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Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Brian X. Foley
Brian X. Foley (born December 5, 1957) is State Senator representing the 3rd District of the New York State Senate.
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Daniel P. Losquadro
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
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German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
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Hillary Clinton
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Howard Zinn
Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian, author, left-wing activist, playwright, intellectual and Professor of Political Science at Boston University from 1964 to 1988. He wrote more than 20 books, which included his best-selling and influential ''A People's History of the United States. Zinn wrote extensively about the civil rights, civil liberties and anti-war movements. His memoir, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train'', was also the title of a 2004 documentary about Zinn's life and work.
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Irish American
Irish Americans () are citizens of the United States who can trace their ancestry to Ireland. An estimated total of 36,278,332 Americans—11.9% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2008 American Community Survey. The only self-reported ancestral group larger than Irish Americans are German Americans. In addition another 3.5 million Americans identify more specifically with Scots-Irish ancestry. The Irish are widely dispersed in terms of geography, and occupations. Irish American political leaders have played a major role in local and national politics since before the American Revolutionary War; eight Irish Americans signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and 22 American Presidents, from Andrew Jackson to Barack Obama, have been at least partly of Irish ancestry. (See "American Presidents with origins in Ireland" below.)
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Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
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Jack Eddington
Jack Eddington is a member of the Suffolk County, New York Legislature, representing the 7th District, which encompasses southwestern through central portions of Brookhaven Town. The communities included in the 7th Legislative District include Blue Point, Patchogue, East Patchogue, North Patchogue, most of Medford, and smaller portions of Coram, Farmingville, Holtsville, Ronkonkoma, Bellport, and Fire Island. Legislator Jack Eddington is a member of the Independence Party.
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Jay Schneiderman
Jay H. Schneiderman is the current Suffolk County Legislator for the Second Legislative District, originally inaugurated in January 2004. Schneiderman was first elected to the Legislature in the 2003 election, and reelected for a second and third term in 2005 and 2007. He previously served as the Supervisor for the Town of East Hampton from 2000 to 2004.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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Patrick G. Halpin
Patrick Goodchild Halpin (1953- ) was the fifth County Executive of Suffolk County, New York. Elected in 1987, he served one term from 1988 through 1991,
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Peter T. King
Peter T. King (born April 5, 1944) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of New York, currently the United States Congressman for the state's 3rd Congressional District. Along with Chris Lee, who represents New York's 26th congressional district, King is one of only two Republicans to represent the state of New York at the federal level. King was considered a possible candidate for United States Senate in 2010, but has decided to run again for his congressional seat. However, in January 2010, King said he was reconsidering a Senate run.
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Rick Lazio
Enrico Anthony "Rick" Lazio (; born March 13, 1958) is a former U.S. Representative from the state of New York. Lazio became well known nationally when he ran against Hillary Rodham Clinton for the U.S. Senate in New York's 2000 Senate election. Lazio also ran for the 2010 New York Republican gubernatorial nomination, but lost to Carl Paladino.
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Robert J. Gaffney
Robert J. Gaffney was the sixth County Executive of Suffolk County, New York. First elected in 1991, he served through 2003. Since 2006 he has been president of Dowling College.
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Steve Israel
Steve J. Israel (born May 30, 1958) is an American politician from the state of New York, currently representing the state's 2nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.
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Thomas F. Barraga
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Tim Bishop
Timothy H. "Tim" Bishop (born June 1, 1950) is a politician from New York and the current Congressman for New York's 1st congressional district, which includes most of Central and Eastern Suffolk County, including most of Smithtown, as well as the entirety of the towns of Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southold, Southampton, East Hampton, and Shelter Island. The district encompasses wealthy enclaves such as the Hamptons, middle class suburban towns such as Selden, Centereach and Lake Grove, working class neighborhoods such as Mastic and Riverhead and rural farming communities such as Mattituck and Jamesport on the North Fork.
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Tom Cilmi
Tom Cilmi is an American businessman and politician. He is currently the incoming Suffolk County Legislator for the Tenth Legislative District, and will be inaugurated in January 2010. He worked previously as a Legislative Aide for Suffolk Legislator Tom Finlay.
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William J. Lindsay
William J. Lindsay is an American politician. He currently serves as Suffolk County, New York Legislator from the 8th district. He also serves as the Presiding officer of the Suffolk County Legislature.
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Amagansett is a census-designated place that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the CDP population was 1,067. Amagansett hamlet was founded in 1680.
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Amityville is a village in the town of Babylon in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States.
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Aquebogue is a census-designated place (CDP) roughly corresponding to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the town of Riverhead in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 2,254 at the 2000 census.
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Asharoken is a village in Suffolk County, New York in the United States. The population was 625 at the 2000 census. The ZIP code is 11768.
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Bay Shore is a hamlet and a census-designated place (CDP) located in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, USA. It is situated on the south shore of Long Island, adjoining the Great South Bay. Bay Shore celebrated its 300th anniversary in 2008. The population of the CDP was 23,852 at the time of the 2000 census.
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:For the fictional city of Bayport, New York in the Hardy Boys novels, see Bayport, New York (The Hardy Boys)
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Baywood is a census-designated place and a hamlet in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York. The population was 7,571 at the 2000 census.
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Bellport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,363 at the 2000 census. The village is named after the Bell family, early settlers of the area. The public education system in Bellport makes up the South Country Central School District consisting of six schools, three elementary Schools (Kindergarten- Grade 3), Frank P. Long Intermediate School (Grades 4-5), Bellport Middle School (Grades 6-8) and Bellport High School. Bellport is in the town of Brookhaven and is on the South Shore of Long Island.
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Block Island Sound is a strait in the open Atlantic Ocean, approximately wide, separating Block Island from the coast of Rhode Island in the United States. Geographically, it is the eastward extension of Long Island Sound, as well as the westward extension of Rhode Island Sound.
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Blue Point is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 4,407 at the 2000 census. Blue Point is in the Town of Brookhaven. Blue Point is not actually home to the Blue Point Brewing Company, a microbrewery, which is actually located in a neighboring town of Patchogue.
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Bohemia is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 9,871 at the 2000 census.
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Brentwood is a hamlet of the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York. The population of Brentwood is 53,917 (2000, USA Census).
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The Town of Brookhaven is one of the ten towns into which Suffolk County, New York, United States has been divided. Part of the New York metropolitan area, it is located in central Suffolk County and is the only town in the county that stretches from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island. The population of the town was 448,248 at the 2000 census. It is the largest town (by area, if including water area) in the state of New York, and the second most populous, exceeded only by the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County.
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Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
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Calverton is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 5,704 at the 2000 census.
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Captree State Park is a state park in Suffolk County, New York in the USA.
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Centereach is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 27,285 at the 2000 census.
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Centerport is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York on the notably affluent North Shore of Long Island. Formerly known as Little Cow Harbor about 1700, Centreport in 1836, and then the present Centerport after 1895. The name refers to its geographic position midway between the east and west boundaries of the township of Huntington.
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Commack (/KO-mack/ or /KOM-mack/) is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the towns of Huntington and Smithtown in Suffolk County, New York, United States on Long Island. The CDP's population was 36,367 at the 2000 census.
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Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
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Copiague is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 18,037 at the 2007 census. Once Copiague was a thriving Italian community. Many years ago a part of Copiague was named after Marconi. The ethnic makeup of the hamlet is quite diverse, making Copiague a rich cultural nexus. North Amityville is on one of Copiague's borders and uses Copiague Schools.
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Coram is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 34,923.
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Cutchogue is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York (USA). The population was 2,849 at the 2000 census.
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Dix Hills is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Suffolk County, New York, United States, on Long Island. Dix Hills was named the 19th most affluent U.S. neighborhood by Forbes in 2008. Dix Hills is part of the Town of Huntington and was named one of the most affluent U.S. neighborhood by Forbes. The population was 26,024 at the 2000 census and most students attend the Half Hollow Hills Central School District. The Half Hollow Hills elementary schools are Chestnut Hill, Forest Park, Otsego, Paumanok, Signal Hill, Sunquam, and Vanderbilt. The middle schools are Candlewood and West Hollow. The high schools are Half Hollow Hills High School East and Half Hollow Hills High School West.
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Dowling College is an accredited private college with its main campuses at Oakdale, Shirley and Melville in Suffolk County, New York, with more than 6,500 full-time and part-time undergraduate and graduate students through four schools: the School of Arts & Sciences, Townsend School of Business, School of Education and School of Aviation. Dowling's most recognized programs are in Aviation Management, Education, and Computer Science.
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East Islip is a hamlet and CDP in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, (USA). At the time of the 2000 census, the CDP had 4,578 households and a population of 14,078.
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Eastport is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 1,454 at the 2000 census.
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Elwood is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 10,916 at the 2000 census.
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England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Fire Island Inlet is an inlet on the south shore of Long Island, New York, USA.
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Flanders is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 3,646 at the 2000 census. It is the location of the Big Duck.
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Gilgo State Park is a state park in Gilgo Beach, New York, USA. The park is located on the southern part of Long Island in Suffolk County.
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Great South Bay is a lagoon that's situated between Long Island and Fire Island, in the State of New York. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) long. It's protected from the Atlantic Ocean by Fire Island, a barrier island, as well as the eastern end of Jones Beach Island and Captree Island.
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Greenlawn is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 13,286 at the 2000 census. Students primarily attend the Harborfields Central School District.
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Halesite is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) in Huntington on the North Shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, United States. Named after Nathan Hale, a captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War who was captured at a tavern in Halesite. There is a rock with a tribute to him at the intersection of Mill Dam Road and New York Avenue. The population was 2,582 at the 2000 census. The area has been protected by the Halesite Fire Department since 1901. The Halesite Fire Department also protects the incorporated village of Huntington Bay. Halesite is also served by a United States Post Office branch, although its zip code is the same as that of Huntington Town proper (11743). Huntington Hospital sits along the southern boundary of Halesite.
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Hauppauge () is a hamlet and CDP in the Town of Islip and the Town of Smithtown in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 20,100 at the time of the 2000 census.
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Holbrook is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 27,512 at the 2000 Census.
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Holtsville is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 17,006 at the 2000 census.
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Islandia is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 3,057 at the 2000 census.
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Jamesport is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the town of Riverhead in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 1,526 at the 2000 census. Jamesport is known for its quaint downtown area including antique shops and handful of fine restaurants. The population of the hamlet grows considerably during the summer months due to the influx of day-tourists and vacationers taking advantage of the Great Peconic Bay beaches located on the south side of the hamlet. During the late summer/fall months, the hamlet is busy once again, due to "pumpkin pickers" and "wine tasters", and other tourists taking in the beautiful fall scenery Jamesport has to offer. Jamesport is home to many farms including sod, pumpkin, flower, potato and wineries. Also Jamesport is home to the newest New York State park, Jamesport State Park.
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Kings Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town Smithtown, Suffolk County, New York, United States, on Long Island. The population was 16,146 at the 2000 census.
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Lake Grove is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 10,250 at the 2000 census.
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Laurel is a census-designated place roughly corresponding to the hamlet (unincorporated community) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is in the towns of Southold and Riverhead. The population was 1,188 at the 2000 census.
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Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, United States, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs (Queens and Brooklyn) of New York City, and two of which (Nassau and Suffolk) are mainly suburban or rural. In popular usage, the term "Long Island" generally refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties on the island are part of the New York metropolitan area.
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Long Island Sound (colloquially referred to as the Sound) is an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and numerous rivers located in the United States between Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York to the south. The mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook, Connecticut, empties into the sound. On its western end the sound is bounded to the north by Westchester County, New York and the Bronx, and connects to the East River. On its eastern end it opens to Block Island Sound.
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Manorville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 11,131 at the 2000 census.
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Mastic is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 15,436 at the 2000 census. Mastic is a community located in the southeast part of the Town of Brookhaven.
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Mattituck is a census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 4,198 at the 2000 census.
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Medford is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 21,985 at the 2000 census.
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Melville is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Huntington in Suffolk County on Long Island, New York, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, 14,533 people resided there.
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Montauk is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) with the same name located in the town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York, United States on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the CDP population was 3,851. Montauk is the easternmost census-designated place in New York state.
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Moriches is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,319 at the 2000 census.
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Napeague is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) with the same name in the town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP population was 223 at the 2000 census.
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Nesconset is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, United States. The population was 11,992 at the 2000 census.
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New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
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North Sea is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 4,493 at the 2000 census.
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Northport is a village in Suffolk County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 7,606. Students attend the Northport-East Northport Union Free School District.
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Noyack is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,696 at the 2000 census.
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Oakdale is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 8,075 at the 2000 census. Oakdale is in the Town of Islip.
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Old Field is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 947 at the 2000 census.
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Orient is a census-designated place (CDP) roughly corresponding to the hamlet (unincorporated place) in the town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 709 at the 2000 census.
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Patchogue ( or ) is a village on the south shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 12,919 at the time of the 2000 census. The village is named after the Native American Patchogue Tribe, which once inhabited the area.
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Peconic is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP population was 1,081 at the 2000 census.
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Poquott is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 975 at the 2000 census.
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Queens is the largest in area, the second largest in population, and the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.
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Quiogue is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 800 at the 2000 census.
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Quogue ( ) is an incorporated village in Southampton, Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the population was 1,018.
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:For census related data, see the entry for Remsenburg-Speonk, New York
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The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
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Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 13,380 at the 2000 census.
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Ronkonkoma (pronounced ron-KON-co-muh) is a census-designated place (CDP) on Long Island in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 20,029 at the 2000 census. The Ronkonkoma post office has the ZIP code of 11779, and serves parts of several hamlets and CDPs adjacent to Ronkonkoma also.
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Sag Harbor is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, with parts in both the Towns of East Hampton and Southampton. The population was 2,313 at the 2000 census.
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Sagaponack is a village in the town of Southampton in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The village incorporated on September 2, 2005, in the wake of the failed attempt by Dunehampton, New York to incorporate. Dunehampton's incorporation would have blocked Sagaponack from Atlantic Ocean beaches. The villages are seeking to address various beach issues including erosion arising from groynes at Georgica Pond in East Hampton village.
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Saltaire is a village (incorporated) on Fire Island in the southern part of the town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The year-round population was 43 at the 2000 census, which, as a summer beach community, increases many times over in the summer.
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Sayville is a hamlet and CDP in Suffolk County, New York, (USA). Located on the south shore of Long Island in the Town of Islip, the population of the CDP was 16,735 at the time of the 2000 census.
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Selden is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 21,861 at the 2000 census.
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Shirley is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. As of the 2000 census, Shirley population was 26,395.
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Shoreham is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 417 at the 2000 census.
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Smithtown is a town in Suffolk County, New York, United States, on the North Shore of Long Island. The population was 115,715 at the 2000 census.
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Southold is a town in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located in the northeastern tip of the county, on the North Fork of Long Island. The population was 20,599 at the 2000 census. The town also contains a hamlet named Southold, which was settled in 1640.
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:For census related data, see the entry for Remsenburg-Speonk, New York
http://wn.com/Speonk_New_York -
Springs is a census-designated place (CDP) roughly corresponding to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the hamlet population was 4,950. Springs, along with the rest of East Hampton, boasts some of the world's most valuable residential real estate.
http://wn.com/Springs_New_York -
St. James is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 13,268 at the 2000 census. St. James is part of the Town of Smithtown, New York, located on the North Shore of Long Island. The zip code is 11780.
http://wn.com/St_James_New_York -
The Hamptons refers specifically to about 24 villages and hamlets in the towns of Southampton and East Hampton on the far, east end of Long Island, New York. These townships occupy the South Fork of Long Island, stretching into the Atlantic Ocean. The Hamptons form a popular seaside resort, one of the historical Summer Colonies of the American Northeast. They have some of the most-expensive residential property in the U.S., with three in the Top 10 most-expensive ZIP codes. Consequently, as a phrase, "The Hamptons" has been associated with great wealth.
http://wn.com/The_Hamptons -
Wainscott is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) with the same name in the town of East Hampton in Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the CDP population was 628.
http://wn.com/Wainscott_New_York -
Water Mill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, USA, and a hamlet of the Town of Southampton. The population was 1,724 at the 2000 census. Water Mill is the correct name as per local government and the United States Postal Service. Its ZIP Code is 11976.
http://wn.com/Water_Mill_New_York -
http://wn.com/Watermill_New_York -
West Hills is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Huntington, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 5,607 at the 2000 census. Residents have a Huntington postal address.
http://wn.com/West_Hills_New_York -
West Islip is a hamlet and CDP, located in Suffolk County, New York, USA. Situated on the south shore of Long Island, the population of the CDP was 28,907 at the time of the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/West_Islip_New_York -
Wyandanch is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Babylon in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 10,546 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Wyandanch_New_York -
Yaphank is a census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 5,025 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Yaphank_New_York
- 1964
- Adelphi University
- Al Gore
- Allan Binder
- Amagansett, New York
- Amityville, New York
- Angie Carpenter
- Aquebogue, New York
- Asharoken, New York
- Asian (U.S. Census)
- Atlantic Ocean
- Babylon NY
- Barack Obama
- bay
- Bay Shore
- Bay Shore, New York
- Bayport, New York
- Baywood, New York
- Bellport, New York
- Bill Clinton
- Block Island Sound
- Blue Point, New York
- Bohemia, New York
- Brentwood, New York
- Brian Beedenbender
- Brian X. Foley
- Briarcliffe College
- Brookhaven NY
- Brookhaven, New York
- Brooklyn
- Calverton, New York
- Cameron Alden
- Captree State Park
- census
- Centereach, New York
- Centerport, New York
- Central Islip
- city
- Commack, New York
- Connecticut
- Copiague, New York
- Coram, New York
- County (US)
- county seat
- Cutchogue, New York
- Daniel P. Losquadro
- Deer Park, New York
- Dix Hills, New York
- Dowling College
- DuWayne Gregory
- East Hampton NY
- East Islip, New York
- Eastport, New York
- Edward P. Romaine
- Elie Mystal
- Elwood, New York
- enclave
- England
- Fire Island
- Fire Island Inlet
- Fishers Island Sound
- Five Towns College
- Flanders, New York
- George H. W. Bush
- German American
- Gibbs College
- Gilgo State Park
- Great South Bay
- Greenlawn, New York
- H. Lee Dennison
- Halesite, New York
- Hauppauge, New York
- Hillary Clinton
- Holbrook, New York
- Holtsville, New York
- Howard Zinn
- Huntington Bay
- Huntington NY
- Huntington, New York
- incorporated area
- Indian reservation
- Irish American
- Islandia, New York
- Islip NY
- Italian American
- Jack Eddington
- Jamesport, New York
- Jay Schneiderman
- Jayne's Hill
- John Kerry
- John M. Kennedy, Jr.
- John V.N. Klein
- Joseph T. Caracappa
- Kate M. Browning
- Kings Park, New York
- Lake Grove, New York
- Latino (U.S. Census)
- Laurel, New York
- legislative
- lighthouses
- Long Island
- Long Island Sound
- Louis D'Amaro
- Lynne C. Nowick
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- Marriage
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- Medford, New York
- Melville, New York
- Michael A. LoGrande
- Montauk, New York
- Moriches, New York
- municipality
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- Nesconset, New York
- New York
- New York City
- New York Harbor
- Newsday
- North Sea, New York
- Northport, New York
- Noyack, New York
- Oak Beach
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- Old Field, New York
- Orient, New York
- outer barrier
- Patchogue
- Patchogue, New York
- Patrick G. Halpin
- Paul J. Tonna
- Peconic Bay
- Peconic, New York
- peninsula
- per capita income
- Peter F. Cohalan
- Peter T. King
- population density
- Poquott, New York
- poverty line
- probate
- Province of New York
- Queens
- Quioque, New York
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- Remsenburg, New York
- Republic Airport
- Rhode Island
- Ricardo Montano
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- Ridge, New York
- Riverhead NY
- Riverhead, New York
- Robert J. Gaffney
- Ronkonkoma, New York
- Sag Harbor, New York
- Sagaponack, New York
- Saltaire, New York
- Sarah Anker
- Sayville, New York
- Selden, New York
- Setauket, New York
- Shelter Island NY
- Shirley, New York
- Shoreham, New York
- Smithtown NY
- Smithtown, New York
- Southampton NY
- Southhold NY
- Southold, New York
- Speonk, New York
- Springs, New York
- St. James, New York
- Steve Israel
- Steven H. Stern
- Suffolk, England
- Sunrise Highway
- Terryville, New York
- The Hamptons
- Thomas F. Barraga
- Thomas Muratore
- Tim Bishop
- Tom Cilmi
- Touro College
- U.S. Census Bureau
- U.S. Senate
- U.S. state
- village
- Wainscott, New York
- Water Mill, New York
- Watermill, New York
- waterways
- Wayne R. Horsley
- West Gilgo Beach
- West Hills, New York
- West Islip, New York
- White (U.S. Census)
- William J. Lindsay
- Wyandanch, New York
- Yaphank, New York
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- 1954
- 1964
- Adelphi University
- Al Gore
- Allan Binder
- Amagansett, New York
- Amityville, New York
- Angie Carpenter
- Aquebogue, New York
- Asharoken, New York
- Asian (U.S. Census)
- Atlantic Ocean
- Babylon NY
- Barack Obama
- bay
- Bay Shore
- Bay Shore, New York
- Bayport, New York
- Baywood, New York
- Bellport, New York
- Bill Clinton
- Block Island Sound
- Blue Point, New York
- Bohemia, New York
- Brentwood, New York
- Brian Beedenbender
- Brian X. Foley
- Briarcliffe College
- Brookhaven NY
- Brookhaven, New York
- Brooklyn
- Calverton, New York
- Cameron Alden
- Captree State Park
- census
- Centereach, New York
- Centerport, New York
- Central Islip
- city
- Commack, New York
- Connecticut
- Copiague, New York
- Coram, New York
- County (US)
- county seat
- Cutchogue, New York
- Daniel P. Losquadro
- Deer Park, New York
- Dix Hills, New York
- Dowling College
- DuWayne Gregory
- East Hampton NY
- East Islip, New York
- Eastport, New York
- Edward P. Romaine
- Elie Mystal
- Elwood, New York
- enclave
- England
- Fire Island
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county | Suffolk County |
---|---|
state | New York |
seal | Suffolk County ny seal.png |
map | Map of New York highlighting Suffolk County.png |
map size | 200 |
founded | 1683 |
seat | Riverhead |
area total sq mi | 2373 |
area land sq mi | 912 |
area water sq mi | 1461 |
area percentage | 61.56% |
census yr | 2010 |
pop | 1493350 |
density km2 | 632.2 |
web | www.co.suffolk.ny.us |
footnotes | }} |
Suffolk County () is a county located in the U.S. state of New York on the eastern portion of Long Island. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,493,350. It was named for the county of Suffolk in England, from which its earliest settlers came. The largest county on Long Island, it measures in length and in width at its widest (including water). Its county seat is Riverhead, though many county offices are in Hauppauge on the west side of the county where most of the population lives. There are also offices in Smithtown, for the legislature, Yaphank, and Farmingville.
Suffolk and Nassau counties together are generally referred to as "Long Island" by area residents — as distinct from the New York City boroughs of Queens (Queens County) and Brooklyn (Kings County), which geographically make up the island's western end.
In 2008, Forbes magazine released its American Community Survey and named Suffolk County number 24 in its list of the top 25 richest counties in America.
In 2002, the New York Times cited a study by the non-profit group ERASE Racism, which determined that Suffolk and its neighboring county, Nassau, to be the most racially segregated suburbs in the United States.
Suffolk County is the easternmost county in New York State.
History
Suffolk County was an original county of the Province of New York, one of twelve created in 1683. It was known for a time as East Riding of Yorkshire. Its boundaries were essentially the same as at present, with only minor changes in the boundary with its western neighbor, which was originally Queens County but has been Nassau County since the separation of Nassau from Queens in 1899.According to the Suffolk County website, the county is the leading agricultural county in the state of New York, saying that: "The weather is temperate, clean water is abundant, and the soil is so good that Suffolk is the leading agricultural county in New York State. That Suffolk is still number one in farming, even with the development that has taken place, is a tribute to thoughtful planning, along with the excellent soil, favorable weather conditions, and the work of dedicated farmers in this region."
Geography
Suffolk County occupies the easternmost portion of Long Island, in the southeastern portion of New York State. The eastern end of the county splits into two peninsulas, known as the North Fork and the South Fork. The county is surrounded by water on three sides, including the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, with of coastline. The eastern end contains large bays.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of of which is land and (61.56%) is water, making it the second largest county by area in the state of New York, and 66% of the land area of Long Island. The highest elevation in the county, and on Long Island as a whole, is Jayne's Hill in West Hills, at 401 feet (122 m) above sea level.
Suffolk County is divided into 10 towns: Babylon, Brookhaven, East Hampton, Huntington, Islip, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Smithtown, Southampton, and Southold. Also part of the county, but not considered parts of the above towns, are the Poospatuck and Shinnecock Indian reservations. Poospatuck is enclaved within Brookhaven in the Mastic CDP, and Shinnecock is enclaved within Southampton, adjacent to Southampton village, Tuckahoe, and Shinnecock Hills.
Major facilities include Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton and Plum Island Animal Disease Center on Plum Island. Several airports serve commuters and business travelers, most notably Long Island MacArthur Airport in Islip, Republic Airport in East Farmingdale and Francis S. Gabreski Airport in Westhampton Beach.
Adjacent counties
National protected areas
Law and government
+ Presidential elections results | ||
! Year | Republican Party (United States)>Republican | Democratic Party (United States)>Democrat |
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Suffolk County had long been a Republican bastion in New York. U.S. Congressman Rick Lazio, who opposed Hillary Clinton in the 2000 Senate race, was from Suffolk County. However, recent elections have turned the county more toward the Democrats. In 2003, Democrat Steve Levy was elected county executive, ending longtime Republican control. In 2001, Democrat Thomas Spota was elected District Attorney, and ran unopposed in 2005. Although Suffolk voters gave George H. W. Bush a victory here in 1992, the county voted for Bill Clinton in 1996 and continued the trend by giving Al Gore an 11-percent victory in the county in 2000. 2004 Democratic candidate John Kerry won by a much smaller margin of one percent, in 2008 Democratic candidate Barack Obama won by a slightly larger 4.4 percent margin, 52%-47%.
Suffolk County is represented by three congressional districts, the first, most of the second, and part of the third. The former two seats are held by Democrats. Tim Bishop, a Democrat, represents the once heavily Republican first district, which includes almost half of the county, from Smithtown to Montauk, including The Hamptons and Riverhead. The second district, which includes Huntington, Brentwood and Bay Shore, is represented by Steve Israel. A Democrat, Israel won the seat vacated by Rick Lazio in 2000 when he made his unsuccessful bid for the U.S. Senate. The third district, which is mainly in Nassau County, but includes some middle-class coastal areas of southwestern Suffolk County, is represented by Peter King, a Republican.
As a whole both Suffolk and Nassau counties are considered swing counties. However, they tend not to receive significant attention from presidential candidates, as the state of New York has turned reliably Democratic at the national level.
Suffolk County Executives
+ Suffolk County Executives | ||||
! Name | ! Party | ! Term | ||
H. Lee Dennison | 1961–1973 | |||
John V.N. Klein | 1973–1979 | |||
Peter F. Cohalan | 1979–1986 | |||
Michael A. LoGrande* | 1986–1987 | |||
Patrick G. Halpin | 1987–1991 | |||
Robert J. Gaffney | 1992–2003 | |||
2004–2010 | ||||
2010–present |
|
Suffolk County Legislature
The county is divided into 18 legislative districts, each represented by a legislator. As of 2010, there are 9 Democrats, 6 Republicans, 2 members of the Independence Party of New York, and one legislator from the Working Families Party :
! District | ! 2010-2011 Legislature | ! 2008-2009 Legislature | ! 2006-2007 Legislature | ! 2004-2005 Legislature |
1 | ||||
2 | ||||
3 | Kate M. Browning (WF) | Kate M. Browning (WF) | ||
4 | ||||
5 | ||||
6 | ||||
7 | ||||
8 | ||||
9 | ||||
10 | ||||
11 | ||||
12 | ||||
13 | ||||
14 | ||||
15 | ||||
16 | ||||
17 | ||||
18 |
Republicans controlled the county legislature until a landmark election in November 2005 where three Republican seats switched to the Democrats, giving them control. William Lindsay is the current Presiding Officer of the legislature while Jon Cooper, who is openly gay, is the majority leader.
In November 2007, the Democratic Party once again retained control over the Suffolk County Legislature picking up one seat in the process.
In November 2009, the Republican Party regained the seat lost in 2007 but still remain in the minority for the 2010-2011 session.
Law enforcement
Police services in the five western towns (Babylon, Huntington, Islip, Smithtown and Brookhaven) are provided primarily by the Suffolk County Police Department. The five "East End" towns (Riverhead, Southold, Shelter Island, East Hampton, and Southampton), maintain their own police forces. Also, there are a number of villages, such as Amityville, Lloyd Harbor, Northport and Westhampton Beach, that maintain their own police forces. In an unusual move, the Village of Greenport in 1994 voted to abolish its police department and turn responsibility for law and order over to the Southold Town Police Department. After the Long Island State Parkway Police was disbanded in 1980, all state parkways in Suffolk County became the responsibility of Troop L of the New York State Police, headquartered at Republic Airport. State parks, such as Robert Moses State Park, are the responsibility of the New York State Park Police, based at Belmont Lake State Park. In 1996, the Long Island Rail Road Police Department was consolidated into the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police, which has jurisdiction over all rail lines in the county.The Suffolk County Sheriff's Office is a separate agency. The sheriff, an elected official who serves a four-year term, operates the two Suffolk County correctional facilities (in Yaphank and Riverhead), provides county courthouse security and detention, service and enforcement of civil papers, evictions and warrants. Since the disbandment of the Suffolk County Police Highway Patrol Unit in 2008, Suffolk County Deputy Sheriffs have assumed responsibility for patrolling and investigating all crimes committed on both the Long Island Expressway (State route 495) and Sunrise Highway (State Route 27). The Sheriff's Office is also responsible for securing all county-owned property, such as county government office buildings, as well as the campuses of the Suffolk County Community College. They also provide back-up and assistance to the Suffolk County Park Police. As of 2008, the Suffolk County Sheriff's Office employs 275 Deputy Sheriffs, 850 Correction Officers and about 200 civilian staff.
Suffolk County has a long maritime history with several outer barrier beaches and hundreds of square miles of waterways. The Suffolk Police Marine Bureau patrols the of navigable waterways within the police district, from the Connecticut and Rhode Island state line which bisects Long Island Sound - , to the New York state line south of Fire Island in the Atlantic Ocean.
This includes Fire Island and even parts of Jones Island barrier beaches and the islands of the Great South Bay. Marine units also respond to water and ice rescues on the inland lakes, ponds and streams of the District.
Courts
thumb|right|Cohalan Court Complex, Central Islip Suffolk County is part of the 10th Judicial District of the New York State Unified Court System; is home to the Long Island Courthouse of the Federal U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York; and has various local municipal courts. The State Courts are divided into Supreme Court, which has general jurisdiction over all cases, and lower courts that either hear claims of a limited dollar amount, or of a specific nature. Similarly, the local courts hear claims of a limited dollar amount, or hear specific types of cases. The Federal Court has jurisdiction over Federal Claims, State Law claims that are joined with Federal claims, and claims where there is a diversity of citizenship.
Supreme Court
The main courthouse for the Supreme Court is in Riverhead, which has been the court's home since 1729. The original courthouse was replaced in 1855, and that courthouse was expanded in 1881. The courthouse was damaged by fire and rebuilt in 1929. In 1994, a new court building was added to the complex. This Courthouse was dedicated as the "Alan D. Oshrin Supreme Court Building" on August 1, 2011.
The Supreme Court also shares space in the Cohalan Court Complex in Central Islip with several other courts and county agencies. Matrimonial actions are heard in the Supreme Court, and those matters are generally heard in the Supreme Court section of the Cohalan Court Complex.
Lower Courts
The Suffolk County Family Court has jurisdiction over all of Suffolk County in petitions filed for Neglect & Abuse, Juvenile Delinquency/Designated Felonies, Persons in Need of Supervision, Adoption, Guardianship, Foster Care, Family Offense (Order of Protection), Custody & Visitation, Paternity, Support Matters (Child & Spousal), Consent to Marry. The court also has a Juvenile Drug Court and Family Treatment Court. Individuals, attorneys, and agencies may initiate a proceeding in the Family Court with the filing of a petition. The Suffolk County Family Court is located in the Cohalan Court Complex in Central Islip and maintains a facility in Riverhead. Case assignment is dependent upon the geographical location of the parties.
Local Courts
The District Court and the Town and Village Courts are the local courts of Suffolk County. There are more than 30 local courts, each with limited criminal and civil subject matter and geographic jurisdictions. The local criminal courts have trial jurisdiction over misdemeanors, violations and infractions; preliminary jurisdiction over felonies; and traffic tickets charging a crime. The local civil courts calendar small claims, evictions, and civil actions.Most non-criminal moving violation tickets issued in the 5 west towns are handled by the Traffic Violations Bureau, which is part of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, not the court system.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,419,369 people, 469,299 households, and 360,421 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,556 people per square mile (601/km²). There were 522,323 housing units at an average density of 573 per square mile (221/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 84.60% White (78.8% White Non-Hispanic), 6.94% African American, 0.27% Native American, 2.45% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 2.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.53% of the population.
In 2006 the racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 83.6% White (75.4% White Non-Hispanic). African Americans were 7.4% of the population. Asians stood at 3.4% of the population. 5.4% were of other or mixed race. Latinos were 13.0% of the population. The most common ethnicities in Suffolk County in 2007 were Italian (29.5%), Irish (24.0%), and German (17.6%).
In 2006 there were 469,299 households, out of which 37.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.00% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.20% were non-families. 18.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.36.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.10% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 31.20% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 11.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $84,767, and the median income for a family was $72,112. Males had a median income of $50,046 versus $33,281 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,577. About 3.90% of families and 6.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.70% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.
Suffolk County ranks at number 21 on the list of the most populous counties in the United States.
Colleges and universities
Suffolk County is home to numerous colleges and universities, including: ;Public
Newspapers
Indian reservations
Two Indian reservations are located within the borders of Suffolk County:
Towns, villages, and hamlets
In New York State, a town is the major subdivision of each county. Towns provide or arrange for most municipal services for residents of hamlets and selected services for residents of villages. All residents of New York who do not live in a city or on an Indian reservation live in a town. A village is an incorporated area which is usually, but not always, within a single town. A village is a clearly defined municipality that provides the services closest to the residents, such as garbage collection, street and highway maintenance, street lighting and building codes. Some villages provide their own police and other optional services. A hamlet is a populated area within a town that is not part of a village. The term "hamlet" is not defined under New York law (unlike cities, towns and villages), but is often used in the state's statutes to refer to well-known populated sections of towns that are not incorporated as villages. For more information, see the article Political subdivisions of New York State.In 2006 Forbes Magazine ranked six Suffolk County zip codes as among the top 110 most expensive in the United States. Sagaponack, New York was ranked the most expensive zip code in the nation with a median home sale price in 2005 of $2,787,500. Water Mill, New York was ranked the sixth most expensive zip code in the nation, with a median home sale price in 2005 of $2,150,000.
List of towns in Suffolk County
|
*Babylon NY -Town of Babylon |
|
*Brookhaven NY-Town of Brookhaven |
|
*East Hampton NY-Town of East Hampton |
|
*Huntington NY-Town of Huntington |
|
*Islip NY -Town of Islip |
|
*Riverhead NY -Town of Riverhead |
|
*Shelter Island NY -Town of Shelter Island |
|
*Smithtown NY -Town of Smithtown |
|
*Southampton NY -Town of Southampton |
|
*Southhold NY - Town of Southold |
Alphabetical list
Gardiners Island
Gardiners Island is an island off eastern Suffolk County in the U.S. state of New York.The Island is long, and wide and has of coastline.
The same family has owned the Island for nearly 400 years, one of the largest privately owned islands in America or the world.
It is, however, the only American real estate still intact as part of an original royal grant from the English Crown.
Robins Island
Robins Island is an Island in the Peconic Bay between the North and South folks of eastern Suffolk County.It is within the jurisdiction of Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York.
The Island is and presently undeveloped.
The island is privately owned and not accessible to the public.
Suffolk seashore
Fire Island Lighthouse was an important landmark for many trans-atlantic ships coming into New York Harbor in the early 20th century. For many European immigrants, the Fire Island Light was their first sight of land upon arrival in America.The Fire Island Inlet span of the Robert Moses Causeway connects to Robert Moses State Park on the western tip of Fire Island.
The Great South Bay Bridge, the first causeway bridge, had only one northbound and one southbound lane, was opened to traffic in April 1954. The span of across Great South Bay to Captree Island features a main span of , with a clearance for boats of .
After crossing the State Boat Channel over Its -long bascule bridge, the causeway meets the Ocean Parkway at a cloverleaf interchange. This interchange provides access to Captree State Park, Gilgo State Park and Jones Beach State Park.
The Fire Island Inlet Bridge continues the two-lane road, one lane in each direction, across Fire Island Inlet to its terminus at Robert Moses State Park and The Fire Island Lighthouse. Robert Moses Causeway opened in 1964.
Suffolk County has the most lighthouses of any other United States county, with fifteen of its original twenty-six lighthouses still standing. Of these fifteen, eight are located in Southold township alone, giving it more lighthouses than any other township in the United States.
Secessionist movements
To read more check out Peconic County, New YorkAt various times, there have been proposals for a division of Suffolk County into two counties. The Western portion would be called Suffolk County, while the Eastern portion of the current Suffolk County would comprise a new county to be called Peconic County. Peconic County would consist of the five easternmost towns of Suffolk County: East Hampton, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton and Southold, plus the Shinnecock Indian Reservation.
The proposed Peconic County flag showed the two forks at the east end of Long Island separated by Peconic Bay. The star on the north represents Southold. The stars on the South Fork represent Southampton and East Hampton. Riverhead is at the fork mouth and Shelter Island is between the forks.
The secessionist movement has not been active since 1998.
The End of the Hamptons: Scenes from the Class Struggle in America's Paradise, by Corey Dolgon (New York University Press, 2005) examined the class roots of the secessionist movement in the Hamptons. In his review, Howard Zinn wrote that the book "[t]akes us beyond the much-romanticized beaches of Long Island to the rich entrepreneurs and their McMansions, the Latino workers, and the stubborn indigenous residents refusing to disappear. The book is important because it is in so many ways a microcosm of the nation." The book won the Association for Humanist Sociology's 2005 Book Prize and the American Sociological Association's Marxist Section Book Award in 2007.
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Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:1683 establishments Category:Long Island Sound
ar:مقاطعة سوفولك، نيويورك bg:Съфолк (окръг, Ню Йорк) cs:Suffolk County (New York) de:Suffolk County (New York) es:Condado de Suffolk (Nueva York) fr:Comté de Suffolk (New York) hr:Suffolk, okrug (New York) bpy:সাফোক কাউন্টি, নিউ ইয়র্ক it:Contea di Suffolk (New York) la:Suffolk Comitatus (Novum Eboracum) nl:Suffolk County (New York) no:Suffolk County (New York) pnb:سفالک کاؤنٹی nds:Suffolk County (New York) pl:Hrabstwo Suffolk (Nowy Jork) pt:Condado de Suffolk (Nova Iorque) ru:Саффолк (округ, Нью-Йорк) sv:Suffolk County, New York tr:Suffolk County, New York uk:Саффолк (округ, Нью-Йорк) zh:蘇福克郡 (紐約州)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.