• archai
  http://wn.com/archai
• 
  Aristotle
  Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
  http://wn.com/Aristotle
• 
  Averroes
  '''Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Rushd (), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes''' () (1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakech, modern-day Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism. He has been described by some as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe and "one of the spiritual fathers of Europe," although other scholars oppose such claims.
  http://wn.com/Averroes
• 
  Avicenna
  , known as Abū Alī Sīnā () or, more commonly, Ibn Sīnā or Pour Sina, but most commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (, Avitzianós), (c. 980 - 1037) was a polymath of PersianA) "Avicenna", in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Concise Online Version, 2006 ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna]); B) D. Gutas, "Avicenna", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Version 2006, ([http://www.iranica.com/articles/avicenna-xi LINK]); excerpt: "That he should have written poems in Persian, his native and everyday language, is probable" C) Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian." D) Charles Lindholm,"The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change", Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. (2nd edition) " excerpt from pg 277: "Iranian Platonic philosopher". E) Fayz, M. Getz. "Avicenna" in Sandra Clayton-Emmerson (2005), Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages). Routledge. pg 54: "The Persian philosopher, poet, and physician Ibn Sina (Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn Sina) is known in the west as Avicenna. He was born in Bukhara and died in Hamada, Persia". F) Joyce Moss, " Middle Eastern literatures and their times", Volume 6 of World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Thomas Gale, 2004. Excerpt: "One of the key figures whose views came under attack was the Persian philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina(also known as Avicenna; 980-1037)"" G) David Edward Cooper, Jitendranath Mohanty, Ernest Sosa, "Epistemology: the classic readings", Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. pg 98:"by the Persian philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the eleventh century." origin and the foremost physician and philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, Islamic psychologist, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, logician, paleontologist, mathematician, Maktab teacher, physicist, poet, and scientist.
  http://wn.com/Avicenna
• Bergson
  http://wn.com/Bergson
• 
  Charles Darwin
  Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography.] darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
  http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
• 
  David Hume
  David Hume (7 May 1711 [26 April O.S.] – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian, regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.
  http://wn.com/David_Hume
• 
  Democritus
  Democritus (, "chosen of the people") (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos.
  http://wn.com/Democritus
• Descartes
  http://wn.com/Descartes
• 
  Douglas Hofstadter
  Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American academic whose research focuses on consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics. He is best known for his book Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, first published in 1979, for which he was awarded the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction.
  http://wn.com/Douglas_Hofstadter
• 
  Empedocles
  Empedocles (; ca. 490–430 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life. Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.
  http://wn.com/Empedocles
• 
  Erich Auerbach
  Erich Auerbach (November 9, 1892 – October 13, 1957) was a German philologist and comparative scholar and critic of literature. His best-known work is , a history of representation in Western literature from ancient to modern times.
  http://wn.com/Erich_Auerbach
• 
  Francis Bacon
  Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount Saint Alban, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist and author. He famously died of pneumonia contracted while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution.
  http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon
• Freud
  http://wn.com/Freud
• Hegel
  http://wn.com/Hegel
• Heidegger
  http://wn.com/Heidegger
• 
  Heraclitus
  Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
  http://wn.com/Heraclitus
• 
  Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant () (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
  http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
• J.R.R. Tolkien
  http://wn.com/JRR_Tolkien
• 
  John Locke
  John Locke (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
  http://wn.com/John_Locke
• 
  Jürgen Habermas
  Jürgen Habermas ( or , ; born June 18, 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theory on the concepts of 'communicative rationality' and the 'public sphere'. His work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics—particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of "rationalization" originally set forth by Max Weber. While influenced by American pragmatism, structural functionalism, and even poststructuralism, many of the central tenets of Habermas' thought remain broadly Marxist in nature.
  http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas
• Kant
  http://wn.com/Kant
• 
  Karl Marx
  Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
  http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
• Kierkegaard
  http://wn.com/Kierkegaard
• Leibniz
  http://wn.com/Leibniz
• 
  Leo Strauss
  Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a political philosopher who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States. He spent most of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
  http://wn.com/Leo_Strauss
• 
  Maimonides
  Moses Maimonides, also known as Rambam, was the preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the greatest Torah scholars of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Spain on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. He was as a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.
  http://wn.com/Maimonides
• 
  Martin Heidegger
  Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976; ) was an influential German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being." His best-known book, Being and Time, is considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. Heidegger has been influential beyond philosophy, in literature, psychology, and artificial intelligence.
  http://wn.com/Martin_Heidegger
• Max Scheler
  Max Scheler (August 22, 1874, Munich – May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. Scheler developed further the philosophical method of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, and was called by José Ortega y Gasset "the first man of the philosophical paradise." After his demise in 1928, Heidegger affirmed, with Ortega y Gasset, that all philosophers of the century were indebted to Scheler and praised him as "the strongest philosophical force in modern Germany, nay, in contemporary Europe and in contemporary philosophy as such." In 1954, Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II, defended his doctoral thesis on "An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler."
  http://wn.com/Max_Scheler
• Nietzsche
  http://wn.com/Nietzsche
• Nikolas Kompridis
  Nikolas Kompridis is a professor at the Centre for Citizenship and Public Policy at the University of Western Sydney. His scholarly work addresses a wide range of subjects in contemporary social and political philosophy, as well as in aesthetics and philosophy of culture.
  http://wn.com/Nikolas_Kompridis
• 
  Nikos Kazantzakis
  Nikos Kazantzakis () (February 18, 1883, Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire - October 26, 1957, Freiburg, Germany) was arguably the most important and most translated Greek writer and philosopher of the 20th century. Yet he did not become well known globally until the 1964 release of the Michael Cacoyannis film Zorba the Greek, based on Kazantzakis' novel whose English translation has the same title.
  http://wn.com/Nikos_Kazantzakis
• 
  Noam Chomsky
  Avram Noam Chomsky ( or ; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics, and a major figure of analytic philosophy. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist, referring to himself as a libertarian socialist. Chomsky is the author of more than 100 books and has received worldwide attention for his views, despite being typically absent from the mainstream media.
  http://wn.com/Noam_Chomsky
• Plato
  :For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Plato
• Plotinus
  Plotinus (Greek: ) (ca. AD 204/5–270) was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his teacher Ammonius Saccas). Neoplatonism was an influential philosophy in Late Antiquity. Much of our biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics.
  http://wn.com/Plotinus
• 
  Pythagoras
  Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
  http://wn.com/Pythagoras
• 
  René Descartes
  René Descartes (; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) (Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"), was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is also apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system—allowing geometric shapes to be expressed in algebraic equations—was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
  http://wn.com/René_Descartes
• Rousseau
  http://wn.com/Rousseau
• Ruth M.J. Byrne
  http://wn.com/Ruth_MJ_Byrne
• Seth Benardete
  Seth Benardete (April 4, 1930 - November 14, 2001) was an American classicist and philosopher, long a member of the faculties of New York University and The New School.
  http://wn.com/Seth_Benardete
• Spinoza
  http://wn.com/Spinoza
• 
  Steven Pinker
  Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and author of popular science. He is a Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University and is known for his wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.
  http://wn.com/Steven_Pinker
• Swami Tripurari
  http://wn.com/Swami_Tripurari
• 
  Terrence Deacon
  Terrence W. Deacon is an American anthropologist (Ph.D. in Biological Anthropology, Harvard University 1984). He taught at Harvard for eight years, relocated to Boston University in 1992, and is currently Professor of Biological Anthropology and Neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley.
  http://wn.com/Terrence_Deacon
• 
  Thomas Hobbes
  Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes
• Étienne Gilson
  Étienne Gilson (13 June 1884, Paris – 19 September 1978, Cravant, Yonne) was a French Thomistic philosopher and historian of philosophy. In 1946 he attained the distinction of being elected an "Immortal" (member) of the French Academy.
  http://wn.com/Étienne_Gilson

• 
  Great Britain
  Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
  http://wn.com/Great_Britain
• 
  Jerusalem
  Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
  http://wn.com/Jerusalem

• Abrahamic
• absolute knowledge
• abstract noun
• Al-Farabi
• Analogical reasoning
• Ancient Greece
• Animal psychology
• Aquinas
• Arcadia (utopia)
• archai
• argument
• Aristotelianism
• Aristotle
• Aristotle's Politics
• art
• assumptions
• Athens
• automated reasoning
• autonomy
• Averroes
• Avicenna
• bad
• belief
• Bergson
• Calculation
• category of being
• cause
• Charles Darwin
• city state
• classical antiquity
• cognition
• cognitive science
• cognitive scientist
• computer science
• Conscience
• consciousness
• Consistency
• cosmopolitanism
• cosmos
• counterfactual
• critical thinking
• David Hume
• De Anima
• deductive reasoning
• Deism
• Democritus
• Descartes
• dharma
• Douglas Hofstadter
• early modern era
• Eastern philosophy
• economics
• effect
• emotions
• Empedocles
• Empiricism
• empiricist
• epistemological
• Epistemology
• Erich Auerbach
• eudaimonia
• Europe
• event (philosophy)
• faith
• falsehood
• fantasy
• Farabi
• feeling
• Fideism
• first principles
• formal fallacy
• formal specification
• Foucault
• Francis Bacon
• French language
• French Revolution
• Freud
• Friendship
• Fuzzy-trace theory
• Geneva
• German Idealism
• good
• Great Britain
• Greek language
• Gödel, Escher, Bach
• head
• heart
• Hegel
• Heidegger
• Heraclitus
• Hinduism
• History
• human nature
• Husserl
• Idealism
• imagination
• Immanuel Kant
• inductive reasoning
• informal fallacy
• informal logic
• Inquiry
• institution
• intellect
• Intelligence tests
• intersubjectivity
• IQ
• Iranian philosophy
• irrationality
• Islamic philosophy
• J.R.R. Tolkien
• Jerusalem
• John Locke
• Jürgen Habermas
• Kant
• Karl Marx
• Kierkegaard
• knowledge
• language
• Latin
• law
• law (principle)
• laws of nature
• Leibniz
• Leo Strauss
• Leviathan (book)
• lifeworld
• Locke
• logic
• logical fallacy
• logos
• Maimonides
• Martin Heidegger
• mathematics
• Max Scheler
• Meno
• Merlin Donald
• metaphysical
• mimesis
• mind
• monotheism
• Muslim
• nationalism
• nature
• Nature (philosophy)
• Neo-Platonism
• neologism
• neurophysiologist
• neuropsychologist
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Nicomachean_Ethics
• Nietzsche
• Nikolas Kompridis
• Nikos Kazantzakis
• Noam Chomsky
• norm (philosophy)
• nous
• On Dreams
• On Memory
• origin of language
• phenomena
• philosopher
• philosophy
• physis
• Plato
• Platonism
• Plotinus
• Poetics (Aristotle)
• practical reason
• probability
• psyche
• Psychology
• psychotherapists
• pure reason
• Pythagoras
• rational animal
• rationalist
• rationality
• reality
• Reason (argument)
• religion
• renaissance
• René Descartes
• Republic (Plato)
• revelation
• Rorty
• Rousseau
• Ruth M.J. Byrne
• science
• Seth Benardete
• Sign (linguistics)
• skepticism
• software engineering
• Soul (spirit)
• space
• Speculative reason
• Spinoza
• Steven Pinker
• Stoic philosophy
• subjectivity
• Swami Tripurari
• syllogism
• symbol
• tao
• teleology
• Terrence Deacon
• The Social Contract
• theology
• theory
• Theory of Evolution
• thinking
• Thomas Aquinas
• Thomas Hobbes
• thought
• time
• tradition
• transcendental logic
• truth
• type (metaphysics)
• valid
• Wason test
• Western culture
• western literature
• Western world
• wisdom
• world disclosure
• world view
• Étienne Gilson

Reason, The Filmography

• (#7.10) (2004)
• (#7.2) (2004)
• (#7.7) (2004)
• (#7.8) (2004)
• (#7.9) (2004)
• (#7.9) (2004)