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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	George Green
Birth date	July 14, 1793
Birth place	Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, England
Death date	May 31, 1841
Death place	Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
Profession	Miller, Mathematician
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Known for	Green's Theorem Green's Functions Green's Identities Green measure Green's matrix
Influences	John Toplis (speculative)
Influenced	Lord KelvinJulian Schwinger }}

George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote ''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'' (Green, 1828). The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern Green's theorem, the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics, and the concept of what are now called Green's functions. George Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, and others. His work ran parallel to that of the great mathematician Gauss (potential theory).

Green's life story is remarkable in that he was almost entirely self-taught. He was born and lived for most of his life in the English town of Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, nowadays part of the city of Nottingham. His father (also named George) was a baker who had built and owned a brick windmill used to grind grain. The younger Green only had about one year of formal schooling as a child, between the ages of 8 and 9.

Early life

In his youth, George Green was described as having a frail constitution and a dislike for doing work in his father's bakery. He had no choice in the matter, however, and as was common for the time he likely began working daily to earn his living at the age of five.

Robert Goodacre's Academy

Roughly 25-50% of children in Nottingham received any schooling in this period. The majority of schools were Sunday schools, run by the Church, and children would typically attend for one or two years only. Recognizing the young Green's above average intellect, and being in a strong financial situation due to his successful bakery, his father enrolled him in March 1801 at Robert Goodacre's Academy in Upper Parliament Street. Robert Goodacre was a well-known science popularizer and educator of the time. He published ''Essay on the Education of Youth'', in which he wrote that he did not "study the interest of the boy but the embryo Man". To a non-specialist, he would have seemed deeply knowledgeable in science and maths, but a close inspection of his essay and curriculum revealed that the extent of his mathematical teachings was limited to algebra, trigonometry and logarithms. Thus, George Green's later mathematical contributions, which exhibited knowledge of very modern developments in maths, could not have resulted from his tenure at the Robert Goodacre Academy. He stayed for only four terms (one year), and it was speculated by his contemporaries that he probably exhausted all they had to teach him.

Move from Nottingham to Sneinton

At the time when George's father moved there, 1773, Nottingham had a reputation for being a pleasant town with open spaces and wide roads. By 1831, however, the population had increased nearly five times (in part due to the budding industrial revolution), and Nottingham became known as one of the worst slums in England. There were frequent riots by starving workers, often associated with special hostility towards bakers and millers on the suspicion that they were hiding grain to drive up food prices.

For these reasons, in 1807, George Green senior bought a plot of land in Sneinton, a small town about a mile away from Nottingham. On this plot of land he built a "brick wind corn mill", the wind-mill now famously referred to as Green's Windmill. It was technologically impressive for its time, but required nearly twenty-four hour maintenance, which was to become George Green's burden for the next twenty years.

Adult life

Life as a miller

Just as with baking, Green found the responsibilities of operating the mill annoying and tedious. Grain from the fields was arriving continuously at the mill's doorstep, and one had to constantly adjust the sails of the windmill to the windspeed (either to prevent damage, in high winds, or to maximize rotational speed in low winds). The mill-stones that would continuously grind against each other, could wear down or cause a fire (due to friction) if they ran out of grain to grind. Every month the stones, which weighed over a ton, would have to be replaced or repaired.

Family Life

In 1823 George Green formed a relationship with Jane Smith, the daughter of William Smith, hired by Green Senior as mill manager. Although George Green and Jane Smith never married, Jane eventually became known as Jane Green and the couple had seven children together; all but the first had Green as a baptismal name. The final child was born 13 months before Green's death. George Green provided for his common-law wife and children in his will.

Membership to the Nottingham Subscription Library

When Green was thirty, he became a member to the Nottingham Subscription Library. This library exists today, and was likely one of the only sources of Green's advanced mathematical knowledge. Unlike more conventional libraries, the subscription library was exclusive to a hundred or so subscribers (i.e., the first on the list of subscribers was the Duke of Newcastle). This library catered to requests for specialized books and journals that satisfied the particular interests of their subscribers.

The 1828 Essay

In 1828, Green published ''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'', which is the essay he is most famous for today. When Green published his ''Essay'', it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends and probably could not understand it. The wealthy landowner and mathematician Edward Bromhead bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact Bromhead for two years.

From miller to mathematician

By 1829, the time when Green's father died, the senior Green had become one of the gentry due to his considerable accumulated wealth and land owned, roughly half of which he left to his son and the other half to his daughter. The young Green, now thirty-six years old, consequently was able to use this wealth to abandon his miller duties and pursue mathematical studies.

Undergraduate at Cambridge

Members of the Nottingham Subscription Library who knew Green repeatedly insisted that he obtain a proper University education. In particular, the most prestigious subscriber (after the Duke of Newcastle) was Sir Edward Bromhead, with whom Green shared many correspondences; he insisted that Green go to Cambridge.

So, in 1832, aged nearly forty, Green was admitted as an undergraduate at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was particularly insecure about his lack of knowledge of Greek or Latin, which was a prerequisite, but it turned out not to be as hard for him to learn as he had expected (and the expected mastery was not as high as he expected). In the mathematics examinations, he won the first-year mathematical prize. He graduated BA in 1838 as a 4th Wrangler (the 4th highest scoring student in his graduating class, coming after James Joseph Sylvester who scored 2nd).

College fellow

Following his graduation, Green was elected a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Even without his stellar academic standing, the Society had already read and made note of his Essay and three other publications, and so Green was warmly welcomed. The next two years provided an unparalleled opportunity for Green to read, write and discuss his scientific ideas. In this short time he published an additional six publications with applications to hydrodynamics, sound and optics.

Final years and posthumous fame

In his final years at Cambridge, Green became rather ill, and in 1840 he returned to Sneinton, only to die a year later. There are rumours that at Cambridge, Green had "succumbed to alcohol", and some of his earlier supporters, such as Sir Edward Bromhead, tried to distance themselves from him.

Green's work was not well known in the mathematical community during his lifetime. Besides Green himself, the first mathematician to quote his 1828 work was the Briton Robert Murphy (1806–1843) in his 1833 work. In 1845 (four years after Green's death), Green's work was rediscovered by the young William Thomson (age 21 in 1845), later known as Lord Kelvin, who popularised it for future mathematicians. According to the book "George Green" by D.M. Cannell, William Thomson noticed Murphy's citation of Green's 1828 essay but found it difficult to locate Green's 1828 work; he finally got some copies of Green's 1828 work from William Hopkins in 1845. So Green died without any idea of his posthumous fame.

Green's work on the motion of waves in a canal anticipates the WKB approximation of quantum mechanics, while his research on light-waves and the properties of the ether produced what is now known as the Cauchy-Green tensor. Green's theorem and functions were important tools in classical mechanics, and were revised by Schwinger's 1948 work on electrodynamics that led to his 1965 Nobel prize (shared with Feynman and Tomonaga). Green's functions later also proved useful in analyzing superconductivity. On a visit to Nottingham in 1930, Albert Einstein commented that Green had been 20 years ahead of his time. The theoretical physicist, Julian Schwinger, who used Green's functions in his ground-breaking works, published a tribute, entitled "The Greening of Quantum Field Theory: George and I," in 1993.

The George Green Library at the University of Nottingham is named after him, and houses the majority of the University's Science and Engineering Collection. In 1986, Green's Windmill was restored to working order. It now serves both as a working example of a 19th century windmill and as a museum and science centre dedicated to Green.

List of publications

''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism''. By George Green, Nottingham. Printed for the Author by T. Wheelhouse, Nottingham. 1828. (Quarto, vii + 72 pages.)

''Mathematical Investigations concerning the Laws of the Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the Electric Fluid'', with other similar Researches. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.L. and E. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 12 November 1832, printed in the Transactions 1833. Quatro, 64 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.

''On the Determination of the Exterior and Interior Attractions of Ellipsoids of Variable Densities''. By George Green, Esq., Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1833, printed in the Transactions 1835. Quarto, 35 pages.) Vol. III, Part III.

''Researches on the Vibration of Pendulums in Fluid Media''. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.S. Lond. and Ed. (Royal Society of Edinburgh, read 16 December 1833, printed in the Transactions 1836, Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.

''On the Motion of Waves in a Variable Canal of Small Width and Depth''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 15 May 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 6 pages.) Vol. VI, Part IV.

''On the Reflexion and Refraction of Sound''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College, Cambridge. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 11 pages.) Vol. VI, Part III.

''On the Laws of Relexion and Refraction of Light at the common Surface of two non-crystallized Media''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 24 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''Note on the Motion of Waves in Canals''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 18 February 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''Supplement to a Memoir on the Reflexion and Refraction of Light''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 8 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''On the Propagation of Light in Crystallized Media. By George Green, BA, Fellow of Caius College''. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 20 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 20 pages.) Vol. VII, Part II.

Mystery of his mathematical knowledge

It is unclear to historians exactly where Green obtained information on current developments in mathematics, as Nottingham had little in the way of intellectual resources. What is even more mysterious is that Green had used "the Mathematical Analysis", a form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were thus championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them.

It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806–1819, graduate from Cambridge and an enthusiast of French mathematics, is known to have lived in Nottingham at the time.

See also

Green's identities

Green's matrix

Green measure

References

I. Grattan-Guinness, ‘Green, George (1793–1841)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 May 2009

D.M. Cannell, "George Green mathematician and physicist 1793-1841", The Athlone Press, London, 1993.

Robert Murphy, "On the inverse method of definite integrals", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 4 (1833), pp. 353–408. (Note: This was the first quotation of Green's 1828 work by somebody other than Green himself.)

- An excellent on-line source of George Green information

Notes

Category:19th-century mathematicians Category:English mathematicians Category:English physicists Category:Mathematical analysts Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:People from Sneinton Category:1793 births Category:1841 deaths Category:Visitor attractions in Nottinghamshire Category:Nottingham

bg:Джордж Грийн ca:George Green cs:George Green de:George Green es:George Green fr:George Green (physicien) it:George Green ht:George Green nl:George Green ja:ジョージ・グリーン pl:George Green pt:George Green ro:George Green ru:Грин, Джордж sl:George Green sv:George Green zh:喬治·格林

style="font-size: large; bgcolor: Black; fdcolor: Blue" colspan="2" align="center"	Barry M. Schuler
Term	January 1, 2000 - February 1, 2003
Spouse	Tracy Schuler
Preceded by	Steve Case
Succeeded by	Jonathan Miller
Born	Jersey City, New Jersey>Jersey City, New Jersey

Barry Martin Schuler (born September 7, 1953 in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American Internet entrepreneur and former chairman and CEO of America Online Inc. He is best known for leading the AOL team that simplified the online service provider’s user interface, making it possible for millions of consumers to gain easy access to the Internet.

Early years

Barry Schuler grew up in West New York, New Jersey. As a suburban youth, Schuler was encouraged early on by his parents to explore the arts (photography, painting and sculpture) as well as electronics. He turned his family’s basement into a darkroom while helping his father, a warehouse owner and part-time repair man, tinker with television sets and other gadgetry.

In the mid-1970s, while completing a Bachelor’s degree in psychology at Rutgers University, Schuler became captivated by filmmaking. In 1976, he left the university to produce and direct commercial and industrial films. An avid computer hobbyist and reader of Popular Electronics, Schuler befriended a group of technical enthusiasts who were developing software applications for microcomputers. After assembling a do-it-yourself IMSAI computer and experiencing first hand the potential of at-home computing, Schuler saw the technology’s ability to positively disrupt and enhance the way people lived and worked. In 1978, he established CMP Communications, an advertising and marketing company devoted to helping high tech entrepreneurs spread the word about the impending revolution in microcomputing.

Schuler quit CMP in 1988 and took a position as president and CEO of Cricket Software, overseeing the development and marketing of color desktop applications for Apple Computer’s Macintosh, including a Postscript driven drawing program. Cricket also developed the first color, graphical desktop presentation software, “Cricket Presents.” Cricket was ultimately sold to Computer Associates International in 1991.

Schuler was President of San Francisco-based Jasmine Technologies from 1989 to 1990. Jasmine was a leading Macintosh peripherals developer that buckled under the weight of bitter lawsuits and mounting customer dissatisfaction. Jasmine declared bankruptcy in March 1990 and Schuler resigned shortly thereafter.

Looking to take advantage of the opportunities that a new ‘Interactive” medium would bring, Schuler teamed up with (present day) wife Tracy and David Goldman shortly after and established Medior Inc., a multimedia development company, Medior Inc. In 1994, the company entered into a joint venture with, Apple Computer Inc., and Redgate Communications and launched 2Market, considered to be the first rich media online shopping service. That same year, AOL (America Online) also enlisted Medior’s help designing its product to give consumers with little or no computing expertise easy access to its online information services. While at Medior, Schuler and company co-developed a music creation game with Nick Tenbrock and Gary Levenberg of San Francisco-based Interactive Audio. The software, called Rock, Rap and Roll, allowed Macintosh users to quickly build soundtracks in a variety of musical styles. Medior also collaborated with Time Warner, one of its clients, on the building of the world’s first digital, switched, interactive broadband communications network delivering a range of services. The service was launched in December 1994 in Orlando, Fla.

AOL years

In 1995, Medior was acquired by AOL. Schuler, brought over from Medior by AOL founder and CEO Steve Case, was charged with helping him and then president Ted Leonsis to transform the online service provider into a broad based, consumer-driven medium. Schuler worked his way up the ranks at AOL becoming president of its Interactive Services group in 1998. During this time, he led the design team that integrated an Internet browser directly in AOL’s proprietary user interface (version 5.0) making it possible for millions of computer users to access the Internet through a Web-based portal. He also advocated the opening up of AOL’s proprietary message service known as IM, a key development that allowed its subscriber base to “chat” electronically over the Internet with non-AOL computer users free of charge. By January 2001, the same month that AOL announced its merger with Time-Warner, the company’s 26 million subscribers were sending an estimated 660 million instant messages daily.

It was on the heels of the Time Warner merger that Schuler was appointed chairman and CEO of the AOL unit. He was charged with finding ways to turn AOL into an interactive outlet for Time-Warner’s various media divisions, which included film, music, television and publishing. The goal was to transform AOL into a high-speed, Internet-based,” one-stop shop for movies, music, interactive video games, phone service, and more.”

In a July 2, 2001 article, BusinessWeek reporter Amy Borrus wrote that Schuler, “deserves just as much credit for AOL’s explosive success” as then AOL Time Warner Inc. Chairman Steve Case or co-Chief Operating Officer Robert Pittman. The reporter pointed to the three years Schuler spent running AOL’s Interactive Services group, “putting his stamp on much of the design that makes it so simple to use and features that make it so popular with families.” Schuler’s objective of converging a souped-up version of AOL’s online distribution platform with Time Warner’s various media outlets hit several roadblocks one being reluctance on the part of cable companies to open up their network to Internet service providers such as AOL. Likewise, internal dissent over the best ways to merge AOL’s distribution channels with Time Warner’s more traditional media content plagued the online unit. Against this backdrop, AOL was struggling with declining advertising sales due to an economic downturn as well as a leveling out of its still dial-up driven subscriber growth. The unit took a further hit when its parent was forced to restate its earnings forecast in January 2002, in part due to the slowdown in AOL’s business. Schuler stepped down as head of the unit in April 2002, taking over a newly created digital development unit charged with overseeing the formation of interactive digital products and services for all of AOL Time Warner. He officially resigned from AOL-Time Warner in 2003.

After AOL

Shortly after his departure from AOL, Schuler found himself invited to invest in a start up Ablation Industries, Inc. Ablation Industries, Inc was commercializing (Ultrashort pulse laser) USP laser technology funded by the U.S. government’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, also known as DARPA. When Mr Schuler invested in the company, the name of the company was changed to Raydiance, where he raised a significant amount of venture capital funding to help commercialize new technologies of national interest, among them ultrashort pulse lasers. A form of optoelectronics, the lasers emits short pulses of highly concentrated energy that can be used to break down atoms. In 2004, Schuler joined Raydiance Inc. to develop commercial applications for ultra-short pulse lasers. In July 2007, Wired Magazine reported that Raydiance had signed a deal with the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) to explore laser therapies, ranging from common laser eye treatments to the cell-by-cell tumor ablation.

In addition to serving as CEO of Raydiance, Schuler is managing director of the Draper Fisher Jurvetson Growth Fund and serves on the boards of UBMatrix, Hands On Mobile, UU See, Synthetic Genomics, and Visto. Schuler is an investor in Adirondack Pictures. He also co-produced and helped finance the film ''Look'', a drama shot entirely from the point of view of surveillance cameras. Written and directed by Adam Rifkin with Brad Wyman as his fellow producer. The film was digitally shot in high-definition with all the special effects, post production and music done on Apple’s Macintosh computers in a “virtual studio” setting. ''Look'', released in December 2007, is distributed by Liberated Artists, another Schuler venture. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2007 CineVegas Film Festival. It also won Special Jury Prize at The Lone Star International Film Festival and was an official selection in both AFI Fest and The Chicago International Film Festival.

Schuler lives in Napa, California. A vocal proponent of public education reform, He co-founded the Blue Oak School, an independent, not-for-profit entity for students, kindergarten through eighth grade. Schuler is a national advisory member for the New Technology Foundation (NTF), a non-profit organization established in 1999 with the objective of achieving national education reform. Using the Napa New Technology High School as a prototype for encouraging innovative academic objectives, NTF provides interested schools with training, tools and access to expertise developed through the NTHS school site. Through his affiliation with the foundation, Schuler has helped drive and co-funded the implementation of Internet-based technology to establish a project-based learning methodology consistent with the implementation of the 21st Century Learning Initiative.

He and wife Tracy co-own Meteor Vineyard, located in the Coombsville region of the Napa Valley, with winemakers Bill and Dawnine Dyer.

Schuler is a member of the Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni.

Meteor Vineyard

Meteor Vineyard is a 22-acre property located in the Coombsville agricultural area of the Napa Valley AVA. It was established in 1998 by former America Online Inc. Chairman and Chief Executive Barry M. Schuler and his wife, Tracy Strong Schuler. Meteor Vineyard is located at the southeast end of the Napa Valley, near the San Francisco Bay.

Through 2004, Meteor Vineyard’s grapes were sold in bulk to a handful of Napa Valley properties including Dyer, Arietta, Etude and Vineyard 29. In 2005, the Schulers entered into a partnership with winemakers Dawnine Dyer and Bill Dyer to produce a single-vineyard Cabernet Sauvignon bottled under the Meteor Vineyard. The team bottled their first vintage later that year, and the wine was released beginning 2008.

Soil conditions in the Coombsville area are a mix of well-draining river rock and mineral-rich volcanic ash, both of which are considered suitable for Bordeaux varietals, including Cabernet Sauvignon.

References

External links

Barry Schuler - IMDb Profile

Barry Schuler - LOOK-the Movie

Barry Schuler - Speech by Schuler, sc21 21st Century Education

Barry Schuler - Meteor Vineyard

Barry Schuler - Draper Fisher Jurvetson Growth Fund

Barry Schuler - Synthetic Genomics

Barry Schuler - Raydiance, Inc. Bio

Barry Schuler - Visto Biography

Barry Schuler - UU See

Barry Schuler - Hands on Mobile

Barry Schuler - UBMatrix

Barry Schuler - New Tech Foundation

Category:American computer businesspeople Category:Vintners Category:1953 births Category:Living people

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Stelios KazantzidisΣτέλιος Καζαντζίδης
background	solo_singer
birth name	Stylianos Kazantzidis
born	August 29, 1931Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece
death date	September 14, 2001
origin	Greece
genre	Laïkó, Rebetiko
occupation	Singer, Actor
years active	1952–2000
notable instruments	}}

Stylianos (Stelios) Kazantzidis (August 29, 1931 – September 14, 2001) (Greek: Στέλιος Καζαντζίδης) was a prominent Greek singer. A leading singer of Greek popular music, or Laïkó, he collaborated with many of Greece's foremost composers.

Biography

Kazantzidis was born in Nea Ionia, in Athens, Greece. He was the first of two brothers born to Haralambos Kazantzidis (of Pontian roots from Ordu) and Gesthimani Kazantzidis, who moved from what is now Western Turkey to Greece during the Greco-Turkish War. Kazantzidis derives from Turkish word Kazancı. ''Kazan'' means a cauldron in Turkish and ''-cı'' is an agent suffix similar to "-er" in English. Thus, ''Kazancı'' means someone who produces, repairs, and/or sells cauldrons. See also Elia Kazan.

He was orphaned at the age of 13 when his father, a member of the Greek Resistance, was tortured to death by the rightists. This forced Kazantzidis into employment, working as a baggage-carrier at Omonia Square and then for an interstate bus company, as a seller of roasted chestnuts at open markets, and as a labourer at the Nea Ionia textile mills.

His life changed when the owner of a factory, which was located in the Perissos working district, gave him a guitar. He spent long hours playing music.

He made his first public appearance at a Kifissia night club in the early 1950s and soon after, in July 1952, made his first studio recording at Columbia studios with a song entitled "I'm going for a swim" (Για μπάνιο πάω), written by Apostolos Kaldaras. It did not do well but he tried again, recording Gianni Papaioannou's "The suitcases" (Οι βαλίτσες) soon after. The song became the first of many hits and with his newfound popularity he began to make appearances in some of the biggest clubs of the time, like "Theios", "Mpertzeletos" and "Rosignol". With his career in full swing, Kazantzidis began to collaborate with some of the biggest names in Greek music, among them Manolis Chiotis, Manos Hadjidakis, Mikis Theodorakis, and Stavros Xarhakos. He and Marinella became a legendary duo.

A hallmark in his career — and an event of great importance for the musical scene of post-war Greece — was his cooperation with composer Vassilis Tsitsanis. It started in 1956 and resulted in Kazantzidis reinterpreting some of Tsitsanis old songs. Kazantzidis, thus, sung and popularized such rebetiko classics as "Synnefiasmeni Kyriaki", "Mpakse tsifliki" and "Ta Kavourakia". These songs, and many others, previously unknown to the wide public suddenly became cherished and sought-after.

Stelios Kazantzidis married Marinella on 7 May 1964 and they toured together in Germany and the United States.

In 1965 Kazantzidis, whilst at the peak of his career, decided to stop appearing in nightclubs. He didn't sing in public again for the rest of his life. For the next ten years, he only released studio albums. In September 1966 he divorced Marinella, and they recorded their last duets ("Mh Mou Lete Gia Authn", "Apopse Se Eho Stin Agalia Mou," "I Kardia Tis Manas") for Philips the following year. In 1968 Kazantzidis recorded "Nyhterides Ki Arahnes", written by newcomer Hristos Nikolopoulos; the song became an immediate success. In 1973 he collaborated with songwriter Akis Panou and released an album with six songs, including one of his biggest hits, "I zoi mou oli", and in 1974 he recorded "Stin Anatoli", composed by Theodorakis. The next year he recorded another one of his biggest hits, "Iparho", penned by Pythagoras. Suddenly Kazantzidis rocked the Greek music industry again, when he announced his decision to stop recording. He accused his label of "colonial-like" contracts and took a leave from recording. In 1987 he recorded again for the first time after 12 years. "Ο Dromos Tis Epistrofis" (Ο Δρόμος της Επιστροφής) sold 200,000 copies and became a commercial success. He continued to release records occasionally for the rest of his life. Kazantidis, besides his work on folk music, also recorded four records with Pontic alongside Chrysanthos Theodoridis, the greatest Pontic singer, songwriter, and lyricist.

Foreign audiences

In Israel, he was a musical icon. Many of his songs were translated into Hebrew and performed by the country's leading singers. Yaron Enosh, an Israel Radio broadcaster who often plays Greek music on his programs, described the singer's ability to combine joy with sorrow: "This is the task of music: to touch the entire range of feelings...Kazantzidis could do this; he played on all the strings." To the Greek Jews who immigrated to Israel, Kazantzidis was "the voice of the world they left behind, for good or for bad." According to the operator of Radio Agapi, a station that plays Greek music 24 hours a day, "Kazantzidis was the voice of the people, of the weary, the exploited, the betrayed. And the voice of the refugee and the emigre, too."

Kazantzidis also sang in Turkish.

Death

Kazantzidis died of a brain tumor on September 14, 2001. His death was an emotional event for Greece, as attested to by the many obituaries in appreciation of his life and work. Kazantzidis was given a national funeral through the streets of Elefsina (26 km from Athens) which was broadcast live on Greek television. His music was also beloved by the Greek diaspora all over the world, capturing their feelings in the difficult post-war period.

Film

Greek popular music had long been intertwined with Greek post-war cinema. In the 50s and 60s, almost every film contained portions of music performed on screen, often by Kazantzidis.

I kyria dimarhos (1960) - The mayoress

Paixe, bouzouki mou glyko (1965) - Play, my sweet Bouzouki

I timoria (1965) - The punishment

Afiste me na ziso (1965) - Let me live

Adistaktoi (1965) - The Ruthless

Oi angeloi tis amartias (To limani) (1966) - Angels of sin

Foukarades kai leftades (1966) - Poor men and rich men

Eho dikaioma na s' agapo! (1966) - I have the right to love you

O gerontokoros (1967) - The old single man

I ora tis dikaiosynis (1967) - The hour of justice

Adiki katara (1967) - Unjust Curse

Ta psihoula tou kosmou (1968) - The breadcrumbs of the world

Oi andres den lygizoun pote! (1968) - Men never expire

O gigas tis Kypselis (1968) - The giant of Kypselis

Kravges ston anemo (1976) - Shouts in the wind

One of his songs (Efige Efige) featured in the end scene of Season 2 of the hit HBO TV series The Wire.

Discography

Albums

''1961-63''

''O Stelios Tragoudaei'' – 'Stelios is Singing'' (2001/2002)

''Iparho'' – I Exist''

''Stelios Kazantzidis: Ta zeibekika'' (2006/2007?)

Singles

Notable Stelios Kazantzidis songs include:

''I zoi mou oli'' – ''My entire life'' – 2:57

''Dio Portes Echi i Zoi'' – ''Life has two doors'' – 3:20

''To Agriolouloudo'' – ''The wildflower'' – 2:50

''Allotines Mou Epoches'' – ''My former times'' - 2:43

''Anemona'' – 3:00

''De Tha Ksanagapiso'' – ''I will never love again'' – 3:10

''As Eicha tin Ygeia Mou'' – ''If I had my health'' – 3:03

''An Einai i Agapi Egklima'' – ''If love is a crime'' – 2:26

''Ego me tin Axia Mou'' – ''Me with my worth'' – 3:15

''Eimai Ena Kormi Chameno'' – ''I'm a lost man'' – 3:33

''Exo Ap'Adiko'' – ''I have suffered injustice'' - 3:04

''Gyrizo Ap'ti Nychta'' – ''I return from the night'' – 2:58

''Tin Kalyva Ti Diki Mou'' – ''That hut of mine'' – 2:32

''I Kardia Mou As Opsetai'' – ''Take a look at my heart'' - 3:16

''Kathenas me ton Pono Tou'' – ''Each with his pain'' – 3:20

''Katastrofes kai Symfores'' – ''Catastrophes and misfortunes'' - 3:45

''Ki An Gello Einai Psema'' – ''And if I laugh, it's a lie'' – 3:24

''Me Xypnas Charamata'' – ''You wake me at dawn'' – 2:40

''Niotho mia Kourasi Vareia'' – ''I feel a deep weariness'' – 3:05

''Nomiza Pos Itan Filoi'' – ''I thought that they were friends – 3:15

''Otan Methaei o Anthropos'' – ''When A man gets drunk'' – 2:46

''Pare ta Chnaria Mou'' – ''Take my footprints'' - 3:08

''I Stenochoria Mou'' – ''My concerns'' – 3:00

''Tha to Po Fanera'' – ''I'll say it openly'' – 3:24

''Sto Trapezi pou ta Pino'' – ''At the table where I drink'' – 2:37

''H Kypros einai Elliniki'' – ''Cyprus is Greek'' – 3:12

See also

Music of Israel

References

External links

official fan community Stelios Kazantzidis

Who is Stelios Kazantzidis?, Trapezounta

Stelios Kazantzidis' videos on YouTube

syllogos filwn Stelios Kazantzidis

Category:1931 births Category:2001 deaths Category:Greek male singers Category:Greek laïko singers Category:Greek rebetiko singers Category:Minos EMI artists Category:Modern Greek-language singers Category:People from Athens Category:Pop folk singers Category:Thessaloniki Song Festival entrants

de:Stelios Kazantzidis el:Στέλιος Καζαντζίδης fr:Stelios Kazantzidis la:Stelius Cazantzides no:Stelios Kazantzidis tr:Stelios Kazancidis