529 – 13 August 1608), was a sculptor, known for his marble and bronze statuary in a late Renaissance or Mannerist style.
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (also spelled Gianlorenzo or Giovanni Lorenzo) (Naples, 7 December 1598 – Rome, 28 November 1680) was an Italian artist who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age and also a prominent architect. In addition he painted, wrote plays, and designed metalwork and stage sets.
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Giovanni Pisano
Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250 – c. 1315) was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect. Son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano, he received his training in the workshop of his father.
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Gislebertus
Gislebertus, Giselbetus or Ghiselbertus, sometimes "of Autun" (flourished in the 12th century), was a French Romanesque sculptor, whose decoration (about 1120-1135) of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare at Autun, France - consisting of numerous doorways, tympanums, and capitals - represents some of the most original work of the period. His sculpture is expressive and imaginative: from the terrifying Last Judgment (West Tympanum), with its strikingly elongated figures, to the Eve (North Portal), the first large scale nude in European art since antiquity and a model of sinuous grace. His influence can be traced to other French church sculpture, and his techniques helped pave the way for the Gothic style.
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Gustav Vigeland
Gustav Vigeland (April 11, 1869 – March 12, 1943) was a Norwegian sculptor. Gustav Vigeland occupies a special position among Norwegian sculptors, both in the power of his creative imagination and in his productivity. He is most associated with Vigeland Sculpture Park (Vigelandsanlegget) in Oslo.
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Henry Moore
Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist. He was best known for his abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art.
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Hiram Powers
Hiram Powers (June 29, 1805 - June 27, 1873) was an American neoclassical sculptor.
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Hugo Rheinhold
Wolfgang Hugo Rheinhold (b. Oberlahnstein, Prussia March 26, 1853, d. Berlin Oct. 2nd, 1900) was a German sculptor arguably most famous for his Affe mit Schädel (Ape with Skull). His name is often misspelled Reinhold.
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Indo-Greek kingdom
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Indo-Greeks
The Hellenistic expansion brought the Ancient Greeks in South Asia also known as Indo-Greeks.
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Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
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Isamu Noguchi
was a prominent Japanese American artist and landscape architect whose artistic career spanned six decades, from the 1920s onward. Known for his sculpture and public works, Noguchi also designed stage sets for various Martha Graham productions, and several mass-produced lamps and furniture pieces, some of which are still manufactured and sold.
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Jacob Epstein
Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor who helped pioneer modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter for public artworks. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.
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Jacopo Sansovino
'''Jacopo d'Antonio Sansovino' (July 2, 1486 – November 27, 1570) was an Italian sculptor and architect, known best for his works around the Piazza San Marco in Venice. Andrea Palladio, in the Preface to his Quattro Libri'' was of the opinion that Sansovino's Biblioteca Marciana was the best building erected since Antiquity. Giorgio Vasari uniquely printed his Vita of Sansovino separately.
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James Turrell
James Turrell (born 1943, Pasadena, California). He is an artist primarily concerned with light and space. Turrell was a MacArthur Fellow in 1984. He is represented by The Pace Gallery in New York.
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Jan Stursa
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Jean Tinguely
Jean Tinguely (22 May 1925 in Fribourg, Switzerland – 30 August 1991 in Bern) was a Swiss painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculptural machines or kinetic art, in the Dada tradition; known officially as metamechanics. Tinguely's art satirized the mindless overproduction of material goods in advanced industrial society.
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Jim Gary
Jim Gary (March 17, 1939 – January 14, 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colorful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts. These sculptures typically were finished with automobile paint although some were left to develop a natural patina. He was recognized internationally for his fine, architectural, landscape, and whimsical monumental art as well as abstracts. Sculpture and life figures by Gary often included intricate use of stained glass and his works frequently were composed of, or included, hardware, machine parts, and tools.
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Joan Miró
Joan Miró i Ferrà (April 20, 1893 – December 25, 1983; ) was a Catalan/Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona.
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John DeAndrea
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John Flaxman
John Flaxman (6 July 1755 – 7 December 1826) was an English sculptor and draughtsman.
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John Safer
John Safer (born September 6, 1922) is an American sculptor. Safer's varied career spans work in theater lighting, television, real estate, politics and banking.
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Jose de Creeft
Jose De Creeft (1884, Guadalajara, Spain – 1982, New York, United States) was a Spanish-born American sculptor and teacher.
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Joseph Bernard
Joseph Bernard (1866, Vienne, Isère – 1931) was a modern classical French sculptor, featured on the frontispiece of Elie Faure's 1927 survey of modern art, "Spirit of Forms". Bernard was trained at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in the atelier of Pierre-Jules Cavelier.
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Joseph Kosuth
Joseph Kosuth (born January 31, 1945, Toledo, Ohio) is an American conceptual artist.
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Keith Sonnier
Keith Sonnier (born 1941, Mamou, Louisiana) is a minimalist, performance, video and light artist. Sonnier was one of the first artists to use light in sculpture in the 1960s, and has been one of the most successful with this technique. Sonnier was a part of the Process Art Movement.
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Kenneth Price
Kenneth Price is an American ceramic artist and printmaker who was born in Los Angeles, California in 1935. He studied at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles, before receiving his BFA degree from the University of Southern California in 1956. He continued his studies at The Art Institute of California - Los Angeles in 1957 and received an MFA degree from New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University in 1959. Kenneth Price studied ceramics with Peter Voulkos and was awarded a Tamarind Fellowship.
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Larry Bell (artist)
Larry Bell (born in 1939 in Chicago, Illinois) is a contemporary American artist and sculptor. He lives and works in Taos, New Mexico, and maintains a studio in Venice, California. From 1957 to 1959 he studied at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles as a student of Robert Irwin, Richards Ruben, Robert Chuey, and Emerson Woelfer. He is a grant recipient from, among others, the National Endowment for the Arts and the Guggenheim Foundation, and his artworks are found in the collections of many major cultural institutions. Bell’s work has been shown at museums and in public spaces in the United States and abroad over the course of his 40-year career. Larry Bell is one of the Sgt. Pepper cutouts.
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Leone Leoni
:For the early 17th-century composer, see Leone Leoni (composer).
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Libero Andreotti
Libero Andreotti (June 18, 1875 – April 4, 1933) was an Italian sculptor, illustrator and ceramics artist.
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Lord Leighton
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Louise Nevelson
Louise Berliawsky Nevelson (born Leah Berliawsky; September 23, 1899 – April 17, 1988) was an American artist.
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Lucas Samaras
Lucas Samaras (born September 14, 1936), is an artist, born in Kastoria, Greece. He studied at Rutgers University on a scholarship, where he met Allan Kaprow and George Segal. While at Rutgers, he joined Gamma Sigma (Rutgers). He participated in Kaprow's "Happenings," and posed for Segal's plaster sculptures. Claes Oldenburg, whose Happenings he also participated in, later referred to Samaras as one of the "New Jersey school," which also included Kaprow, Segal, George Brecht, Robert Whitman, Robert Watts, Geoffrey Hendricks and Roy Lichtenstein. Samaras previously worked in painting, sculpture, and performance art, before beginning work in photography.
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Manuel Neri
Manuel Neri (born April 12, 1930) is an American sculptor, painter, and printmaker and a notable member of the "second generation" of the Bay Area Figurative Movement.
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Marcel Gimond
Marcel Gimond (1894–1961) was a French sculptor born in the Ardèche region of France.
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Marisol Escobar
Maria Sol Escobar (born May 22, 1930), otherwise known simply as Marisol, is a sculptor born in Paris of Venezuelan lineage, living in Europe, the United States and Caracas.
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Mark di Suvero
Marco Polo "Mark" di Suvero is an American abstract expressionist sculptor born Marco Polo Levi in Shanghai, China in 1933 to Italian expatriates. He immigrated to San Francisco, California in 1942 with his family. From 1953 to 1957, he attended the University of California, Berkeley to study Philosophy. He later moved to New York City where he was surrounded by an explosion of Abstract Expressionism. While working in construction, he was critically injured in a freight elevator accident and focused all his attention on sculpture.
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Martin Sjardijn
Martin Sjardijn (born 1947) is a painter, sculptor, digital artist and conceptual artist, who has created the Weightless Sculpture Project.
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Medardo Rosso
Medardo Rosso (21 June 1858, Turin, Italy – 31 March 1928, Milan) was an Italian sculptor. He is thought to have developed the Post Impressionism style in sculpture along with Auguste Rodin.
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Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica or Meso-America () is a region and culture area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Michael Craig-Martin
Michael Craig-Martin RA (born 28 August 1941) is a contemporary conceptual artist and painter. He is noted for his influence over the Young British Artists, many of whom he taught, and for his conceptual artwork, An Oak Tree.
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Michael Heizer
Michael Heizer is a contemporary artist specializing primarily in large-scale sculptures and earth art (or land art).
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Michael Lau
Michael Lau is an artist from Hong Kong who is known for his illustration and designer toy figures. Lau is widely credited as the founder of the urban vinyl style within the designer toy movement. His work has had a significant effect on toy manufacturers, as well as street culture, including artists and musicians, throughout the world. His style is particularly influential to Asian and American hip-hop and skateboarding culture. Lau has won several awards for his work, including four from the Hong Kong-based Philippe Charriol Foundation.
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Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian, Leonardo da Vinci.
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Nefertiti
::For other individuals named Neferneferuaten, see Neferneferuaten.
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Nicola Pisano
Nicola Pisano (also called Niccolò Pisano, Nicola de Apulia or Nicola Pisanus; c. 1220/1225 – c. 1284) was an Italian sculptor whose work is noted for its classical Roman sculptural style. Pisano is sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture.
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Olmec
The Olmec were a Pre-Columbian civilization living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, near the modern-day cities of Veracruz and Tabasco.
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso (; 25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor who lived most of his adult life in France. He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and Guernica'' (1937), his portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.
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Paolo Troubetzkoy
Prince Paolo or Paul Troubetzkoy (Russian: Павел Петрович Трубецкой, Pavel Petrovich Trubetskoy; Intra, Italy, 15 February 1866 — Pallanza, 12 February 1938) was an artist and a sculptor, of Russia's Troubetzkoy princely family, who was described by G.B. Shaw as "the most astonishing sculptor of modern times".[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b4ac34ca-2ab9-11dd-b40b-000077b07658.html]
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Paul Manship
Paul Howard Manship (December 24, 1885 – January 28, 1966) was a prominent American sculptor of the 20th century.
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person
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Peter Voulkos
Peter Voulkos (January 29, 1924–2002) popular name of Panagiotis Voulkos, was an American artist of Greek descent. He is known for his Abstract Expressionist ceramic sculptures, which crossed the traditional divide between ceramic crafts and fine art.
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pharaoh
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Pope Julius II
Julius II (c. 5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" (Il Papa Terribile) and "The Warrior Pope" (Il Papa Guerriero),, born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.
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Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huangdi (秦始皇) (259 BC – 210 BC), personal name Ying Zheng (嬴政), was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 49.
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Richard Lippold
Richard Lippold (May 3, 1915 Milwaukee, Wisconsin – August 22, 2002) was an American sculptor, known for his geometric constructions using wire as a medium.
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Richard Serra
Richard Serra (born November 2, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement.
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Rik Wouters
Rik Wouters (August 21, 1882, Mechelen—July 11, 1916, Amsterdam) was a Belgian fauvist painter and sculptor. Wouters was educated at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.
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Robert Smithson
Robert Smithson (January 2, 1938–July 20, 1973) was an American artist famous for his land art.
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Shanxi Province
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Sir Anthony Caro
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Sir Jacob Epstein
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Sol LeWitt
Solomon "Sol" LeWitt (September 9, 1928 - April 8, 2007) was an American artist linked to various movements, including Conceptual art and Minimalism.
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Takashi Murakami
, is a prolific contemporary Japanese artist who works in both fine arts media, such as painting, as well as digital and commercial media. He blurs the boundaries between high and low art. He appropriates popular themes from mass media and pop culture, then turns them into thirty-foot sculptures, "Superflat" paintings, or marketable commercial goods such as figurines or phone caddies.
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Tsar Peter I
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Tullio Lombardo
Tullio Lombardo (1460 – November 17, 1532), also known as Tullio Solari, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor. He was the brother of Antonio Lombardo and son of Pietro Lombardo. The Lombardo family worked together to sculpt famous Catholic churches and tombs. The church of San Zanipolo contains the Monument to Doge Pietro Mocenigo, executed with his father and brother, and the Monument to Doge Andrea Vendramin, an evocation of a Roman triumphal arch encrusted with decorative figures. Tullio also likely completed the funereal monument to Marco Cornaro in the Church of Santi Apostoli and the frieze in the Cornaro Chapel of the Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. He also participated in the work to decorate Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice.
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Venanzo Crocetti
Venanzo Crocetti (1913 - 2003) was an Italian sculptor. He was born in Giulianova, Abruzzo.
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Walter De Maria
Walter De Maria is an American sculptor and composer.
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Weightless Sculpture
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Wilhelm Lehmbruck
Wilhelm Lehmbruck (January 4, 1881 March 25, 1919) was a German sculptor.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck
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Aberdeen (; , (pronounced ) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city. It has an official population estimate of .
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Angkor () is a region of Cambodia that served as the seat of the Khmer Empire, which flourished from approximately the 9th to 13th centuries. The word Angkor is derived from the Sanskrit nagara (नगर), meaning "city". The Angkorian period began in AD 802, when the Khmer Hindu monarch Jayavarman II declared himself a "universal monarch" and "god-king", until 1431, when Ayutthayan invaders sacked the Khmer capital, causing its population to migrate south to the area of Phnom Penh.
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Bagan (, ), formerly Pagan, is an ancient city in the Mandalay Division of Burma. Formally titled Arimaddanapura or Arimaddana (the City of the Enemy Crusher) and also known as Tambadipa (the Land of Copper) or Tassadessa (the Parched Land), it was the ancient capital of several ancient kingdoms in Burma. It is located in the dry central plains of the country, on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwady River, southwest of Mandalay.
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The Bamberg Cathedral (, official name Bamberger Dom St. Peter und St. Georg) is one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany and has been Bamberg’s most famous landmark since its completion in the 13th century. The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg.
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Bhubaneswar (Oriya:ଭୁବନେଶ୍ବର, ; also Bhubaneshwar; anglicised Bhu/ba/ne/swara) is the capital and the second largest city of the Indian state of Odisha. The city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty (around 2nd century BC) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Historically Bhubaneswar has been known by different names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Khetra and Mandira Malini Nagari. The largest city of Odisha, Bhubaneswar today is a center of economic and religious importance in the region.
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The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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The Capitoline Museums (Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. The museums are contained in three palazzi surrounding a central trapezoidal piazza in a plan conceived by Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1536 and executed over a period of over 400 years. The history of the museums can be traced to 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a collection of important ancient bronzes to the people of Rome and located them on Capitoline Hill. Since then, the museums' collection has grown to include a large number of ancient Roman statues, inscriptions, and other artifacts; a collection of medieval and Renaissance art; and collections of jewels, coins, and other items. The museums are owned and operated by the municipality of Rome.
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The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, (), a Latin Rite Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, about southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples in all France of the Gothic style of architecture. The current cathedral is one of at least four that have occupied the site.
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Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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The Chicago Picasso (often just The Picasso) is an untitled monumental sculpture by Pablo Picasso in Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture, dedicated on August 15, 1967, in Daley Plaza in the Chicago Loop, is tall and weighs 162 tons. The Cubist sculpture by Picasso was the first such major public artwork in Downtown Chicago, and has become a well known landmark.
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China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Ellora () is an archaeological site, from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra built by the Rashtrakuta () rulers. Well-known for its monumental caves, Ellora is a World Heritage Site. Ellora represents the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture. The 34 "caves" – actually structures excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills – being Buddhist, Hindu and Jain rock cut temples and monasteries, were built between the 5th century and 10th century. The 12 Buddhist (caves 1–12), 17 Hindu (caves 13–29) and 5 Jain (caves 30–34) caves, built in proximity, demonstrate the religious harmony prevalent during this period of Indian history.
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{{Infobox Country
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Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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The Han Dynasty (; ; 206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people".
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Harappa (Urdu/Punjabi: , ) is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River, some southeast of the site.
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is a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji (法隆学問寺), or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law, the complex serving as seminary and monastery both.
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India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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The Israel Museum, Jerusalem (, ''Muze'on Yisrael, Yerushalim'') was founded in 1965 as Israel's national museum. It is situated on a hill in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem, near the Knesset, the Israeli Supreme Court, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Jingdezhen (景德镇, Pinyin: Jǐngdézhèn, Wade-Giles: Ching3-te2-chen4, or the Town of Jingde), is a prefecture-level city, previously a town, in Jiangxi Province, China, with a total population of 1,554,000 (2007). It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing quality pottery for 1700 years. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2000 years. Jingdezhen is one of Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities, and was named one outstanding civilization & health city of Jiangxi Province, one tourist city of China by the end of 2007.
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Korea ( Hanguk or Joseon – South and North Korea, respectively (cf. etymology)) is a territory of East Asia that was formerly unified under one state, but now divided into two separate states and a region in northeastern Asia. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
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Kraków (), also spelled Krakow or Cracow ( [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?ggkrak03.wav listen]), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Its historic centre was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites as the first of its kind. Situated on the Vistula River () in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic centres. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596; the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
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The Leshan Giant Buddha () was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world and at the time of its construction was the tallest statue in the world.
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London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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The Ming Dynasty (; ), or Empire of the Great Ming (, also anachronistically ), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng who established the Shun Dynasty, which was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming Dynasty) survived until 1662.
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is a temple of Omoto school of Shingon Buddhism, located in the city of Uda, Nara, Japan.
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The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been singularly important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. The museum's collection offers an unparalleled overview in modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, film, and electronic media.
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New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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The Northern Wei Dynasty (), also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏), Later Wei (後魏), or Yuan Wei (元魏), was a dynasty which ruled China from 386 to 534. It has been described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change". It is perhaps most noted for the unification of northern China in 439, but was also a period when foreign ideas were introduced, and Buddhism became firmly established. Many antiques and art works, both Daoist and Buddhist, from this period have survived. During the Taihe period under the Emperor Xiaowen, court advisers instituted sweeping reforms and introduced changes that eventually led in 494 AD to the dynasty moving its capital from Datong to Luoyang. It was the time of the construction of the Buddhist cave sites of Yungang by Datong during the mid-to-late 5th century, and towards the latter part of the dynasty, the Longmen Caves outside the later capital city of Loyang, in which more than 30,000 Buddhist images from the time of this dynasty have been found. It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non-Han Xianbei tribe. The Tuoba renamed themselves the Yuan as a part of systematic Sinicization. Towards the end of the dynasty there was significant internal dissension resulting in a split into Eastern Wei Dynasty and Western Wei Dynasty.
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:This article is about the earliest and best-known Pietà by Michelangelo. For three related sculptures see the Florentine Pietà or The Deposition (Michelangelo), the Rondanini Pietà, and the Palestrina Pietà.
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Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Roden Crater is a cinder cone type of a volcanic cone from an extinct volcano, with a remaining interior volcanic crater. It is located northeast of the city of Flagstaff in northern Arizona, United States.
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Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
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The Wawel Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral Basilica of Sts. Stanisław and Vaclav, is a church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków–Poland's national sanctuary. It has a 1,000-year history and was the traditional coronation site of Polish monarchs. It is the Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Kraków. Pope John Paul II offered his first Mass as a priest in the Crypt of the Cathedral on 2 November 1946.
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Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration, such as Yorkshire and the Humber and West Yorkshire.
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- Abstract art
- Acid rain
- acryl group
- Adam Kraft
- Afghanistan
- African art
- agate
- Ajanta Caves
- Akhenaten
- Alberto Giacometti
- Alexander Calder
- Alexander Matveyev
- Alexander the Great
- Alfred Gilbert
- alto-relievo
- Amphitrite
- An Oak Tree
- anatomy
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Andy Goldsworthy
- Angkor
- animal
- Anne Truitt
- Antoine Bourdelle
- Antoine-Louis Barye
- Anton Hanak
- Antonio Canova
- Arborsculpture
- architecture
- Aristide Maillol
- Arnaldo Pomodoro
- Arnolfo di Cambio
- Art toys
- artisan
- Arturo Martini
- Asia
- Assemblage (art)
- Atalanta
- Auguste Rodin
- Aztec
- Bagan
- Bamberg Cathedral
- Barcelona, Spain
- Baroque
- bas-relief
- Battle of Sitka
- Bauhaus
- Benvenuto Cellini
- Berlin, Germany
- Bertel Thorvaldsen
- Bhubaneswar
- bicycle
- Bill Reid
- Bird in Space
- Bodhisattva
- Bone carving
- Boreas
- British Museum
- bronze
- bronze sculpture
- Bruce Nauman
- Buddhism
- Buddhist art
- Bust (sculpture)
- Buxus
- Calais
- Cambodia
- cameo (carving)
- Camille Claudel
- Capitoline Museums
- Carl Andre
- Carl Milles
- carnelian
- Carpenter Gothic
- Casting
- Central Asia
- ceramic
- Ceramic art
- Charles Despiau
- Chartres Cathedral
- Chicago
- Chicago Picasso
- Chicago, Illinois
- China
- Chinese Golden Age
- Chola
- Chryssa
- Churrigueresque
- Claes Oldenburg
- Classical world
- Claus Sluter
- clay
- Clay modelling
- Collage
- concrete
- Constantin Brâncuşi
- Constructivism (art)
- contrapposto
- Cor-ten
- Costume
- coulage
- Cubist sculpture
- Czesław Dźwigaj
- Dadaism
- Dan Flavin
- De Stijl
- Dhruva Mistry
- Doctor's lady
- Doll
- Donald Judd
- Donatello
- Doryphoros
- Duane Hanson
- Earth Art
- east Asia
- Edward Kienholz
- elegant
- Ellora Caves
- emperor
- Engraved gems
- entity
- Environmental art
- epoxies
- Equestrian sculpture
- Equestrian statue
- Ernest Trova
- Ernst Barlach
- Eva Hesse
- Fernando Botero
- Floral design
- Formalism (art)
- Found objects
- Fountain
- Fountain (Duchamp)
- Four Heavenly Kings
- France
- François Rude
- Futurism (art)
- Gandhara
- garden
- Garden sculpture
- gas sculpture
- Gaston Lachaise
- Gautama Buddha
- Georg Kolbe
- George E. Ohr
- George Rickey
- Germany
- Giacomo Benevelli
- Giacomo Manzù
- Giambologna
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini
- Giovanni Pisano
- Gislebertus
- glass
- Glassblowing
- gold
- granite
- Greco-Buddhism
- greco-Buddhist
- Guan Yin
- Guanyin
- Gupta empire
- Gustav Vigeland
- gypsum
- habitant
- Hadda, Afghanistan
- Haida people
- Han Dynasty
- haniwa
- Harappa
- Hardstone carving
- hardwood
- Hariti
- Heian period
- Hellenistic
- Henan Province
- Henry Moore
- Herakles
- High Renaissance
- Hinduism
- Hiram Powers
- History of sculpture
- Hologram
- Hugo Rheinhold
- humidity
- Hōryū-ji
- Ice carving
- ice sculpture
- Ikebana
- image
- Impressionist
- India
- Indian subcontinent
- Indo-Greek kingdom
- Indo-Greeks
- Installation art
- Inuit
- Isamu Noguchi
- Islam
- Israel
- Israel Museum
- ivory
- Ivory carving
- Jacob Epstein
- Jacopo Sansovino
- Jacques Lipchitz
- jade
- Jainism
- James Turrell
- Jan Stursa
- Japan
- Jean Tinguely
- Jerusalem
- Jewellery
- Jewelry
- Jim Gary
- Jingdezhen
- Joan Miró
- John DeAndrea
- John Flaxman
- John Safer
- Jose de Creeft
- Joseph Bernard
- Joseph Kosuth
- Keith Sonnier
- Kenneth Price
- Kid Robot
- Kiln
- Kinetic art
- Kinetic sculpture
- Korea
- Kraków
- Kushan
- Land art
- Larry Bell (artist)
- Lego
- Leonard Baskin
- Leone Leoni
- Leshan Giant Buddha
- Libero Andreotti
- Life magazine
- Light
- Light sculpture
- limestone
- Lisbon
- list of papal tombs
- List of sculptors
- Living sculpture
- London
- London Underground
- longhouse
- Longmen Grottoes
- Lord Leighton
- Louise Bourgeois
- Louise Nevelson
- Lucas Samaras
- Luoyang
- Mahabalipuram
- Maitreya
- Malla (Nepal)
- Manuel Neri
- maquette
- marble
- marble sculpture
- Marcel Gimond
- Marisol Escobar
- Mark di Suvero
- Martin Sjardijn
- Mask
- material
- materials
- Maya civilization
- Medardo Rosso
- Mesoamerica
- Michael Craig-Martin
- Michael Heizer
- Michael Lau
- Michelangelo
- Michelangelo's David
- Middle Ages
- Ming Dynasty
- Minimalism
- Minimalist
- Mobile (sculpture)
- Modernist
- Mohenjo-daro
- Molding (process)
- monumental sculpture
- Moses (Michelangelo)
- Motion (physics)
- Murō-ji
- Museum of Modern Art
- Myanmar
- Münster
- Nataraja
- Nefertiti
- Neptune (mythology)
- New National Gallery
- New York
- Nicola Pisano
- Northern Wei
- Northern Wei Dynasty
- Northwest Coast art
- oak
- object (philosophy)
- Olmec
- One and Three Chairs
- onyx
- Origami
- Pablo Picasso
- Pablo Serrano
- paint
- painting
- Pakistan
- Pallava
- Paolo Troubetzkoy
- Paul Manship
- performance art
- person
- Peru
- Peter Voulkos
- Petroglyph
- pewter
- pharaoh
- Phidias
- Pietà (Michelangelo)
- plaster
- plastic arts
- Poland
- polychrome
- Polykleitos
- polymers
- Pop-Art
- Pope Julius II
- Porphyry (geology)
- Portugal
- Poseidon
- Postminimalist
- pottery
- Protestantism
- public art
- Public sculpture
- Pumpkin carving
- Qin Dynasty
- Qin Shi Huang
- Relief
- religious art
- Renaissance
- retablo
- Retroarchaeology
- Richard Lippold
- Richard Serra
- Rik Wouters
- Robert Arneson
- Robert Smithson
- Rock (geology)
- rock crystal
- Roden Crater
- Roman empire
- Rome
- salt cellar
- Sand art and play
- sand sculpture
- sard
- schist
- sculpture garden
- sculptures
- seal ring
- semi-precious
- Shanxi Province
- Shwesigone
- silver
- Sir Anthony Caro
- Sir Jacob Epstein
- Site-specific art
- Snow sculpture
- socialist realism
- Sol LeWitt
- Song Dynasty
- Sound sculpture
- south India
- St. Petersburg
- stained glass
- Statue
- steel
- Stone carving
- Stone sculpture
- Stonemasonry
- stoneware
- Sugar sculpture
- sulfuric acid
- sunken-relief
- Suprematism
- Surrealism
- syncretism
- Takashi Murakami
- Tang Dynasty
- Tarim Basin
- tempera
- temperature
- terracotta
- Terracotta Army
- textiles
- Thai art
- Three Kingdoms
- Tibet
- Tilia
- Toltec
- totem poles
- Trecento
- Triton (mythology)
- Tsar Peter I
- Tullio Lombardo
- Tyche
- ultraviolet light
- United States
- Vajrapani
- Vatican Museum
- Venanzo Crocetti
- Walter De Maria
- War canoe
- warlord
- Warsaw
- Washington, DC.
- water
- Wawel Cathedral
- Weightless Sculpture
- welding
- Western Zhou Dynasty
- Wilhelm Lehmbruck
- Wood carving
- Work of art
- Yorkshire
- Zhou Dynasty
- zinc
![Israeli sculptor Dror Heymann Israeli sculptor Dror Heymann](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/NJj2bomZHjw/0.jpg)
![Theo Jansen - Kinetic Sculptor Theo Jansen - Kinetic Sculptor](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/WcR7U2tuNoY/0.jpg)
![SCULPTOR BODY MASSAGER www.supertvpfertas.com SCULPTOR BODY MASSAGER www.supertvpfertas.com](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RmFG69qSk7w/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Published: 28 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: SuperTVofertas
![Henry Moore--the best sculptor in the world Henry Moore--the best sculptor in the world](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2Mpa-0btytY/0.jpg)
![1349 - Sculptor of Flesh 1349 - Sculptor of Flesh](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eDSSqAF-VdU/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 09 Sep 2006
- Uploaded: 19 Nov 2011
- Author: stonemastersour
![Face Clay Sculptor Face Clay Sculptor](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/nghFZ1itZ20/0.jpg)
!['AMORE', BY SCULPTOR, MICHAEL WEIR 'AMORE', BY SCULPTOR, MICHAEL WEIR](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FUx5IiTwMxA/0.jpg)
![The Great American Sculptor The Great American Sculptor](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RqT1bQx--TM/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:36
- Published: 11 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2011
- Author: jcr4runner
![Hannah Wilke: Sculptor and Sculpture Hannah Wilke: Sculptor and Sculpture](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Krm95ISSi00/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:26
- Published: 28 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: BrooklynMuseum
![Sculptor Bruce Denny profiles his latest work Sculptor Bruce Denny profiles his latest work](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5ySRz3LZ-OQ/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 12 May 2010
- Uploaded: 05 Aug 2011
- Author: BroadcastExchange
![Sharon Gainsburg --Stone's Heart Of Gold Sharon Gainsburg --Stone's Heart Of Gold](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/axsM0JjZmQc/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 25 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Aug 2010
- Author: GainsburgStudio
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ptf5hHZ33Ks/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:31
- Published: 24 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: NormanRockwellMuseum
![Metal Sculptor Fabricates Large Steel Dragon (at incredible speed!) Metal Sculptor Fabricates Large Steel Dragon (at incredible speed!)](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BWitLvdy17Q/0.jpg)
![Great Ecstasy Of The Sculptor Steiner: Opening Scene ... Great Ecstasy Of The Sculptor Steiner: Opening Scene ...](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i-Zsl3kJlVc/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Published: 11 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: TheEcstaticTruth
![Minn. Sculptor Zoran Mojsilov Puts Big Rocks 'on a Diet' to Hone Human Forms Minn. Sculptor Zoran Mojsilov Puts Big Rocks 'on a Diet' to Hone Human Forms](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YirAxbJ9JsU/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Published: 09 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Sep 2011
- Author: PBSNewsHour
![The Great Ecstasy of the Sculptor Steiner The Great Ecstasy of the Sculptor Steiner](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/y7Lk2OR9q-E/0.jpg)
![Create or Else: Nathan Sawaya Create or Else: Nathan Sawaya](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/u_X0WuwN7ho/0.jpg)
![William Hunter, Woodturning Innovator/Sculptor William Hunter, Woodturning Innovator/Sculptor](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cbg1TWE129s/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 05 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 12 Nov 2011
- Author: AAWwebmaster
![John Abduljaami, visionary wood sculptor. John Abduljaami, visionary wood sculptor.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/lYaFUTqazH0/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 03 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 11 Nov 2011
- Author: JohnAbduljaami
![飴細工- Japanese Candy Sculptor at work (very cool stuff!) 飴細工- Japanese Candy Sculptor at work (very cool stuff!)](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kkh5RaG-_KU/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 01 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 05 Nov 2011
- Author: japanesefoodchannel
![Ellen DeGeneres with gum sculptor Christopher Antes Ellen DeGeneres with gum sculptor Christopher Antes](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xiKbkRHjS0E/0.jpg)
![Marble Sculptor Christopher May Marble Sculptor Christopher May](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/S7P2pT5GtBM/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 19 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Nov 2011
- Author: maxmarknew
![Mark Irwin Wood Sculptor Mark Irwin Wood Sculptor](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LufcqSAkxAg/0.jpg)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Published: 16 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: InYourNeighborhood
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RqT1bQx--TM/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Krm95ISSi00/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5ySRz3LZ-OQ/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ptf5hHZ33Ks/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BWitLvdy17Q/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YirAxbJ9JsU/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/u_X0WuwN7ho/0.jpg)
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20111209102426im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/lYaFUTqazH0/0.jpg)
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- Aberdeen
- Abstract art
- Acid rain
- acryl group
- Adam Kraft
- Afghanistan
- African art
- agate
- Ajanta Caves
- Akhenaten
- Alberto Giacometti
- Alexander Calder
- Alexander Matveyev
- Alexander the Great
- Alfred Gilbert
- alto-relievo
- Amphitrite
- An Oak Tree
- anatomy
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Andy Goldsworthy
- Angkor
- animal
- Anne Truitt
- Antoine Bourdelle
- Antoine-Louis Barye
- Anton Hanak
- Antonio Canova
- Arborsculpture
- architecture
- Aristide Maillol
- Arnaldo Pomodoro
- Arnolfo di Cambio
- Art toys
- artisan
- Arturo Martini
- Asia
- Assemblage (art)
- Atalanta
- Auguste Rodin
- Aztec
- Bagan
- Bamberg Cathedral
- Barcelona, Spain
- Baroque
- bas-relief
- Battle of Sitka
- Bauhaus
- Benvenuto Cellini
- Berlin, Germany
- Bertel Thorvaldsen
- Bhubaneswar
- bicycle
- Bill Reid
- Bird in Space
- Bodhisattva
- Bone carving
- Boreas
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Found objects may be presented as sculptures. Materials may be worked by removal such as carving; or they may be assembled such as by welding, hardened such as by firing, or molded or cast. Surface decoration such as paint may be applied. Sculpture has been described as one of the plastic arts because it can involve the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated.
Sculpture is an important form of public art. A collection of sculpture in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden.
Types of sculpture
Some common forms of sculpture are:
Materials of sculpture through history
The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. Sculptors have generally sought to produce works of art that are as permanent as possible, working in durable and frequently expensive materials such as bronzeleft|thumb|Bronze figure of Robert Burns by Henry Bain Smith, 1892, above Union Terrace Gardens, Aberdeen, Scotland and stone: marble, limestone, porphyry, and granite. More rarely, precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory were used for chryselephantine works. More common and less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including glass, hardwoods (such as oak, box/boxwood, and lime/linden); terracotta and other ceramics, and cast metals such as pewter and zinc (spelter).Sculptures are often painted, but commonly lose their paint to time, or restorers. Many different painting techniques have been used in making sculpture, including tempera, [oil painting], gilding, house paint, aerosol, enamel and sandblasting.
Many sculptors seek new ways and materials to make art. Jim Gary used stained glass and automobile parts, tools, machine parts, and hardware. One of Pablo Picasso's most famous sculptures included bicycle parts. Alexander Calder and other modernists made spectacular use of painted steel. Since the 1960s, acrylics and other plastics have been used as well. Andy Goldsworthy makes his unusually ephemeral sculptures from almost entirely natural materials in natural settings. Some sculpture, such as ice sculpture, sand sculpture, and gas sculpture, is deliberately short-lived.
Sculptors often build small preliminary works called maquettes of ephemeral materials such as plaster of Paris, wax, clay, or plasticine, as Alfred Gilbert did for 'Eros' at Piccadilly Circus, London. In Retroarchaeology, these materials are generally the end product.
Sculptors sometimes use found objects.
Asian
Many different forms of sculpture were used in Asia, with many pieces being religious art based on Hinduism and Buddhism (Buddhist art) and greco-Buddhist art. A great deal of Cambodian Hindu sculpture is preserved at Angkor, however organized looting has had a heavy impact on many sites around the country. In Thailand, sculpture was almost exclusively of Buddha images. Many Thai sculptures or temples are gilded, and on occasion enriched with inlays. See also Thai art
East Asia
China
Artifacts from China date back as early as 10,000 BC and skilled Chinese artisans had been active very early in history, but the bulk of what is displayed as sculpture comes from a few select historical periods. The first period of interest has been the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050-771 BC), from which come a variety of intricate cast bronze vessels. The next period of interest was the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), beginning with the spectacular Terracotta Army assembled for the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the important but short-lived Qin Dynasty that preceded the Han. Tombs excavated from the Han period have revealed many figures found to be vigorous, direct, and appealing 2000 years later.The first Buddhist sculpture is found dating from the Three Kingdoms period (3rd century), while the sculpture of the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang, Henan Province (Northern Wei, 5th and 6th century) has been widely recognized for its special elegant qualities.
The period now considered to be China's golden age is the Tang Dynasty, coinciding with what in Europe is sometimes called the Dark Ages). Decorative figures like those shown below became very popular in 20th century Euro-American culture, and were made available in bulk, as warlords in the Chinese civil wars exported them to raise cash. Considered especially desirable, and even profound, was the Buddhist sculpture, often monumental, begun in the Sui Dynasty, inspired by the Greco-Buddhist art of Central Asia, and many are considered treasures of world art.
Following the Tang, Western interest in Chinese artifacts drops off dramatically, except for what might be considered as ornamental furnishings, and especially objects in jade. Pottery from many periods has been collected, and again the Tang period stands out apart for its free, easy feeling. Chinese sculpture has no nudes—other perhaps than figures made for medical training or practice—and very little portraiture compared with the European tradition. One place where sculptural portraiture was pursued, however, was in the monasteries.
Almost nothing, other than jewelry, jade, or pottery is collected by art museums after the Ming Dynasty ended in the late 17th century—and absolutely nothing has yet been recognized as sculpture from the tumultuous 20th century, although there was a school of Soviet-influenced social realist sculpture in the early decades of the Communist regime, and as the century turned, Chinese craftsmen began to dominate commercial sculpture genres (the collector plates, figurines, toys, etc.) and avant garde Chinese artists began to participate in the Euro-American enterprise of contemporary art.
Japan
Countless paintings and sculptures were made, often under governmental sponsorship. Most Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and the medium' use declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism. During the Kofun period of the 3rd century, clay sculptures called haniwa were erected outside tombs. Inside the Kondo at Hōryū-ji is a Shaka Trinity (623), the historical Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas and also the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions. The wooden image (9th century) of Shakyamuni, the "historic" Buddha, enshrined in a secondary building at the Murō-ji, is typical of the early Heian sculpture, with its ponderous body, covered by thick drapery folds carved in the hompa-shiki (rolling-wave) style, and its austere, withdrawn facial expression. The Kei school of sculptors, particularly Unkei, created a new, more realistic style of sculpture.
Central Asia
Greco-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism of Hellenistic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the present. It is also a strong example of cultural syncretism between eastern and western traditions.The origins of Greco-Buddhist art are to be found in the Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250 BCE - 130 BCE), located in today’s Afghanistan, from which Hellenistic culture radiated into the Indian subcontinent with the establishment of the Indo-Greek kingdom (180 BCE-10 BCE). Under the Indo-Greeks and then the Kushans, the interaction of Greek and Buddhist culture flourished in the area of Gandhara, in today’s northern Pakistan, before spreading further into India, influencing the art of Mathura, and then the Hindu art of the Gupta empire, which was to extend to the rest of South-East Asia. The influence of Greco-Buddhist art also spread northward towards Central Asia, strongly affecting the art of the Tarim Basin, and ultimately the arts of China, Korea, and Japan.
South Asia
India
The first known sculptures are from the Indus Valley civilization (3300–1700 BC), found in sites at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in modern-day Pakistan. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced bronzes and stone carvings of great intricacy, such as the famous temple carvings which adorn various Hindu, Jain and Buddhist shrines. Some of these, such as the cave temples of Ellora and Ajanta, are examples of Indian rock-cut architecture, perhaps the largest and most ambitious sculptural schemes in the world.The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta Empire period (4th-6th century AD) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. Gupta period art would later influence Chinese styles during the Sui dynasty, and the artistic styles across the rest of east Asia. Newer sculptures in Afghanistan, in stucco, schist or clay, display very strong blending of Indian post-Gupta mannerism and Classical influence. The celebrated bronzes of the Chola dynasty (c. 850-1250) from south India are of particular note; the iconic figure of Nataraja being the classic example. The traditions of Indian sculpture continue into the 20th and 21st centuries with for instance, the granite carving of Mahabalipuram derived from the Pallava dynasty. Contemporary Indian sculpture is typically polymorphous but includes celebrated figures such as Dhruva Mistry.
Myanmar(Burma)
Myanmar traditional sculpture emerged before the Bagan period and it improved in the middle of Bagan Era. Myanmar sculpture base the religion of Buddhism which arrived from Southern India in the 11th century AD.Most of the wood sculptures of Bagan and Ava periods have been lost under various circumstances and only a few are left today. One outstanding wood sculpture belonging to the Bagan period is the one at the old portal of Shwesigone pagoda at Nyaung-U.Myanmar traditional sculpture contains wood sculpture stone sculpture and plaster sculpture but more wood sculptures will be seen in many arts and crafts shops, in many cities of Myanmar. The wood sculptures are liked by many people in the world to-day.
Africa
African art has an emphasis on Sculpture - African artists tend to favor three-dimensional artworks over two-dimensional works.
African sculptures
The style, key aesthetic characteristics, materials, and techniques used in the creation of a piece of sculpture reflects the region from which it originates. Sculptures often have unique functions that vary widely from one geographical region to the next.In West Africa, the earliest known sculptures are from the Nok culture of Nigeria, which dates around 500 BC. The figures of West African sculptures typically have elongated bodies, angular shapes, and facial features that represent an ideal rather than an individual. These figures are used in religious rituals. They are made to have surfaces that are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. In contrast to these sculptures of West Africa are the ones of Mande-speaking peoples of the same region. The Mande pieces are made of wood and have broad, flat surfaces. Their arms and legs are shaped like cylinders.
In Central Africa, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots. Although some groups prefer more geometric and angular facial forms, not all pieces are exactly the same, nor are they made of the same material. The primary material is wood, though ivory, bone, stone, clay, and metal are also used. The Central African region has very striking styles that are very easy to identify, making regional identification very easy. Eastern Africans are not known for their sculpture, but, one type that is created in this area is pole sculptures, which are poles carved in human shapes, decorated with geometric forms, while the tops are carved with figures of animals, people, and various objects. These poles are, then, placed next to graves and are associated with death and the ancestral world.
Southern Africa’s oldest known clay figures date from 400 to 600 AD and have cylindrical heads. These clay figures have a mixture of human and animal features. Other than clay figures, there are also wooden headrests that were buried with their owners. The headrests had styles ranging from geometric shapes to animal figures. Each region had a unique style and meaning to their sculptures. The type of material and purpose for creating sculpture in Africa reflect the region from which the pieces are created.
Egypt
The monumental sculpture of Ancient Egypt is world-famous, but refined and delicate small works are also a feature. The ancient art of Egyptian sculpture evolved to represent the ancient Egyptian deities pharaohs, royalty, and even servants and staff members, in physical form. Very strict conventions were followed while crafting statues: male statues were darker than the female ones; in seated statues, hands were required to be placed on knees and specific rules governed appearance of every Egyptian deity. Artistic works were ranked according to exact compliance with all the conventions, and the conventions were followed so strictly that over three thousand years, very little changed in the appearance of statues except during a brief period—during the rule of Akhenaten and Nefertiti—when naturalistic portrayal was encouraged.
The Americas
Sculpture in what is now Latin America developed in two separate and distinct areas, Mesoamerica in the north and Peru in the south. In both areas, sculpture was initially of stone, and later of terracotta and metal as the civilizations in these areas became more technologically proficient. The Mesoamerican region produced more monumental sculpture, from the massive block-like works of the Olmec and Toltec cultures, to the superb low reliefs that characterize the Mayan and Aztec cultures. In the Andean region, sculptures were typically small, but often show superb skill.
In North America, wood was sculpted for totem poles, masks, utensils, War canoes and a variety of other uses, with distinct variation between different cultures and regions. The most developed styles are those of the Pacific Northwest Coast, where a group of elaborate and highly stylized formal styles developed forming the basis of a vibrant tradition that is in a renaissance today (see Bill Reid) and has moved into other mediums such as silver, gold and modern materials. The introduction of metal tools introduced new carving techniques, including the use of a black type of argillite, also called black slate, which is exclusive for use by artists of the Haida people.
In addition to the famous totem poles, painted and carved house fronts were complemented by carved posts inside and out, as well as mortuary figures and other items. Among the Inuit of the far north, traditional carving styles in ivory and soapstone have been expanded through the use of modern power tools into new directions for Inuit culture which, like the art of the Northwest Coast, is highly prized by art collectors for its plastic forms and innovative interpretation of figure and story.
right|thumb|The habitant-carved altar of Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)The arrival of European Catholic culture readily adapted local skills to the prevailing Baroque style, producing enormously elaborate retablos and other mostly church sculptures in a variety of hybrid styles. The most famous of such examples in Canada is the altar area of the Notre Dame Basilica in Montreal, Quebec, which was carved by peasant habitant labourers. Later, artists trained in the Western academic tradition followed European styles until in the late 19th century they began to draw again on indigenous influences, notably in the Mexican baroque grotesque style known as Churrigueresque. Aboriginal peoples also adapted church sculpture in variations on Carpenter Gothic; one famous example is the Church of the Holy Cross in Skookumchuck Hot Springs, British Columbia.
The history of sculpture in the United States after Europeans' arrival reflects the country's 18th-century foundation in Roman republican civic values and Protestant Christianity. Compared to areas colonized by the Spanish, sculpture got off to an extremely slow start in the British colonies, with next to no place in churches, and was only given impetus by the need to assert nationality after independence. American sculpture of the mid- to late-19th century was often classical, often romantic, but showed a bent for a dramatic, narrative, almost journalistic realism. Public buildings during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century often provided an architectural setting for sculpture, especially in relief. By the 1950s, traditional sculpture education would almost be completely replaced by a Bauhaus-influenced concern for abstract design. Minimalist sculpture replaced the figure in public settings and architects almost completely stopped using sculpture in or on their designs. Modern sculptors (21st century) use both classical and abstract inspired designs. Beginning in the 1980s, there was a swing back toward figurative public sculpture; by 2000, many of the new public pieces in the United States were figurative in design.
Europe
The earliest European sculpture to date portrays a female form, and has been estimated at dating from 35,000 years ago. The discovery in 2008 has caused experts to revise the history of the development of art.
Greek-Roman-classical
Features unique to the European Classical tradition:# full figures: using the young, athletic male or full-bodied female nude # portraits: showing signs of age and strong character # use of classical costume and attributes of classical deities # Concern for naturalism based on observation, often from live models
Features that the European Classical tradition shares with many others:
# characters present an attitude of distance and inner contentment # details do not disrupt a sense of rhythm between solid volumes and the spaces that surround them # pieces feel solid and larger than they really are # ambient space feels sacred or timeless The topic of Nudity
An unadorned figure in Greek classical sculpture was a reference to the status or role of the depicted person, deity, or other being. Athletes, priestesses, and deities could be identified by their adornment or lack of it.
The Renaissance preoccupation with Greek classical imagery, such as the 5th century BC. Doryphoros of Polykleitos, led to nude figurative statues being seen as the 'perfect form' of representation for the human body. Subsequently, nudity in sculpture and painting often has represented a form of ideal, be it innocence, openness, or purity. Nude sculptures still are common. As in painting, they often are made as exercises in efforts to understand the anatomical structure of the human body and develop skills that will provide a foundation for making clothed figurative work.
Usually, nude statues are widely accepted by many societies, largely due to the length of tradition that supports this form. Occasionally, the nude form draws objections, often by moral or religious groups. Classic examples of this are the removal of the parts of Greek sculpture representing male genitals (in the Vatican collection), and the addition of a fig leaf to a plaster cast of Michelangelo's sculpture of David for Queen Victoria's visit to the British Museum.
Gothic
Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century. The architectural statues at the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145) are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors. Prior to this there had been no sculpture tradition in Ile-de-France—so sculptors were brought in from Burgundy. Bamberg Cathedral had the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture. In England sculpture was more confined to tombs and non-figurine decorations. In Italy there was still a Classical influence, but Gothic made inroads in the sculptures of pulpits such as the Pisa Baptistery pulpit (1260) and the Siena pulpit (1268). Dutch-Burgundian sculptor Claus Sluter and the taste for naturalism signaled the beginning of the end of Gothic sculpture, evolving into the classicistic Renaissance style by the end of the 15th century.
Renaissance
Although the Renaissance began at different times in various parts of Europe (some areas created art longer in the Gothic style than other areas) the transition from Gothic to Renaissance in Italy was signalled by a trend toward naturalism with a nod to classical sculpture. One of the most important sculptors in the classical revival was Donatello. The greatest achievement of what art historians refer to as his classic period is the bronze statue entitled David (not to be confused with Michelangelo's David), which is currently located at the Bargello in Florence. At the time of its creation, it was the first free-standing nude statue since ancient times. Conceived fully in the round and independent of any architectural surroundings, it is generally considered to be the first major work of Renaissance sculpture. The movement affected all aspects of art, in all parts of Italy; as represented by the conscious revival from archaeological sources of the Antique dining table, by the great sculptor Tullio Lombardo, for the Castello di Roncade in the Veneto (the house with the first free-standing pediment since antiquity.)During the main Renaissance, the time from about 1500 to 1520, Michelangelo was an active sculptor with works such as David and the Pietà, as well as the Doni Virgin, Bacchus, Moses, Rachel, Orgetorix, and members of the Medici family. Michelangelo's David is possibly the most famous sculpture in the world, which was unveiled on September 8, 1504. It is an example of the contrapposto style of posing the human figure, which again borrows from classical sculpture. Michelangelo's statue of David differs from previous representations of the subject in that David is depicted before his battle with Goliath and not after the giant's defeat. Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and battle ready.
Mannerist
150px|File: 150 pixels|right|thumb|Giambologna, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1583, Florence, Italy, 13' 6" high, MarbleDuring the Mannerist period, more abstract representations were praised, (such as the "figura serpentinata" or "twisted figure") giving more thought to color and composition rather than realistic portrayal of the subjects in the piece. This is exemplified in Giambologna's Abduction/Rape of the Sabine Women, where the figures are not positioned in a way which is at all comfortable, or even humanly possible, but the position and emotion still come across. Another exemplar of the form is Benvenuto Cellini's 1540 salt cellar of gold and ebony, featuring Neptune and Amphitrite (earth and water) in elongated form and uncomfortable positions (implausible poses).
Baroque
left|thumb|King Zygmunt Vasa column in Warsaw, Poland In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms— they spiralled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space. For the first time, Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles. The characteristic Baroque sculpture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains. Often, Baroque artists fused sculpture and architecture seeking to create a transformative experience for the viewer. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period. His works were inspired by the Hellenistic sculptures of Ancient Greece and Imperial Rome. One of his most famous works is The Ecstasy of St Theresa (1647–1652).
Neo-Classical
The Neoclassical period (c.1750-1850) was one of the great ages of public sculpture, though its "classical" prototypes were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures. In sculpture, the most familiar representatives are the Italian Antonio Canova, the Englishman John Flaxman and the Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen. The European neoclassical manner also took hold in the United States, where its pinnacle occurred somewhat later and is exemplified in the sculptures of Hiram Powers.
Modern Classicism
Modern Classicism contrasted in many ways with the classical sculpture of the 19th century which was characterized by commitments to naturalism (Antoine-Louis Barye) -- the melodramatic (François Rude) sentimentality (Jean Baptiste Carpeaux)-- or a kind of stately grandiosity (Lord Leighton). Several different directions in the classical tradition were taken as the century turned, but the study of the live model and the post-Renaissance tradition was still fundamental to them.Auguste Rodin was the most renowned European sculptor of the early 20th century. He is often considered a sculptural Impressionist, as are his students Camille Claudel, Medardo Rosso, Paolo Troubetzkoy, Rik Wouters, and Hugo Rheinhold, attempting to model of a fleeting moment of ordinary life.
right|thumb|Fragment of the grave of Cyprian Kamil Norwid in the Bards' crypt in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków by sculptor Czesław Dźwigaj Modern Classicism showed a lesser interest in naturalism and a greater interest in formal stylization. Greater attention was paid to the rhythms of volumes and spaces - as well as greater attention to the contrasting qualities of surface (open, closed, planar, broken etc.) while less attention was paid to story-telling and convincing details of anatomy or costume. Greater attention was given to psychological effect than to physical realism. Greater attention was given to showing what was eternal and public, rather than what was momentary and private. Greater attention was given to examples of ancient and Medieval sacred arts:Egyptian, Middle Eastern, Asian, African, and Meso-American. Grandiosity was still a concern, but in a broader, more worldwide context. Early masters of modern classicism included: Aristide Maillol, Alexander Matveyev, Joseph Bernard, Antoine Bourdelle, Georg Kolbe, Libero Andreotti, Gustav Vigeland, Jan Stursa, Constantin Brâncuşi.
As the century progressed, modern classicism was adopted as the national style of the two great European totalitarian empires: Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, who co-opted the work of earlier artists such as Kolbe and Wilhelm Lehmbruck in Germany and Matveyev in Russia. Nazi Germany had a 12-year run; but over the 70 years of the USSR, new generations of sculptors were trained and chosen within their system, and a distinct style, socialist realism, developed, that returned to the 19th century's emphasis on melodrama and naturalism.
Classical training was rooted out of art education in Western Europe (and the Americas) by 1970 and the classical variants of the 20th century were marginalized in the history of modernism. But classicism continued as the foundation of art education in the Soviet academies until 1990, providing a foundation for expressive figurative art throughout eastern Europe and parts of the Middle East. By the year 2000, the European classical tradition maintains a wide appeal to viewers - especially tourists - and especially for the ancient, Renaissance, Baroque, and 19th century periods—but awaits an educational tradition to revive its contemporary development.
In the rest of Europe, and the United States the modern classical became either more decorative/art deco (Paul Manship, Jose de Creeft, Carl Milles) or more abstractly stylized or more expressive (and Gothic) (Anton Hanak, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Ernst Barlach, Arturo Martini) -- or turned more to the Renaissance (Giacomo Manzù, Venanzo Crocetti) or stayed the same (Charles Despiau, Marcel Gimond).
Modernism
Modernist sculpture movements include Cubism, Geometric abstraction, De Stijl, Suprematism, Constructivism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Formalism Abstract expressionism, Pop-Art, Minimalism, Land art, and Installation art among others. In the early days of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture. Picasso reinvented the art of sculpture with his innovative use of constructing a work in three dimensions with disparate material. Just as collage was a radical development in two dimensional art; so was construction a radical development in three dimensional sculpture. The advent of Surrealism led to things occasionally being described as "sculpture" that would not have been so previously, such as "involuntary sculpture" in several senses, including coulage. In later years Pablo Picasso became a prolific ceramicist and potter, revolutionizing the way Ceramic art is perceived. George E. Ohr and more contemporary sculptors like Peter Voulkos, Kenneth Price, Robert Arneson, and George Segal and others have effectively used ceramics as an important integral medium for their work.Similarly, the work of Constantin Brâncuşi at the beginning of the century paved the way for later abstract sculpture. In revolt against the naturalism of Rodin and his late 19th century contemporaries, Brâncuşi distilled subjects down to their essences as illustrated by his Bird in Space (1924) series. These elegantly refined forms became synonymous with 20th century sculpture. In 1927, Brâncuşi won a lawsuit against the U.S. customs authorities who attempted to value his sculpture as raw metal. The suit led to legal changes permitting the importation of abstract art free of duty.
Brâncuşi's impact, with his vocabulary of reduction and abstraction, is seen throughout the 1930s and 1940s, and exemplified by artists such as Gaston Lachaise, Sir Jacob Epstein, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, Joan Miró, Julio González, Pablo Serrano, Jacques Lipchitz and later in the century by Carl Andre and John Safer who added motion and monumentality to the theme of purity of line.
Since the 1950s Modernist trends in sculpture both abstract and figurative have dominated the public imagination and the popularity of Modernist sculpture had sidelined the traditional approach. Picasso was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge -high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city.
During the late 1950s and the 1960s abstract sculptors began experimenting with a wide array of new materials and different approaches to creating their work. Surrealist imagery, anthropomorphic abstraction, new materials and combinations of new energy sources and varied surfaces and objects became characteristic of much new modernist sculpture. Collaborative projects with landscape designers, architects, and landscape architects expanded the outdoor site and contextual integration.
Artists such as Isamu Noguchi, David Smith, Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Richard Lippold, George Rickey, Louise Bourgeois and Louise Nevelson came to characterize the look of modern sculpture., and the Minimalist works by Tony Smith, Robert Morris, Donald Judd, Larry Bell, Anne Truitt, Giacomo Benevelli, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Richard Serra, Dan Flavin and others led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions.
By the 1960s Abstract expressionism, Geometric abstraction and Minimalism predominated. Some works of the period are: the Cubi works of David Smith, and the welded steel works of Sir Anthony Caro, the large scale work of John Chamberlain, and environmental installation scale works by Mark di Suvero.
During the 1960s and 1970s figurative sculpture by modernist artists in stylized forms by artists such as: Leonard Baskin, Ernest Trova, Marisol Escobar, Paul Thek and Manuel Neri became popular. In the 1980s several artists, among others, exploring figurative sculpture were Robert Graham in a classic articulated style, and Fernando Botero bringing his painting's 'oversized figures' into monumental sculptures.
Gallery of Modernist sculpture
Minimalism
The Minimalist style reduces sculpture to its most essential and fundamental features. Minimalists include Tony Smith, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Larry Bell, Anne Truitt, and Dan Flavin;
Site-specific movement
Site specific and environmental art works are represented by artists: Donald Judd, Richard Serra, Robert Irwin, George Rickey, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions. Artists created environmental sculpture on expansive sites in the 'land art in the American West' group of projects. These land art or 'earth art' environmental scale sculpture works exemplified by artists such as Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, James Turrell (Roden Crater) and othersThe land art (earth art) environmental scale sculpture works by Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, James Turrell and others
Postminimalism
Artists Bill Bollinger, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, Jackie Winsor, Keith Sonnier, Bruce Nauman, and Lucas Samaras, among others were pioneers of Postminimalist sculpture.The later works of Robert Graham continued evolving,often in public art settings, into the 21st century.
Also during the 1960s and 1970s artists as diverse as Stephen Antonakis, Chryssa, Walter De Maria, Dan Flavin, Robert Smithson, Robert Irwin, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Edward Kienholz, Duane Hanson, and John DeAndrea explored abstraction, imagery and figuration through Light sculpture, Land art, and installation art in new ways.
Readymade
The term found art — more commonly found object (French: objet trouvé) or readymade — describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a mundane, utilitarian function. Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th-century with pieces such as Fountain.
Conceptual Art
Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Works include One and Three Chairs, 1965, is by Joseph Kosuth, and An Oak Tree by Michael Craig-Martin.
Post-modernism
Post-modern sculpture occupies a broader field of activities than Modernist sculpture, as Rosalind Krauss has observed. Her idea of sculpture in the expanded field identified a series of oppositions that describe the various sculpture-like activities that are post-modern sculpture:
: Site-Construction is the intersection of landscape and architecture : Axiomatic Structures is the combination of architecture and not-architecture : Marked sites is the combination of landscape and not-landscape : Sculpture is the intersection of not-landscape and not-architecture
Krauss' concern was creating a theoretical explanation that could adequately fit the developments of Land art, Minimalist sculpture, and Site-specific art into the category of sculpture. To do this, her explanation created a series of oppositions around the work's relationship to its environment.
Contemporary genres
Some modern sculpture forms are now practiced outdoors, as Environmental art and Environmental sculpture, and often in full view of spectators, thus giving them kinship to performance art in the eyes of some. Ice sculpture is a form of sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. It's popular in China, Japan, Canada, Sweden, and Russia. Ice sculptures feature decoratively in some cuisines, especially in Asia. Kinetic sculptures are sculptures that are designed to move, which include Mobiles. Snow sculptures are usually carved out of a single block of snow about 6 to on each side and weighing about 20 - 30 tons. The snow is densely packed into a form after having been produced by artificial means or collected from the ground after a snowfall. Sound sculptures take the form of indoor sound installations, outdoor installations such as aeolian harps, automatons, or be more or less near conventional musical instruments. Sound sculpture is often site-specific. A Sand castle can be regarded as a sand sculpture. Weightless Sculpture (in outer space) as a concept is created in 1985 by the Dutch artist Martin Sjardijn. Lego brick sculpting involves the use of common Lego bricks to build realistic or artistic sculptures sometimes using hundreds of thousands of bricks. Art toys have become another format for contemporary artists since the late 1990s, such as those produced by Takashi Murakami and Kid Robot, designed by Michael Lau, or hand-made by Michael Leavitt (artist).
Social status
Worldwide, sculptors have usually been tradesmen whose work is unsigned. But in the Classical world, many Ancient Greek sculptors like Phidias began to receive individual recognition in Periclean Athens, and became famous and presumably wealthy. In the Middle Ages, artists like the 12th century Gislebertus sometimes signed their work, and were sought after by different cities, especially from the Trecento onwards in Italy, with figures like Arnolfo di Cambio, Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni. Many sculptors also practised in other arts, sometimes painting, like Andrea del Verrocchio, or architecture, like Giovanni Pisano, Michelangelo, or Jacopo Sansovino, and maintained large workshops.From the High Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leone Leoni and Giambologna could become wealthy, and ennobled, and enter the circle of princes. Much decorative sculpture on buildings remained a trade, but sculptors producing individual pieces were recognised on a level with painters. From at least the 18th century, sculpture also attracted middle-class students, although it was slower to do so than painting. Equally women sculptors took longer to appear than women painters, and have generally been less prominent until the 20th century at least.
Techniques
Stone carving
Stone carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work. Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are perhaps the earliest form: images created by removing part of a rock surface which remains in situ, by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. Monumental sculpture covers large works, and architectural sculpture, which is attached to buildings. Hardstone carving is the carving for artistic purposes of semi-precious stones such as jade, agate, onyx, rock crystal, sard or carnelian, and a general term for an object made in this way. Engraved gems are small carved gems, including cameos, originally used as seal rings.
Bronze sculpture
Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold. Their strength and lack of brittleness (ductility) is an advantage when figures in action are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (see marble sculpture for several examples).
Wood carving
Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool), resulting in a wooden figure or figurine (this may be abstract in nature) or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object.
Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually) poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solid casting is then ejected or broken out to complete the process. Casting may be used to form hot liquid metals or various materials that cold set after mixing of components (such as epoxies, concrete, plaster and clay). Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods.Casting is a 6,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC. The casting process is subdivided into two distinct subgroups: expendable and non-expendable mold casting.
Conservation
Sculptures are sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and exposure to light and ultraviolet light. Acid rain can also cause damage to certain building materials and historical monuments. This results when the sulfuric acid in the rain chemically reacts with the calcium compounds in the stones (limestone, sandstone, marble and granite) to create gypsum, which then flakes off.
Similar arts
Other arts which are related to sculpture:
See also
References
External links
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