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Alsace
Alsace ( ; Alsatian: Elsàss ; , pre-1996: Elsaß, ; ) is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; January 1, 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Due to that city being the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975), commonly known as Franco (), was a Spanish military general and dictator, head of state of Spain from October 1936 (whole nation from 1939 onwards), and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November 1975. As head of state, Franco used the title Caudillo de España, por la gracia de Dios, meaning; Leader of Spain, by the grace of God.
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Nevil Maskelyne
The Reverend Dr Nevil Maskelyne FRS (6 October 1732 – 9 February 1811) was the fifth English Astronomer Royal. He held the office from 1765 to 1811.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; c. AD 90 – c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy (), was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168.
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William Markowitz
William Markowitz (February 8, 1907, Vítkov, Austrian Silesia - October 10, 1998, Pompano Beach, Florida) was an American astronomer, principally known for his work on the standardization of time.
http://wn.com/William_Markowitz
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Alsace ( ; Alsatian: Elsàss ; , pre-1996: Elsaß, ; ) is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; January 1, 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Due to that city being the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
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Aveiro () is a city in Aveiro Municipality in Portugal, with a total area of 199.9 km², a total population of 73,559 inhabitants, and 59,860 electors (2006). It is the second most populous city in the Centro Region of Portugal, after Coimbra. However, the city of Aveiro together with neighbouring Ílhavo, make one conurbation which has a population of 113,908 inhabitants, making it one of the most important by population density in the Centro Region.
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Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Bjargtangar is the westernmost point of Iceland and is considered the westernmost point of Europe outside the mid-Atlantic archipelago of Azores (which are often classified as remote islands). It is located in the county of Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla. It is the westernmost point in the UTC+0 timezone
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Braga (), a city in the Braga Municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the Braga District, the oldest archdiocese and one of the major cities of the country. Braga is the oldest Portuguese city and, one of the oldest Christian cities in the World. With an urban population of 175,063, Braga is the seventh largest municipality in Portugal by population (including the city and suburban parishes, the municipality had a total of 62 parishes and 177,183 inhabitants as of 2009). Braga is also the center of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho with a population of 826,833 (2007) one of the fastest growing urban areas in the European Union. Under the Roman Empire, as Bracara Augusta, it was capital of the province Gallaecia. The urban area extends from the (river) Cavado to the (river) Este. Braga is serviced by regional and fast trains to Porto and Lisbon. The city of Oporto (Porto) is about 53 km. The present Mayor is Francisco Soares Mesquita Machado, elected from the Socialist Party.
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The Canary Islands (, also known as the Canaries; , ; ) are a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish Autonomous Community and an Outermost Region of the European Union. The islands include (from largest to smallest): Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Graciosa, Alegranza and Montaña Clara.
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Coimbra () is a city in the municipality of Coimbra in Portugal. Although it served as the nation's capital during the High Middle Ages, it is better-known for the its university, the University of Coimbra, which, established in 1290, is one of the oldest in Europe and the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world.
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Cork (, , from corcach, meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland's third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of County Cork and the largest city in the province of Munster. Cork has a population of 119,418, while the addition of the suburban areas contained in the county brings the total to 190,384. Metropolitan Cork has a population of approximately 274,000, while the Greater Cork area is about 380,000.
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County Fermanagh () is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the north of the island of Ireland. The only county in Northern Ireland not adjoining Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 1,691 km², with a population of approximately 57,527, with Enniskillen its county town. Lying within the historical province of Ulster, it is also one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland.
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Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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:East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles.
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England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Enniskillen () is a town in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is located almost exactly in the centre of the county between the Upper and Lower sections of Lough Erne. It had a population of 13,599 in the 2001 Census. It is also the seat of local government for Fermanagh District Council, and is also the county town of Fermanagh as well as its largest town.
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The Faroe Islands (, ) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Great Britain and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland.
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{{Infobox Country
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:This article is about the nation in Spain. For the Polish-Ukrainian region, see Galicia (Eastern Europe).
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Galway () or City of Galway (Cathair na Gaillimhe) is a city in County Galway, Republic of Ireland. It is the fifth largest and the fastest-growing city in Ireland. It is also the third largest city in the Republic and the only city in the Province of Connacht. Located on the west coast of Ireland, it sits on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay. The population of Galway city and its environs is 72,729 according to the 2006 census.
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Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Greenwich ( -itch, -idge by incomers and Americans, or -idge by locals) is a district of South East London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
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The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( ; , ) is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
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The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
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The Bailiwick of Jersey (, ; Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands which are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs. Together with the Bailiwick of Guernsey, it forms the grouping known as the Channel Islands. Like the Isle of Man, Jersey is a separate possession of the Crown and is not part of the United Kingdom. Jersey has an international identity different from that of the UK, although it belongs to the Common Travel Area and the definition of "United Kingdom" in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK and the Islands together. The United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey. Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.
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Limerick (pronounced ; Irish: Luimneach ) is the third largest city in the Republic of Ireland, and the principal city in County Limerick. Population wise, it is the fifth largest city in all of Ireland. When taking the extra-municipal suburbs into account, Limerick is the third largest conurbation in the Republic of Ireland, with an urban population of 90,757. Limerick is the second-largest city in the province of Munster, an area which constitutes the midwest and southwest of Ireland. The city is situated on several curves and islands of the River Shannon, which spreads into an estuary shortly after Limerick. Road infrastructure features four main crossing points near the city centre (an additional river tunnel to the west of the three bridges opened in July 2010). Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork-Limerick-Galway corridor, which has a population of 1 million.
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London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Lorraine (; ; Lorrain: Louréne) is one of the 26 régions of France. The administrative region has two cities of equal importance, Metz and Nancy. Metz is considered to be the official capital since that is where the regional parliament is situated. The region's name is derived from the medieval Lotharingia.
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Lowestoft (, , or {{IPA-en|ˈloʊ.əstəft| is a town in the county of Suffolk, England, lying between The Broads. Lowestoft Harbour heads towards North Sea. Lowestoft is the most easterly town in the United Kingdom, being home to Ness Point, the most easterly point of the United Kingdom and of the British Isles. Lowestoft is part of the Waveney constituency.
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Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
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Mykines is the western-most of the main 18 islands in the Faroe Islands. See also the only settlement on the island, Mykines.
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Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, is the common name for the country of Germany while governed by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) from 1933 to 1945. Third Reich () denotes the Nazi state as a historical successor to the medieval Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) and to the modern German Empire (1871–1918). Nazi Germany had two official names, the Deutsches Reich (German Reich), from 1933 to 1943, when it became Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich).
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{{Infobox country
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Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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The Outer Hebrides (, ) also known as the Western Isles and the Long Island, is an island chain off the west coast of Scotland. The islands are geographically contiguous with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic was formerly the dominant language and remains widely spoken, although in some areas English speakers form a majority.
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Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
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Reykjavík () is the capital and largest city of Iceland. Its latitude at 64°08' N makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. With a population of around 120,000 (and over 200,000 in the Greater Reykjavík Area) it is the heart of Iceland's economic and governmental activity.
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Rockall is an extremely small, uninhabited, remote rocky islet in the North Atlantic Ocean. It gives its name to one of the sea areas named in the shipping forecast, provided by the British Meteorological Office and Met Éireann. Historically the islet has been referred to in Irish folklore, and since the late 16th century has been noted in written record, although it is likely that some northern Atlantic fishing crews knew of the rock before historical accounts. In the 20th century the location became a major concern due to oil and fishing rights, spurring continued debate amongst several European nations. It has also been a point of interest for adventurers and amateur radio operators who variously in the past have landed on and/or occupied the islet for up to at least several months, although fewer than 20 individuals have ever been confirmed to have landed on Rockall. In 1956 the British scientist James Fisher referred to the island as, "the most isolated small rock in the oceans of the world." The neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and several other pinnacles of the surrounding Helen's Reef are however smaller, at half or less the size of Rockall and equally remote. Yet these formations are, while being noted in the Island of Rockall Act 1972, technically not considered islands or points on land per se, as they are often submerged completely, only revealed momentarily under certain types of swell and visible by ocean surface waves.
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Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Vatersay (, ) is an inhabited island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Vatersay is also the name of the only village on the island.
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Ísafjörður (pronounced ) (ice fjord in Icelandic) is a town in the north west of Iceland. The town draws its name from the fjörd and the fjord was given its name simultaneously to the island. With a population of about 4,000 Ísafjörður is the largest town in the peninsula of Vestfirðir, and the seat of the Ísafjarðarbær municipality, which includes the nearby Hnífsdalur, Flateyri, Suðureyri, and Þingeyri. It is located on a spit of sand, or eyri, in the Skutulsfjörður fjord which meets the waters of the larger Isafjarðardjúp fjord.
http://wn.com/Ísafjörður
- 24-hour watch
- Alsace
- atomic clock
- Aveiro, Portugal
- axial tilt
- BBC
- BBC World Service
- Belgium
- Bjargtangar
- Braga
- Bragança (Portugal)
- British Summer Time
- Canary Islands
- CanLII
- Coimbra
- Cork (city)
- County Fermanagh
- Delta T
- Denmark
- Dublin Mean Time
- East Anglia
- England
- Enniskillen
- equation of time
- Faroe Islands
- France
- Francisco Franco
- Galicia (Spain)
- Galway
- geography
- Great Britain
- Greenwich
- Greenwich meridian
- Guarda, Portugal
- Guernsey
- IAU
- Iceland
- Isle of Man
- Italian fascism
- Jersey
- Julian day
- Leap second
- legal case
- Limerick
- Lisbon
- local mean time
- London
- longitude
- Lorraine (region)
- Lowestoft
- Luxembourg
- Lyon
- Madeira Islands
- marine chronometer
- maritime nation
- Marseilles
- Met Office
- midnight
- Mykines
- Nazi Germany
- Netherlands
- Nevil Maskelyne
- noon
- Northern Ireland
- orbit
- Outer Hebrides
- Paris
- Porto
- Portugal
- prime meridian
- Provence
- Ptolemy
- Radio clock
- Railway time
- Republic of Ireland
- Reykjavík
- Rockall
- Royal Navy
- Sandringham Time
- Scotland
- solar time
- Spain
- St. Kilda, Scotland
- Suffolk
- sun
- Swatch Internet Time
- time ball
- time signal
- time zone
- uninhabited island
- United Kingdom
- Universal Time
- UT1
- UTC+1
- UTC-1
- Vatersay
- William Markowitz
- Zulu time
- Ísafjörður
GMT
Releases by year: 1999
Releases by album:
g:mt Greenwich Mean Time |
Album releases
g:mt Greenwich Mean Time
(Released 1999)
- Meantime
- Dialogue I
- Christiansands
- Tears Are Waiting
- Sinsere
- Where Is the Love
- Dialogue II
- Vikram the Vampire
- All I Wanna Do
- Please Can I Go Now?
- Who Would You Have Me Love
- Succumb to You
- Dialogue III
- Baptism
- Rachel's Song (instrumental)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Published: 21 May 2008
- Uploaded: 25 Nov 2011
- Author: dataDyneDaz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Published: 03 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 19 Nov 2011
- Author: watchreport
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Published: 18 May 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: KeepTheTime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 24 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Nov 2011
- Author: simplyseven007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 05 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 22 Aug 2011
- Author: WhitesElectronics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Published: 14 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: 108morris108
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 13 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 07 Oct 2011
- Author: onethirdamigo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Published: 09 May 2010
- Uploaded: 10 Nov 2011
- Author: breitlingsource
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Oct 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 05 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: TheWatchCollectorNY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Published: 11 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2011
- Author: breitlingsource
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 13 May 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: OfficialYoungsTeflon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 05 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: OfficialYoungsTeflon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 02 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 01 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: TheWatchwatches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Published: 24 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Published: 25 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 31 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Mar 2011
- Author: MikeTalksAbout
size: 8.5Kb
size: 13.2Kb
- 24-hour watch
- Alsace
- atomic clock
- Aveiro, Portugal
- axial tilt
- BBC
- BBC World Service
- Belgium
- Bjargtangar
- Braga
- Bragança (Portugal)
- British Summer Time
- Canary Islands
- CanLII
- Coimbra
- Cork (city)
- County Fermanagh
- Delta T
- Denmark
- Dublin Mean Time
- East Anglia
- England
- Enniskillen
- equation of time
- Faroe Islands
- France
- Francisco Franco
- Galicia (Spain)
- Galway
- geography
- Great Britain
- Greenwich
- Greenwich meridian
- Guarda, Portugal
- Guernsey
- IAU
- Iceland
- Isle of Man
- Italian fascism
- Jersey
- Julian day
- Leap second
- legal case
- Limerick
- Lisbon
- local mean time
- London
- longitude
- Lorraine (region)
- Lowestoft
- Luxembourg
- Lyon
- Madeira Islands
- marine chronometer
- maritime nation
- Marseilles
- Met Office
- midnight
- Mykines
size: 14.5Kb
size: 13.0Kb
size: 7.5Kb
size: 2.4Kb
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size: 0.5Kb
size: 8.1Kb
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Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972 Greenwich Mean Time (also known as Zulu time) was the same as Universal Time (UT) which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields. Astronomers no longer use the term "Greenwich Mean Time".
In the United Kingdom, GMT is the official time only during winter; during summer British Summer Time is used. GMT is the same as Western European Time.
Noon Greenwich Mean Time is not necessarily the moment when the noon sun crosses the Greenwich meridian (and reaches its highest point in the sky at Greenwich) because of Earth's uneven speed in its elliptic orbit and its axial tilt. This event may be up to 16 minutes away from noon GMT (a discrepancy known as the equation of time). The fictitious mean sun is the annual average of this nonuniform motion of the true Sun, necessitating the inclusion of mean in Greenwich Mean Time.
Historically the term GMT has been used with two different conventions, sometimes numbering hours starting at midnight and sometimes starting at noon. The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours.
History
As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees (this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884). Note that the synchronization of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time itself, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, eventually led to GMT being used worldwide as a reference time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon this reference as a number of hours and half-hours "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".Greenwich Mean Time was adopted across the island of Great Britain by the Railway Clearing House in 1847, and by almost all railway companies by the following year, from which the term "railway time" is derived. It was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held "local mean time" to be the official time. This changed in 1880, when GMT was legally adopted throughout the island of Great Britain. GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted Greenwich Mean Time in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time. Hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory obsolete in the process.
The daily rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular (see ΔT) and is slowing down slightly; atomic clocks constitute a much more stable timebase. On 1 January 1972, GMT was replaced as the international time reference by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Universal Time (UT), a term introduced in 1928, initially represented mean time at Greenwich determined in the traditional way to accord with the originally-defined universal day; then from 1 January 1956 (as decided by the IAU at Dublin, 1955, at the initiative of William Markowitz) this 'raw' form of UT was re-labeled UT0 and effectively superseded by refined forms UT1 (UT0 equalized for the effects of polar wandering) and UT2 (UT1 further equalized for annual seasonal variations in earth rotation rate). Leap seconds are nowadays added to or subtracted from UTC to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1.
Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by 'the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich'. Although that instrument still survives in working order, it is no longer in use and now the meridian of origin of the world's longitude and time is not strictly defined in material form but from a statistical solution resulting from observations of all time-determination stations which the BIPM takes into account when co-ordinating the world's time signals. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatory's courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that imaginary line which is now the Prime Meridian of the world."
Ambiguity in the definition of GMT
Historically the term GMT has been used with two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours (see Julian day). This contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans. The latter convention was adopted on and after 1 January 1925 for astronomical purposes as well, resulting in a discontinuity of 12 hours, or half a day earlier. The instant that was designated December 31.5 GMT in 1924 almanacs became January 1.0 GMT in 1925 almanacs. The term Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT) was introduced to unambiguously refer to the previous noon-based astronomical convention for GMT. The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours.
Greenwich Mean Time in legislation
Several countries throughout the world legislatively define their local time by explicit reference to Greenwich Mean Time. Some examples are: United Kingdom: The Interpretation Act 1978, section 9 — provides that whenever an expression of time occurs in an Act, the time referred to shall (unless otherwise specifically stated) be held to be Greenwich mean time. Under subsection 23(3), the same rule applies to deeds and other instruments. Belgium: Decrees of 1946 and 1947 set legal time as one hour ahead of GMT. Republic of Ireland: Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971, section 1, and Interpretation Act 2005, section 18(i). Canada: Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, section 35(1).
Time zone
Those countries marked in dark blue on the map above use Western European Summer Time and advance their clock one hour in summer. In the United Kingdom, this is known as British Summer Time (BST); in the Republic of Ireland it is called Irish Standard Time (IST) — officially changing to GMT in winter. Those countries marked in light blue keep their clocks on UTC/GMT/WET year round.
Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT
Since legal, political, and economic criteria (in addition to purely physical or geographical criteria) are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that actual time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The 'GMT' time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a 'physical' UTC time, actually use another time zone (UTC+1 in particular); contrariwise, there are European areas that use UTC, even though their 'physical' time zone is UTC−1 (e.g., most of Portugal), or even UTC−2 (the westernmost part of Iceland). Actually, because the UTC time zone in Europe is 'shifted' to the west, Lowestoft in Suffolk, East Anglia, England at only 1°45'E is the easternmost settlement in Europe in which UTC is applied. Following is a list of the 'incongruencies':;Countries (or parts thereof) west of 22°30'W ('physical' UTC−2) that use UTC
;Countries (or parts thereof) west of 7°30'W ('physical' UTC−1) that use UTC
;Countries (mostly) between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E ('physical' UTC) that use UTC+1 Spain (except for the Canary Islands which use UTC). Parts of Galicia in fact lie west of 7°30'W ('physical' UTC−1), whereas there is no Spanish territory east of 7°30'E ('physical' UTC+1). Spain's time is the direct result of Franco's Presidential Order (published in Boletín Oficial del Estado of 8 March 1940) abandoning Greenwich UTC time in favour of UTC+1 effective 23:00 16 March 1940. This is indeed an excellent example of the aforementioned political criteria used in the drawing of time zones: the time change was passed "in consideration of the convenience from the national time marching in step according to that of other European countries". The Presidential Order, most likely enacted to be in synchrony with allies Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, included in its 5th article a provision for its future phase out which never took place. Due to this political decision Spain is two hours ahead of its local mean time during the summer (one hour ahead in winter), which possibly explains the notoriously late schedule for which the country is known. However, in Portugal, which is a mere one hour behind Spain, the timetable is quite different.
See also
Notes
References
External links
Category:Time Category:Time scales Category:Time zones Category:Time in the United Kingdom Category:Geography of Greenwich
ar:توقيت غرينيتش be-x-old:GMT ca:GMT cv:Гринвич вăхăчĕ da:Greenwich Mean Time de:Greenwich Mean Time el:Μέσος χρόνος Γκρίνουιτς es:Tiempo medio de Greenwich eo:GMT eu:Greenwich Meridianoko Ordua fa:ساعت گرینویچ fo:GMT fr:Temps moyen de Greenwich fy:Greenwich Mean Time ko:그리니치 평균시 hi:जी एम टी hr:GMT id:Waktu Greenwich is:Staðartími Greenwich it:Greenwich Mean Time he:שעון גריניץ' kn:ಗ್ರೀನ್ವಿಚ್ ಸರಾಸರಿ ಕಾಲಮಾನ ku:GMT lv:Griničas laiks lt:Grinvičo laikas hu:Greenwichi középidő ml:ഗ്രീനിച്ച് സമയം mr:ग्रीनविच प्रमाणवेळ ms:Waktu Min Greenwich nl:Greenwich Mean Time ja:グリニッジ標準時 no:Greenwich Mean Time nn:Greenwich middeltid pl:Czas uniwersalny pt:Greenwich Mean Time ro:Ora Greenwich ru:Среднее время по Гринвичу simple:Greenwich Mean Time sl:Greenwiški srednji čas sv:Greenwich Mean Time tl:Gitnang Oras ng Greenwich ta:கிரீன்விச் இடைநிலை நேரம் th:เวลามาตรฐานกรีนิช tr:Greenwich Mean Time uk:Середній час за Гринвічем ur:مرکزی یورپی وقت vi:GMT wa:Eure del Coistrece di Greenwich zh:格林尼治標準時間This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.