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Ahmed Arabi
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Arabi -
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein -
Alla Nazimova
Alla Nazimova (Russian and ; (13 July 1945, born Miriam Edez Adelaida Leventon (, ), was a Russian/American theater and film actress, screenwriter, and producer. She is perhaps best known as simply Nazimova, but also went under the name Alia Nasimoff.
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Bedrich Hrozny
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Bernadette Soubirous
Saint Marie-Bernarde Soubirous (born Maria-Bernada Sobirós; 7 January 184416 April 1879), was a miller's daughter born in Lourdes. From 11 February to 16 July 1858, she reported 18 apparitions of "a small young lady." Despite initial scepticism from the Catholic Church, these claims were eventually declared to be worthy of belief after a canonical investigation, and the apparition is known as Our Lady of Lourdes. After her death, Bernadette's body has remained incorrupt, and the shrine at Lourdes went on to become a major site for pilgrimage, attracting millions of Christians of all denominations each year. On 8 December 1933, she was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church; her Feast Day is celebrated on 16 April. She has been considered a Christian mystic (see Christian mysticism).
http://wn.com/Bernadette_Soubirous -
Charles Peace
Charles Frederick Peace (14 May 1832 – 25 February 1879) was a notorious English burglar and murderer from Sheffield, whose somewhat remarkable life later spawned dozens of romanticised novels and films. Peace is mentioned by name in the Sherlock Holmes short story, The Adventure of the Illustrious Client.
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Claude Grahame White
Claude Grahame White (August 21, 1879 – August 19, 1959) was an English pioneer of aviation, and the first to make a night flight, during the Daily Mail sponsored 1910 London to Manchester air race.
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Coen de Koning
Coen de Koning (March 30, 1879 – July 29, 1954) was the second Dutch speed skating World Champion.
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Dezső Lauber
Dezső Lauber (May 23, 1879 – September 5, 1966) was a Hungarian all-round sportsman and architect.
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Doc Holliday
John Henry "Doc" Holliday (August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887) was an American gambler, gunfighter and dentist of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.
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E. M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970), was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect".
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Edward Steichen
Edward J. Steichen (March 27, 1879 – March 25, 1973) was an American photographer, painter, and art gallery and museum curator. He was the most frequently featured photographer in Alfred Stieglitz' groundbreaking magazine Camera Work during its run from 1903 to 1917. Steichen also contributed the logo design and a custom typeface to the magazine. In partnership with Steiglitz, Steichen opened the "Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession", which was eventually known as 291, after its address. This gallery presented among the first American exhibitions of (among others) Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, and Constantin Brâncuşi. Steichen's photos of gowns designed by couturier Paul Poiret in the magazine Art et Décoration in 1911 are regarded as the first modern fashion photographs ever published. Serving in the US Army in World War I (and the US Navy in the Second World War), he commanded significant units contributing to military photography. He was a photographer for the Condé Nast magazines Vogue and Vanity Fair from 1923–1938, and concurrently worked for many advertising agencies including J. Walter Thompson. During these years Steichen was regarded as the best known and highest paid photographer in the world. Steichen directed the war documentary The Fighting Lady, which won the 1945 Academy Award for Best Documentary. After World War II he was Director of the Department of Photography at New York's Museum of Modern Art until 1962. While at MoMA, in 1955 he curated and assembled the exhibit The Family of Man. The exhibit eventually traveled to sixty-nine countries, was seen by nine million people, and sold two and a half million copies of a companion book. In 1962, Steichen hired John Szarkowski to be his successor at the Museum of Modern Art.
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Edwin Hall
Edwin Herbert Hall (November 7, 1855 - November 20, 1938) was an American physicist who discovered the "Hall effect". Hall conducted thermoelectric research at Harvard and also wrote numerous physics textbooks and laboratory manuals.
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Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Díaz. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution. Followers of Zapata were known as Zapatistas.
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Emperor of Japan
The of Japan is the Japanese head of state. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. Under Japan's present constitution, the Emperor is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy (see Politics of Japan).
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Emperor Taishō
The was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 30 July 1912, until his death in 1926.
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Ethel Barrymore
Ethel Barrymore (August 15, 1879 – June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors.
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Ferdinand Cheval
Ferdinand Cheval (born 1836 in Charmes-sur-l'Herbasse, Drôme, France; died 19 August 1924) was a French postman who spent thirty-three years of his life building Le Palais Idéal (the "Ideal Palace") in Hauterives. It is regarded as an extraordinary example of naïve art architecture.
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Ferdinand Lindheimer
Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (May 21, 1801 - December 2, 1879) was a German Texan botanist who spent his working life on the American frontier.
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Florence Mary Taylor
Florence Mary Taylor CBE (née Parsons) (29 December 1879, Bedminster, England - 13 February 1969, Sydney, Australia) was the first qualified female architect and the first woman to train as an engineer in Australia. She was also the first woman in Australia to fly in a heavier-than-air craft in 1909. However she is best known for her role as publisher, editor and writer for the influential building industry trade journals established in 1907 with her husband George, which she ran and expanded after his death in 1928 until her retirement in 1961.
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Francis Gillette
Francis Gillette (December 14, 1807 – September 30, 1879) was a politician from Connecticut, USA. He was the father of playwright William Gillette and politician and editor Edward H. Gillette.
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Francis Peyton Rous
(Francis) Peyton Rous (October 5, 1879 – February 16, 1970) born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1879 and received his B.A. and M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He was involved in the discovery of the role of viruses in the transmission of certain types of cancer. In 1966 he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work.
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Francis Picabia
Francis Picabia (born François Marie Martínez Picabia, 22 January 187930 November 1953) was a French painter and poet.
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Frank Woolworth
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Franz von Papen
Lieutenant-Colonel Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen () (29 October 1879 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, Roman Catholic monarchist politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler in 1933–1934. A member of the Catholic Centre Party until 1932, he was one of the most influential members of the Camarilla of President Paul von Hindenburg in the late Weimar Republic. It was largely Papen, who believed that Hitler could be controlled once he was in the government, who persuaded Hindenburg to put aside his scruples and approve Hitler as Chancellor in a cabinet not under Nazi Party domination. However, Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized by Hitler and he left the government after the Night of the Long Knives, during which some of his confidants were purged by the Nazis.
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Fred Spofforth
Frederick Robert "Fred" Spofforth (9 September 1853 – 4 June 1926), also known as "The Demon Bowler", was arguably the Australian cricket team's finest pace bowler of the nineteenth century. He played in Test Matches for Australia between 1877 and 1887, and then settled in England where he played for Derbyshire.
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Fritzi Scheff
Fritzi Scheff (August 30, 1879 – April 8, 1954) was an American actress and vocalist.
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Félix Charles Douay
Félix Charles Douay (1816–1879) was a French general. He served in wars in the Crimea, in Italy, and in Mexico, and for bravery at Magenta and Solferino he was made a brigadier general. In the Franco-German War he led the Seventh Army Corps, and he was taken a prisoner at Sedan. As commander of the Fourth Army Corps, organized against the Communes, he was first to enter Paris (May 22, 1871) and saved the Louvre from entire destruction.
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Gala Galaction
Gala Galaction (IPA: /'ga.la ga.lak.'ti.on/; the pen name of Grigore or Grigorie Pişculescu; April 16, 1879—March 8, 1961) was a Romanian Orthodox clergyman and theologian, writer, journalist, left-wing activist, as well as a political figure of the People's Republic of Romania. Contrary to the spirit of the time, he was a promoter of tolerance towards the Jewish minority.
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George Landenberger
George Bertram Landenberger (May 12, 1879 - January 15, 1936) was a United States Navy Captain and the 23rd (and 21st unique) Governor of American Samoa, from May 12, 1932 to April 10, 1934. Landenberger commanded many ships during his naval career, as well as two naval yards. He received the Navy Cross for his actions commanding the USS Indiana during World War I. He died of cancer in 1936, one year after retiring from military service.
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Grace Coolidge
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
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Grace George
Grace George (December 25, 1879 - May 19, 1961) was a Broadway stage actress. She was married to producer William A. Brady and was stepmother to his daughter Alice Brady. George appeared in only two films, a silent called Tainted Money in 1915 and Johnny Come Lately in 1943 with James Cagney.
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Hans Hahn
Hans Hahn (September 27, 1879 – July 24, 1934) was an Austrian mathematician who made contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory.
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Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Ibsen (; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father" of modern drama and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European societies were characterized by strict mores of family life and propriety. Ibsen's work examined the realities that lay behind many façades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries. It utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. Ibsen is often ranked as one of the truly great playwrights in the European tradition, alongside Shakespeare.
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Honoré Daumier
Honoré Daumier (February 26, 1808 – February 10, 1879) was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century.
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Ito Hirobumi
http://wn.com/Ito_Hirobumi -
J. N. Brønsted
http://wn.com/J_N_Brønsted -
Janusz Korczak
Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit (July 22, 1878 – August 1942) was a Polish-Jewish children's author, pediatrician, and child pedagogue, known as Pan Doktor (Mr Doctor) or Stary Doktor (Old Doctor).
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Joachim Heer
Joachim Heer (25 September 1825 - 1 March 1879) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1875-1878).
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Joan Voûte
Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Voûte (June 7, 1879–August 20, 1963) was a Dutch astronomer.
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Johannes Trithemius
Johannes Trithemius (1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was an abbot, lexicographer, historian, cryptographer, polymath and occultist who had an influence on later occultism. The name by which he is more commonly known is derived from his native town of Trittenheim on the Mosel in Germany.
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John Bell Hood
John Bell Hood (June 1 or June 29, 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood had a reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness. Arguably one of the best brigade and division commanders in the Confederate States Army, Hood became increasingly ineffective as he was promoted to lead larger, independent commands late in the war, and his career was marred by his decisive defeats leading an army in the Atlanta Campaign and the Franklin-Nashville Campaign.
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Joseph Canteloube
Marie-Joseph Canteloube de Malaret (b. Annonay, (Ardèche), 21 October 1879 – d. Grigny, (Essonne), 4 November 1957) was a French composer, musicologist, and author best known for his collections of orchestrated folksongs from the Auvergne region.
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Joseph Lyons
Joseph Aloysius Lyons, CH (15 September 18797 April 1939) was an Australian politician. He was Labor Premier of Tasmania from 1923 to 1928 and a Minister in the James Scullin government from 1929 until his resignation from the Labor Party in March 1931. He subsequently led the United Australia Party and was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia from January 1932 until his death.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and head of state who served as the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. After the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Stalin rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union, which he ruled as a dictator.
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Joseph Wirth
Karl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, (6 September 1879 Freiburg im Breisgau – 3 January 1956 Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922. Along with his foreign minister, Walther Rathenau, Wirth set out to follow a policy of "fulfillment" with respect to Germany's reparations in order to show that Germany was incapable of payment.
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Jouett Shouse
Jouett Shouse (December 10, 1879 - June 2, 1968) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher, and leading Democratic politician. A conservative, he was best known for opposing the liberal New Deal in the 1930s.
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Jozef Stefan
http://wn.com/Jozef_Stefan -
Jón Sigurðsson
Jón Sigurðsson (June 17, 1811 – December 7, 1879) was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement.
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Knud Rasmussen
Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen (June 7, 1879 – December 21, 1933) was a Greenlandic polar explorer and anthropologist. He has been called the "father of Eskimology" and was the first to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled. He remains well known in Greenland, Denmark and among Canadian Inuit.
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Laura Hope Crews
Laura Hope Crews (December 12, 1879 – November 12, 1942) was a leading actress of the American stage in the first decades of the 20th century who is best remembered today for her later work as a character actress in motion pictures of the 1930's. She was the daughter of a stage actress, Angelena Lockwood and a backstage carpenter, John Thomas Crews. She had three older siblings. Crews started acting at age four. Her first stage appearance was at Woodward's Garden. She stopped acting to finish school and then returned to acting in 1898. Her best-known film role was Aunt Pittypat in Gone with the Wind.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (Russian: , (Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Lyev, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) – 21 August 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.
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Lewis Stone
Lewis Shepard Stone (November 15, 1879 – September 12, 1953) was an American actor.
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Lope K. Santos
Lope K. Santos (September 25, 1879 – May 1, 1963) was a Tagalog language writer from the Philippines. Aside from being a writer, he was also a lawyer, politician, critic, labor leader and considered as "Father of the Philippine National Language and Grammar". He was a freemason.
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Louis Favre
Louis Favre (26 January 1826 – 19 July 1879) was a Swiss engineer, remembered as the builder of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel between 1872 and his death in the tunnel in 1879.
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Lucile Watson
Lucile Watson (May 27, 1879 – June 24, 1962) was a Canadian actress.
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Léon Jouhaux
Léon Jouhaux (July 1, 1879 – April 28, 1954) was a French trade union leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951.
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Margaret Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League.
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Maurycy Gottlieb
Maurycy Gottlieb (, Drohobytsch, February 21/28, 1856 -Kraków, July 17, 1879) was a Jewish painter, of Polish-speaking Galician Jews from the western part of Ukraine. He was born in Drohobych (at that time Austria-Hungary), Galicia, modern Lviv region, western Ukraine.
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Max von Laue
Max Theodor Felix von Laue (9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of relativity, he had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided German scientific research and development during four decades. He was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after World War II. He was strongly opposed to National Socialism.
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Nagai Kafu
http://wn.com/Nagai_Kafu -
Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, becoming dictator before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
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Napoléon Bonaparte
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Othmar Ammann
Othmar Hermann Ammann (March 26, 1879 – September 22, 1965) was a Swiss-born American structural engineer whose designs include the George Washington Bridge, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. A residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus.
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Otto Hahn
Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. He is regarded as "the father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Hahn served as the last President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) in 1946 and as the founding President of the Max Planck Society (MPG) from 1948 to 1960.
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Ottorino Respighi
Ottorino Respighi (; July 9, 1879, Bologna - April 18, 1936) was an Italian composer, musicologist and conductor. He is best known for his orchestral Roman trilogy: Fontane di Roma - "Fountains of Rome"; Pini di Roma - "Pines of Rome"; and Feste Romane - "Roman Festivals". His musicological interest in 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century music led him to also compose pieces based on the music of this period.
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Pablo Iglesias
Paulino Iglesias Posse, better known as Pablo Iglesias (October 18, 1850 — December 9, 1925), was a Spanish socialist and labour leader, and is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism; having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.
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Patrick Pearse
Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; ; An Piarsach; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. He was declared "President of the Provisional Government" of the Irish Republic in one of the bulletins issued by the Rising's leaders, a status that was however disputed by others associated with the rebellion both then and subsequently. Following the collapse of the Rising and the execution of Pearse, along with his brother (Willie Pearse) and fourteen other leaders, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.
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Paul Klee
Paul Klee (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, and is considered both a Swiss painter and a German painter. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. He was, as well, a student of orientalism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually mastered color theory, and wrote extensively about it; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are considered so important for modern art that they are compared to the importance that Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting had for Renaissance. He and his colleague , the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the German Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture. His works reflect his dry humour and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.
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Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death. At 63 years and 7 months, her reign as the Queen lasted longer than that of any other British monarch, and is the longest of any female monarch in history. Her reign is known as the Victorian era, and was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress within the United Kingdom.
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Rafael Erich
Rafael Waldemar Erich (10 June 1879 in Turku – 19 February 1946 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician from the National Coalition Party, Professor, diplomat, and Prime Minister of Finland .
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Ray Harroun
Ray Harroun (January 12, 1879 - January 19, 1968) was an American racecar driver, born in Spartansburg, Pennsylvania.
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Raymond Pearl
Raymond Pearl (3 June 1879– 17 November 1940) was an American biologist, regarded as one of the founders of biogerontology. He spent most of his career at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
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Robert Wilson Lynd
Robert Wilson Lynd (20 April 1879 – 6 October 1949) was an Irish writer, an urbane literary essayist and strong Irish nationalist.
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Ruth St. Denis
Ruth St. Denis (January 20, 1879 – July 21, 1968) was an early modern dance pioneer.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States from March 4, 1877 to March 4, 1881. He also served as the Governor of Ohio twice, from 1868–1872 and 1876–1877.
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Sarah Josepha Hale
Sarah Josepha Buell Hale (October 24, 1788 - April 30, 1879) was an American writer and an influential editor. She is the author of the nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She famously campaigned for the creation of the American holiday known as Thanksgiving, and for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.
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Simon Petlyura
http://wn.com/Simon_Petlyura -
St. Joseph
http://wn.com/St_Joseph -
Sydney Greenstreet
Sydney Hughes Greenstreet (27 December 1879 – 18 January 1954) was an English actor. He was best known for his work with Humphrey Bogart and Peter Lorre in the 1940s.
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Tane Ikai
Tane Ikai (猪飼たね Ikai Tane, January 18, 1879 – July 12, 1995) holds the record as Japan's oldest verified female. She is also Japan's oldest undisputed person to have been born after the 1872 institution of the koseki system, a law requiring all Japanese households to report births.
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Thomas Beecham
Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 – 8 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario. From the early twentieth century until his death, Beecham was a major influence on the musical life of Britain and, according to Neville Cardus, was the first British conductor to have a regular international career.
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Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
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Thomas Meighan
Thomas Meighan (April 9, 1879 - July 8, 1936) was an American actor of silent films and early talkies. He played several leading man roles opposite popular actresses of the day including Mary Pickford and Gloria Swanson. At one point he commanded $10,000 a week.
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Tsutomu Sakuma
Tsutomu Sakuma (佐久間 勉, September 13, 1879 - April 15, 1910) was a Japanese naval officer who served during the Russo-Japanese War and one of the first submarine commanders of the Imperial Japanese Navy, known primarily as the commanding officer during the sinking of the submarine No.6.
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Victor Sjöström
(in the United States sometimes known as Victor Seastrom) (20 September 1879 – 3 January 1960) was a Swedish actor, screenwriter, and film director.
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Wallace Stevens
Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was an American Modernist poet. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, educated at Harvard and then New York Law School, and spent most of his life working as a lawyer for the Hartford insurance company in Connecticut.
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Warner Oland
Warner Oland (October 3, 1879 – August 6, 1938) was a Swedish American actor most remembered for his role as Charlie Chan.
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded one of the first formal laboratories for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
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William P. Cronan
http://wn.com/William_P_Cronan
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Antofagasta
Antofagasta ( or (antofaˈɣaʔta) in the local dialect) is a port city in northern Chile, about north of Santiago. It is the capital of both Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region. According to the 2002 census, the city has an urban population of 281,155 and a municipal population of 296,905. The city's name comes from either a Quechua or Aymara word for "town of the great saltpeter bed."
http://wn.com/Antofagasta -
Battle of Ulundi
The Battle of Ulundi took place at the Zulu capital of Ulundi on 4 July 1879 and was the last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War. The British army finally broke the military power of the Zulu nation by defeating the main Zulu army and immediately afterwards capturing and razing the capital of Zululand, the royal kraal of Ulundi.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Ulundi -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
http://wn.com/Chile -
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado -
Devon
Devon () is a large county in southwestern England. The county is occasionally referred to as Devonshire, although that is an unofficial name, rarely used inside the county itself and often indicating a traditional or historical context. The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel.
http://wn.com/Devon -
Dundee, Scotland
http://wn.com/Dundee_Scotland -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (, ; , ; , ) is a country located in Middle Africa. With an area of it is one of the smallest countries in continental Africa. It is also the most prosperous, however the wealth is concentrated in government and elite hands, with 70% of the population living under the United Nations Poverty Threshold of $2/day. It has a population of 1,014,999. It comprises two parts: a Continental Region (Río Muni), including several small offshore islands like Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico; and an insular region containing Annobón island and Bioko island (formerly Fernando Po) where the capital Malabo is situated.
http://wn.com/Equatorial_Guinea -
Ferdinand Cheval
Ferdinand Cheval (born 1836 in Charmes-sur-l'Herbasse, Drôme, France; died 19 August 1924) was a French postman who spent thirty-three years of his life building Le Palais Idéal (the "Ideal Palace") in Hauterives. It is regarded as an extraordinary example of naïve art architecture.
http://wn.com/Ferdinand_Cheval -
Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
http://wn.com/Fiji -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Frank Woolworth
http://wn.com/Frank_Woolworth -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Ghana
The Republic of Ghana is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Knock, County Mayo
Knock (, meaning The Hill – but now more generally known in Irish as Cnoc Mhuire, "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in County Mayo, Ireland whose notability derives from the Knock Shrine where it is claimed the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared in 1879.
http://wn.com/Knock_County_Mayo -
New Mexico
New Mexico() is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state.
http://wn.com/New_Mexico -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Paignton
Paignton () is a coastal town in Devon in England. Together with Torquay and Brixham it forms the unitary authority of Torbay which was created in 1998. The Torbay area is a holiday destination known as the English Riviera. Paignton's population in the United Kingdom Census of 2001 was 48,251. It has origins as a Celtic settlement and was first mentioned in 1086. It grew as a small fishing village and a new harbour was built in 1847. A railway line was opened to passengers in 1859 creating links to Torquay and London. As its population increased, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston.
http://wn.com/Paignton -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
http://wn.com/South_Dakota -
Tay Bridge disaster
{{infobox UK rail accident
http://wn.com/Tay_Bridge_disaster -
The Octagon, Dunedin
The Octagon is the city centre of Dunedin, in the South Island of New Zealand.
http://wn.com/The_Octagon_Dunedin -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
USA
http://wn.com/USA -
Utica, New York
Utica is a city in the American state of New York, and the county seat of Oneida County.
http://wn.com/Utica_New_York
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Zulu War Theme Isandhlwana 1879 Soundtrack(John Barry)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Published: 17 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: ThePeoplesMuseum
The People's Museum
http://wn.com/Zulu_War_Theme_Isandhlwana_1879_SoundtrackJohn_Barry
Gardner Model 1879 Twin Barrel Machine Gun (SLO MO TRACERS)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 25 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 11 Jan 2012
- Author: taofledermaus
Filmed with a Casio EXF1 Pro high speed camera at 600 fps. Filmed at Big Sandy Machine Gun shoot Oct. 2011 in Arizona. This video shows some pretty good details about these guns: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Gardner_Model_1879_Twin_Barrel_Machine_Gun_SLO_MO_TRACERS
TRAILER LA ESMERALDA 1879
AVANT PREMIER 05 DE MAYO DE 2010 EN IQUIQUE, 06 DE MAYO DE 2010 EN SANTIAGO, ESTRENO 20 DE MAYO A NIVEL NACIONAL.
http://wn.com/TRAILER_LA_ESMERALDA_1879
Victor Vasarely - Vega - Boo 1879
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Published: 20 Mar 2007
- Uploaded: 05 Jan 2012
- Author: whateverisart
VICTOR VASARELY The Inventor of Op-Art (optical-art) French painter of Hungarian descent (1906 - 1997). Victor Vasarely defined one of the most remarkable moments in the history of 20th century art. Vasarely was born in Pécs, Hungary, in 1906. He left Hungary and settled in Paris in 1930. In 1965, he participated in the "Responsive Eye" exhibit at the New York Museum of Modern Art, dedicated exclusively to "Optical Art". This pictorial movement attached itself to the concept of suggesting motion without ever actually performing it. It instituted a new relationship between artist and spectator, where the observer cannot remain passive, he is free to interpret the image in as many visual scenarios ha can conceive. Received with great acclaim, the press and the public hailed Vasarely as the inventor and creator of "Op-Art". From 1968 on, playing with the deformation of the line, Vasarely defined his "universal structures", and dove into the immensely popular and widely known "VEGA" period (1968-1984) In March 15, 1997, he died at the age of 91, leaving behind a plastic legacy unrivaled within the domain of abstract geometrical kinetic art. The painting I'm doing, originally it's called boo of year 1879, relates to vasarely's Vega phase. Acrylic on paper 50x50 hope you like it... music: Gotan Project - Last tango in Paris
http://wn.com/Victor_Vasarely__Vega__Boo_1879
Luminox Field Blackout Collection (1879.BO & 1881.BO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Published: 10 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: ShopCarmel
The new "Field Blackout" collection from Luminox takes the blackout aesthetic to new heights with upgraded features. Steel cases, leather straps and sapphire crystals make this collection both striking to look at and durable for everyday wear.
http://wn.com/Luminox_Field_Blackout_Collection_1879BO_1881BO
1879 Reed Organ Restoration Update #2. (June 19th 2011.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 19 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Jul 2011
- Author: Musique3579
Clough and Warren Reed Organ. Alot has been accomplished in the last two weeks on this historic instrument. 85% of the Reeds are now in tune. Stopboard and links once again working. Remaining tasks: Swells, Keys rebushed, Octave Coupler rebuilt, Sub Bass Mech. and connectors installed. Perhaps another month and ALL will be put back together. (I hope.) LOL :-) This particular organ has a very quick response attack compared to the "usual" North American Pump Organ. Capable of playing well Baroque-Modern styles because of a very good registration.
http://wn.com/1879_Reed_Organ_Restoration_Update_#2_June_19th_2011
Rome Total War Online Battle #1879: bridge battle (Live-Commentary)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:46
- Published: 25 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: PrinceofMacedon
Bridge Battle. I command the Seleucids. My opponent, [USMC]mrrappingjake, commands the Macedonians. Map: Moon River Denarii: unlimited Rules: CWB
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_#1879_bridge_battle_Live-Commentary
Those that died in the Zulu war 1879 0001
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Published: 14 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Dec 2011
- Author: MrZuluwar1879
Agrippina Vaganova (1879-1951) - Teaching at the Kirov c1930s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Published: 08 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: nickwallacesmith
Agrippina Vaganova (1879-1951) was a dancer at the Kirov Theatre, but, with the plethora of talent at the time (Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina and so on) was only designated 'ballerina' in the year before her retirement. But she is by far more famous for her second career as the instigator of the Vaganova Method for training dancers. I found this tiny fragment of film of Viganova teaching in class, she is first seen sitting and correcting students from a chair and then demonstrating some 'porte de bras' and a 'tour'.
http://wn.com/Agrippina_Vaganova_1879-1951__Teaching_at_the_Kirov_c1930s
Kate and Jennie Smith Diaries of 1879: Overland Journey to Washington Territory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Published: 28 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: thoughtful2007
Kate and Jennie Smith kept diaries of their overland journey to Washington Territory by covered wagon in 1879. The Rowland and Margaret Smith family comprised of five girls and one boy. The complete transcription of both diaries is posted on the web at: www.helpfulwaves.com Original diaries held by the Washington State Historical Society in Tacoma, Washington courtesy of Tom (Charles) Gibbs and Janet Adams. Music written and composed by the very talented Alan Loucks www.adglproductions.com
http://wn.com/Kate_and_Jennie_Smith_Diaries_of_1879_Overland_Journey_to_Washington_Territory
Emiliano Zapata Salazar ( 1879--1919)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 21 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: Guevaristas
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http://wn.com/Emiliano_Zapata_Salazar__1879--1919
Mark Hambourg (1879-1960): Liszt - Hungarian Rhapsody no.14
Mark Hambourg was born in Russia, was taught by his father, studied in Vienna under Leschetizky and made most of his career in England. In the first couple of decades of the 20th century he was very highly regarded worldwide and concerted extensively. His playing shows a moving away from the older generation of 19th century pianists: in this way he shares some characteristics with fellow Leschetizky-pupils such as Schnabel and Friedmann. The Hungarian Rhapsodies by Hambourg are the first complete survey committed to a recording. In them he displays a very free approach, where accuracy is very much not the main consideration. They are vivid and, I suppose, exciting. Definitely distinctive. I personally generally hate them all! Hambourg seems set on an all-out smash-and-grab approach to the music, with any kind of beauty, subtlety or refinement completly ignored. In particular I find his tone quality in many passages unbearably "bangy", and his attitude towards phrase-endings, rests, musical breathing and shape exasperatingly perverse. Well, I don't want to prejudice you to these recordings further... perhaps just in these examples I fail to sympathise with the performance practice which was clearly valued in the early 20th century, by pianists who studied under the 19th century greats. This recording of the fourteenth Rhapsody was made in 1929 (for reference, this is not the fourteenth Rhapsody finally included the "complete set" from 1933, but was an earlier recording by <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Mark_Hambourg_1879-1960_Liszt__Hungarian_Rhapsody_no14
The Bowery Mission: Rebuilding Lives Since 1879
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Published: 13 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2010
- Author: BoweryMission
An overview of The Bowery Mission & Kids With A Promise, which has served men, women, children in New York City since 1879.
http://wn.com/The_Bowery_Mission_Rebuilding_Lives_Since_1879
The Bowery Mission: Rebuilding Lives Since 1879 (2010 Update)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Published: 12 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 02 Nov 2011
- Author: BoweryMission
An overview of The Bowery Mission & Kids With A Promise, which has served men, women, children in New York City since 1879.
http://wn.com/The_Bowery_Mission_Rebuilding_Lives_Since_1879_2010_Update
Estrenan La Esmeralda 1879
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 20 May 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Jul 2011
- Author: PortalChilecom
aNueNue Vision 1879 ukulele
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Published: 04 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: ukuleleboudoir
aNueNue Vision 1879 ukulele www.ukuleleboudoir.com
http://wn.com/aNueNue_Vision_1879_ukulele
Buceo en la Corbeta Esmeralda Hundidad en 1879, Tek Diving in Wreck for IANTD Team
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 17 May 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Jan 2012
- Author: tamarugodive
Wreck Diving in Esmeralda Ship, ship sunk in 1879. IANTD, Teck Diving, Daniel Malfanti, Jorge Kitzing and Arturo Rojas.
http://wn.com/Buceo_en_la_Corbeta_Esmeralda_Hundidad_en_1879,_Tek_Diving_in_Wreck_for_IANTD_Team
Tajik girl from china sings a Parsi song - Tajik is our geniune identity whether we are from China, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan or the artificial country of Afghanistan. The name Afghanistan was fabricated and imposed by the British on Khorasan in 1879
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 02 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: TajicKnotAwghan
Tajik girl from china sings a Parsi song--Tajik girl from china sings a Parsi song - Tajik is our only identity whether we are from China Tajikistan, Uzbekistan or so called Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a fabricated name imposed on Khorasan and Its a treason for Tajiks of Afghanistan to call themselves Afghans. Afghan means taliban, suicide bombers and terrorists who are against Tajiks and Parsi culture
http://wn.com/Tajik_girl_from_china_sings_a_Parsi_song__Tajik_is_our_geniune_identity_whether_we_are_from_China,_Uzbekistan,_Tajikistan_or_the_artificial_country_of_Afghanistan_The_name_Afghanistan_was_fabricated_and_imposed_by_the_British_on_Khorasan_in_1879
Pines of the Appian Way by Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936) -Stony Brook Wind Ensemble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Published: 28 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Nov 2011
- Author: onlymenow55
Respighi was a violinist, born in Bologna, Italy. Early in his career, he was appointed to play in an opera orchestra in St.Petersburg, Russia, where he studied composition with Rimsky-Korsakov. He wrote The Pines of Rome in 1923, a tone poem consisting of 4 movements, based on the theme of the Appian Way. Built in 312 BC, the Appian Way was the main route in and out of Rome. Respighi provided a description of his vision behind The Pines, the fourth movement of the piece: The tragic country is guarded by solitary pines. The muffled, ceaseless rhythm of unending footstepsvisions of past glories; trumpets blaze, and the army of the Consul advances brilliantly in the grandeur of a newly risen sun, a consular army bursts forth towards the Sacred Way, mounting in triumph to the Capitoline Hill.
http://wn.com/Pines_of_the_Appian_Way_by_Ottorino_Respighi_1879-1936_-Stony_Brook_Wind_Ensemble
La Esmeralda 1879 - Theme Song (Tema Principal) "Inmortales"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 20 May 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: EspinozaCaqueo
Angamos 1879
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 08 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: mercucio09
Re-edicion del soundtrack hecho para la brillante animacion del sr. Mario Merino Alegre sobre el Combate Naval de Angamos, 8 de Octubre de 1879 (con autorizacion del autor). Re-edition of the soundtrack for mr. Mario Merino Alegre's brilliant animation about Naval Battle of Angamos, October 8, 1879 (with autorization).
http://wn.com/Angamos_1879
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06 Jan 2012
Justin Bieber recently stepped out with a tattoo of Jesus on his leg. (X17 Online) Justin Bieber has made a lifelong commitment to Jesus Christ – with a tattoo. The 17-year-old “Baby” singer was spied...
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The Examiner
The widely known historical first demonstration of the “Edison Light Bulb” took place at Edison’s Menlo Park, N.J., laboratory on New Year's Eve, 1879. Edison presentation included a lower current of electricity, a small-carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside a glass...
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Oct. 21, 1879 | Thomas Edison Lights the Lamp
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Warmest Start to October since 1879 (jackets next week, Indian Summer last week of October?)
15 Oct 2011
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Detroit news
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Velocipede is Latin for "fast foot", and became a term through usage for any human-powered land vehicle with one or more wheels.Vehicles for human-powered transport have two wheels and require balancing by the rider dated back in the U.S. to the early 19th century during the...
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06 Jul 2011
Yahoo Daily News
A murder mystery dating back to 1879 was finally resolved Tuesday when a skull unearthed in BBC legend David Attenborough's garden was formally recognised as that of a woman murdered by her maid 132 years ago. Julia Martha Thomas, a wealthy widow aged 55, was killed by her 29-year-old...
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__NOTOC__
Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.
January – The current constitution of The State of California, USA is ratified.
January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The Greenback is valued the same as gold for the first time since the Civil War.
January 2 – Fred Spofforth claims the first Hat-trick in Test cricket.
January 11 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins.
January 22 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Isandlwana: Zulu troops massacre British troops. At Rorke's Drift, outnumbered British soldiers drive the attackers away after hours of fighting.
February 12 – At New York City's Madison Square Garden, the first artificial ice rink in North America opens.
February 14 – At Antofagasta, Chile, Chilean troops disembark in this port, then Bolivian. This is the beginning of the War of the Pacific between Chile and the joint forces of Peru and Bolivia.
February 15 – Women's rights: American President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.
February 22 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of 5 and 10-cent Woolworth stores.
February 27 – The discovery of saccharin is announced.
March 3 – The United States Geological Survey is created.
March 12 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Intombe: A British force over one-hundred strong is ambushed and destroyed by Zulu forces.
March 13 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria, marries Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.
March 14 – Albert Einstein – Theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists and intellectuals of all time was born.
March 28 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Hlobane: British forces suffer a defeat.
March 29 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.
May 2 – The Spanish Socialist Worker's Party is founded in Casa Labra Pub (city of Madrid) by the historical Spanish workers' leader Pablo Iglesias.
May 14 – The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji abroad the ''Leonidas''.
May 26 – Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, establishing an Afghan state.
May 30 – New York City's Gilmore's Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt, and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.
June 1 – Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial (Napoléon IV), great-nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, Bonapartist pretender to the throne, dies in Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War.
June 14 – Sidney Faithorn Green, a priest in the Church of England, is tried and convicted for using Ritualist practices.
July 4 – Anglo-Zulu War: The Anglo-Zulu War effectively ends at the Battle of Ulundi.
July 19 – Doc Holliday kills for the first time after a man shoots up Holliday's New Mexico saloon.
August 21 – The Virgin Mary, along with St. Joseph and St. John the Evangelist, allegedly appears in Knock, Ireland to local people.
September 8 – The Octagon fire claims 12 victims in Dunedin, New Zealand.
September 25 – Deadwood, South Dakota fire: Two-thousand people left homeless. Three hundred buildings destroyed. Total loss of property is estimated at $3 million.
September 29 – Meeker Massacre: Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising at the White River Ute Indian Reservation in Colorado.
October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.
October 8 – The Naval Battle of Angamos was fought during the naval stage of the War of the Pacific.
October 17 – Sunderland Association Football Club formed in the North East Of England.
October 22 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasts 13½ hours before burning out).
December 28 – The Tay Bridge disaster – the central part of the Tay Rail Bridge in Dundee, Scotland collapses as a train passes over it, killing 75.
December 30 – ''The Pirates of Penzance'' is first performed in Paignton, Devon, England.
December 31 – Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his ''Palais Idéal'' in France.
The Fulham F.C. is founded.
The Hall effect is discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall.
Henrik Ibsen (while living in Italy) publishes his masterpiece, ''A Doll’s House''.
Simmons College of Kentucky, a historically black school, is founded.
Somerville College, Oxford, is founded.
The Stefan-Boltzmann law is discovered by Jozef Stefan.
The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is formed.
Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea.
Colonel Ahmed Arabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party.
Age of Gabriel ends and the Age of Michael starts according to Johannes Trithemius.
January 1 – E. M. Forster, English writer (d. 1970)
January 3 – Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States (d. 1957)
January 10 – Bobby Walker, Scottish footballer (d. 1930)
January 12
* Ray Harroun, American race car driver (d. 1968)
* Calbraith Perry Rodgers, American pioneer aviator, ''made first transcontinental U.S. flight'' (d. 1912)
January 13 – Melvin Jones, American founder of Lions Clubs International (d. 1961)
January 18 – Tane Ikai, oldest undisputed Japanese person ever. She died on July 12 1995.
January 20 – Ruth St. Denis, American dancer (d. 1968)
January 28 – Francis Picabia, French painter and poet (d. 1953)
February 22 – J. N. Brønsted, Danish chemist (d. 1947)
February 26 – Frank Bridge, English composer (d. 1941)
March 6 – William P. Cronan, 19th Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1929)
March 8 – Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
March 14 – Albert Einstein, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
March 26 – Othmar Ammann, Swiss-born engineer (d. 1965)
March 27
* Edward Steichen, Luxembourgeois-born painter/photographer (d. 1973)
* Sahan Dosova, she claimed to be 130 before she died (d. 2009)
March 30 – Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (d. 1954)
April 9 – Thomas Meighan, American stage & screen actor (d. 1936)
April 16 – Gala Galaction, Romanian writer (d. 1961)
April 20 – Paul Poiret, French couturier (d. 1944)
April 26 – Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
April 29 – Sir Thomas Beecham, English conductor (d. 1961)
May 6 – Bedřich Hrozny´, Czech orientalist and linguist (d. 1952)
May 12 – George Landenberger, United States Navy Captain and the 23rd Governor of American Samoa (d. 1936)
May 17 – Simon Petlyura, Ukrainian independence fighter (d. 1926)
May 19
* Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, American-born politician (d. 1964)
* Viscount Waldorf Astor, British businessman and politician (d. 1952)
May 22 – Alla Nazimova, Ukrainian-born stage and film actress (d. 1945)
May 23 – Dezső Lauber, Hungarian sportsman (d. 1966)
May 25 – Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, Canadian-born statesman and newspaper publisher (d. 1964)
May 27 – Lucile Watson, stage & screen actress (d. 1962)
June 3 – Raymond Pearl, American biologist (d. 1940)
June 7 – Joan Voûte, Dutch astronomer (d. 1963)
June 7 – Knud Rasmussen, Greenlander explorer (d. 1933)
June 10 – Rafael Erich, Prime minister of Finland (d. 1946)
July 1 – Léon Jouhaux, French labour leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1954)
July 5 – Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist and musicologist (d. 1959)
July 9 – Ottorino Respighi, Italian composer, musicologist and conductor (d. 1936)
July 22 – Janusz Korczak (pen-name of Henryk Goldszmit), Polish-Jewish children's author, pediatrician, and child pedagogist (born 1878 or 1879#Births)) (d. 1942)
August 8 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1919)
August 13 – John Ireland, English composer and organist (d. 1962)
August 15 – Ethel Barrymore, American stage & film actress (d. 1959)
August 21 – Claude Grahame White, British aviation pioneer (d. 1959)
August 30 – Fritzi Scheff, actress and singer, (d. 1954)
August 31 – Emperor Taishō, 123rd Emperor of Japan (d. 1926)
September 2 – Ahn Jung-Keun, Eu-sa ('righteous hero' in Korean) and general, assassin of the Japanese politician Ito Hirobumi (d. 1910)
September 6
* Joseph Wirth, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1956)
* Max Schreck, German actor (d. 1936)
September 13 – Tsutomu Sakuma, Japanese, The sixth submarine corps coxswain (d. 1910)
September 14 – Margaret Sanger, American birth control advocate (d. 1966)
September 15 – Joseph Lyons, Premier of Tasmania and Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1939)
September 20 – Victor Sjöström, Swedish film actor and director (d. 1960)
September 25 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer, father of Philippine national language and grammar (d. 1963)
September 27 – Hans Hahn, Austrian mathematician (d. 1934)
October 2 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
October 3 – Warner Oland, Swedish-born actor (d. 1938)
October 5 – Francis Peyton Rous, American pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1970)
October 9 – Max von Laue, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
October 21
* Joseph Canteloube, French composer and singer (d. 1957)
* Eugene Ely, American pioneer aviator; ''first shipboard takeoff and landing'' (d. 1911)
October 29 – Franz von Papen, German Chancellor and diplomat (d. 1969)
November 4 – Will Rogers, American humorist (d. 1935)
November 7 – Leon Trotsky, Russian revolutionary (d. 1940)
November 10
* Vachel Lindsay, American poet (d. 1931)
* Patrick Pearse, Irish patriot (d. 1916)
November 15 – Lewis Stone, American stage & film actor ''Judge Hardy'' (d. 1953)
November 26 – Charles W. Goddard, playwright and screenwriter (d. 1951)
December 4 – Nagai Kafu, Japanese writer (d. 1959)
December 10 – Jouett Shouse, American politician (d. 1968)
*Hanna Grönvall, Swedish politician and trade union worker.
December 12 – Laura Hope Crews, American stage and film actress (''Aunt PittyPat'') (d. 1942)
December 13 – Eleanor Robson Belmont aka Eleanor Robson, stage actress and philanthropist (d. 1979)
December 18
* Paul Klee, Swiss artist (d. 1940)
* Joseph Stalin, Soviet dictator (d. 1953)
December 20 – Earle Ovington, American aviator, flew first experimental airmail (d. 1936)
December 25 – Grace George, American stage actress (d. 1961)
December 27 – Sydney Greenstreet, British stage and screen actor (d. 1954)
December 28 – Billy Mitchell, U.S. general and military aviation pioneer (d. 1936)
December 29 – Florence Mary Taylor, Australia's first female architect (d. 1969)
Joseph Campbell, Northern Irish poet and lyricist (d. 1944)
Robert Wilson Lynd, Northern Irish essayist and writer (d. 1949)
Francis "Frank" McGee, Canadian ice hockey superstar (d. 1916)
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, Influential American jurist (d. 1918)
January 8 – Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara (b. 1793)
February 11 – Honoré Daumier, French caricaturist and painter (b. 1808)
February 23 – Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (b. 1803)
February 25 – Charles Peace, British criminal (executed) (b. 1832)
March 1 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1825)
March 2 – John Eberhard Faber, pencil manufacturer (b. 1822)
March 10 – Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis, German prince (b. 1843)
March 27
* Hércules Florence, Brazilian photographer (b. 1804)
* Prince Waldemar of Prussia (b. 1868)
March 30 – Thomas Couture, French painter and teacher (b. 1815)
April 16 – Bernadette Soubirous, French Saint (b. 1844)
April 30 – Sarah Josepha Hale, American author (b. 1788)
June 1 – Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial, son of French Emperor Napoleon III (b. 1856)
June 7 – William Tilbury Fox, English dermatologist (b. 1836)
June 11 – William, Prince of Orange, Heir to Dutch throne (b. 1840)
July 17 – Maurycy Gottlieb, Ukrainian painter (b. 1856)
July 19 – Louis Favre, French engineer (b. 1826)
August 11 – George Willison Adams, Ohio abolitionist (b. 1799)
August 30 – John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (b. 1831)
September 30 – Francis Gillette, politician (b. 1807)
October 8 – Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian Admiral during the War of the Pacific (b. 1834)
November 5 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (b. 1831)
December 2 – Ferdinand Lindheimer, German-born botanist (b. 1801)
December 7 – Jón Sigurðsson, campaigner for Icelandic independence (b. 1811)
Félix Charles Douay, French general (b. 1816)
Events
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Date unknown
Births
January–June
July–December
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
July–December
Date unknown
References
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| Coordinates | 41°52′55″N87°37′40″N |
|---|---|
| bgcolour | #EEDD82 |
| name | Paul Klee |
| birth date | 18 December 1879 |
| birth place | Münchenbuchsee bei Bern, Switzerland |
| death date | June 29, 1940 |
| death place | Muralto, Switzerland |
| nationality | German/Swiss |
| field | Painting |
| training | Academy of Fine Arts, Munich |
| movement | Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism |
| works | more than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, including ''Twittering Machine'' (1922), ''Fish Magic'' (1925), ''Viaducts Break Ranks'' (1937). |
| awards | }} |
Early life and training
Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee (near Bern), Switzerland into a musical family. His father, Hans Klee, was a German music teacher at the Hofwil Teacher Seminar near Bern. His mother, Ida Frick, had trained to be a singer. He was the second of two children.
Klee started young at both drawing and music. At age seven, he started playing the violin, and at age eight, he was given a box of sidewalk chalk by his grandmother. Klee appears to have been equally talented in music and drawing. As a musician, he played and felt emotionally bound to traditional works of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, but as an artist he craved the freedom to explore radical ideas and styles.
Around 1897, he started his diary, which he kept until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable insight into his life and thinking. During his school years, he avidly drew in his school books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill with line and volume. He barely passed his final exams at the “Gymnasium” of Bern, where he qualified in the Humanities. With his characteristic dry wit, he wrote, “After all, it’s rather difficult to achieve the ''exact'' minimum, and it involves risks.” On his own time, in addition to his deep interests in music and art, Klee was a great reader of literature, and later a writer on art theory and aesthetics.
With his parents' reluctant permission, in 1898 he began studying art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich with Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck. He excelled at drawing but seemed to lack any natural color sense. He later recalled, “During the third winter I even realized that I probably would never learn to paint.”
After receiving his Fine Arts degree, Klee went to Italy from October 1901 to May 1902 with friend Hermann Haller. They stayed in Rome, Florence, and Naples, and studied the master painters of past centuries. He responded to the colors of Italy, but sadly noted, “that a long struggle lies in store for me in this field of color.” For Klee, color represented the optimism and nobility in art, and a hoped for relief from the pessimistic nature he expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires. He commented, “though I’m fairly satisfied with my etchings I can’t go on like this. I’m not a specialist.” Klee was still dividing his time with music, playing the violin in an orchestra and writing concert and theater reviews.
Marriage and early career
Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following year. They lived in a suburb of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and occasional performances, he kept house and tended to his art work. His attempt to be a magazine illustrator failed.On meeting Kandinsky, Klee recorded, “I came to feel a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and lucid mind.” The association opened his mind to modern theories of color. His travels to Paris in 1912 also exposed him to the ferment of Cubism and the pioneering examples of “pure painting”, an early term for abstract art. The use of bold color by Robert Delaunay and Maurice de Vlaminck also inspired him. Rather than copy these artists, Klee began working out his own color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including ''In the Quarry'' (1913) and ''Houses near the Gravel Pit'' (1913), using blocks of color with limited overlap. Klee acknowledged that “a long struggle lies in store for me in this field of color” in order to reach his “distant noble aim.” Soon, he discovered “the style which connects drawing and the realm of color.” With that realization, faithfulness to nature fades in importance. Instead, Klee began to delve into the “cool romanticism of abstraction”. One of the most literal examples of this new synthesis is ''The Bavarian Don Giovanni'' (1919).
After returning home, Klee painted his first pure abstract, ''In the Style of Kairouan'' (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles. The colored rectangle became his basic building block, what some scholars associate with a musical note, which Klee combined with other colored blocks to create a color harmony analogous to a musical composition. His selection of a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes he uses complementary pairs of colors, and other times “dissonant” colors, again reflecting his connection with musicality.
A few weeks later, World War I began. At first, Klee was somewhat detached from it, as he wrote ironically, “I have long had this war in me. That is why, inwardly, it is none of my concern.” Soon, however, it began to affect him. His friends Macke and Marc both died in battle. Venting his distress, he created several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including ''Death for the Idea'' (1915). He also continued with abstracts and semi-abstracts. In 1916, he joined the German war effort, but with behind the scenes maneuvering by his father, Klee was spared serving at the front and ended up painting camouflage on airplanes and working as a clerk. He continued to paint during the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee’s work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the best of the new German artists. His ''Ab ovo'' (1917) is particularly noteworthy for its sophisticated technique. It employs watercolor on gauze and paper with a chalk ground, which produces a rich texture of triangular, circular, and crescent patterns.
Mature career
In 1919, Klee applied for a teaching post at the Academy of Art in Düsseldorf. This attempt failed but he had a major success in securing a three-year contract (with a minimum annual income) with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee major exposure, and some commercial success. A retrospective of over 300 works in 1920 was also notable.Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January, 1921 to April, 1931. He was a “Form” master in the bookbinding, stained glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with two studios. In 1922, Kandinsky joined the staff and resumed his friendship with Klee. Later that year the first Bauhaus exhibition and festival was held, for which Klee created several of the advertising materials. Klee welcomed that there were many conflicting theories and opinions within the Bauhaus: “I also approve of these forces competing one with the other if the result is achievement.”
Klee was also a member of Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four), with Kandinsky, Feininger, and Jawlensky; formed in 1923, they lectured and exhibited together in the USA in 1925. That same year, Klee had his first exhibits in Paris, and he became a hit with the French Surrealists. Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which impressed him less than Tunisia. In 1929, the first major monograph on Klee’s work was published, written by Will Grohmann.
Klee also taught at the Düsseldorf Academy from 1931 to 1933, and was singled out by a Nazi newspaper, “Then that great fellow Klee comes onto the scene, already famed as a Bauhaus teacher in Dessau. He tells everyone he’s a thoroughbred Arab, but he’s a typical Galician Jew.” His home was searched by the Gestapo and he was fired from his job. His self-portrait ''Struck from the List'' (1933) commemorates the sad occasion. The Klee family emigrated to Switzerland in late 1933. He produced nearly 500 works in 1933 during his last year in Germany. However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed as scleroderma after his death. The progression of his fatal disease, which made swallowing very difficult, can be followed through the art he created in his last years. His output in 1936 was only 25 pictures. In the later 1930s, his health recovered somewhat and he was encouraged by a visit from Kandinsky and Picasso. Klee’s simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up his output in his final years, and in 1939 he created over 1,200 works, a career high for one year. He used heavier lines and mainly geometric forms with fewer but larger blocks of color. His varied color palettes, some with bright colors and others sober, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism. Back in Germany in 1937, seventeen of Klee’s pictures were included in an exhibition of “Degenerate Art” and 102 of his works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.
Death
Klee suffered from a wasting disease, scleroderma, toward the end of his life, enduring pain that seems to be reflected in his last works of art. One of his last paintings, "Death and Fire", features a skull in the center with the German word for death, "Tod", appearing in the face. He died in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, on June 29, 1940 without having obtained Swiss citizenship, despite his birth in that country. His art work was considered too revolutionary, even degenerate, by the Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six days after his death. His legacy comprises about 9,000 works of art. He was buried at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.
Style and methods
Klee has been variously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but his pictures are difficult to classify. He generally worked in isolation from his peers, and interpreted new art trends in his own way. He was inventive in his methods and technique. Klee worked in many different media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pastel, etching, and others. He often combined them into one work. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint. Klee employed spray paint, knife application, stamping, glazing, and impasto, and mixed media such as oil with watercolor, water color with pen and India ink, and oil with tempera.He was a natural draftsman, and through long experimentation developed a mastery of color and tonality. Many of his works combine these skills. He uses a great variety of color palettes from nearly monochromatic to highly polychromatic. His works often have a fragile child-like quality to them and are usually on a small scale. He often used geometric forms as well as letters, numbers, and arrows, and combined them with figures of animals and people. Some works were completely abstract. Many of his works and their titles reflect his dry humor and varying moods; some express political convictions. They frequently allude to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words or musical notation. The later works are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, “Even if you hadn’t told me he plays the violin, I would have guessed that on many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music.”
Legacy
As Klee learned to manipulate color with great skill and passion, he became an effective teacher of color mixing and color theory to students at the Bauhaus. This progression in itself is of great interest because his views on color would ultimately allow him to write about it from a unique viewpoint among his contemporaries.
Klee influenced the work of other noted artists of the early 20th century including Belgian printmaker Rene Carcan.
Composer Gunther Schuller immortalized seven works of Klee's in his ''Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee''. The studies are based on a range of works, including ''Alter Klang [Antique Harmonies]'', ''Abstraktes Terzett [Abstract Trio]'', ''Little Blue Devil'', ''Twittering Machine'', ''Arab Village'', ''Ein unheimlicher Moment [An Eerie Moment]'', and ''Pastorale''. The German Ensemble Sortisatio together with the Swiss Groupe Lacroix worked on the project "8 Pieces on Paul Klee", based on the work of the painter. Another Klee-inspired work is Wingate's Second Symphony, subtitled ''Kleetüden''''; Variationen für Orchester nach Paul Klee (Variations for Orchestra after Paul Klee)'' which consists of 27 tone paintings in homage to Klee. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas's symphonic work ''Alter Klang. Impromptu for orchestra after Klee'', based on Klee's painting of the same title, was commissioned by Orquesta Nacional de España, which prémièred it in 2007 under the baton of Josep Pons. This is not the only piece by Casablancas that is inspired by Klee; in 2007 he composed a chamber cantata ''Retablo sobre textos de Paul Klee'', for soprano, mezzosoprano and piano, commissioned by Fundación Canal in Madrid. Well into 2011, more than 800 pieces of music, in virtually all genres, are known to have been inspired by Klee's artwork, and sometimes by his words. This is far more music than has been inspired by any other artist.{citation needed}
One of Klee's paintings, ''Angelus Novus'', was the object of an interpretive text by German philosopher and literary critic Walter Benjamin, who purchased the painting in 1921. In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History," Benjamin suggests that the angel depicted in the painting might be seen as representing the angel of history.
In the late sixties, the psychedelic nature of Klee's pieces was revived musically by a group (including jazz composer Chuck Mangione), The National Gallery released the album ''Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee'' in 1968, with music and lyrics that are appropriately surprising, strange, and delightful.
Today, a painting by Klee can sell for as much as $7.5 million.
A museum dedicated to Klee was built in Bern, Switzerland, by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. Zentrum Paul Klee opened in June 2005 and houses a collection of about 4,000 works by Paul Klee. Another substantial collection of Klee's works is owned by chemist and playwright Carl Djerassi and displayed at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
The 2005 bottling of Kenwood Vineyards "Artist Series" Cabernet Sauvignon reproduces Klee's "Highway and Byways" (1929) on the label.
See also
Notes and sources
Footnotes
Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his mother was Swiss. Swiss law determined citizenship along paternal lines, and thus Paul inherited his father's German citizenship. He served in the German army during World War I. However, Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there often, even before his final emigration from Germany in 1933. He died before his application for Swiss citizenship was processed.
Citations
References
Books, essays and lectures by Paul Klee
Further reading
External links
Category:1879 births Category:1940 deaths Category:People from Bern-Mittelland District Category:Bauhaus Category:Cubism Category:German painters Category:Swiss painters Category:Expressionist painters Category:20th-century painters Category:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni Category:Kunstakademie Düsseldorf faculty
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| Coordinates | 41°52′55″N87°37′40″N |
|---|---|
| bgcolour | #6495ED |
| name | Victor Vasarely |
| birth name | Vásárhelyi Győző |
| birth date | April 9, 1906 |
| birth place | Pécs, Hungary |
| death date | March 15, 1997 |
| death place | Paris, France |
| nationality | Hungarian-French |
| field | painting |
| movement | optical art |
| awards | }} |
Victor Vasarely (, ; born Vásárhelyi Győző , 9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a Hungarian French artist whose work is generally seen aligned with Op-art. His work entitled ''Zebra'', created by Vasarely in the 1930s, is considered by some to be one of the earliest examples of Op-art. Vasarely died in Paris in 1997.
Life and work
Vasarely was born in Pécs and grew up in Piešťany (then Pöstyén) and Budapest where in 1925 he took up medical studies at Budapest University. In 1927 he abandoned medicine to learn traditional academic painting at the private Podolini-Volkmann Academy. In 1928/1929, he enrolled at Sándor Bortnyik's ''műhely'' (lit. "workshop", in existence until 1938), then widely recognized as the center of Bauhaus studies in Budapest. Cash-strapped, the ''műhely'' could not offer all that the Bauhaus offered. Instead it concentrated on applied graphic art and typographical design.In 1929 he painted his ''Blue Study'' and ''Green Study''. In 1930 he married his fellow student Claire Spinner (1908–1990). Together they had two sons, Andre and Jean-Pierre. In Budapest, he worked for a ball-bearings company in accounting and designing advertising posters. Victor Vasarely became a graphics designer and a poster artist during the 1930s who combined patterns and organic images with each other.
Vasarely left Hungary and settled in Paris in 1930 working as a graphic artist and as a creative consultant at the advertising agencies Havas, Draeger and Devambez (1930–1935). His interactions with other artists during this time were limited. He played with the idea of opening up an institution modeled after Sándor Bortnyik's ''műhely'' and developed some teaching material for it. Having lived mostly in cheap hotels, he settled in 1942/1944 in Saint-Céré in the Lot ''département''. After the Second World War, he opened an atelier in Arcueil, a suburb some 10 kilometers from the center of Paris (in the Val-de-Marne ''département'' of the Île-de-France). In 1961 he finally settled in Annet-sur-Marne (in the Seine-et-Marne ''département'').
Vasarely eventually went on to produce art and sculpture mainly focused around the area of optical illusion. Over the next three decades, Vasarely developed his style of geometric abstract art, working in various materials but using a minimal number of forms and colours:
He died in Paris on 15 March 1997.
Awards
Museums
References
External links
Category:Hungarian painters Category:French painters Category:French people of Hungarian descent Category:Modern painters Category:Contemporary artists Category:People from Pécs Category:1906 births Category:1997 deaths *Victor Vasarely Category:20th-century painters
ar:فيكتور فازاريلي bs:Victor Vasarely cs:Victor Vasarely de:Victor Vasarely el:Βικτώρ Βαζαρελί es:Víctor Vasarely fa:ویکتور وازارلی fr:Victor Vasarely hr:Victor Vasarely it:Victor Vasarely ka:ვიქტორ ვაზარელი lt:Victor Vasarely hu:Victor Vasarely nl:Victor Vasarely pt:Victor Vasarely ru:Вазарели, Виктор sk:Victor Vasarely sr:Виктор Вазарели fi:Victor Vasarely sv:Victor Vasarely th:วิกตอร์ วาซาเรอลี tr:Victor Vasarely uk:Віктор ВазареліThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Agrippina Yakovlevna Vaganova () (July 6, 1879 - November 5, 1951) was an outstanding Russian ballet teacher who developed the Vaganova method - the technique which derived from the teaching methods of the old ''Imperial Ballet School'' (today the ''Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet'') under the ''Premier Maître de Ballet'' Marius Petipa throughout the mid to late 19th century, though mostly throughout the 1880s and 1890s. It was Vaganova who perfected and cultivated this form of teaching the art of classical ballet into a workable syllabus. Her ''Fundamentals of the Classical Dance'' (1934) remains a standard textbook for the instruction of ballet technique. Her technique is one of the most popular techniques today.
Vaganova's whole life was connected with the Imperial Ballet (later the Kirov Ballet) of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg. She was accepted into the Imperial Ballet School in 1888, the great institution of classical dance founded by Anna of Russia and funded by the Tsars. She graduated from the ''Classe de Perfection'' of the former ''Prima Ballerina'' Eugeniia Sokolova (she was also trained by Ekaterina Vazem, Enrico Cecchetti, Christian Johansson, Nikolai Legat, and Pavel Gerdt).
Ballet did not come easily to Vaganova in her first years as a student, but slowly, through the efforts of her own will power, she was able to join the illustrious Imperial Ballet upon her graduation. By the time she attained the rank of soloist, Saint Petersburg balletomanes dubbed her ''queen of variations'', for her unlimited virtuosity and level of technique.
The old Maestro Petipa cared little for Vaganova as a dancer — any mention of her performances in his diaries were usually followed by such comments as "awful" or "dreadful". In 1915 the Ballet Master Nikolai Legat cast Vaganova as the Goddess Niriti in his revival of Petipa's 1889 grand ballet ''The Talisman''. Vaganova's portrayal was a great success, and won her promotion to the rank of ''Prima''. Nevertheless, she chose to retire one year later to concentrate on teaching.
In 1916 Vaganova began teaching at the ''khortekhnikum'', as the Imperial Ballet School was by then known. Though she did have a respectable career as a dancer, her leadership in teaching classical dance was what gave her one of the most respected places in the history of ballet. Her own early struggle with deciphering ballet technique had taught her much. She taught students who would go on to become legends of the dance.
After the Revolution of 1917 the future of ballet in Russia looked grim because of its tradition as court entertainment. Vaganova ''"fought tooth and nail"'', as she put it, for the preservation of the legacy of Marius Petipa and the Imperial Ballet. In 1934 she was appointed director of the ''khortekhnikum'', the school which now bears her name: The Vaganova Ballet Academy. This is the school that prepares dancers to perform with the Kirov Ballet.
Among Vaganova's pupils were the distinguished Soviet ballerinas Natalia Dudinskaya, Marina Semenova, Galina Ulanova, Olga Lepeshinskaya, and Maya Plisetskaya. Her teaching combined the elegant, refined style of the Imperial Ballet which Vaganova had been taught by Enrico Cecchetti with more vigorous dancing developed in the Soviet Union. In 1933, she staged and choreographed the celebrated version of ''Swan Lake'' with Ulanova as Odette-Odile.
Famous graduates of the Vaganova Ballet Academy include many who achieved international recognition: Ninel Kurgapkina, Rudolf Nureyev, Valery Panov, Irina Kolpakova, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Natalia Makarova, Yuri Soloviev, Varvara P. Mey, Galina Mezentseva, Altynai Asylmuratova, Ulyana Lopatkina, Diana Vishneva, and Svetlana Zakharova, among many others.
External links
Category:Ballet choreographers Category:Russian choreographers Category:Ballet teachers Category:Prima ballerinas Category:Russian ballet dancers Category:Ballerinas Category:1879 births Category:1951 deaths
bg:Агрипина Ваганова ca:Agrippina Vagànova de:Agrippina Jakowlewna Waganowa es:Agrippina Vagánova fr:Agrippina Vaganova it:Agrippina Jakovlevna Vaganova lt:Agripina Vaganova ja:アグリッピナ・ワガノワ pl:Agrypina Waganowa ru:Ваганова, Агриппина Яковлевна sr:Агрипина Ваганова fi:Agrippina Vaganova sv:Agrippina Vaganova uk:Ваганова Агріппіна ЯківнаThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 41°52′55″N87°37′40″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Emiliano Zapata Salazar |
| Birth date | August 08, 1879 |
| Birth place | Anenecuilco, Morelos, Mexico |
| Death date | April 10, 1919 |
| Death place | Chinameca, Morelos, Mexico |
| Organization | Liberation Army of the South |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism }} |
Biography
Emiliano Zapata was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Salazar of Zacatepillo. Zapata's family were Mestizos, being of mixed Nahua and Spanish ancestry; Emiliano was the ninth of ten children. A peasant since childhood, he gained insight into the severe difficulties of the countryside. He received a limited education from his teacher, Emilio Vara. He had to care for his family because his father died when Zapata was 17. Around the turn of the 20th century Anenecuilco was an indigenous Nahuatl speaking community; there exist eyewitness accounts stating that Emiliano Zapata spoke Nahuatl fluently.
When Porfirio Díaz rose to power in 1876, the Mexican social and economic system was essentially a proto-capitalist feudal system, with large estates ''(haciendas)'' controlling much of the land and squeezing out the independent communities of the people who were subsequently forced into debt slavery (''peonaje'') on the ''haciendas''. Díaz ran local elections to pacify the people, and a government that could be argued was self-imposed. Under Díaz, close confidants and associates were given offices in districts throughout Mexico. These officials became enforcers of "land reforms" that drove the haciendas into the hands of progressively fewer and wealthier landowners.
Zapata came from a middle class family who were able to avoid peonage and to maintain their own land (''rancho''). In fact, the family had been ''porfiristas'': supporters of Porfirio Díaz. Zapata had the reputation of a dandy, appearing at bullfights and rodeos in his elaborate ''charro'' (cowboy) outfit. In 1906, he attended a meeting in Cuautla to discuss a way to defend the land of the people, on which he had worked as a farmhand. In 1908, due to his first acts of rebellion, he was drafted into the Ninth Regiment and sent to Cuernavaca. However, because of his skill with horses, he remained a soldier for only six months. At the request of Ignacio de la Torre, who employed him as a groom, he left for Mexico City. Though his gaudy attire might have suggested an affiliation with the rich ''hacendados'' who controlled the lands, he retained the admiration of the people of his village, Anenecuilco.
In 1909 an important meeting was called by the elders of Anenecuilco, whose chief elder was José Merino in which he announced his intention to resign from his position due to his old age and limited abilities to continue the fight for the land rights of the village. The meeting was used as a time for discussion and nomination of individuals as a replacement for Merino as the president of the village council. The elders on the council were so well respected by the village men that no one would dare to override their nominations or overtake the vote for an individual against the advice of the current council. The nominations made were: Modesto Gonzales, Bartolo Parral, and Emiliano Zapata. After the completion of nominations, a vote was taken and Zapata became the new council president without contest.
Although Zapata had turned 30 only a month before, the voters knew that it was necessary to elect an individual who would be responsible for the village and who was well respected by the village people. Even though he was young, the village was ready to hand over the controlling force to him without any worry of failure. Before he was elected he had shown the village his nature by helping to head up a campaign in opposition to a candidate for governor. Even though his efforts and his cause failed greatly, he was able to create and cultivate relationships with political authority figures that would prove useful for him. made quiet alliances with Madero, whom he perceived to be the best chance for genuine change in the country. Although he was wary about Madero, Zapata cooperated with him when Madero made vague promises about land reform. Land reform would be the only issue which Zapata cared about.
In 1910, Zapata quickly took an important role, becoming the general of an army that formed in Morelos – the ''Ejército Libertador del Sur'' (Liberation Army of the South). Zapata joined Madero’s campaign against President Diaz When Zapata's army captured Cuautla after a six-day battle on May 19, 1911, it became clear the Diaz would not hold on to power for long. With the support of Pancho Villa, Pascual Orozco, Emiliano Zapata, and rebellious peasants, Madero overthrew Díaz in May 1911 at the Battle of Ciudad Juárez. A provisional government was formed under Francisco León de la Barra. Under Madero, some new land reforms were carried out and elections were to be ensured. However, Zapata was dissatisfied with Madero's stance on land reform, which Madero did not really believe in, and was unable, despite repeated efforts, to make him understand the importance of the issue or to get him to act on it.
Revolutionary General
Madero was not ready to create a radical change in the manner that agrarian relations operated during this time. Some other individuals , called "anarcho-syndicalist agitators", had made promises to take things back to the way that they had been done previously. The major method of agrarian relations had been that of communal lands, called "ejidos". Although some believed that this could be the best course of action, Madero simply demanded that "Public servants act 'morally' in enforcing the law...". Upon seeing the response by villagers, Madero offered formal justice in courts to individuals who had been wronged by others with regard to agrarian politics. Zapata decided that on the surface it seemed as though Madero was doing good things for the people of Mexico, but Zapata did not know the level of sincerity in Madero's actions and thus did not know if he should support him completely.
Madero and Zapata's relations worsened during the summer of 1911 as Madero appointed a governor who supported plantation owners and refused to meet Zapata’s agrarian goals. Compromises between the two failed in November 1911, days after Madero appointed himself President, and Zapata and Montano fled to the mountains of southwest Puebla. There they formed the most radical reform plan in Mexico; the Plan de Ayala. The plan declared Madero a traitor, named Pascual Orozco head of the Revolution, and outlined a plan for true land reform.
Zapata was partly influenced by an anarchist from Oaxaca named Ricardo Flores Magón. The influence of Flores Magón on Zapata can be seen in the Zapatistas' Plan de Ayala, but even more noticeably in their slogan (this slogan was never used by Zapata) "''Tierra y libertad''" or "land and liberty", the title and maxim of Flores Magón's most famous work. Zapata's introduction to anarchism came via a local schoolteacher, Otilio Montaño Sánchez – later a general in Zapata's army, executed on 17 May 1917 – who exposed Zapata to the works of Peter Kropotkin and Flores Magón at the same time as Zapata was observing and beginning to participate in the struggles of the peasants for the land.
The plan proclaimed the Zapatista demands for "Reforma, Libertad Ley y Justicia" (Reform, Freedom, Law and Justice). Zapata also declared the Maderistas as a counter-revolution and denounced Madero. Zapata mobilized his Liberation Army and allied with former Maderistas Pascual Orozco and Emiliano Vázquez Gómez. Orozco was from Chihuahua, near the U.S. border, and thus was able to aid the Zapatistas with a supply of arms.
In the following weeks, the development of military operations "betray(ed) good evidence of clear and intelligent planning." During Orozco's rebellion, Zapata fought Mexican troops in south and near Mexico City. In the original design of the armed force, Zapata was a mere colonel among several others. However, the true plan that came about though this organization lent itself to Zapata. Zapata believed that the best route of attack would be to center the fighting and action in Cuautla. If this political location could be overthrown, the army would have enough power to "veto anyone else's control of the state, negotiate for Cuernavaca or attack it directly, and maintain independent access to Mexico City as well as escape routes to the southern hills." However, in order to gain this great success, Zapata realized that his men needed to be better armed and trained.
The first line of action demanded that Zapata and his men "control the area behind and below a line from Jojutla to Yecapixtla."
Zapata finally did gain the support necessary by his peers and was considered a "singularly qualified candidate". Due to this amazing sum of money Zapata's group of rebels became one of the strongest in the state financially. After some time Zapata became the leader of his "strategic zone." After a meeting with Zapata and Ambrosio Figueroa in Jolalpan, it was decided that Zapata would have joint power with Figueroa with regard to operations in Morelos. his rebellion in the south soon fizzled and, in the short run, his ideals of land reform and fair treatment for Mexico's poor farmers were put to an end. However, Zapata's heir apparent Gildardo Magaña and many other Zapata adherents went on to political careers as representatives of Zapatista causes and positions in the Mexican army and government. Some of his former generals like Genovevo de la O allied with Obregón while others eventually disappeared after Carranza was deposed.
Legacy
Zapata's influence continues to this day, particularly in revolutionary tendencies in south Mexico. In the long run, he has done more for his ideals in death than he did in life. Like many charismatic idealists, Zapata became a martyr after his treacherous murder. Even though Mexico still has not implemented the sort of land reform he wanted, he is remembered as a visionary who fought for his countrymen.
There are controversies about the portrayal of Emiliano Zapata and his followers, over whether they were simply bandits or revolutionaries. But in modern times, Zapata is one of the most revered national heroes of Mexico. To many Mexicans, specifically the peasant and indigenous citizens, Zapata was a practical revolutionary who sought the implementation of liberties and agrarian rights outlined in the Plan of Ayala. He was a realist with the goal of achieving political and economic emancipation of the peasants in southern Mexico, and leading them out of severe poverty.
Many popular organizations take their name from Zapata, most notably the Zapatista Army of National Liberation ''(Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional'' or EZLN in Spanish), the revolutionary movement of indigenous peoples that emerged in the state of Chiapas in 1994 and is colloquially known as "the Zapatistas". Towns, streets, and housing developments called "Emiliano Zapata" are common across the country and he has, at times, been depicted on Mexican banknotes.
Modern activists in Mexico frequently make reference to Zapata in their campaigns, his image is commonly seen on banners and many chants invoke his name: ''Si Zapata viviera con nosotros anduviera'', "If Zapata lived, he would walk with us." ''Zapata vive, la lucha sigue'', "Zapata lives; the struggle continues."
In the folklore of the people of Morelos, there is a widespread belief that Zapata did not die. The corpse purported to be his was that of a friend posing as Zapata, because there was something on Zapata's chest that the dead body didn't have and that Zapata himself fled to some obscure rural locale.
In 1969 students from the Black Student Council and Mexican-American Youth Association of the University of California San Diego proposed the name Lumumba-Zapata College, for what is now known as Thurgood Marshall College. Additionally, Stanford University in California is home to 'Casa Zapata', a Latin American-themed dorm located in Lucie Stern Hall.
In popular culture
Zapata has been depicted in movies, comics, books, music, and clothing popular with teenagers and young adults. For example, there is a ''Zapata'' (1980) stage musical written by Harry Nilsson and Perry Botkin, libretto by Allan Katz, which ran for 16 weeks at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut. A movie called ''Zapata: El Sueño De Un Heroe'' (''Zapata: A Hero's Dream'') was produced in 2004, starring Mexican actors Alejandro Fernandez, Jaime Camil, and Lucero.
Marlon Brando played Emiliano Zapata in the award-winning movie based on his life, ''Viva Zapata!'' in 1952. The film co-starred Anthony Quinn, who won best supporting actor. The director was Elia Kazan and the writer was John Steinbeck.
Zapata has been the subject of extensive street poster art by the anonymous street artist known as "Cutthroat". Cutthroat Art & Emiliano Zapata
Aliases
See also
References
Sources
External links
Category:1879 births Category:1919 deaths Category:People from Morelos Category:19th-century Mexican people Category:Assassinated Mexican politicians Category:Deaths by firearm in Mexico Category:Deified people Category:Folk saints Category:Mexican generals Category:Mexican rebels Category:Mexican revolutionaries Category:Nahua people Category:People murdered in Mexico Category:People of the Mexican Revolution Category:Zapatistas
ar:إيمليانو زاباتا bs:Emiliano Zapata bg:Емилиано Сапата ca:Emiliano Zapata cs:Emiliano Zapata da:Emiliano Zapata de:Emiliano Zapata el:Εμιλιάνο Ζαπάτα es:Emiliano Zapata eo:Emiliano Zapata eu:Emiliano Zapata fa:امیلیانو زاپاتا fr:Emiliano Zapata ga:Emiliano Zapata gl:Emiliano Zapata ko:에밀리아노 사파타 hr:Emiliano Zapata id:Emiliano Zapata it:Emiliano Zapata jv:Emiliano Zapata ka:ემილიანო საპატა ku:Emiliano Zapata la:Aemilianus Zapata lt:Emiliano Zapata hu:Emiliano Zapata ml:എമിലിയാനൊ സപാത്ത ms:Emiliano Zapata nah:Emiliano Zapata nl:Emiliano Zapata ja:エミリアーノ・サパタ no:Emiliano Zapata nn:Emiliano Zapata pl:Emiliano Zapata pt:Emiliano Zapata ro:Emiliano Zapata qu:Emiliano Zapata ru:Сапата, Эмилиано simple:Emiliano Zapata sk:Emiliano Zapata sl:Emiliano Zapata sr:Емилијано Запата sh:Emiliano Zapata fi:Emiliano Zapata sv:Emiliano Zapata th:เอมีเลียโน ซาปาตา tr:Emiliano Zapata uk:Еміліано Сапата war:Emiliano Zapata zh:埃米利亚诺·萨帕塔This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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