- Alloy
- amalgam (chemistry)
- boiling point
- bronze
- carbonated water
- chemistry
- colloid
- Compound (enclosure)
- concentration
- Dissolution
- dissolve
- electrolyte
- emulsion
- enthalpy of solution
- entropy
- ethanol
- exothermic
- gas
- gold
- Hexane
- Hydrogen
- hydrogen bond
- hydrogen storage
- ideal solution
- ion
- linear combination
- liquid
- melting point
- Mercury (element)
- mixture
- Molar solution
- noble gas
- oil
- palladium
- paraffin wax
- Percentage solution
- petroleum
- plasticizer
- Polymer
- pressure
- protic
- salt (chemistry)
- Sodium chloride
- solid
- solubility
- solute
- Solvation
- solvent
- State of matter
- Steel
- Stock solution
- Sucrose
- sugar
- supersaturated
- surfactant
- table salt
- temperature
- water
- Water (properties)
No Solution
Releases by album:
Album releases

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 11 May 2007
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: hillsongunitedTV


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 26 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: warnerbrosrecords

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 30 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 22 Nov 2011
- Author: MarkRosengarten

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Published: 05 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 23 Nov 2011
- Author: MarkRosengarten

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:57
- Published: 02 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: khanacademy

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 18 Sep 2006
- Uploaded: 20 Nov 2011
- Author: charlieboy3000

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 04 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: DattatreyaSivaBaba


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 29 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: robertburkottawa



- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Published: 20 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: MartineBlue



- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 30 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: afmrecords


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Published: 06 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: 8thGradeFilms

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:40
- Published: 16 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: george4title

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: singingbanana

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 05 May 2007
- Uploaded: 10 Nov 2011
- Author: pickenlose

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- air
- Alloy
- amalgam (chemistry)
- boiling point
- bronze
- carbonated water
- chemistry
- colloid
- Compound (enclosure)
- concentration
- Dissolution
- dissolve
- electrolyte
- emulsion
- enthalpy of solution
- entropy
- ethanol
- exothermic
- gas
- gold
- Hexane
- Hydrogen
- hydrogen bond
- hydrogen storage
- ideal solution
- ion
- linear combination
- liquid
- melting point
- Mercury (element)
- mixture
- Molar solution
- noble gas
- oil
- palladium
- paraffin wax
- Percentage solution
- petroleum
- plasticizer
- Polymer
- pressure
- protic
- salt (chemistry)
- Sodium chloride
- solid
- solubility
- solute
- Solvation
- solvent
- State of matter
- Steel
- Stock solution
- Sucrose
- sugar
- supersaturated
- surfactant
- table salt
- temperature
- water
- Water (properties)
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In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solvent does the dissolving.
Types of solutions
Homogenous means that the components of the mixture form a single phase. The properties of the mixture (concentration, temperature, density, etc) can be uniformly distributed through the volume but only in absence of diffusion phenomena of after their completion. Usually, the substance present in the greatest amount is considered the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids, or solids. One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent are called solutes. The solution has the same physical state as the solvent.
Gas
If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under any given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures.
Liquid
If the solvent is a liquid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Examples are:Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not homogeneous: colloids, suspensions, emulsions are not considered solutions.
Body fluids are examples for complex liquid solutions, containing many different solutes. They are electrolytes since they contain solute ions (e.g. potassium and sodium). Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and urea. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of blood chemistry, where significant changes in their concentrations can be a sign of illness or injury.
Solid
If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved.
Solubility
The ability of one compound to dissolve in another compound is called solubility. When a liquid is able to completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are miscible. Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are called immiscible.
All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the free energy decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved; the solution is said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can change significantly with different environmental factors, such as temperature, pressure, and contamination. For some solute-solvent combinations a supersaturated solution can be prepared by raising the solubility (for example by increasing the temperature) to dissolve more solute, and then lowering it (for example by cooling).
Usually, the greater the temperature of the solvent, the more of a given solid solute it can dissolve. However, most gases and some compounds exhibit solubilities that decrease with increased temperature. Such behavior is a result of an exothermic enthalpy of solution. Some surfactants exhibit this behaviour. The solubility of liquids in liquids is generally less temperature-sensitive than that of solids or gases.
Properties
The physical properties of compounds such as melting point and boiling point change when other compounds are added. Together they are called colligative properties. There are several ways to quantify the amount of one compound dissolved in the other compounds collectively called concentration. Examples include molarity, mole fraction, and parts per million (PPM).The properties of ideal solutions can be calculated by the linear combination of the properties of its components. If both solute and solvent exist in equal quantities (such as in a 50% ethanol, 50% water solution), the concepts of "solute" and "solvent" become less relevant, but the substance that is more often used as a solvent is normally designated as the solvent (in this example, water).
Liquid solutions
In principle, all types of liquids can behave as solvents: liquid noble gases, molten metals, molten salts, molten covalent networheir molecules possess a permanent electric dipole moment. Another distinction is whether their molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds (protic and aprotic solvents). Water, the most commonly used solvent, is both polar and sustains hydrogen bonds.
Salts dissolve in polar solvents, forming positive and negative ions that are attracted to the negative and positive ends of the solvent molecule, respectively. If the solvent is water, hydration occurs when the charged solute ions become surrounded by water molecules. A standard example is aqueous saltwater. Such solutions are called electrolytes.
For non-ionic solutes, the general rule is: like dissolves like.
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are aqueous solutions of ethanol. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as oil and grease that easily mix with each other, while being incompatible with water.
An example for the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface.
Solution preparation from constituent ingredients
It is common practice in laboratories to make a solution directly from its constituent ingredients. This requires determining the right amount of solvent/solute for specific concentration. There are three cases in practical calculation:
See also
References
Category:Solutions Category:Homogeneous chemical mixtures Category:Alchemical processes Category:Physical chemistry Category:Colloidal chemistry Category:Drug delivery devices Category:Dosage forms
af:Oplossing (chemie) ar:محلول be:Раствор be-x-old:Рошчына ca:Solució química cs:Homogenní směs da:Opløsning (kemi) de:Lösung (Chemie) et:Lahus el:Διάλυμα es:Disolución eo:Solvaĵo fa:محلول fr:Solution (chimie) gl:Disolución ko:용액 hi:विलयन hr:Otopine io:Dissolvuro id:Larutan is:Upplausn it:Soluzione (chimica) he:תמיסה ka:ხსნარები kk:Ерітінді ht:Solisyon la:Solutio lv:Šķīdums lt:Tirpalas hu:Oldat mk:Раствор mr:द्रावण nl:Oplossing (scheikunde) ja:溶液 no:Løsning (kjemi) pl:Roztwór pt:Solução ro:Soluție qu:Chullusqa ru:Раствор scn:Sciugghimentu simple:Solution sk:Roztok sl:Raztopina sr:Раствор fi:Liuos sv:Lösning (kemi) te:ద్రావణం th:สารละลาย tg:Роҳи ҳал tr:Çözelti uk:Розчин ur:محلول vi:Dung dịch zh:溶液This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.