In 1071 the Byzantine army was defeated by the Muslim Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert resulting in the loss of most of Asia Minor. The situation represented a serious existential threat for the Orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire. The Emperor sent a plea to the Pope in Rome to send military aid with the goal of restoring the formerly Christian territories to Christian rule. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the crusades. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, the crusaders had no allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor and so established their own states in the conquered regions, including the heart of the Byzantine Empire itself.
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had its origins before the Crusades, but was granted the status of a kingdom by Pope Innocent III, and later became semi-westernized by the (French) Lusignan dynasty.
Several islands, most notably Crete (1204-1669), Euboea (Negroponte, until 1470), and the Ionian Islands (until 1797) came under the rule of Venice.
These states faced the attacks of the Byzantine Greek successor states of Nicaea and Epirus, as well as Bulgaria. Thessalonica and the Latin Empire were reconquered by the Byzantine Greeks by 1261. Descendants of the Crusaders continued to rule in Athens and the Peloponnesus (Morea) until the 15th century when the area was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
In the aftermath of Northern Crusades William of Modena as Papal legate solved the disputes between the crusaders in Livonia and Prussia.
#Archbishopric of Riga, #Bishopric of Courland, #Bishopric of Dorpat, #Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, #The lands of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
#Bishopric of Culm, #Bishopric of Pomesania, #Bishopric of Ermland, #Bishopric of Samland.
Category:History of the Middle East Category:Short-lived states
ar:ممالك صليبية ca:Estats croats cs:Křižácké státy da:Korsfarerstat de:Kreuzfahrerstaaten et:Ristisõdijate riigid el:Σταυροφορικά κράτη es:Estados cruzados eo:Krucistaj ŝtatoj fr:États latins d'Orient ko:십자군 국가 hr:Križarske države id:Negara-negara Tentara Salib it:Stato crociato he:המדינות הצלבניות ku:Dewletên Xaçperestan mk:Крстоносни држави ms:Negeri Salibi nl:Kruisvaardersstaten ja:十字軍国家 no:Korsfarerstat nn:Krossfararstatane pl:Państwa krzyżowe pt:Estados cruzados ro:Stat cruciat ru:Государства крестоносцев sk:Križiacky štát sl:Križarske države sr:Крсташке државе fi:Ristiretkivaltio sv:Korsfararstaterna th:อาณาจักรครูเสด tr:Haçlı devletleri uk:Держави хрестоносців zh:十字軍國家This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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