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Boxing
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Alexis Argüello
Alexis Argüello (April 19, 1952 – July 1, 2009), also known by the stage name El Flaco Explosivo (lit. "The Explosive Thin Man"), was a Nicaraguan professional boxer and politician. As a boxer he was a three-time world champion. His trainer was Lupe Sanchez. After his retirement from boxing, Argüello became active in Nicaraguan politics and in November 2008 he was elected mayor of Managua, the nation's capital city. He allegedly committed suicide on July 1, 2009.
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Apollo Creed
Apollo Creed (born circa 1943 - died August 31, 1985 in Las Vegas, Nevada) is a fictional character from the Rocky films, initially portrayed as the Undisputed Heavyweight Champion of the World. He was played by Carl Weathers.
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Arturo Gatti
Arturo "Thunder" Gatti (April 15, 1972 – July 11, 2009) was a Canadian professional boxer. Born in Calabria, Italy, and raised in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Gatti relocated to Jersey City, New Jersey, as a teenager. He returned to Montreal after retiring from boxing to work in real estate.
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Benny Leonard
Benny Leonard (born Benjamin Leiner; April 17, 1896—April 18, 1947) was an American boxer. He was named as number 8 on Ring Magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years.
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Bernard Hopkins
Bernard Hopkins, known as the Executioner (born January 15, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American boxer. He is known for his ten year reign as middleweight world champion in which he successfully defended his title a record 20 times. He is the first fighter to retain all 4 major boxing governing body belts including the Ring Magazine belt in the same fight. In addition to being an active boxer, he is also a minority partner with Golden Boy Promotions.
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Billy Backus
Billy Backus, born March 5, 1943 in Canastota, New York, is a former world boxing champion. In the summer of 2006 Backus retired from his correctional facility job and moved to South Carolina.
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Carlos Monzón
Carlos Monzón (August 7, 1942 – January 8, 1995) was an Argentine professional boxer who held the world middleweight title for 7 years, during which he successfully defended the title 14 times.
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Ceferino Garcia
Ceferino Garcia (August 26, 1906 — January 1, 1981) was a champion boxer born in Naval, Biliran, Philippines. His number of victories are the most ever achieved by a Philippine boxer. He's also the only boxer from the Philippines ever to become world champion at middleweight. He was managed, during the final years of his career by George Parnassus. Ceferino Garcia is commonly referred to as the inventor of the bolo punch. Though a Filipino boxer named Macario Flores was reported to be using the punch in 1924.
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Chris Byrd
Chris Cornelius Byrd (born August 15, 1970) is a professional boxer. He is the former WBO and IBF heavyweight champion. His nickname is "Rapid Fire".
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Chuck Liddell
Charles David "Chuck" Liddell (born December 17, 1969) is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship light heavyweight champion. Liddell has an extensive striking background in Kenpo karate, Koei-Kan karate and Kickboxing. His Kickboxing record is 20 wins and 2 losses, with 16 of his wins coming by way of knockout. He also has a grappling background in collegiate wrestling.
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cutman
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David Tua
David "Tuamanator" Tua (born 21 November 1972) is a professional Samoan heavyweight boxer, fighting out of South Auckland, New Zealand.
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Diego Corrales
Diego "Chico" Corrales (August 25, 1977 – May 7, 2007) was an American boxer and former super featherweight and lightweight world boxing champion. He is most noted for his series of bouts with José Luis Castillo.
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Erik Morales
Érik Isaac Morales Elvira (born September 1, 1976 in Tijuana, Mexico) is a Mexican professional boxer. He is a former five-time world champion at WBC and WBO Super Bantamweight (122 lb), WBC Featherweight (126 lb), WBC Super Featherweight (130 LB)and the IBF Junior Lightweight (130 lb) divisions. He is currently the WBC International welterweight Champ (147 lb) champion. Morales also defeated 15 different world champions during the course of his career and has won 7 titles in five different weight classes. Famous for his trilogies with fellow Mexican legend three-division champion Marco Antonio Barrera and to Filipino boxer seven-division champion Manny Pacquiao. He is considered by many to be one of the finest boxers of his generation. He ranks #49 on ESPN's 50 Greatest Boxers Of All Time, a step ahead of Mike Tyson.
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Ezzard Charles
Ezzard Mack Charles (July 7, 1921 – May 28, 1975) was an African-American professional boxer and former world heavyweight champion. He holds wins over numerous Hall of Fame fighters in three different weight classes. Charles retired with a record of 93 wins, 25 losses and 1 draw.
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Fedor Emelianenko
Fedor Vladimirovich Emelianenko (, ) (born September 28, 1976) is a Russian heavyweight mixed martial artist. He is the current World Alliance of Mixed Martial Arts (WAMMA) Heavyweight Champion and the last holder of the Pride Heavyweight Championship. He has won numerous tournaments and accolades in multiple sports, most notably the Pride 2004 Grand Prix and the World Combat Sambo championship on four occasions, as well as medaling in the Russian national Judo championship.
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Floyd Mayweather
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Floyd Mayweather Jr
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Gene Tunney
James Joseph "Gene" Tunney (May 25, 1897 – November 7, 1978) was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1926-1928 who defeated Jack Dempsey twice, first in 1926 and then in 1927. Tunney's successful title defense against Dempsey is one of the most famous bouts in boxing history and is known as The Long Count Fight. Tunney retired as an undefeated heavyweight after his victory over Tom Heeney in 1928.
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George Foreman
George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American two-time former World Heavyweight Boxing Champion, Olympic gold medalist, ordained Baptist minister, author and successful entrepreneur.
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Harry Greb
Harry Greb (June 6, 1894 – October 22, 1926) was an American boxer. He was World Middleweight boxing Champion from 1923 to 1926 and American Light Heavyweight title holder 1922–1923. He fought a recorded 303 times in his 13 year-career, against the best opposition the talent-rich 1910's & 20's could provide him, frequently squaring off against light-heavyweights and even heavyweights.
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Henry Armstrong
Henry Jackson Jr. (December 12, 1912, Columbus, Mississippi - October 22, 1988, Los Angeles, California) was a world boxing champion who fought under the name Henry Armstrong. He is universally regarded as one of the greatest fighters of all time by many boxing critics and fellow professionals.
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Homer
Homer (Ancient Greek: , Hómēros)
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Humberto Soto
Armando Humberto Soto Ochoa (born May 11, 1980 in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico) is a Mexican professional boxer in the Lightweight division. He is a former WBC Super Featherweight champion and the current WBC Lightweight champion.
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Irish people
The Irish people (, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaedhil) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland), with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded have legends of being descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolgs, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians the last group supposedly representing the "pure" Gaelic ancestry, and still serving as a term for the Irish race today. The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Scottish people and the Vikings, with the Icelanders especially having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Irish-American
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Jack Broughton
John "Jack" Broughton (c. 1703 or 1704 – January 8, 1789) was an English bare-knuckle fighter. He was the first person to ever codify a set of rules to be used in such contests; prior to this the "rules" that existed were very loosely defined and tended to vary from contest to contest. His seven rules of how boxing would be conducted at his amphitheatre (the largest and most influential at that time) evolved later into the London Prize Ring rules are widely regarded as the foundation stone of the sport that would become boxing, prior to the development of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in the 1860s.
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Jack Dempsey
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey ("The Manassa Mauler") (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million dollar gate. He is listed #10 on ''The Ring's'' list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
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Jack Johnson (boxer)
John Arthur ("Jack") Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the “Galveston Giant”, was an American boxer, the second African American Boxing Champion, and the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915).
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Jake LaMotta
Giacobe LaMotta (born July 10, 1921), better known as Jake LaMotta, nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" and "The Raging Bull", is an Italian-American former world middleweight champion boxer who was famously portrayed by Robert De Niro in the film Raging Bull.
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James Figg
James Figg (1695 – 7 December 1734) was an English bare-knuckle boxer. He is universally recognized the first English bare-knuckle boxing champion, reigning from 1719 to 1730 or 1734. Figg was also a great fencer. He was born in Thame in Oxfordshire and fought his early prize fights there. In 1719 he started his own school and taught boxing, fencing, and quarterstaff. William Hogarth painted his portrait. Figg was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1992.
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James J. Corbett
James John "Gentleman Jim" Corbett (September 1, 1866 – February 18, 1933) was a heavyweight boxing champion, best known as the man who defeated the great John L. Sullivan. He also coached boxing at the Olympic Club in San Francisco. He stood at , with a reach of .
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James Toney
James Nathanial Toney (born August 24, 1968) is an American professional heavyweight boxer and mixed martial artist who is known for his victory over aging former heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield in round 9 on Oct 4, 2003.
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Jerry Quarry
Jerry Quarry (May 15, 1945 - January 3, 1999), nicknamed “The Bellflower Bomber,” was an American heavyweight boxer.
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Joe Frazier
Joseph William "Joe" Frazier, known as '''Smokin' Joe''' (; born January 12, 1944), is a former Olympic and World Heavyweight boxing champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a brief comeback in 1981.
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Joe Louis
Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post-Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. Louis's championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, including 25 successful title defenses – all records for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was named the greatest heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization,
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John Duddy
:''This article is about John Duddy, the Irish boxer. For the Scottish murderer, see Shepherd's Bush murders. For the man shot dead on Bloody Sunday in Derry, see Bloody Sunday (1972).''
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John Graham Chambers
John Graham Chambers (12 February 1843 – 4 March 1883) was a Welsh sportsman. He rowed for Cambridge, founded inter-varsity sports, became English Champion walker, coached four winning Boat-Race crews, devised the Queensberry Rules, staged the Cup Final and the Thames Regatta, instituted championships for billiards, boxing, cycling, wrestling and athletics, rowed beside Webb as he swam the Channel and edited a national newspaper.
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John L. Sullivan
John Lawrence Sullivan (October 15, 1858 – February 2, 1918), also known as the Boston Strong Boy, was recognized as the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing from February 7, 1881 to 1892, and is generally recognized as the last heavyweight champion of bare-knuckle boxing under the London Prize Ring rules. He was the first American sports hero to become a national celebrity and the first American athlete to earn over one million dollars.
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Juan Manuel Márquez
Juan Manuel Márquez Méndez (born August 23, 1973), is a Mexican professional boxer. He is the fourth Mexican boxer to become a three-division world champion, where he won eight world titles in three different boxing weight classes.
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Julio César Chávez
Julio César Chávez (born on July 12, 1962 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico) is a retired Mexican professional boxer.
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Khaosai Galaxy
Khaosai Galaxy (, born, May 15, 1959) is a former professional Thai super flyweight boxer and Muaythai kickboxer. Khaosai defended his WBA world title 19 times in seven years (1984-1991), winning 16 of his title fights by knockouts. A member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame he is widely considered as one of the greatest boxing champions of all time. He is listed #19 on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.
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Larry Holmes
Larry Holmes (born November 3, 1949) is a former professional boxer. He grew up in Easton, Pennsylvania, hence his boxing nickname, "The Easton Assassin."
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Lennox Lewis
Lennox Claudius Lewis, CM, CBE (born September 2, 1965) is a retired boxer and the most recent Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion. As an amateur he won gold representing Canada at the 1988 Olympic Games as an amateur after defeating future World Heavyweight Champion Riddick Bowe in the final.
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Manny Pacquiao
Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao (; born December 17, 1978), also known as Manny Pacquiao, is a Filipino professional boxer and politician. He is a seven-division world champion, the first boxer in history to win nine world titles in seven different weight divisions. He is also the first boxer in history to win the lineal championship in four different weight classes. He was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA). He is also a three-time BWAA and The Ring "Fighter of the Year" in 2006, 2008 and 2009.
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Marvin Hagler
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Max Baer (boxer)
Maximilian Adelbert Baer (February 11, 1909 – November 21, 1959) was an American boxer of the 1930s, one-time Heavyweight Champion of the World, actor, entertainer, professional wrestler and referee.
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Max Schmeling
Maximillian Adolph Otto Siegfried Schmeling (September 28, 1905 – October 2, 2005) was a German boxer who was heavyweight champion of the world between 1930 and 1932. His two fights with Joe Louis in the late 1930s transcended boxing, and became worldwide social events because of their national associations. He was ranked 55 on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.
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Mexican-American
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Michael Carbajal
Michael Carbajal (born September 17, 1967 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American four-time world boxing champion of Mexican descent. His nickname was "Little Hands Of Stone," after his favorite boxer,"Hands Of Stone" Roberto Durán.
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Micky Ward
"Irish" Micky Ward (born October 4, 1965) is a retired junior welterweight professional boxer from Lowell, Massachusetts. He is best known for his trilogy of fights with the late Arturo Gatti.
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Miguel Cotto
Miguel Ángel Cotto Vázquez (born October 29, 1980) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer. As an amateur, Cotto represented Puerto Rico in the lightweight and light welterweight divisions at various international events including the 1999 Pan American Games, the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 1998 Junior World Championships where he won a silver medal. Cotto began his professional career in 2001, and on September 11, 2004, he defeated Kelson Pinto for the WBO junior welterweight championship. He defended the title successfully a total of six times, before vacating it when he ascended to the welterweight division.
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Mike Tyson
Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American boxer. Tyson was the undisputed heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title when he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old, after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round.
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Muhammad Ali
MedalCountry|
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Nonito Donaire
Nonito Donaire, Jr. (born on November 16, 1982) is a Filipino professional boxer. He is a two-division world champion. He is a known switch-hitter with the ability to fight either southpaw or orthodox.
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Oscar de la Hoya
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Pernell Whitaker
Pernell Whitaker (born January 2, 1964), nicknamed "Sweet Pea", is a retired American professional boxer. A native of Norfolk, Virginia, Whitaker was the lightweight silver medalist at the 1982 World Championships, followed by the gold medal at the 1983 Pan American Games and the 1984 Olympics, and then embarked on a pro career in which he became world champion in four different weight divisions. During his career he has fought world champions such as Julio César Chávez, Oscar De La Hoya and Félix Trinidad. For his achievements, he was named the 1989 Fighter of the year by Ring Magazine.
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pound for pound
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Rafael Ortiz Huertas
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Ray Mancini
Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini (born Raymond Michael Mancino; March 4, 1961) is a retired Italian-American boxer. He held the World Boxing Association lightweight championship for two years in the 1980s. Mancini inherited his distinctive nickname from his father, veteran boxer Lenny "Boom Boom" Mancini, who laid the foundation for his son's career. The name, however, perfectly suited the younger Mancini's wild, "whirlwind" fighting style. Ray Mancini is also the nephew of award-winning composer Henry Mancini.
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Ricardo Dominguez
Ricardo Dominguez is a professional boxer who is known for his fight with Rafael Ortiz and Zahir Raheem. He started boxing in 1999 and his most recent one is with Zahir Raheem in 2008.
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Ricky Hatton
Richard John Hatton MBE, more commonly known as Ricky "the Hitman" Hatton, (born 6 October 1978, in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England), is a British professional boxer. He is a two-time IBF and IBO light welterweight champion, having relinquished the IBF belt, only to move down a weight class and beat Juan Urango.
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Robert Anasi
Robert Anasi, (born in Providence, Rhode Island in 1966) is an American writer and journalist. He is the author of The Gloves, a nonfiction memoir of his experience boxing in the Golden Gloves competition. The Village Voice named him a "writer on the verge," and called The Gloves "a streetwise loveletter to a dying sport" that "recalls Norman Mailer's metajournalism."
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Roberto Durán
Roberto Durán Samaniego (born June 16, 1951) is a retired professional boxer from Panama, widely regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time. A versatile brawler in the ring, he was nicknamed "Manos de piedra" (or "Hands of Stone") during his career.
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Rocky Balboa
Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr. is a fictional southpaw boxer and protagonist portrayed by Sylvester Stallone who has appeared in the Rocky series from 1976 to 2006. During the series, he wins the Heavyweight Championship of the World twice. He remains one of the cinema's most beloved movie characters.
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Rocky Marciano
Rocky Marciano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969), born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was an Italian-American boxer and the heavyweight champion of the world from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956. When he retired he became the only heavyweight champion to finish his career undefeated. Remembered for notable victories against Joe Louis, Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles and Archie Moore. He is considered one of the greatest boxers of all time.
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Roger Mayweather
Roger Mayweather (born April 24, 1961) is a retired professional boxer. He won two major world titles in two different weight classes. Throughout his career, Mayweather fought against many other boxing champions of the 1980s and 1990s. He is a part of the Mayweather boxing family; his brothers are former welterweight contender Floyd Mayweather Sr. and former IBO super featherweight champion Jeff Mayweather, and his nephew is five-division world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. Roger eventually became Mayweather Jr.'s trainer.
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Roy Jones Jr.
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Salvador Sanchez
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Salvador Sánchez
Salvador Sánchez Narváez (January 26, 1959 - August 12, 1982) was a Mexican boxer born in the town of Santiago Tianguistenco, Estado de México. Many of his contemporaries as well as boxing writers believe that, had it not been for his premature death, Sanchez could have gone on to become the greatest Featherweight boxer of all time. He is also the uncle of Salvador Sánchez II.
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Sam Langford
Sam Langford (March 4, 1883 - January 12, 1956) was a Black Canadian boxing standout of the early part of the 20th century. Called the "Greatest Fighter Nobody Knows," by ESPN. He was rated #2 by The Ring on their list of "100 greatest punchers of all time". Langford was originally from Weymouth Falls, a small community in Nova Scotia, Canada. He was known as the "Boston Bonecrusher", "Boston Terror" or by his most infamous nickname the "Boston Tar Baby," Langford stood only and weighed in his prime.
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Sonny Liston
Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (May 8, 1932 (dubious, see below) – December 30, 1970) was a professional boxer and ex-convict known for his toughness, punching power and intimidating appearance who became world heavyweight champion in 1962 by knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round. Liston bafflingly failed to live up to his fearsome reputation in an unsuccessful defense of the title against Cassius Clay, underworld connections and an early death—like his unrecorded date of birth—added to the enigma.
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Sugar Ray Leonard
Sugar Ray Leonard (born May 17, 1956 in Wilmington, North Carolina) is a retired professional boxer. He was named Ray Charles Leonard, after his mother's favorite singer, Ray Charles. Leonard was the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses, and he is widely considered to be one of the best boxers of all time, winning world titles in five weight divisions and defeating future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Wilfred Benítez, Thomas Hearns, Roberto Durán and Marvin Hagler. Leonard was named "Boxer of the Decade" for the 1980s, due to his accomplishments.
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Sugar Ray Robinson
Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was a professional boxer. Frequently cited as the greatest boxer of all time, Robinson's performances at the welterweight and middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create "pound for pound" rankings, where they compared fighters regardless of weight. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.
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Terry Norris
Terry Wayne Norris is a retired American boxer and a four-time world champion in the junior middleweight division. Originally from Lubbock, Texas, he fought out of San Diego.
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Tex Rickard
George Lewis "Tex" Rickard (January 2, 1870 – January 6, 1929) was an American boxing promoter, founder of the New York Rangers National Hockey League (NHL) franchise, and builder of Madison Square Garden III in New York City. During the 1920s, Tex Rickard was the leading promoter of the day, and he has been compared to P.T. Barnum and Don King. Sports journalist Frank Deford has written that Rickard "first recognized the potential of the star system."
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Thomas Hearns
Thomas "Hitman" Hearns was born October 18, 1958 in Memphis, Tennessee. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to Detroit, Michigan. He is a retired American boxer. He won 8 world titles in six different weight divisions.
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Tim Witherspoon
"Terrible" Tim Witherspoon (born December 27, 1957) is an American boxer who was twice recognized as Heavyweight Champion of the World by a professional boxing sanctioning organization.
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Tom Cribb
Tom Cribb (8 July 1781 – 11 May 1848) was an English bare-knuckle boxer of the 19th century, so successful that he became world champion. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
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Tony Zale
Anthony Florian Zaleski (May 29, 1913 – March 20, 1997) was an American boxer. Zale was born and raised in Gary, Indiana, a steel town, which gave him his nickname, "Man of Steel." In addition, he had the reputation of being able to take fearsome punishment and still rally to win, reinforcing that nickname. Zale was known as a strong body puncher, who punished his opponents and steadily wore them down before knocking them out.
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Vicente Saldivar
Vicente Saldivar Garcia (commonly known as Vicente Saldivar) born May 3, 1943, was a Mexican Featherweight boxer who has frequenty been ranked amongst the greatest in the history of that division by many noted boxing historians and critics. He has also regularly been cited as one of the finest left-handed fighters of all time.
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Victor Ortiz
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Wladimir Klitschko
Volodymyr Volodymyrovych Klychko (, ; , ; born 25 March 1976) is a Ukrainian heavyweight boxer. Wladimir is the unified IBF, IBO, WBO and Ring Magazine Champion. He is currently rated as the number three pound for pound boxer in the world by Boxrec. His older brother Vitali Klitschko is the current WBC champion.
http://wn.com/Wladimir_Klitschko
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
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Canastota, New York
Canastota is a village located inside the Town of Lenox in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 4,425 at the 2000 census.
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Crete
Crete (, Kriti or occasionally Krētē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at . Crete is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece and covers the same area as the Greek region of Crete from before the 1987 administrative reform. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece; while it retains its own local cultural traits (such as its own music and dialect), Cretans identify themselves as Greeks. Heraklion is the largest city and capital of Crete.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Iceland
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http://wn.com/Iceland -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Lillie Bridge
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North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
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Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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RELEASE
ALBUMS
Closer Together
(Released 1987)
- Crying Out Loud For Love
- Ordinary People
- I'm Back
- Without Love
- Under My Skin
- Closer Together
- Tell me A Story
- Front Cover Lovers
- Emilie
- Closer Together - 54th. Street Mix
All the Time, All the Time, All the Time...
(Released 1985)
- Remnants
- With All This Cash
- And Say Goodbye
- School
- Friends
- To What We Shall Believe
- My Dreams of You
- For The First And Very Last
- L'Affaire Dumoutier (Say To Me)
- Evil In Me
The Box
(Released 1984)
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- War Going On
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- Walk Away
- The Great Summer Fair
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Great Moments in Big Slam
(Released 1984)
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- Stop
- Low Line
- Breaking Strain
- Small Blue Car
- Still in the Woodwork
Secrets Out
(Released 1983)
- Water Grows Teeth
- Skin, Sweat and Rain
- Something Beginning With 'L'
- Strike
- The Hub
- Hang Your Hat on That!
- I Give Protection
- No Sly Moon
- Slip and Slant
- Old Style Drop Down
- Swing
- Out
- Must I Always Remember
- Dancing on the Grave
- War Going On
- Go Down Alone
- Weekend
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- Walk Away
- Great Summer Fair
- Checkmate/Quand Le Roy
- Remnants
- With All This Cash
- And Say Goodbye
- School
- Friends
- My Dreams Of You
- L'affaire Dumoutier (Say To Me)
- Evil In Me
- L'Affaire Dumoutier (English Version)
- Ordinary People
- Temptation
- Juste Pour Rire
- Walk Away (French Version)
- Carry On
- Crying Out Loud For Love
- Must I Always Remember
- Closer Together
- My Dreams Of You
- Lola
- Live On T.V.
- Des Enfants Comme Les Autres
- Inside My Heart
- Walk Away (English Version)
- Just For Laughs
- Checkmate/Quand Le Roy
- L'Affaire Dumoutier (Italian Version)
- Inside My Heart
- Shine Blue Lady
- Temptation
- Don't Cry
- Now or Never
- Carry On
- He's One of Us
- Love for Money
- Living on Borrowed Time
- Love
- It Always Rains on Sundays
RELEASE
ALBUMS
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Too Many Dead
- The Grand Inquisitor
- Diverse Totality
- That Old Chestnut
- Fatal Exception
- Tough Times
- Edifice
- Battlefields
- Within These Walls
- 99 Per Cent Is Shit
- Boxed In
- Dead Superior
- They Live Again
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Bad blood
(Released 2006)
- Rourke
- Name me
- Bad blood
- Walk man
- Q8S
- Time will tell
- Bliz blaz
- Holy show
- Same again
- Quality control
- Philip Capice
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2011 Melbourne Boxing Day Test - Crowd goes wild when Sachin Tendulkar comes out
great cricketer
http://wn.com/2011_Melbourne_Boxing_Day_Test__Crowd_goes_wild_when_Sachin_Tendulkar_comes_out
Police investigate the Boxing Day murder of Indian student
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Published: 27 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: telegraphtv
Greater Manchester Police have arrested a 17-year old boy after an Indian student was shot dead on Boxing Day in an unprovoked attack.
http://wn.com/Police_investigate_the_Boxing_Day_murder_of_Indian_student
Boxing - Boxing - Cristian Mijares vs Alexander Munoz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 68:48
- Published: 16 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: secondsout
Cristian Mijares looks to add the WBA Super World super flyweight title to his WBC super flyweight title as he takes on Alexander Munoz
http://wn.com/Boxing__Boxing__Cristian_Mijares_vs_Alexander_Munoz
Boxing - Boxing - Oliver McCall vs Yanqui Diaz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:54
- Published: 02 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: secondsout
Heavyweight boxing action as Oliver McCall takes on Yanqui Diaz.
http://wn.com/Boxing__Boxing__Oliver_McCall_vs_Yanqui_Diaz
HBO Boxing: Best Of Boxing 2011
Don't miss the upcoming "Boxing's Best of 2011," beginning on December 26th. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Best_Of_Boxing_2011
HBO Boxing: Floyd Mayweather - Greatest Hits
Review the brilliant career of Floyd Mayweather. 24/7 Mayweather/Ortiz premieres Sat., Aug., 27 only on HBO. It all leads up to their live pay-per-view fight on Sat., Sept. 17. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Floyd_Mayweather__Greatest_Hits
HBO Boxing: 24/7 Pacquaio vs. Marquez - Episode 1
Watch the complete 1st episode of HBO's all access reality series 24/7. Episodes 2 and 3 debut Oct., 29 and Nov. 5. The finale debuts Fri., Nov. 11 at 8:30pm ET/PT onHBO. It all leads up to their live pay-per-view fight on Sat., Nov. 12 For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_24/7_Pacquaio_vs_Marquez__Episode_1
HBO Boxing: Amir Khan - Boxing Lesson
Amir Khan has some tips for a young fighter in his gym. Watch as he shows him the ropes. Khan vs. Peterson happens Sat., December 10 at 9:45pm ET/6:45pm PT on HBO. Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Amir_Khan__Boxing_Lesson
HBO Boxing: Manny Pacquiao - Greatest Hits
A look back at the remarkable career of Manny Pacquiao. Pacquiao vs Marquez III happens November 12 on HBO PPV. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Manny_Pacquiao__Greatest_Hits
Ward vs. Froch Recap - Super Six Boxing - SHOWTIME - Andre Ward vs. Carl Froch
The official recap of SHOWTIME's Super Six World Boxing Classic with Andre Ward and Carl Froch.
http://wn.com/Ward_vs_Froch_Recap__Super_Six_Boxing__SHOWTIME__Andre_Ward_vs_Carl_Froch
HBO Boxing: Cotto vs. Margarito: Face Off with Max Kellerman
Miguel Cotto and Antonio Margarito face off with Max Kellerman, discussing their widely-disccused first meeting and looking ahead to the rematch. Cotto vs Margarito 2 happens 12/3 on HBO PPV. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Cotto_vs_Margarito_Face_Off_with_Max_Kellerman
HBO Boxing: Fight Speak - Miguel Cotto
Miguel Cotto talks about his first fight with Antonio Margarito and why he feels the rematch will have a different result. Cotto vs. Margarito II happens Saturday, December 3, Live on HBO Pay-Per-View. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Fight_Speak__Miguel_Cotto
This is Boxing - Legends of the Ring
Highlight video of all the legends of boxing from Ali, Frazier, Leonard, Foreman, Mancini, Hearns, Chavez and many others. This video is played at every Top Rank Boxing event and is now available to view on Youtube for all the boxing fans around the world.
http://wn.com/This_is_Boxing__Legends_of_the_Ring
HBO Boxing 2011 Image
Take a look back at all the controversial boxing matches that took place in 2011 only on HBO Boxing. Formore information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_2011_Image
Boxer dies in the ring
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Dec 2011
- Author: MrsFuckOffRabies
End of the fight between Roman Simakov and Sergey Kovalev. RIP.
http://wn.com/Boxer_dies_in_the_ring
HBO Boxing: Pacquiao-Marquez III: Fight Preview
Preview one of the most anticipated events of the year. Pacquiao-Marquez III happens Sat., Nov. 12 live on pay-per-view. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Pacquiao-Marquez_III_Fight_Preview
Hatton TV - Ricky Hatton calls for action on boxing judges
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 12 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: Hattonboxing
Ricky Hatton has called for boxing judges to be assessed like football referees following recent controversial decisions involving Martin Murray v Felix Sturm & Dereck Chisora v Robert Helenius. The Hitman was talking on Hatton TV's live "Ask The Hitman" show on YouTube
http://wn.com/Hatton_TV__Ricky_Hatton_calls_for_action_on_boxing_judges
HBO Boxing: Miguel Cotto - Greatest Hits
A look back at the hard-hitting career of Miguel Cotto. Cotto vs Margarito 2 happens 12/3 on HBO PPV. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Miguel_Cotto__Greatest_Hits
HBO Boxing: Cotto vs. Margarito - Under The Lights
Take an inside look on Cotto vs. Margarito. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Cotto_vs_Margarito__Under_The_Lights
HBO Boxing: Cotto-Margarito II: Look Back at First Fight
A true classic from 2008, Cotto and Margarito battled in a fight that fans will never forget. Cotto-Margarito II happens Sat., Dec. 3 live on pay-per-view. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Cotto-Margarito_II_Look_Back_at_First_Fight
HBO Boxing: Canelo Alvarez - Greatest Hits
A look back at the rise of hard-hitting Canelo Alvarez. Alvarez vs Cintron happens 11/26 on HBO. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Canelo_Alvarez__Greatest_Hits
Boxing Classics: Manny Pacquiao vs. Miguel Cotto (HBO)
Take a look back at one of the best fights of 2009: Pacquiao vs. Cotto. For more information, visit itsh.bo WatchHBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV Connect with HBO Boxing on Facebook & Twitter: www.twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Boxing_Classics_Manny_Pacquiao_vs_Miguel_Cotto_HBO
HBO Boxing: Ring Life - Miguel Cotto
Ring Life takes an intimate look inside the life and career of Miguel Cotto. Cotto vs Margarito 2 happens 12/3 on HBO PPV. For more information on HBO Boxing, visit itsh.bo Watch HBO Sports series and events online at HBO GO® itsh.bo With HBO GO, you can watch your favorite HBO Sports series and events on your iPad® (itsh.bo iPhone® (itsh.bo or Android™ (itsh.bo smartphone. Free with your HBO subscription through participating TV providers. Connect with HBO Sports on Facebook & Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/HBO_Boxing_Ring_Life__Miguel_Cotto
photo: AP / Joe Cavaretta
22 Dec 2011
THIS was the moment boxing's greatest star, an undefeated champion with an estimated worth of $US90 million, was condemned to spend three months in a dingy county jail cell. Floyd Mayweather Jr...
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19 Dec 2011
Amir Khan's appeal against his defeat by Lamont Peterson has been rejected by the International Boxing Federation, according to reports. Peterson secured a controversial victory over Khan this month,...
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RELATED LINKS
- 1838 in sports
- 2nd millennium BC
- 3rd millennium BC
- Akrotiri (Santorini)
- Alexis Argüello
- Amir Khan
- ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greece
- ancient Rus
- Apollo Creed
- Archie Moore
- Arturo Gatti
- Assyrian
- Babylonian
- Baghdad
- bare-knuckle boxing
- BBC News
- below the belt
- Benny Leonard
- Bernard Hopkins
- Billy Backus
- Birmingham
- Bobbing (boxing)
- bolo punch
- Box (disambiguation)
- boxing gloves
- Boxing in the 2010s
- Boxing training
- Boxing weights
- brain damage
- Canastota, New York
- Carlos Monzón
- Carmen Basilio
- Ceferino Garcia
- Chavez versus Taylor
- Check hook
- chin (boxing)
- Chris Byrd
- Christopher Monck
- Chuck Liddell
- circular arc
- Clinch fighting
- Clinching position
- Combat
- combat sport
- Commonwealth Games
- concussion
- consensual crime
- Cover-Up
- Crete
- Cross (boxing)
- Cross-counter
- Cuba
- cutman
- David Tua
- Diego Corrales
- Drop (boxing)
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Chavez, Donaire set to headline Alamodome card
29 Dec 2011
my SA
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Ward won despite injury
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| Coordinates | 56°51′45″N35°55′27″N |
|---|---|
| imagecaption | Ricardo Dominguez (left) is throwing an uppercut on Rafael Ortiz (right). |
| name | Boxing| aka Pugilism, English boxing, Western Boxing, Sweet Science |
| focus | Punching strikes |
| country | Greece (Ancient Boxing) United Kingdom (Modern Boxing) |
| olympic | Since 688 B.C. |
| creator | Various fighters |
| parenthood | Unknown }} |
The birth hour of boxing as a sport may be its acceptance by the ancient Greeks as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. Modern boxing evolved in Europe, particularly Great Britain.
Early history
Fist fighting depicted in Sumerian relief carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators. Both depictions show bare-fisted contests. Other depictions can be seen in Assyrian, Babylonian and Hittite art. In 1927 Dr. E. A. Speiser, an archaeologist, discovered a Mesopotamian stone tablet in Baghdad, Iraq depicting two men getting ready for a prize fight. The tablet is believed to be 7,000 years old. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete (c. 1500–900 BC), and on Sardinia, if we consider the boxing statues of Prama mountains (c. 2000–1000 BC).
Ancient Greek boxing
The ancient Greeks provide us our first historical records of boxing as a formal sport; they codified a set of rules and staged tournaments with professionals. The birth hour of boxing as a sport may be its acceptance as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC.
Homer's Iliad (ca. 800 BC) contains the first detailed account of a boxing fight (Book XXIII). According to the Iliad, Mycenaean warriors included boxing among their competitions honoring the fallen with great ceremonies (ca. 1200 BC), though it is possible that the Homeric epics reflect later culture. Another legend holds that the heroic ruler Theseus, said to have lived around the 9th century BC, invented a form of boxing in which two men sat face to face and beat each other with their fists until one of them was killed.
Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in 688 BC, being called Pygme or Pygmachia. Participants trained on punching bags (called korykos). Fighters wore leather straps (called himantes) over their hands, wrists, and sometimes breast, to protect them from injury. The straps left their fingers free.
Modern boxing
Broughton's rules (1743)
Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned. However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Fistfight. As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719. This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used. It should be noted, that this earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mr. Figg's time, in addition to fistfighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica) engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning the prize.Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was extremely chaotic. The first boxing rules, called the Broughton's rules, were introduced by heavyweight champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred. Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton also invented and encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded gloves, which were used in training and exhibitions. The first paper on boxing was published in the late 18th century by successful Birmingham boxer 'William Futrell' who remained undefeated until his one hour and seventeen minute fight at Smitham Bottom, Croydon, on July 9, 1788 against a much younger "Gentleman" John Jackson which was attended by the Prince of Wales. These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers: They permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to begin a 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. However, this was considered "unmanly" and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by the Seconds of the Boxers. Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system. Furthermore, as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, a certain amount of restraint was required when striking the head.
London Prize Ring rules (1838)
In 1838, the London Prize Ring rules were codified. Later revised in 1853, they stipulated the following:
Fights occurred in a -square ring surrounded by ropes.
Through the late nineteenth century, boxing or prizefighting was primarily a sport of dubious legitimacy. Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and broken up by police. Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences. Still, throughout this period, there arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.
Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)
In 1867, the Marquess of Queensberry rules were drafted by John Chambers for amateur championships held at Lillie Bridge in London for Lightweights, Middleweights and Heavyweights. The rules were published under the patronage of the Marquess of Queensberry, whose name has always been associated with them.There were twelve rules in all, and they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square or similar ring. Rounds were three minutes long with one minute rest intervals between rounds. Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he was knocked down and wrestling was banned.
The introduction of gloves of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts. An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists. The gloves can be used to block an opponent's blows. As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling. Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to more modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face.
The English case of R v. Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants. This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.
The first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry Rules was "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, who defeated John L. Sullivan in 1892 at the Pelican Athletic Club in New Orleans.
Throughout the early twentieth century, boxers struggled to achieve legitimacy, aided by the influence of promoters like Tex Rickard and the popularity of great champions from John L. Sullivan to Jack Dempsey. Shortly after this era, boxing commissions and other sanctioning bodies were established to regulate the sport and establish universally recognized champions.
Rules
The Marquess of Queensberry rules have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867.A boxing match typically consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, defense, knockdowns, and other, more subjective, measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results, in which one (Or both) fighters believe they have been "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signaled end of each round.
A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes is decided by the judges, and is said to "go the distance". The fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner. With three judges, unanimous and split decisions are possible, as are draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knockout; such bouts are said to have ended "inside the distance". If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponent's punch and not a slip, as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can continue. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by knockout (KO). A "technical knockout" (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to effectively defend themselves. Many jurisdictions and sanctioning agencies also have a "three-knockdown rule", in which three knockdowns in a given round result in a TKO. A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighter's record. A "standing eight" count rule may also be in effect. This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that he feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place. After counting the referee will observe the fighter, and decide if he is fit to continue. For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown.
In general, boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, or spitting. The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to the groin area with intent to cause pain or injury. Failure to abide by the former may result in a foul or wallet slap. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, back or side of the hand). They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the neck or head (called a "rabbit-punch") or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent (dropping below the waist of your opponent, no matter the distance between). If a "clinch" – a defensive move in which a boxer wraps his or her opponents arms and holds on to create a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.
Violations of these rules may be ruled "fouls" by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a "no contest" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed.
Unheard of these days, but common during the early 20th Century in North America, a "newspaper decision (NWS)" might be made after a no decision bout had ended. A "no decision" bout occurred when, by law or by pre-arrangement of the fighters, if both boxers were still standing at the fight's conclusion and there was no knockout, no official decision was rendered and neither boxer was declared the winner. But this did not prevent the pool of ringside newspaper reporters from declaring a consensus result among themselves and printing a newspaper decision in their publications. Officially, however, a "no decision" bout resulted in neither boxer winning or losing. Boxing historians sometimes use these unofficial newspaper decisions in compiling fight records for illustrative purposes only. Often, media outlets covering a match will personally score the match, and post their scores as an independent sentence in their report.
Professional vs. amateur boxing
Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts. Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.
Amateur boxing
:Amateur boxing may be found at the collegiate level, at the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games, and in many other venues sanctioned by amateur boxing associations. Amateur boxing has a point scoring system that measures the number of clean blows landed rather than physical damage. Bouts consist of three rounds of three minutes in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, and three rounds of three minutes in a national ABA (Amateur Boxing Association) bout, each with a one-minute interval between rounds.
Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip across the knuckle. A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each punch that lands cleanly on the head or torso with sufficient force is awarded a point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows. A belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit of punches – any boxer repeatedly landing low blows (below the belt) is disqualified. Referees also ensure that the boxers don't use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging. If this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to continue boxing. Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized or ultimately disqualified. Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced. Amateur bouts which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH).
Professional boxing
Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four round fights are common for less experienced fighters or club fighters. There are also some two- and three-round professional bouts, especially in Australia. Through the early twentieth century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy fighters like Jack Dempsey. Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the twentieth century until the early 1980s, when the death of boxer Duk Koo Kim reduced the limit to twelve.Headgear is not permitted in professional bouts, and boxers are generally allowed to take much more punishment before a fight is halted. At any time, however, the referee may stop the contest if he believes that one participant cannot defend himself due to injury. In that case, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout win. A technical knockout would also be awarded if a fighter lands a punch that opens a cut on the opponent, and the opponent is later deemed not fit to continue by a doctor because of the cut. For this reason, fighters often employ cutmen, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite the cut. If a boxer simply quits fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also awarded a technical knockout victory. In contrast with amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to be bare chested.
Boxing styles
Definition of Style
"Style" is often defined as the strategic approach a fighter takes during a bout. No two fighters' styles are alike, as it is determined by that individual's physical and mental attributes.
Boxer/out-fighter
A classic "boxer" or stylist (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing his opponent down. Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters have notable knockout records. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler. Out-fighters need reach, hand speed, reflexes, and footwork.Notable out-fighters include Muhammad Ali, Gene Tunney, Ezzard Charles, Willie Pep, Meldrick Taylor, Larry Holmes, Roy Jones Jr., Sugar Ray Leonard, Wladimir Klitschko, Pernell Whitaker, Oscar de la Hoya, Amir Khan, Floyd Mayweather, and Nonito Donaire. This style was also used by fictional boxer Apollo Creed.
Boxer-puncher
A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close range with a combination of technique and power, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a single shot. Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter (although they are generally not as mobile as an out-fighter), but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then move in to score the knockout. A boxer must be well rounded to be effective using this style.Notable punchers include Ian Green, Nonito Donaire, Sam Langford, Henry Armstrong, Joe Louis, Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale, Archie Moore, Carlos Monzón Alexis Argüello, Erik Morales, Lennox Lewis, Julio César Chávez, Oscar de la Hoya, Terry Norris, Marco Antonio Barrera, Manny Pacquiao,Thomas Hearns and Victor Ortiz.
Brawler/slugger
A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Mainly Irish, Irish-American, Mexican, and Mexican-American boxers popularized this style. Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favour of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts). Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb substantial amounts of punishment. A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). Examples of this style include Max Baer, Ray Mancini, George Foreman, Sonny Liston, Arturo Gatti, "Irish" Micky Ward, Michael Katsidis, and Ireland's John Duddy; this style of boxing was also used by fictional boxer Rocky Balboa.
Swarmers/in-fighter
In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks and uppercuts. A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" because swarming usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective. In-fighters operate best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward. However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting. The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. Julio César Chávez was known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.Notable in-fighters include Laszlo Papp, Mike Tyson, Harry Greb, Jack Dempsey, Rocky Marciano, Joe Frazier, Jake LaMotta, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Julio César Chávez.
Counter puncher
Counter punchers are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage whether it be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout. They use their well rounded defense to avoid or block shots and then immediately catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch. Thus, fighting against counter punchers requires constant feinting and never telegraphing a punch for the counter puncher to generate a good offense from. To be successful using this style they must have good reflexes, intelligence, punch accuracy, and good hand speed.Notable counter punchers include Salvador Sánchez, Jerry Quarry, Chris Byrd, Ricardo Lopez, Bernard Hopkins, Vitali Klitschko, James Toney, Marvin Hagler, Evander Holyfield, Juan Manuel Márquez, Humberto Soto, Floyd Mayweather Jr, Roger Mayweather and Max Schmeling.
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Combinations of styles
All fighters have a primary skillset that they feel most comfortable with, but truly elite fighters are often able to incorporate auxiliary styles when presented with a particular challenge. For example, an out-fighter will sometimes plant his feet and counter punch, or a slugger may have the stamina to pressure fight with his power punches.
Style matchups
There is a generally accepted rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others. In general, an in-fighter has an advantage over an out-fighter, an out-fighter has an advantage over a puncher, and a puncher has an advantage over an in-fighter; these form a cycle with each style being stronger relative to one, and weaker relative to another, with none dominating, as in rock-paper-scissors. Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights."Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier. Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the hard punches. The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his good agility, which makes him difficult to evade. For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights. Joe Louis, after retirement, admitted that he hated being crowded, and that swarmers like untied/undefeated champ Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems even in his prime.
The boxer or out-fighter tends to be most successful against a brawler, whose slow speed (both hand and foot) and poor technique makes him an easy target to hit for the faster out-fighter. The out-fighter's main concern is to stay alert, as the brawler only needs to land one good punch to finish the fight. If the out-fighter can avoid those power punches, he can often wear the brawler down with fast jabs, tiring him out. If he is successful enough, he may even apply extra pressure in the later rounds in an attempt to achieve a knockout. Most classic boxers, such as Muhammad Ali, enjoyed their best successes against sluggers.
An example of a style matchup was the historical fight of Julio César Chávez, a swarmer or in-fighter, against Meldrick Taylor, the boxer or out-fighter (see Chavez versus Taylor). The match was nicknamed "Thunder Meets Lightning" as an allusion to tremendous punching power of Chávez and blinding speed of Taylor. Chávez was the epitome of the "Mexican" style of boxing. He relentlessly stalked and closed in on the other fighter, ignoring whatever punishment he took for the chance to dish out his own at close range, particularly in the form of a crunching body attack that would either wear down his opponents until they collapsed in pain and exhaustion, or became too tired to defend as Chávez shifted his attack to the head and went for a knockout. During the fight, Taylor's brilliant hand and foot speed and boxing abilities gave him the early advantage, allowing him to begin building a large lead on points, but in the end, Chavez's punishment wore down Taylor and knocked him down with a tremendous right hand in the last round.
Equipment
Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to bones in the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar without hand/wrist wraps and boxing gloves. Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force than if they did not utilize them. Gloves have been required in competition since the late nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much heavier than those worn by early twentieth-century fighters. Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to be used in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more damage. The brand of gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually stipulated before a bout. A mouth guard is important to protect the teeth and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw, resulting in a decreased chance of knockout.Boxers practice their skills on two basic types of punching bags. A small, tear-drop-shaped "speed bag" is used to hone reflexes and repetitive punching skills, while a large cylindrical "heavy bag" filled with sand, a synthetic substitute, or water is used to practice power punching and body blows. In addition to these distinctive pieces of equipment, boxers also utilize sport-nonspecific training equipment to build strength, speed, agility, and stamina. Common training equipment includes free weights, rowing machines, jump rope, and medicine balls.
Technique
Stance
The modern boxing stance differs substantially from the typical boxing stances of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The modern stance has a more upright vertical-armed guard, as opposed to the more horizontal, knuckles-facing-forward guard adopted by early 20th century hook users such as Jack Johnson.
In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart and the rear foot a half-step in front of the lead man. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist (for most penetration power). Both feet are parallel, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs and is often kept slightly offcenter. Wrists are slightly bent to avoid damage when punching and the elbows are kept tucked in to protect the ribcage. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together. The stance described is considered the "textbook" stance and fighters are encouraged to change it around once its been mastered as a base. Case in point, many fast fighters have their hands down and have almost exaggerated footwork, while brawlers or bully fighters tend to slowly stalk their opponents.
Left-handed or southpaw fighters use a mirror image of the orthodox stance, which can create problems for orthodox fighters unaccustomed to receiving jabs, hooks, or crosses from the opposite side. The southpaw stance, conversely, is vulnerable to a straight right hand.
North American fighters tend to favor a more balanced stance, facing the opponent almost squarely, while many European fighters stand with their torso turned more to the side. The positioning of the hands may also vary, as some fighters prefer to have both hands raised in front of the face, risking exposure to body shots.
Modern boxers can sometimes be seen tapping their cheeks or foreheads with their fists in order to remind themselves to keep their hands up (which becomes difficult during long bouts). Boxers are taught to push off with their feet in order to move effectively. Forward motion involves lifting the lead leg and pushing with the rear leg. Rearward motion involves lifting the rear leg and pushing with the lead leg. During lateral motion the leg in the direction of the movement moves first while the opposite leg provides the force needed to move the body.
Punches
There are four basic punches in boxing: the jab, straight right/left hand, hook and uppercut. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), his left hand is the lead hand and his right hand is the rear hand. For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed. For clarity, the following discussion will assume a right-handed boxer.
These different punch types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or "combos". The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo". This is usually an effective combination, because the jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully.
A large, swinging circular punch starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse", "haymaker", or sucker-punch. Relying on body weight and centripetal force within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard. Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter. For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation. Sometimes it has been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in.
Another unconventional punch is the rarely used "bolo punch", in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering with either that or the other arm.
Defense
There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and discussed below.
Guards
There are several defensive positions (guards or styles) used in boxing. Within each style, there is considerable variation among fighters, as some fighters may have their guard higher for more head protection while others have their guard lower to provide better protection against body punches. Many fighters vary their defensive style throughout a bout in order to adapt to the situation of the moment, choosing the position best suited to protect them.Boxers who use an upright stance protect their chin with the rear hand in either the low or mixed guard styles depicted below. Crouch fighters tend to use the "peek-a-boo" style, discussed below.
Boxers generally attempt to land high, fast combinations and then quickly shift position to avoid a possible response by their opponent. Strategically, the ring's centre is generally the desired position since a boxer is able to conserve movement by forcing the opponent to circle around them. When in the centre, the boxer is also less likely to be knocked backwards against the ropes surrounding the ring and cornered. Depending on the boxer's style, the centre is the desired location as cornering opponents is always a good strategy. Most fighters, though, will not move around the boxer in the center because doing so makes them vulnerable to shots thrown at good angles. Movement is the most important tool in the ring and allows the fighter to avoid punches that were not telegraphed. If a boxer is standing still, his opponent has a better chance of hitting him. A fighter anticipating a shot while stationary is less likely to be able to evade the shot than a fighter already in motion.
Less common strategies
The corner
In boxing, each fighter is given a corner of the ring where he rests in between rounds and where his trainers stand. Typically, three men stand in the corner besides the boxer himself; these are the trainer, the assistant trainer and the cutman. The trainer and assistant typically give advice to the boxer on what he is doing wrong as well as encouraging him if he is losing. The cutman is a cutaneous doctor responsible for keeping the boxer's face and eyes free of cuts and blood. This is of particular importance because many fights are stopped because of cuts that threaten the boxer's eyes.In addition, the corner is responsible for stopping the fight if they feel their fighter is in grave danger of permanent injury. The corner will occasionally throw in a white towel to signify a boxer's surrender (the idiomatic phrase "to throw in the towel", meaning to give up, derives from this practice). This can be seen in the fight between Diego Corrales and Floyd Mayweather. In that fight, Corrales' corner surrendered despite Corrales' steadfast refusal.
Medical concerns
Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage. There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person. Since 1980, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died as the result of ring or training injuries. Thus, in 1983, the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing. The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society." Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal. Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing." In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage, and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.
In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.
Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Cuba, Iran and North Korea. It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.
Boxing Hall of Fame
The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF), with the IBHOF being the more widely recognized boxing hall of fame.The WBHF was founded by Everett L. Sanders in 1980. Since its inception the WBHOF has never had a permanent location or museum, which has allowed the more recent IBHOF to garner more publicity and prestige. Among the notable names in the WBHF are Ricardo "Finito" Lopez, Gabriel "Flash" Elorde, Michael Carbajal, Khaosai Galaxy, Henry Armstrong, Jack Johnson, Roberto Durán, George Foreman, Ceferino Garcia,and Salvador Sanchez. Boxing's International Hall of Fame was inspired by a tribute an American town held for two local heroes in 1982. The town, Canastota, New York, (which is about east of Syracuse, via the New York State Thruway), honored former world welterweight/middleweight champion Carmen Basilio and his nephew, former world welterweight champion Billy Backus. The people of Canastota raised money for the tribute which inspired the idea of creating an official, annual hall of fame for notable boxers.
The International Boxing Hall of Fame opened in Canastota in 1989. The first inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Archie Moore, and Muhammad Ali. Other world-class figures include Salvador Sanchez, Roberto "Manos de Piedra" Durán, Ricardo Lopez, Gabriel "Flash" Elorde, Vicente Saldivar, Ismael Laguna, Eusebio Pedroza, Carlos Monzón, Azumah Nelson, Rocky Marciano, Pipino Cuevas and Ken Buchanan. The Hall of Fame's induction ceremony is held every June as part of a four-day event.
The fans who come to Canastota for the Induction Weekend are treated to a number of events, including scheduled autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade featuring past and present inductees, and the induction ceremony itself
Governing and sanctioning bodies
| !Governing Body | !Website |
| British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) | http://www.bbbofc.com/ |
| http://boxing.nv.gov/ | |
| American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians (AAPRP) | http://www.aaprp.org/ |
| European Boxing Union | http://www.boxebu.com/ |
| !Sanctioning Body | !Website |
| World Boxing Association (W.B.A.) | http://www.wbaonline.com/ |
| World Boxing Council (W.B.C.) | http://www.wbcboxing.com/ |
| International Boxing Federation (I.B.F.) | http://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/ |
| World Boxing Organization (W.B.O.) | http://www.wbo-int.com/ |
| World Professional Boxing Federation (W.P.B.F.) | http://www.wpbf-usbc.org/ |
See also
Notes
References
* Category:Martial arts Category:Combat sports Category:European martial arts Category:Individual sports Category:Olympic sports
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