Official name | Fes |
---|---|
Other name | فاس Fās |
Native name | |
Settlement type | |
Motto | |
Dot x | |dot_y |
Pushpin map | Morocco |
Pushpin label position | bottom |
Pushpin map caption | Location in Morocco |
Pushpin mapsize | 300 |
Coordinates region | MA |
Subdivision type | Country |
Subdivision name | |
Subdivision type1 | Region |
Subdivision name1 | Fès-Boulemane |
Leader title1 | |
Established title | |
Established title2 | |
Established title3 | |
Established date3 | |
Unit pref | Imperial |
Area land km2 | |
Area metro sq mi | |
Population as of | 2010 |
Population total | 1,000,000 |
Population blank1 title | Ethnicities |
Population blank2 title | Religions |
Population density blank1 sq mi | |
Elevation footnotes | |
Elevation m | 383.7 |
Elevation ft | |
Postal code type | |
Footnotes | }} |
Fes, the former capital, is one of the country's four "imperial cities," the others being Rabat, Marrakech and Meknes. It comprises three distinct parts, Fes el Bali (the old, walled city), Fes-Jdid (new Fes, home of the Mellah) and the Ville Nouvelle (the French-created, newest section of Fes).
Fes el Bali is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its medina, the larger of the two medinas of Fes, is believed to be the world's largest contiguous car-free urban area. The University of Al-Karaouine, founded in AD 859, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the world. It has been called the "Mecca of the West" and the "Athens of Africa".
Arab emigration to Fes, including 800 Al-Andalusian families expelled after a rebellion which took place in Córdoba in 817–818, and other 2,000 families banned from Kairouan (modern Tunisia) after another rebellion that took place in 824, gave the city a definite Arab character. 'Adwat Al-Andalus and 'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin, the two main quarters of Fes, were called respectively after the two waves of Arab immigrants to the new city. During Yahya ibn Muhammad's rule the Kairouyine mosque, one of the oldest and largest in Africa, was built, together with the associated University of Al-Karaouine was founded (859).
After Ali ibn Umar (Ali II) came to power, the Berber tribes of Madyuna, Gayatha and Miknasa, which were Sufrite Kharijites, formed a common front against the Idrisid and, after defeating Ali's armies, occupied Fes. They were driven out of the city by Yahya ibn Al-Qassim, who declared himself Ali's successor.
The city was populated by Muslims from elsewhere in North Africa, the Middle East, Moriscos (especially after the Spanish conquest of Granada in 1492), as well as many Jews, who had their own quarter, or Mellah, in the city. Most of the city's population was of Berber descent, with rural Berbers from the surrounding countryside settling the city throughout its history, mainly in the Andalusian quarter and later in the 'new city' of Fes. The two halves of Fes were united in 1069, after the destruction of the wall dividing them. Although losing its capital status to Marrakech and Tlemcen under the Almoravids, Fes became the scientific and religious center, where both Muslims and Christians from Europe came to study. In 1250 it regained its capital status under the Marinid dynasty.
In the Early Modern Age, the Ottoman Empire neared to Fes after the conquest of Oujda in the 16th century. In 1554 the Wattasid Dynasty took Fes with the support of the Turks, and the city became a vassal of the Ottomans, who finally conquered it in 1579 under sulat Murad III. The Ottoman power in the North Africa concentrated itself more on the threats posed by Habsburg Spain and the Portuguese Kingdom. As a result, Fes was not under pressure by the Ottoman rulers. The conquest of Fes was the catalyst for the move of the capital city of the Saadi Dynasty to Marrakech City. At the beginning of the 17th century the town returned under Morocco with Ahmad al Mansur.
After the fall of the Saadi Dynasty (1649), Fes was a major trading post of the Barbary Coast of North Africa. Until the 19th century it was the only source of Fez hats (also known as the tarboosh), before they began to be manufactured in France and Turkey; originally, the dye for the hats came from a berry that was grown outside the city, known as the Turkish "kızılcık" or Greek "akenia" (Cornus mascula). Fes was also the end of a north-south gold trading route from Timbuktu. Fes was also a prime manufacturing location for leather goods such as the Adarga.
It became independent in 1790, under the leadership of Yazid (1790–1792), and later, of Abu´r-Rabi Sulayman, who fell however to Morocco in 1795. In 1819–1821 Fes took part in the rebellion led by Ibrahim ibn Yazid, as well as to the 1832 rebellion, led by Muhammad ibn Tayyib.
Fes was again the capital of Morocco until 1912, when most of Morocco came under French control and Rabat was chosen as the capital of the new colony, a status retained even when Morocco achieved independence in 1956. While many of the original inhabitants of Fes have since emigrated, the Jewish quarter has been emptied of its Jewish population (in 1465, there was large massacre of Jews by Arab riots.), and the economy has stagnated. Despite the traditional character of most of the city, there is also a modern section, the Ville Nouvelle, or "New City", which is a bustling commercial center. The popularity of the city has increased since the King of Morocco took a computer engineer from Fes, Salma Bennani, as his wife.
location | Fes, Morocco |
---|---|
source | Lat34North.com, Yahoo.com |
* Category:Populated places in the Fès-Boulemane Region Category:Populated places established in the 8th century Category:789 establishments Category:Metropolitan areas of Morocco Category:Fès-Boulemane Region Category:Prefectures of Morocco Category:Arabic architecture
af:Fes ar:فاس az:Fəs (şəhər) be:Горад Фес bg:Фес ca:Fes ceb:Fès cs:Fès cy:Fès da:Fez (by) de:Fès et:Fès el:Φεζ es:Fez (Marruecos) eo:Fez fa:فاس fr:Fès ko:페스 hr:Fes id:Fez os:Фес it:Fes he:פס ka:ფესი sw:Fes ku:Fes la:Fez lt:Fesas mk:Фес mt:Fes nl:Fez (stad) ja:フェズ no:Fès pnb:فیض pl:Fez pt:Fez ro:Fès ru:Фес sco:Fes scn:Fes sl:Fes, Maroko sr:Фес (град) fi:Fès sv:Fès tr:Fes, Fas uk:Фес ur:فاس vi:Fes war:Fes zh:非斯This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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