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Adam
Adam (Hebrew: אָדָם, Arabic: آدم) is a prominent figure in Abrahamic religions. He is the first man created by God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He appears originally in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Genesis. His wife was Eve according to the Bible, but in Jewish folklore his first wife was Lilith.
http://wn.com/Adam -
Alexander Roslin
Alexander Roslin (July 15, 1718 – July 5, 1793) was a Swedish portrait painter.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Roslin -
Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 he proposed the Celsius temperature scale which takes his name. The scale was later reversed in 1745 by Carl Linnaeus, one year after Celsius' death.
http://wn.com/Anders_Celsius -
Anders Sparrman
http://wn.com/Anders_Sparrman -
Antoine de Jussieu
Antoine de Jussieu (6 July 1686 – 22 April 1758) was a French naturalist.
http://wn.com/Antoine_de_Jussieu -
August Strindberg
Johan August Strindberg (; 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, and essayist. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics. A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition so innovative that many were to become technically possible to stage only with the advent of film. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
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Baruch Spinoza
Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza ( Baruch Shpinoza, , ) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes mind–body dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy's most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." Spinoza attended the Keter Torah yeshiva headed by Rabbi Shaul Levi Morteira, and maintained a connection with Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, whose home was a center for Jewish scholars in Amsterdam.
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Carl Gustav Tessin
http://wn.com/Carl_Gustav_Tessin -
Carl Peter Thunberg
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http://wn.com/Carl_Peter_Thunberg -
Carl Zimmer
Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, especially regarding the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as The New York Times and Discover. He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife and their two children. His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography.] darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Daniel Solander
Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander (19 February 1733 – 16 May 1782) was a Swedish naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus.
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Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 – August 9, 1919),
http://wn.com/Ernst_Haeckel -
Falun
Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 36,447 inhabitants in 2005. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with close to 100,000 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Falun -
George Clifford III
George Clifford III (7 January 1685, Amsterdam - 10 April 1760, Heemstede) was a wealty Dutch banker and one of the directors of the Dutch East India Company. He is known for his keen interest in plants and gardens. His estate Hartekamp had a rich variety of plants and he engaged the Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné, who stayed at his estate from 1736 to 1738, to write Hortus Cliffortianus (1737), a masterpiece of early botanical literature published in 1738, and for which Georg Dionysius Ehret did the illustrations. Many specimens from Clifford’s garden were also studied by Linnaeus for his Species Plantarum (1753).
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Hans Sloane
Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, PRS (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753) was an Ulster-Scot physician and collector, notable for bequeathing his collection to the British nation which became the foundation of the British Museum. He also invented Drinking Chocolate Milk and gave his name to Sloane Square in London, and Sir Hans Slone Square in his birthplace Killyleagh.
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Harry Veitch
Sir Harry James Veitch (24 June 1840 – 6 July 1924) was an eminent English horticulturist in the nineteenth century, who was the head of the family nursery business, James Veitch & Sons, based in Chelsea, London. He was instrumental in establishing the Chelsea Flower Show, which led to him being knighted for services to horticulture.
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Herman Boerhaave
Herman Boerhaave (Voorhout, 31 December 1668 – Leiden, 23 September 1738) was a Dutch botanist, humanist and physician of European fame. He is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital. His main achievement was to demonstrate the relation of symptoms to lesions.
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Jacob Theodor Klein
Jacob Theodor Klein nickname Plinius Gedanensium (15 August 1685 – 27 February 1759) was a Royal Prussian jurist, historian, botanist, mathematician and diplomat in service of Polish King August II the Strong.
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James Cook
Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
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James Edward Smith
Sir James Edward Smith (2 December 1759 – 17 March 1828) was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society.
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Jay Hosler
Jay Hosler is the author and illustrator of science-oriented comics. He is best known for his graphic novels Clan Apis, The Sandwalk Adventures, and Optical Allusions. Clan Apis follows the life of a honey bee named Nyuki; the story conveys factual information about honey bees in a humorous fashion as Nyuki learns about each new stage of her life. The Sandwalk Adventures follows a conversation about evolution between Charles Darwin and a follicle mite living in his left eyebrow. Optical Allusions explains the evolution of the eye and vision by following the story of Wrinkles the Wonderbrain. Hosler is also an entomologist and associate professor of biology at Juniata College.
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Johann Bauhin
Johann (or Jean) Bauhin (1541–1613) was a Swiss botanist.
http://wn.com/Johann_Bauhin -
Johann Georg Gmelin
Johann Georg Gmelin (August 8, 1709 – May 20, 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.
http://wn.com/Johann_Georg_Gmelin -
Johannes Burman
Johannes Burman (26 April 1707 Amsterdam - 20 February 1780), was a Dutch botanist and physician. Burman specialized in plants from Ceylon, Amboina and Cape Colony. The name Pelargonium was introduced by Johannes Burman.
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Joseph Banks
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771). Banks is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear Banks's name. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa, and a member of the Society of Dilettanti, which helped to establish the Royal Academy.
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Lars Roberg
Lars Roberg (Stockholm 4 January 1664 – Uppsala 21 May 1742) was a Swedish physician.
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Olof Celsius
Olof Celsius (the elder) (July 19, 1670 – June 24, 1756) was a Swedish botanist, philologist and clergyman, He was a professor at Uppsala University, Sweden. Celsius was a mentor of the botanist and scientist Carolus Linnaeus. Celsius wrote his most famous book on biblical plants, Hierobotanicos, in 1745-47.
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Pehr Forsskål
http://wn.com/Pehr_Forsskål -
Pehr Kalm
Pehr Kalm (March 6, 1716 – November 16, 1779) (in Finland also known as Pietari Kalm and in some English-language translations as Peter Kalm) was a Swedish-Finnish explorer, botanist, naturalist, and agricultural economist. He was one of most important apostles of Carl Linnaeus. Among his many accomplishments, Kalm can be credited for the first description of Niagara Falls written by someone trained as a scientist.
http://wn.com/Pehr_Kalm -
Peter Artedi
Peter Artedi or Petrus Arctaedius (February 22, 1705 – September 27, 1735) was a Swedish naturalist and is known as the "father of Ichthyology."
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Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi, or Saami (also known as Lapps, although this term is considered derogatory), are one of the indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia but also in the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. Their ancestral lands span an area the size of Sweden in the Nordic countries. The Sami people are among the largest indigenous ethnic groups in Europe. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages, which are classified as members of the Finno-Lappic group of the Uralic language family.
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Swedish people
http://wn.com/Swedish_people -
Sébastien Vaillant
Sébastien Vaillant (26 May 1669 – 20 May 1722) was a French botanist.
http://wn.com/Sébastien_Vaillant -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
http://wn.com/William_Shakespeare
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Dalarna
:''There is also Norwegian region called Dalane.
http://wn.com/Dalarna -
Dejima
was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and Europe during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of "sakoku" self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it became a Dutch trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares) it became integrated in the city.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Falun
Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 36,447 inhabitants in 2005. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with close to 100,000 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Falun -
Gotland
Gotland () is a county, province, municipality and diocese of Sweden and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. At 3,140 square kilometers in area, the region makes up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. The region also includes the small islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north, and some tiny islands, including the Karlsö Islands to the west. The island of Gotland has an area of 2,994 km², the province has 3,183.7 km² (3,151 km² of land excluding the lakes and rivers). The population is 57,221 with about 22,200 living in Visby, the main town. The main sources of income to the island are tourism, agriculture and concrete production from locally mined limestone.
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Gulf of Bothnia
The Gulf of Bothnia (; ) is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea.
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Gävle
Gävle is a city in Sweden, the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County. It had 68,700 inhabitants in 2005. It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland (Sweden's Northern Lands), having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria.
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Hamburg
Hamburg (; , local pronunciation Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg ) is the second-largest city in Germany and the eighth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe (third to Port of Antwerp and Rotterdam), and the eighth largest in the world.
http://wn.com/Hamburg -
Harderwijk
:Harderwijk is also a village in the Dutch municipality of Opmeer.
http://wn.com/Harderwijk -
Heemstede
Heemstede () is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
http://wn.com/Heemstede -
Holland
Holland
http://wn.com/Holland -
Lapland (Sweden)
Lapland (, Latin: Lapponia) is a province in northernmost Sweden. It borders Jämtland, Ångermanland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten, Norway and Finland. About a quarter of Sweden's surface area is in Lapland.
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Luleå
(; Lule sami: Luleju, Finnish: Luulaja) is a city on the coast of northern Sweden with 45,467 inhabitants. It is the seat of Luleå Municipality and the capital of Norrbotten County.
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Lund University
Lund University (), located in Lund in the province of Scania, Sweden, is one of northern Europe's most prestigious universities and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research, frequently ranked among the world's top 100 universities. The university was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest Swedish university, but can arguably trace its roots back to 1438, when a studium generale was founded in Lund.
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Nagasaki
() is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū in Japan. Nagasaki began as a small fishing village, formerly part of Nishisonogi District. It became a center of Portuguese and European influence in the 16th through 19th centuries. Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.
http://wn.com/Nagasaki -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Oxford University
http://wn.com/Oxford_University -
Råshult
Råshult is a village just north of Älmhult in Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden. Råshult is the village where the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus was born in 1707.
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Scania
Scania ( in Swedish) is the southernmost of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces (landskap) of Sweden, constituting a peninsula on the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and some adjacent islands. The modern administrative subdivision (län) Skåne County is almost, but not totally, congruent with the province. The largest city is Malmö, which is also the third largest in Sweden and the administrative centre of Skåne County.
http://wn.com/Scania -
Skåne
http://wn.com/Skåne -
Småland
is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden.
http://wn.com/Småland -
Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Tornio
Tornio (Official name: Tornion kaupunki; in ; in ) is a town and municipality in Lapland, Finland. The municipality covers an area of of which is water. The population density is , with a total population of {{formatnum: (). It borders to the Swedish municipality of Haparanda (in ). Tornio is unilingually Finnish.
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Umeå
Umeå (; , ) is a university town in Västerbotten, Sweden.
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University of Lund
http://wn.com/University_of_Lund -
Uppsala
Uppsala (; older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden with 144,839 inhabitants.
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Uppsala Cathedral
Uppsala Cathedral () is a cathedral located centrally in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. It dates back to the late 13th century and at a height of 118.7 m is the largest church building in Scandinavia. Originally built under Roman Catholicism and used for coronations of the Swedish monarch, since the Protestant Reformation, it has been controlled by the Lutheran Church of Sweden. It is now the seat of the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden.
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Uppsala University
Uppsala University () is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden. Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in Scandinavia and has been one of Europe's most renowned seats of learning for centuries. Uppsala University consistently ranks among the best universities in Northern Europe in international rankings and is generally considered one of the most prestigious universities in Sweden.
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Visby
Visby is a locality and the seat of Gotland Municipality in Gotland County, Sweden with 22,236 inhabitants in 2005. It is the only one with historical city status on the island of Gotland; it is arguably the best-preserved medieval city in Scandinavia and has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Among the most notable historical remains are the 3.4 km long stone wall called Ringmuren ("the Ring Wall"), that encircles the city and the old church ruins.
http://wn.com/Visby -
Västergötland
is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish), situated in the southwest of Sweden. In older English literature one may also encounter the Latinized version Westro Gothia.
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Växjö
Växjö () is a city and the seat of Växjö Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 55,600 inhabitants in 2005. It is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore it is the episcopal see of the Diocese of Växjö. It has a population of about 56,000, out of a municipal total of 80,000 inhabitants. The town is home to Linnaeus University.
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Älmhult Municipality
Älmhult Municipality (Älmhults kommun) is a municipality in central Kronoberg County in southern Sweden, where the town of Älmhult is seat.
http://wn.com/Älmhult_Municipality
- Adam
- Aeneid
- Alexander Roslin
- alpha taxonomy
- AltaMira Press
- Anders Celsius
- Anders Sparrman
- Animalia Paradoxa
- Anthropomorpha
- Antoine de Jussieu
- archiater
- August Strindberg
- banknote
- Baruch Spinoza
- beekeeping
- Bibliotheca Botanica
- Bimana
- biodiversity
- Biology
- botanist
- Botany
- canals of Amsterdam
- Carl Gustav Tessin
- Carl Peter Thunberg
- Carl Zimmer
- Celsius
- Centuria Insectorum
- Charles Darwin
- China
- Classes Plantarum
- classical antiquity
- classification
- coat of arms
- continent
- Creator deity
- Critica Botanica
- cryptid
- Cryptogamia
- curate
- Côn Sơn Island
- Dalarna
- Daniel Solander
- de facto
- debunk
- Dejima
- DNA
- dragon
- Ecology
- Edward Lee Greene
- England
- ennobled
- Ernst Haeckel
- estate (land)
- Eureka effect
- Falun
- Flora
- Flora Lapponica
- Four Temperaments
- Fundamenta Botanica
- Gaspard Bauhin
- genera
- Genera Plantarum
- genus
- George Clifford III
- Georges Cuvier
- Ginkgo biloba
- Gotland
- Grammar School
- great chain of being
- Greek language
- Gripsholm Castle
- Gulf of Bothnia
- Gunnar Broberg
- Gymnasium (school)
- Gävle
- Hamburg
- Hans Sloane
- Harderwijk
- Harry Veitch
- Hartecamp
- Hebrew
- Heemstede
- Herman Boerhaave
- History of botany
- History of phycology
- HM Bark Endeavour
- Holland
- Hortus Cliffortianus
- Human
- humans
- image of God
- Index card
- Jacob Theodor Klein
- James Cook
- James Edward Smith
- Jay Hosler
- Johann Bauhin
- Johann Georg Gmelin
- Johannes Burman
- Joseph Banks
- Julian calendar
- Kalmar College
- kingdom (biology)
- know thyself
- Lacerta (genus)
- Lapland
- Lapland (Sweden)
- lar gibbon
- Lars Roberg
- Latin
- lectotype
- legendary creature
- Lernaean Hydra
- lichen
- linden tree
- Linnaea
- Linnaea borealis
- Linnaean Garden
- Linnaean taxonomy
- Linnaeite
- Linnaeus University
- Linnean Medal
- Linné (crater)
- Luleå
- Lund University
- Lutheran
- Lutheranism
- Mammal
- manticore
- mathematics
- medicine
- mind
- morality
- morphology (biology)
- moss
- Nagasaki
- natural history
- Nature (journal)
- Nepenthe
- Nepenthes
- nested hierarchy
- Netherlands
- nobility
- nomenclature
- Olof Celsius
- order (biology)
- ornithological
- Oxford University
- Paris
- Parliament of Sweden
- patronymic
- Peanuts
- Pehr Forsskål
- Pehr Kalm
- Pehr Löfling
- Peter Artedi
- Philip Miller
- Philosophia Botanica
- Phoenix (mythology)
- Phylogenetics
- Physalis angulata
- physician
- physiology
- pistil
- pitcher plants
- plant sexuality
- postage stamp
- Praeses
- primate
- Quadrumana
- Race (biology)
- Raja (genus)
- reason
- rector general
- rectory
- reindeer
- Råshult
- Røros
- Sami people
- sapience
- satyrus (ape)
- Scania
- sciatica
- science
- simia
- skin color
- Skåne
- Småland
- Sorbus intermedia
- soul
- Species Plantarum
- stamen
- stereotypical
- surname
- Sweden
- Swedish calendar
- Swedish Institute
- Swedish nobility
- Swedish people
- Systema Naturae
- Sébastien Vaillant
- talk.origins
- tattoo
- taxidermy
- taxonomic rank
- The Beast (Bible)
- theology
- theomorphism
- Tornio
- Twinflower
- Typographic ligature
- Umeå
- University of Lund
- Uppsala
- Uppsala Cathedral
- Uppsala University
- Visby
- von
- Västergötland
- Växjö
- Växjö University
- walnut
- wastebasket taxon
- William Shakespeare
- William T. Stearn
- worldview
- yeoman
- zoological
- zoologist
- Zoology
- Älmhult Municipality
- æ
- Öland
Carl Filmography
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Llamas with Hats
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Published: 19 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: SecretAgentBob
All the fun of llamas, but with the added comfort of hats! Be sure to check out the new Llamas with Hats merchandise: www.cafepress.com
http://wn.com/Llamas_with_Hats
Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 03 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: darknlooking
This is taken from the book. Having him read to you is something else. Enough said. Take a listen and leave comments please. Email this video to atleast one other person, its your moral duty.
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan__Pale_Blue_Dot
Carl Sagan - 'A Glorious Dawn' ft Stephen Hawking (Symphony of Science)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 17 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: melodysheep
MP3: www.symphonyofscience.com My own musical tribute to two great men of science. Carl Sagan and his cosmologist companion Stephen Hawking present A Glorious Dawn - Cosmos remixed. Almost all samples and footage taken from Carl Sagan's Cosmos and Stephen Hawking's Universe series. RIP Dr. Sagan, you will be missed!! This song is now out on 7" vinyl through Jack White and friends at Third Man Records! Check it out here: store.thirdmanrecords.com And is now available on iTunes as well (Search for A Glorious Dawn) Please, click HQ to watch in better quality. Go here for another scientist remix: www.youtube.com And my website for more original music: www.colorpulsemusic.com Enjoy!! -John boswelj3@gmail.com Lyrics: [Sagan] If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch You must first invent the universe Space is filled with a network of wormholes You might emerge somewhere else in space Some when-else in time The sky calls to us If we do not destroy ourselves We will one day venture to the stars A still more glorious dawn awaits Not a sunrise, but a galaxy rise A morning filled with 400 billion suns The rising of the milky way The Cosmos is full beyond measure of elegant truths Of exquisite interrelationships Of the awesome machinery of nature I believe our future depends powerfully On how well we understand this cosmos In which we float like a mote of dust In the morning sky But the brain does much more than just recollect It inter-compares, it synthesizes, it analyzes it <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan__'A_Glorious_Dawn'_ft_Stephen_Hawking_Symphony_of_Science
Dueling Carls, a "Talking Carl" Scream Fight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04
- Published: 13 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: MaddieBright
What happens when Talking Carl mimics himself? A fight!!!
http://wn.com/Dueling_Carls,_a_Talking_Carl_Scream_Fight
ATHF - Carl Promos
Four funny Aqua Teen Hunger Force promos starring Carl.
http://wn.com/ATHF__Carl_Promos
Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 24 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: CarlSaganPortal
Pale Blue Dot
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan__Pale_Blue_Dot
Carl Orff: Carmina Burana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:11
- Published: 08 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2011
- Author: UCtelevision
UC Davis University Chorus, Alumni Chorus, Symphony Orchestra, and the Pacific Boychoir perform Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana," at the Mondavi Center on the campus of UC Davis. Jeffrey Thomas, conducting, Shawnette Sulker, soprano, Gerald Thomas Gray, tenor, and Malcolm MacKenzie, baritone. Series: Mondavi Center Presents [6/2007] [Arts and Music] [Show ID: 11787]
http://wn.com/Carl_Orff_Carmina_Burana
Cosmos - Carl Sagan - 4th Dimension
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Published: 24 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: CarlSaganPortal
Cosmos - Carl Sagan - 4th Dimension
http://wn.com/Cosmos__Carl_Sagan__4th_Dimension
Carl Sagan - Cosmos - Drake Equation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Published: 24 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: CarlSaganPortal
Carl Sagan - Cosmos - Drake Equation
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan__Cosmos__Drake_Equation
Carl Douglas - Kung fu fighting(original)
I accidently found this video and it's the ORGINAL!!!!!!
http://wn.com/Carl_Douglas__Kung_fu_fightingoriginal
Carl Sagan on Astrology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Published: 17 Nov 2006
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: undercoverkptic
From Cosmos, episode 3 "The Harmony of the Worlds".
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan_on_Astrology
Carl Barron - Montreal Comedy Festival 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Published: 10 Jun 2007
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: CarlBarronVideos
This is Carl Barron's performance at the Montreal Comedy Festival in 2006.
http://wn.com/Carl_Barron__Montreal_Comedy_Festival_2006
Carl Perkins-Blue Suede Shoes
This is the heart of Rock and Roll. Notice Perkins' choreography: Cool jump.
http://wn.com/Carl_Perkins-Blue_Suede_Shoes
Carl Sagan on "God" and "gods"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Published: 03 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: XXXSDESDEXXX
Carl Sagan talks about "the gods." This clip is from Carl Sagan's Cosmos episode 10, "The Edge of Forever."
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan_on_God_and_gods
Carl Douglas - Kung Fu fighting, 1974
Early performance of their song at the Dutch absurdity show Discohoek from Wim T. Schippers I added some annotations for your viewing experience ... This quickly made B-side eventually sold over nine million copies In this little flick the host of the show, Sjef van Oekel (roughly translated Van Doofus), is welcoming them in gibberish - Chinese, which Carl doesn't seem to understand since to Sjef´s big surprise he speaks English ... In the middle of the clip Dolf shamelessly celebrates the 12½ anniversary of their program, but sidekick Evert van der Pik (van der Dick) prefers buttermilk ... The rest speaks for itself, hopefully
http://wn.com/Carl_Douglas__Kung_Fu_fighting,_1974
Face to face with Carl Jung - Part 1 of 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 03 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 31 Oct 2011
- Author: thespiritconnect
For more new age videos visit www.thespiritconnect.com or go to youtube channel : ninjakingking. A rare interview with Dr. Carl Jung - pioneer of modern psychology
http://wn.com/Face_to_face_with_Carl_Jung__Part_1_of_4
Carl Sagan - COSMOS - Evolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:02
- Published: 11 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Oct 2011
- Author: CarlSaganPortal
Evolution - Carl Sagan describing evolution
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan__COSMOS__Evolution
Disney Pixar Up - Married Life - Carl & Ellie by Michael Giacchino - The cut from BluRay disc
This is the best part of the movie UP when Carl met Ellie and they had a good life... The only part that makes me nearly cry. Every human in the world wants this typical life, beautiful, live with each other until the end... You can watch my other video from UP: Picture Momento here www.youtube.com (requested by fd3) Song name: Married Life Author: Michael Giacchino And why I didnot notice this at the first time I watch the movie??? Look at this: img3.imageshack.us We have a Vietnamese Matte Painter!!! Huy Nguyen!!! Link download HD 720r: www.mediafire.com HOW TO HAVE BEST VIDEO QUALITY: There's already a tutorial in encoding the video. There's nothing to hide. You can see it right here: ribolabs.wordpress.com After encoding the video from BluRay source, I use a program named Ultra MKV Converter to cut the video into the clip. Ultra MKV Converter can be downloaded here www.aone-soft.com With this method, video quality is just like 98% of the source when viewing on regular monitor. Please rate and give comments on what you think about the clip.
http://wn.com/Disney_Pixar_Up__Married_Life__Carl_Ellie_by_Michael_Giacchino__The_cut_from_BluRay_disc
Carl Craig - Sandstorms
Carl Craig - Sandstorms Label used in the movie is from a bootleg, see www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Carl_Craig__Sandstorms
![A Universe Not Made For Us [Carl Sagan Tribute Series, S01E01]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111127011753im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pxlPVSAnWOo/0.jpg "A Universe Not Made For Us [Carl Sagan Tribute Series, S01E01]")
A Universe Not Made For Us [Carl Sagan Tribute Series, S01E01]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Published: 03 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: callumCGLP
WATCH THIS VIDEO REMASTERED IN HIGH DEFINITION: www.youtube.com Like theCarl Sagan Tribute Series on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow me on Twitter twitter.com Download the MP3 version at milkywaymusings.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. All copyrighted materials contained herein belong to their respective copyright holders, I do not claim ownership over any of these materials. I realize no profit, monetary or otherwise, from the exhibition of these videos. This video is part 1 of my continuing tribute to the late Carl Sagan. Next Episode Consider Again That Pale Blue Dot www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com Excerpts from Carl Sagan's Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. More specifically, from the chapter titled A Universe Not Made For Us. I edited together the audio from the audio-book, and added the video from: - Discovery's Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking - BBC's Wonders of the Solar System with Brian Cox The music is Jack's Theme from the Lost soundtrack. Watch this video with Spanish subtitles here: www.youtube.com or here: www.youtube.com Watch this video with Portuguese subtitles here: www.youtube.com Watch this <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/A_Universe_Not_Made_For_Us_ Carl_Sagan_Tribute_Series,_S01E01
Carl Sagan on Human Brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:52
- Published: 25 Dec 2006
- Uploaded: 30 Oct 2011
- Author: myromeodude123
Carl Sagan on Human Brain
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan_on_Human_Brain
CARL ROGERS & GLORIA COUNSELLING - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:07
- Published: 27 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 31 Oct 2011
- Author: esherborne3
This is a tape of a Counselling Session between Carl Rogers and Gloria. Carl Rogers uses Person Centred approach. Humanistic style of counselling. This is the first part of about 5/6 videos. To view the next one, just click on esherborne3, or see if they are listed on the right hand side of the screen. Enjoy..........
http://wn.com/CARL_ROGERS_GLORIA_COUNSELLING__Part_1
photo: AP / Bogdan Maran
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| name | Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) |
|---|---|
| alt | Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner |
| birth date | May 23, 1707 |
| birth place | Råshult, Stenbrohult parish (now within Älmhult Municipality), Sweden |
| death date | January 10, 1778 |
| death place | Hammarby (estate), Danmark parish (outside Uppsala), Sweden |
| residence | Sweden |
| nationality | Swedish |
| religion | Lutheran |
| fields | BotanyBiologyZoology |
| alma mater | Lund UniversityUppsala UniversityUniversity of Harderwijk |
| known for | TaxonomyEcologyBotany |
| author abbrev bot | L. |
| signature | Linne autograph.png.svg |
| signature alt | Carl v. Linné |
| footnotes | center|240px |
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish original name Carl Nilsson Linnæus, 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth." The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist". Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum (Prince of Botanists), "The Pliny of the North," and "The Second Adam".
In botany, the author abbreviation used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species' names is L. In 1959, Carl Linnaeus was designated as the lectotype for Homo sapiens, which means that following the nomenclatural rules, Homo sapiens was validly defined as the animal species to which Linnaeus belonged.
Biography
Early life
Childhood
Carl Linnaeus was born in the village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus and Christina Brodersonia. His father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname. Before that, ancestors had used the patronymic naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson. When Nils was admitted to the University of Lund, he had to take on a family name. He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant linden tree (or lime tree), lind in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead. This name was spelled with the æ ligature. When Carl was born, he was named Carl Linnæus, with his father's family name. The son also always spelled it with the æ ligature, both in handwritten documents and in publications. Carl's patronymic would have been Nilsson, as in Carl Nilsson Linnæus.
One of a long line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur botanist, a Lutheran minister, and the curate of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland. Christina was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius. She subsequently gave birth to three daughters and another son, Samuel (who would eventually succeed their father as rector of Stenbrohult and write a manual on beekeeping). A year after Linnaeus' birth, his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. The family moved into the rectory from the curate's house.
Even in his early years, Linnaeus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which immediately calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus and told him their names. Soon Linnaeus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants.
Early education
His father began teaching Linnaeus Latin, religion, and geography at an early age; one account says that due to family use of Latin for conversation, the boy learned Latin before he learned Swedish. When Linnaeus was seven, Nils decided to hire a tutor for him. The parents picked Johan Telander, a son of a local yeoman. Linnaeus did not like him, writing in his autobiography that Telander "was better calculated to extinguish a child's talents than develop them." Two years after his tutoring had begun, he was sent to the Lower Grammar School at Växjö in 1717. Linnaeus rarely studied, often going to the countryside to look for plants. He reached the last year of the Lower School when he was fifteen, which was taught by the headmaster, Daniel Lannerus, who was interested in botany. Lannerus noticed Linnaeus' interest in botany and gave him the run of his garden. He also introduced him to Johan Rothman, the state doctor of Småland and a teacher at Växjö Gymnasium. Also a botanist, Rothman broadened Linnaeus' interest in botany and helped him develop an interest in medicine.Linnaeus entered the Växjö Gymnasium in 1724, where he studied mainly Greek, Hebrew, theology and mathematics, a curriculum designed for boys preparing for the priesthood. In the last year at the gymnasium, Linnaeus' father visited to ask the professors how his son's studies were progressing; to his dismay, most said that the boy would never become a scholar. Rothman believed otherwise, suggesting Linnaeus could have a future in medicine. The doctor offered to have Linnaeus live with his family in Växjö and to teach him physiology and botany. Nils accepted this offer.
University
Lund
Rothman showed Linnaeus that botany was a serious subject. He taught Linnaeus to classify plants according to Tournefort's system. Linnaeus was also taught about sexuality of plants, according to Sébastien Vaillant. In 1727, Linnaeus, age 21, enrolled in Lund University in Skåne. He was registered as Carolus Linnæus, the Latin form of his full name, which he also used later for his Latin publications.
The local doctor Kilian Stobaeus offered Linnaeus tutoring and lodging, as well as the use of his library, which included many books about botany. He also gave the student free admission to his lectures. In his spare time, Linnaeus explored the flora of Skåne, together with students sharing the same interests.
Uppsala
In August 1728, Linnaeus decided to attend Uppsala University on the advice of Rothman, who believed it would be a better choice if Linnaeus wanted to study both medicine and botany. Rothman based this recommendation on the two professors who taught at the medical faculty at Uppsala: Olof Rudbeck the Younger and Lars Roberg. Although Rudbeck and Roberg had undoubtedly been good professors, by then they were older and not so interested in teaching. Rudbeck no longer gave public lectures, and had others stand in for him. The botany, zoology, pharmacology and anatomy lectures were not in their best state. In Uppsala, Linnaeus met a new benefactor, Olof Celsius, who was a professor of theology and an amateur botanist. He received Linnaeus into his home and allowed him use of his library, which was one of the richest botanical libraries in Sweden.In 1729, Linnaeus wrote a thesis, Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum on plant sexuality. This attracted the attention of Rudbeck; in May 1730, he selected Linnaeus to give lectures at the University although the young man was only a second-year student. His lectures were popular, and Linnaeus often addressed an audience of 300 people. In June, Linnaeus moved from Celsius' house to Rudbeck's to become the tutor of the three youngest of his 24 children. His friendship with Celsius did not wane and they continued their botanical expeditions. Over that winter, Linnaeus began to doubt Tournefort's system of classification and decided to create one of his own. His plan was to divide the plants by the number of stamens and pistils. He began writing several books, which would later result in, for example, Genera Plantarum and Critica Botanica. He also produced a book on the plants grown in the Uppsala Botanical Garden, Adonis Uplandicus.
Rudbeck's former assistant, Nils Rosén, returned to the University in March 1731 with a degree in medicine. Rosén started giving anatomy lectures and tried to take over Linnaeus' botany lectures, but Rudbeck prevented that. Until December, Rosén gave Linnaeus private tutoring in medicine. In December, Linnaeus had a "disagreement" with Rudbeck's wife and had to move out of his mentor's house; his relationship with Rudbeck did not appear to suffer. That Christmas, Linnaeus returned home to Stenbrohult to visit his parents for the first time in about three years. His mother had disapproved of his failing to become a priest, but she was pleased to learn he was teaching at the University.
Expedition to Lapland
During a visit with his parents, Linnaeus told them about his plan to travel to Lapland; Rudbeck had made the journey in 1695, but the detailed results of his exploration were lost in a fire seven years afterwards. Linnaeus' hope was to find new plants, animals and possibly valuable minerals. He was also curious about the customs of the native Sami people, reindeer-herding nomads who wandered Scandinavia's vast tundras. In April 1732, Linnaeus was awarded a grant from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala for his journey.
Linnaeus began his expedition from Uppsala in May; he travelled on foot and horse, bringing with him his journal, botanical and ornithological manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants. Near Gävle he found great quantities of Campanula serpyllifolia, later known as Linnaea borealis, the twinflower that would become his favourite. He sometimes dismounted on the way to examine a flower or rock and was particularly interested in mosses and lichens, the latter a main part of the diet of the reindeer, a common animal in Lapland.
Linnaeus travelled clockwise around the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, making major inland incursions from Umeå, Luleå and Tornio. He returned from his six-month long, over expedition in October, having gathered and observed many plants, birds and rocks. Although Lapland was a region with limited biodiversity, Linnaeus described about 100 previously unidentified plants. These became the basis of his book Flora Lapponica.
In Flora Lapponica Linnaeus' ideas about nomenclature and classification were first used in a practical way, making this the first proto-modern Flora. The account covered 534 species, used the Linnaean classification system and included, for the described species, geographical distribution and taxonomic notes. It was Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who attributed Linnaeus with Flora Lapponica as the first example in the botanical genre of Flora writing. Botanical historian E.L. Greene described Flora Lapponica as "the most classic and delightful of Linnaeus’s writings".
It was also during this expedition that Linnaeus had a flash of insight regarding the classification of mammals. Upon observing the lower jawbone of a horse at the side of a road he was traveling, Linnaeus remarked: "If I only knew how many teeth and of what kind every animal had, how many teats and where they were placed, I should perhaps be able to work out a perfectly natural system for the arrangement of all quadrupeds."
Dalarna
In 1734, Linnaeus led a small group of students to Dalarna. Funded by the Governor of Dalarna, the expedition was to catalogue known natural resources and discover new ones, but also to gather intelligence on Norwegian mining activities at Røros.
European excursions
Doctorate
Back in Uppsala, Linnaeus' relations with Nils Rosén worsened, and thus he gladly accepted an invitation from the student Claes Sohlberg to spend the Christmas holiday in Falun with Sohlberg's family. Sohlberg's father was a mining inspector, and let Linnaeus visit the mines near Falun. Sohland's father suggested to Linnaeus he should bring Sohlberg to Holland and continue to tutor him there for an annual salary. At that time, Holland was one of the most revered places to study natural history and a common place for Swedes to take their doctoral degree; Linnaeus, who was interested in both of these, accepted.In April 1735, Linnaeus and Sohlberg set out for the Netherlands, with Linnaeus to take a doctoral degree in medicine at the University of Harderwijk. On the way, they stopped in Hamburg, where they met the mayor, who proudly showed them a wonder of nature which he possessed: the taxidermied remains of a seven-headed hydra. Linnaeus quickly discovered it was a fake: jaws and clawed feet from weasels and skins from snakes had been glued together. The provenance of the hydra suggested to Linnaeus it had been manufactured by monks to represent the Beast of Revelation. As much as this may have upset the mayor, Linnaeus made his observations public and the mayor's dreams of selling the hydra for an enormous sum were ruined. Fearing his wrath, Linnaeus and Sohlberg had to leave Hamburg quickly.
When Linnaeus reached Harderwijk, he began taking his degree immediately. First he handed in a thesis on the cause of malaria he had written in Sweden, which he then defended in a public debate. The next step was to take an oral examination and to diagnose a patient. After less than two weeks, he took his degree and became a doctor, at the age of 28. During the summer, Linnaeus met a friend from Uppsala, Peter Artedi. Before their departure from Uppsala, Artedi and Linnaeus had decided should one of them die, the survivor would finish the other's work. Ten weeks later, Artedi drowned in one of the canals of Amsterdam, and his unfinished manuscript on the classification of fish was left to Linnaeus to complete.
Publishing of Systema Naturae
One of the first scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was Johan Frederik Gronovius to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to help pay for the printing. With an additional monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor Isaac Lawson, the manuscript was published as Systema Naturae.Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, Herman Boerhaave, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would not stand the heat. Instead, Boerhaave convinced Linnaeus that he should visit the botanist Johannes Burman. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his Thesaurus Zeylanicus. Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which he was working: Fundamenta Botanica and Bibliotheca Botanica.
George Clifford
In August, during Linnaeus' stay with Burman, he met George Clifford III, a director of the Dutch East India Company and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of Hartecamp in Heemstede. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus' ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of Sir Hans Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica, a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted. On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus became the botanical curator and house physician at Hartecamp, free to buy any book or plant he wanted.
In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense. He went to London to visit Sir Hans Sloane, a collector of natural history, and to see his cabinet, as well as to visit the Chelsea Physic Garden and its keeper, Philip Miller. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in Systema Naturae. Miller was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus' system. Linnaeus also traveled to Oxford University to visit the botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius. He failed, however, to make Dillenius publicly accept his new classification system. He then returned to Hartecamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants. The next year, he published Genera Plantarum, in which he described 935 genera of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with Corollarium Generum Plantarum, with another sixty (sexaginta) genera.
His work at Hartecamp led to another book, Hortus Cliffortianus, a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartecamp. He wrote it in nine months (completed in July 1737), but it was not published until 1738. It contains the first use of the name Nepenthes, which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of pitcher plants.
Linnaeus stayed with Clifford at Hartecamp until 18 October 1737 (new style), when he left the house to return to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such as Antoine de Jussieu. After his return, Linnaeus never left Sweden again.
Return to Sweden
When Linnaeus returned to Sweden on 28 June 1738, he went to Falun, where he entered into an engagement to Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Three months later, he moved to Stockholm to find employment as a physician, and thus to make it possible to support a family. Once again, Linnaeus found a patron; he became acquainted with Count Carl Gustav Tessin, who helped him get work as a physician at the Admiralty. During this time in Stockholm, Linnaeus helped found the Royal Swedish Academy of Science; he became the first Praeses in the academy by drawing of lots.
Because his finances had improved and were now sufficient to support a family, he received permission to marry his fiancée, Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Their wedding was held 26 June 1739. Seven months later, Sara gave birth to their first son, Carl. Two years later, a daughter, Elisabeth Christina, was born, and the subsequent year Sara gave birth to Sara Magdalena, who died 15 days old. Sara and Linnaeus would later have four other children: Lovisa, Sara Christina, Johannes and Sophia.
In May 1741, Linnaeus was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University, first with the responsibility of the medicine-related matters. Soon, he changed place with the other Professor of Medicine, Nils Rosén, and thus was responsible for the Botanical Garden (which he would thoroughly reconstruct and expand), botany and natural history, instead. In October that same year, his wife and nine-year-old son followed him to live in Uppsala.
Further exploration of Sweden
Öland and Gotland
Ten days after he was appointed Professor, he undertook an expedition to the island provinces of Öland and Gotland with six students from the university, to look for plants useful in medicine. First, they travelled to Öland and stayed there until 21 June, when they sailed to Visby in Gotland. Linnaeus and the students stayed on Gotland for about a month, and then returned to Uppsala. During this expedition, they found 100 previously unrecorded plants. The observations from the expedition were later published in Öländska och Gothländska Resa, written in Swedish. Like Flora Lapponica, it contained both zoological and botanical observations, as well as observations concerning the culture in Öland and Gotland.During the summer of 1745, Linnaeus published two more books: Flora Suecica and Fauna Suecica. Flora Suecica was a strictly botanical book, while Fauna Suecica was zoological. Anders Celsius had created the temperature scale named after him in 1742. Celsius' scale was inverted compared to today, the boiling point at 0°C and freezing point at 100°C. In 1745, Linnaeus inverted the scale to its present standard.
Västergötland
In the summer of 1746, Linnaeus was once again commissioned by the Government to carry out an expedition, this time to the Swedish province of Västergötland. He set out from Uppsala on 12 June and returned on 11 August. On the expedition his primary companion was Erik Gustaf Lidbeck, a student who had accompanied him on his previous journey. Linnaeus described his findings from the expedition in the book Wästgöta-Resa, published the next year. After returning from the journey the Government decided Linnaeus should take on another expedition to the southernmost province Scania. This journey was postponed, as Linnaeus felt too busy.In 1747, Linnaeus was given the title archiater, or chief physician, by the Swedish king Adolf Frederick—a mark of great respect. The same year he was elected member of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
Scania
In the spring of 1749, Linnaeus could finally journey to Scania, again commissioned by the Government. With him he brought his student, Olof Söderberg. On the way to Scania, he made his last visit to his brothers and sisters in Stenbrohult since his father had died the previous year. The expedition was similar to the previous journeys in most aspects, but this time he was also ordered to find the best place to grow walnut and Swedish whitebeam trees; these trees were used by the military to make rifles. The journey was successful, and Linnaeus' observations were published the next year in Skånska Resa.
Rector of Uppsala University
In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed. Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world to collect botanical samples. Linnaeus called the best of these students his "apostles". His lectures were normally very popular and were often held in the Botanical Garden. He tried to teach the students to think for themselves and not trust anybody, not even him. Even more popular than the lectures were the botanical excursions made every Saturday during summer, where Linnaeus and his students explored the flora and fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala.
Publishing of Philosophia Botanica
Linnaeus published Philosophia Botanica in 1751. The book contained a complete survey of the taxonomy system he had been using in his earlier works. It also contained information of how to keep a journal on travels and how to maintain a botanical garden.
Publishing of Species Plantarum
Linnaeus published Species Plantarum, the work which is now internationally accepted as the starting point of modern botanical nomenclature, in 1753. The first volume was issued on May 24, the second volume followed on August 16 of the same year. The book contained 1,200 pages and was published in two volumes; it described over 7,300 species. The same year the king dubbed him knight of the Order of the Polar Star, the first civilian in Sweden to become a knight in this order. He was then seldom seen not wearing the order.
Ennoblement
Linnaeus felt Uppsala was too noisy and unhealthy, so he bought two farms in 1758: Hammarby and Sävja. The next year, he bought a neighbouring farm, Edeby. He spent the summers with his family at Hammarby; initially it only had a small one-storey house, but in 1762 a new, larger main building was added. In Hammarby, Linnaeus made a garden where he could grow plants that could not be grown in the Botanical Garden in Uppsala. He began constructing a museum on a hill behind Hammarby in 1766, where he moved his library and collection of plants. A fire that destroyed about one third of Uppsala and had threatened his residence there necessitated the move.Since the initial release of Systema Naturae in 1735, the book had been expanded and reprinted several times; the tenth edition was released in 1758. This edition established itself as the starting point for zoological nomenclature, the equivalent of Species Plantarum.
The Swedish king Adolf Frederick granted Linnaeus nobility in 1757, but he was not ennobled until 1761. With his ennoblement, he took the name Carl von Linné (Latinized as Carolus a Linné), 'Linné' being a shortened and gallicised version of 'Linnæus', and the German title 'von' signifying his ennoblement. The noble family's coat of arms prominently features a twinflower, one of Linnaeus' favourite plants; it was given the scientific name Linnaea borealis in his honour by Gronovius. The shield in the coat of arms is divided into thirds: red, black and green for the three kingdoms of nature (animal, mineral and vegetable) in Linnaean classification; in the center is an egg "to denote Nature, which is continued and perpetuated in ovo." At the bottom is a phrase in Latin, borrowed from the Aeneid, which reads "FAMAM EXTENDERE FACTIS": We extend our fame by our deeds.
Last years
Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after. He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health.
Linnaeus' last years were troubled by illness. He had suffered from a disease called the Uppsala fever in 1764, but survived thanks to the care of Rosén. He developed sciatica in 1773, and the next year, he had a stroke which partially paralysed him. He suffered a second stroke in 1776, losing the use of his right side and leaving him bereft of his memory; while still able to admire his own writings, he could not recognize himself as their author.
In December 1777, he had another stroke which greatly weakened him, and eventually led to his death on 10 January 1778 in Hammarby. Despite his desire to be buried in Hammarby, he was interred in Uppsala Cathedral on 22 January.
His library and collections were left to his widow Sara and their children. Joseph Banks, an English botanist, wanted to buy the collection, but his son Carl refused and moved the collection to Uppsala. However, in 1783 Carl died and Sara inherited the collection, having outlived both her husband and son. She tried to sell it to Banks, but he was no longer interested; instead an acquaintance of his agreed to buy the collection. The acquaintance was a 24-year-old medical student, James Edward Smith, who bought the whole collection: 14,000 plants, 3,198 insects, 1,564 shells, about 3,000 letters and 1,600 books. Smith founded the Linnean Society of London five years later.
The von Linné name ended with his son Carl jr., who never married. His other son, Johannes, had died when 3. There are over two hundred descendents of Linnaeus through two of his daughters.
Apostles
During Linnaeus' time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught many devoted students, 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition. To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus' system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished. Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland. The British botanist William T. Stearn notes without Linnaeus' new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens. Many of the apostles died during their expeditions.
Early expeditions
Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a Swedish East India Company ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on Côn Sơn Island the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström. Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including Pehr Forsskål and Pehr Löfling.Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born Pehr Kalm set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in Species Plantarum had been brought back by Kalm.
Cook expeditions and Japan
Daniel Solander was living in Linnaeus' house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his oldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus' recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist Joseph Banks. With Banks, Solander joined James Cook on his expedition to Oceania on the Endeavour in 1768–71. Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; Anders Sparrman followed on the Resolution in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was Carl Peter Thunberg, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of Dejima outside Nagasaki, so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus' death.
Major publications
Systema Naturae
The first edition of Systema Naturae was printed in the Netherlands in 1735. It was a twelve-page work. By the time it reached its 10th edition in 1758, it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. In it, the unwieldy names mostly used at the time, such as "Physalis annua ramosissima, ramis angulosis glabris, foliis dentato-serratis", were supplemented with concise and now familiar "binomials", composed of the generic name, followed by a specific epithet – in the case given, Physalis angulata. These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the species. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers (see Gaspard Bauhin and Johann Bauhin) almost 200 years earlier, Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the work, including in monospecific genera, and may be said to have popularised it within the scientific community. Linnaeus named taxa in ways that struck him as common-sensical; for example, human beings are Homo sapiens (see sapience). The group "Mammalia" was named for their mammary glands because one of the defining characteristics of mammals is they nurse their young.
Species Plantarum
Species Plantarum (or, more fully, Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas) was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of plant nomenclature as it exists today.
In 1754, Linnaeus divided the plant Kingdom into 25 classes. One, Cryptogamia, included all the plants with concealed reproductive parts (algae, fungi, mosses and liverworts and ferns).
Genera Plantarum
Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium was first published in 1737, delineating plant genera. It reached its sixth edition by 1764.
Systema Plantarum
Systema Plantarum, published posthumously in 1779, integrated the botanical aspects of Systema Naturae with Species Plantarum (and, de facto, Genera Plantarum) to make a complete work. This work actually presented the fourth edition of Species Plantarum. A follow-up titled Supplementum Plantarum was published by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782.
Philosophia Botanica
Philosophia Botanica (1751) was a summary of Linnaeus' thinking on plant classification and nomenclature, and an elaboration of the work he had previously published in Fundamenta Botanica (1736) and Critica Botanica (1737). Other publications forming part of his plan to reform the foundations of botany include his Classes Plantarum and Bibliotheca Botanica: all were printed in Holland (as well as Genera Plantarum (1737) and Systema Naturae (1735)), the Philosophia being simultaneously released in Stockholm.
Linnaean taxonomy
The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus' main contribution to taxonomy—his work marks the starting point of binomial nomenclature. During the 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, Linnaeus also developed what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy; the system of scientific classification now widely used in the biological sciences.
The Linnaean system classified nature within a nested hierarchy, starting with three kingdoms. Kingdoms were divided into Classes and they, in turn, into Orders, which were divided into Genera (singular: genus), which were divided into Species (singular: species). Below the rank of species he sometimes recognized taxa of a lower (unnamed) rank; these have since acquired standardised names such as variety in botany and subspecies in zoology.
Linnaeus' groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics. Only his groupings for animals survive, and the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since their conception, as have the principles behind them. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics. While the underlying details concerning what are considered to be scientifically valid "observable characteristics" have changed with expanding knowledge (for example, DNA sequencing, unavailable in Linnaeus' time, has proven to be a tool of considerable utility for classifying living organisms and establishing their evolutionary relationships), the fundamental principle remains sound.
Views on mankind
According to German biologist Ernst Haeckel, the question of man's origin began with Linnaeus. He helped future research in the natural history of man by describing humans just as he described any other plant or animal. He was the first person to place humans in a system of biological classification.
Anthropomorpha
Linnaeus classified humans among the primates (as they were later called) beginning with the first edition of Systema Naturae. During his time at Hartecamp, he had the opportunity to examine several monkeys and noted similarities between them and man. He pointed out both species basically have the same anatomy; except for speech, he found no other differences. Thus he placed man and monkeys under the same category, Anthropomorpha, meaning "manlike." This classification received criticism from other biologists such as Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Jacob Theodor Klein and Johann Georg Gmelin on the ground that it is illogical to describe a human as 'like a man'. In a letter to Gmelin from 1747, Linnaeus replied:
It does not please [you] that I've placed Man among the Anthropomorpha, perhaps because of the term 'with human form', but man learns to know himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name we apply. But I seek from you and from the whole world a generic difference between man and simian that [follows] from the principles of Natural History. I absolutely know of none. If only someone might tell me a single one! If I would have called man a simian or vice versa, I would have brought together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to have by virtue of the law of the discipline.''
The theological concerns were twofold: first, putting man at the same level as monkeys or apes would lower the spiritually higher position that man was assumed to have in the great chain of being, and second, because the Bible says man was created in the image of God (theomorphism), if monkeys/apes and humans were not distinctly and separately designed, that would mean monkeys and apes were created in the image of God as well. This was something many could not accept. The conflict between worldviews based on science and theology that was caused by asserting man was a type of animal would simmer for a century until the much greater, and still ongoing, creation–evolution controversy began in earnest with the publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859.
After such criticism, Linnaeus felt he needed to explain himself more clearly. The 10th edition of Systema Naturae introduced new terms, including Mammalia and Primates, the latter of which would replace Anthropomorpha as well as giving humans the full binomial Homo sapiens. The new classification received less criticism, but many natural historians still believed he had demoted humans from their former place to rule over nature, not be a part of it. Linnaeus believed that man biologically belongs to the animal kingdom and had to be included in it. In his book Dieta Naturalis, he said, "One should not vent one's wrath on animals, Theology decree that man has a soul and that the animals are mere 'aoutomata mechanica,' but I believe they would be better advised that animals have a soul and that the difference is of nobility."
Strange people in distant lands
Linnaeus added a second species to the genus Homo in Systema Naturae based on a figure and description by Bontius from 1658: Homo troglodytes ("caveman") and published a third in 1771: Homo lar. Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg states that the new human species Linnaeus described were actually simians or native people clad in skins to frighten colonial settlers, whose appearance had been exaggerated in accounts to Linnaeus.
In early editions of Systema Naturae, many well-known legendary creatures were included such as the phoenix, dragon and manticore as well as cryptids like the satyrus, which Linnaeus collected into the catch-all category Paradoxa. Broberg thought Linnaeus was trying to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. Linnaeus tried to debunk some of these creatures, as he had with the hydra; regarding the purported remains of dragons, Linnaeus wrote that they were either derived from lizards or rays. For Homo troglodytes he asked the Swedish East India Company to search for one, but they did not find any signs of its existence. Homo lar has since been reclassified as Hylobates lar, the lar gibbon.
Four races
In the first edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus subdivided the human species into four varieties based on continent and skin color: "Europæus albus" (white European), "Americanus rubescens" (red American), "Asiaticus fuscus" (brown Asian) and "Africanus niger" (black African). In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae he further detailed stereotypical characteristics for each variety, based on the concept of the Four Temperaments from classical antiquity, and changed the description of Asians' skin tone to "luridus" (yellow). Additionally, Linnaeus created a wastebasket taxon "monstrosus" for "wild and monstrous humans, unknown groups, and more or less abnormal people."
Commemoration
Anniversaries of Linnaeus' birth, especially in centennial years, have been marked by major celebrations. Linnaeus has appeared on numerous Swedish postage stamps and banknotes. There are numerous statues of Linnaeus in countries around the world. The Linnean Society of London has awarded the Linnean Medal for excellence in botany or zoology since 1888. Following approval by the Parliament of Sweden, Växjö University and Kalmar College merged on 1 January 2010 to become Linnaeus University. Other things named after Linnaeus include the twinflower genus Linnaea, the crater Linné on the Earth's moon and the cobalt sulfide mineral Linnaeite.
See also
Footnotes
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Biographies
Resources
Other
Category:1707 births Category:1778 deaths Category:People from Älmhult Municipality Category:18th-century Latin-language writers Category:Phycologists Category:Arachnologists Category:Botanists active in Europe Category:Bryologists Category:Burials at Uppsala Cathedral Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Historical definitions of race Category:Swedish botanists Category:Swedish biologists Category:Swedish entomologists Category:Swedish Lutherans Category:Swedish mammalogists Category:Swedish mycologists Category:Swedish ornithologists Linne, Carl von Category:18th-century Swedish physicians Category:Swedish taxonomists Category:Pteridologists Category:University of Harderwijk alumni Category:Uppsala University alumni Category:Uppsala University faculty Category:Botanical nomenclature
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