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Albert II of Austria
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Albert II of Germany
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Albert IV of Austria
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Albert V of Austria
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Albert VI of Austria
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Albrecht IV
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Alfonso XII
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Alfonso XIII
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Alsace
Alsace ( ; Alsatian: Elsàss ; , pre-1996: Elsaß, ; ) is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; January 1, 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Due to that city being the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
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Anne of Austria
: ''For other women named Anne of Austria, see Anna of Austria (disambiguation)
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Austrian people
http://wn.com/Austrian_people -
Benito Juárez
Benito Pablo Juárez (; March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec indian from Oaxaca who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872. Benito Juárez was the first Mexican leader who did not have a military background, and also the first full-blooded indigenous national ever to serve as President of Mexico and to lead a country in the Western Hemisphere. He resisted the French occupation, overthrew the Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal efforts to modernize the country.
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Catalan People
http://wn.com/Catalan_People -
Charles I of Austria
:"Karl I" redirects here. For the Prince of Liechtenstein, see Karl I of Liechtenstein.
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Charles IX of France
Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death. His reign was dominated by the Wars of Religion. He is best known as king at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
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Charlotte of Belgium
Charlotte of Belgium (Princess Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine of Belgium), (7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927) is remembered today as Carlota of Mexico as empress consort of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, ex-Archduke of Austria.
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Dom Pedro II
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Eleanor of Austria
Eleanor of Austria (15 November 1498 – 25 February 1558), also called Eleonor of Castile, was born Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and became subsequently in turn Queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France. She also held the Duchy of Touraine (1547–1558) as dower. She is called Leonor in Spanish and Portuguese and "Éléonore" or Aliénor in French.
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Francis I of France
Francis I () (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death.
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Francis IV of Modena
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, [http://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg;=PA280&dq;=istria+croatia+slovenia+italy&hl;=cs&ei;=-B6VTO-GAcOU4Aak6MWGBA&sa;=X&oi;=book_result&ct;=result&resnum;=2&ved;=0CDQQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q;=istria%20croatia%20slovenia%20italy&f;=false A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe], Routledge, 1sr ed. (2002), ISBN 1857430638
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Joanna of Castile
Joanna or Joan ( ) (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555) was Queen regnant of Castile and Queen regnant of Aragon, in present day Spain. She has been pejoratively nicknamed Joanna the Mad (, ). Joanna was the last monarch of the Iberian House of Trastámara, and her marriage to Philip of Burgundy (Philip the Handsome) initiated the Habsburg Dynasty rule in Spain.
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John III of Portugal
John III (or João III, ; 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557), nicknamed o Piedoso ("the Pious"), was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves.
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John V of Portugal
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Karl I of Austria
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King of Portugal
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Louis XIII of France
:For the cognac, see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin.
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Louis XIV of France
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Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France ever to be executed.
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Manuel I of Portugal
Manuel I (; Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I), the Fortunate (Port. o Venturoso), 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves (Alcochete, May 31, 1469 – December 13, 1521 in Lisbon) was the son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu, (1433 - 1470), by his wife, Infanta Beatriz of Portugal.
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Maria II of Portugal
Dona Maria II (Rio de Janeiro, 4 April 1819 – Lisbon, 15 November 1853) was Queen regnant of Portugal from 1826 to 1828 and later from 1834 to 1853. She was the second Queen regnant of Portugal and the Algarves, and the 29th or 30th Portuguese monarch. She was a member of the House of Braganza.
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Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette (; Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was an Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of France and of Navarre. She was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and Emperor Francis I.
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Mary Anne of Austria
http://wn.com/Mary_Anne_of_Austria -
Mary I of England
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.
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Mary of Burgundy
Mary, called Mary the Rich (13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), was suo jure Duchess of Burgundy from 1477 – 1482. As the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon, she was the heiress to the vast Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. Her mother had died in 1465, but Mary was on very good terms with her stepmother Margaret of York, whom Charles married in 1468.
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Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus ( or ) (23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490), also called the Just, was King of Hungary from 1458, at the age of 14 until his death. After conducting several military campaigns he became also King of Bohemia, (1469–1490) and Duke of Austria.
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Maximilian of Mexico
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Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte , Italian: Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
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Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, becoming dictator before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
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Otto von Habsburg
Otto von Habsburg (born 20 November 1912), also known as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen in Austria, was the head of the House of Habsburg and heir to the thrones of the former Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has been the Habsburg pretender to the Austrian throne since 1922.
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Ottoman Empire
The Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish, Persian: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1923.
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Pedro I of Brazil
Pedro I of Brazil (; English: Peter I, October 12, 1798 – September 24, 1834), was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil and also King of Portugal as Pedro IV, having reigned for 8 years and almost 2 months, respectively. His full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim (English: Peter of Alcantara Francis John Charles Xavier of Paula Michael Raphael Joachim Joseph Gonzaga Pascal Cyprian Seraph.). He was born on 12 October 1798, in Queluz, the fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Infanta Charlotte of Spain. The Emperor-King was a member of the Portuguese branch and founder of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza and was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (English: Don).
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Philip I of Castile
Philip I (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506), known as Philip the Handsome or the Fair, was the first Habsburg King of Castile. The son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Philip inherited the greater part of the Duchy of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands (as Philip IV) from his mother, Mary of Burgundy, and briefly succeeded to the Crown of Castile as the husband of Queen Joanna of Castile. He was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain. He never inherited his father's territories, nor became Holy Roman Emperor, because he predeceased his father.
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Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (; ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (kingdoms of Castile, Navarra, this one disputed by the French and the Crown of Aragon) and Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as Duke or Count.
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Philip III of Spain
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Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV (, 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal (as Philip III, ) until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the Thirty Years War (1618–48).
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Philip V of Spain
Philip V (Spanish: Felipe V; French: Philippe de France; 19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746), fils de France and Duke of Anjou, was King of Spain from 1700 to 14 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son, Louis I of Spain, and from 31 August 1724 to 1746, assuming the throne again upon his son's death. Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. His entire reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history.
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Pope Nicholas V
Pope Nicholas V (Italian: Niccolò V) (November 15, 1397 – March 24, 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from March 6, 1447 to his death in 1455.
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Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
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Rudolph I of Bohemia
Rudolf I of Habsburg (; 1281 – 3/4 July 1307) was Duke of Austria and Styria (as Rudolph III) from 1298 and King of Bohemia and titular King of Poland from 1306 until his death. He was the eldest son of German king Albert I of Habsburg and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol.
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Rudolph I of Germany
Rudolph I (also known as Rudolph of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) ( – ) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties; he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the present-day country of Austria.
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Sigismund of Austria
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Sophia Chotek
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Sundgau
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Victor Emmanuel II
http://wn.com/Victor_Emmanuel_II
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Alsace
Alsace ( ; Alsatian: Elsàss ; , pre-1996: Elsaß, ; ) is the fourth-smallest of the 26 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the sixth-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; January 1, 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Due to that city being the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
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Aragon
Aragon (Spanish and , ) is a modern autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces from north to south: Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza (also called Saragossa in English).
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Archduchy of Austria
The Archduchy of Austria (), one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the Austrian Empire. Over nearly 700 years, it evolved from a margraviate to the center of an empire. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy was centered in the area of the current Austrian federal state of Lower Austria and included most of what is now Upper Austria as well.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire () was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria–Hungary, which was proclaimed after declaring the Emperor of Austria also King of Hungary, a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
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Battle of Sempach
The Battle of Sempach was fought on July 9, 1386 between Leopold III, Duke of Austria, and the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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Breisgau
Breisgau is the name of an area in southwest Germany, placed between the river Rhine and the foothills of the Black Forest around Freiburg im Breisgau in the state of Baden-Württemberg. The district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, which partly consists of the Breisgau, is named after that area. Parts of the Breisgau are also situated in the political districts of Freiburg im Breisgau and of Emmendingen.
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Cieszyn
Cieszyn (, ) is a border-town and the seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has 36,109 inhabitants (2004). Cieszyn lies on the Olza River, a tributary of the Oder river, opposite Český Těšín.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which France, Austria, Russia and Britain brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was a model for the League of Nations and United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties.
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and almost definitive union of the monarchies of kingdoms Castile and Toledo in one hand, and the kingdoms of Leon and Galicia in other hand, and with the union of their parliaments a few decades later. In 1217, Ferdinand III was crowned King of Castile and Toledo, and 13 years after (1230), he usurped the crown of Leon and Galicia to their heirs (Sancha and Dulce); however, to reduce his titulation, he is most known as Ferdinand III of Castile and sometimes of "Castile and Leon".
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (, see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It spreads between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. Dalmatia today lies mostly in Croatia, also with smaller parts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Neum Municipality) and Montenegro (around the Bay of Kotor). The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia.
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Duchy of Austria
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Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822 it was replaced by a republic in 1889.
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Franconia
Franconia () is a region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria, a small part of southern Thuringia, and a region in northeastern Baden-Württemberg called Heilbronn-Franken. The Bavarian part is made up of the administrative regions of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken), Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), and Upper Franconia (Oberfranken).
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Gorizia
Gorizia (, , ) is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, and it is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin town of Nova Gorica has developed on the other side of the Italian-Slovenian border. Both towns constitute a conurbation, which also includes the Slovenian municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba.
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Gradisca d'Isonzo
'''Gradisca d'Isonzo' (Friulian: Gardiscja or Gardiscje, , ) is a town and comune'' of 6,600 inhabitants in the province of Gorizia, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy. It is located on the Isonzo River.
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Habsburg Castle
Habsburg Castle is a medieval fortress located in Habsburg, Switzerland in the canton of Aargau, near the Aare River. It is listed as a heritage site of national significance.
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Hungary
Hungary ( ), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe, being part of the Finno-Ugric family.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, [http://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg;=PA280&dq;=istria+croatia+slovenia+italy&hl;=cs&ei;=-B6VTO-GAcOU4Aak6MWGBA&sa;=X&oi;=book_result&ct;=result&resnum;=2&ved;=0CDQQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q;=istria%20croatia%20slovenia%20italy&f;=false A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe], Routledge, 1sr ed. (2002), ISBN 1857430638
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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north, and at the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status—with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary emerged in 1000, when the Principality of Hungary, founded in 896, was recognized as a Kingdom. The form of government was changed from monarchy to Republic briefly in 1918 and again in 1946, ending the Kingdom and creating the Republic of Hungary. During most of its history, it was a considerable state in Central Europe, including, besides Hungary proper and Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia and a territory known as the Military Frontier.Aldásy, Antal. "Hungary", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 17 April 2009 .
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Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples, comprising the southern part of the Italian peninsula, was the remainder of the old Kingdom of Sicily after secession of the island of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. Known to contemporaries as the Kingdom of Sicily, it is dubbed Kingdom of Naples to distinguish it from the island-based polity. During much of its existence, the realm was contested between French and Aragonese/Spanish dynasties. In 1816, it again merged with island-based Kingdom of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
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Kingdom of Spain
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Lake Constance
Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein.
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Leitha
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Lower Austria
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Lublin
Lublin (, Liublin, Loblin) is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river. Lublin is a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
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Mayerling Incident
The Mayerling Incident refers to the series of events leading to the apparent murder-suicide of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his lover Baroness Mary Vetsera. Prince Rudolf was the only son of Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria, and therefore heir to his father as Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and King of Bohemia. Rudolf's mistress Mary was the daughter of Baron Albin Vetsera, a diplomat at the Austrian court. The couple's bodies were discovered at Mayerling, Rudolf's hunting lodge, in Lower Austria on January 30, 1889.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Modena
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{{Infobox settlement
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:For the two French départements of the region of Savoy, see Savoie and Haute-Savoie''
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Upper Alsace
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Upper Austria
{{Infobox settlement
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
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Vosges mountains
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Zator
Zator (, Vilamovian: Naojśtaod) is an old town on the Skawa river within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999) in southern Poland. From 1975 to 1998 it belonged to the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Zator.
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Habsburg, Gregor Filmography
- Jack the Reaper (2009) (actor, plays Man Sleeping)
- La Premiere (2009) (actor, plays Screening Attendee)
France & The Habsburgs
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The Rise and Fall of Austria or Habsburg Empire / Österreich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Published: 03 May 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: PaulRietvoorn
Austria was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty from 1278/1282 until 1918. Therefore, historical Austria is also known as the Habsburg Empire or the Habsburg Monarchy. The Habsburgs made Austria a great power ever since 1477, when they inherited much of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Soon afterwards they inherited many more lands by their marriage policies. During the 16th century, the Habsburgs ruled over large parts of Europe (not to speak of their enormous American colonial empire). The centuries afterwards they remained a great power until World War I, when the nationalist thoughts in Europe finally divided the old empire into many small states. It's important to put in mind that Austria has always been a "part" of Germany until the 19th century. Indeed, the German Empire didn't exist until 1871, but the Germans (Austrians included) realized they shared a same language and culture, and the medieval Holy Roman Empire actually was more or less a German state until it fell apart in the fatal 13th century. Since 1452, the Habsburgs were (with one short exception) the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was by now virtually a very loose confederation of states. However, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor gave the Habsburgs privileges and some sort of loyalty from the German dukes, although monarchs like the Prussian kings didn't care. The Austrians were finally abandoned outside the German Empire in 1871. Music: Johann Strauss II - An der schönen <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Austria_or_Habsburg_Empire_/_Österreich
Otto von Habsburg - Funeral - Singing of the Kaiserhymne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 17 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: aussiecrowntv
Following 13 days of mourning, the heir to the thrones of the great Austro Hungarian Empire, His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Otto von Hapsburg, was laid to rest in Vienna on 16 July 2011. In scenes recalling the Empire, his coffin was taken in one of the longest processions seen in the old imperial capital to St Stephen's cathedral where the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna Christoph Schönborn presided. This video shows the the singing of the Hayden's Kaiserhymne, the Imperial Hymn. (The tune is well known in the English speaking world from John Newton's great hymn "Glorious things of thee are spoken/Zion, city of our God." The music was subsequently used as the German National Anthem which begins "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles") His body was first laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich in Pöcking, Bavaria, and was then taken by train to Mariazell on 12 July, before being taken by train to Vienna. Five requiem masses were celebrated in Munich, Pöcking, Mariazell, Vienna, and Budapest. In accordance with the Habsburg tradition, his body was entombed in the Imperial Crypt (Kapuzinergruft) in Vienna and his heart will be buried in the Pannonhalma Archabbey west of the Hungarian capital, Budapest. His son Karl Habsburg said "It would always be wrong to only remember him in the context of the old monarchy or only remember him in the context of the European Union. I think he should be remembered in the whole arch that <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg__Funeral__Singing_of_the_Kaiserhymne
Otto von Habsburg Funeral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Published: 17 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Oct 2011
- Author: aussiecrowntv
Following 13 days of mourning, the heir to the thrones of the great Austro Hungarian Empire, His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Otto von Hapsburg, was laid to rest in Vienna on 16 July 2011. In scenes recalling the Empire, his coffin was taken in one of the longest processions seen in the old imperial capital to St Stephen's cathedral where the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna Christoph Schönborn presided. His body was first laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich in Pöcking, Bavaria, and was then taken by train to Mariazell on 12 July, before being taken by train to Vienna. Five requiem masses were celebrated in Munich, Pöcking, Mariazell, Vienna, and Budapest. In accordance with the Habsburg tradition, his body was entombed in the Imperial Crypt (Kapuzinergruft) in Vienna and his heart will be buried in the Pannonhalma Archabbey west of the Hungarian capital, Budapest. His son Karl Habsburg said "It would always be wrong to only remember him in the context of the old monarchy or only remember him in the context of the European Union. I think he should be remembered in the whole arch that his life has been creating... over the whole changes that happened to Europe in his lifetime." Among the mourners were King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein and Prince Michael of Kent and Marie Christine, Princess Michael of Kent, representing the royal Family of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg_Funeral
![Otto von Habsburg Funeral - Kapuzinerkirche [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111205174135im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/9-BBgc_uBZQ/0.jpg "Otto von Habsburg Funeral - Kapuzinerkirche [HD]")
Otto von Habsburg Funeral - Kapuzinerkirche [HD]
Otto von Habsburg entering Capuchin Church. This is the last time this will be performed for a Habsburg.
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg_Funeral__Kapuzinerkirche_ HD
Otto von Habsburg - Requiem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Published: 17 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: aussiecrowntv
Following 13 days of mourning, the heir to the thrones of the great Austro Hungarian Empire, His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Otto von Hapsburg, was laid to rest in Vienna on 16 July 2011. In scenes recalling the Empire, his coffin was taken in one of the longest processions seen in the old imperial capital to St Stephen's cathedral where the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna Christoph Schönborn presided. His body was first laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich in Pöcking, Bavaria, and was then taken by train to Mariazell on 12 July, before being taken by train to Vienna. Five requiem masses were celebrated in Munich, Pöcking, Mariazell, Vienna, and Budapest. In accordance with the Habsburg tradition, his body was entombed in the Imperial Crypt (Kapuzinergruft) in Vienna and his heart will be buried in the Pannonhalma Archabbey west of the Hungarian capital, Budapest. His son Karl Habsburg said "It would always be wrong to only remember him in the context of the old monarchy or only remember him in the context of the European Union. I think he should be remembered in the whole arch that his life has been creating... over the whole changes that happened to Europe in his lifetime." Among the mourners were King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein and Prince Michael of Kent and Marie Christine, Princess Michael of Kent, representing the royal Family of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg__Requiem
Otto von Habsburg dies at the age of 98
He was often described as a champion of European unity. Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, the eldest son of the last Austrian emperor, has died at the age of 98. He lived in southern Germany during a life spent mostly in exile. The Habsburgs were the ruling family of the Austro-Hungarian empire, which collapsed at the end of World War One. Austria abolished the monarchy and the man also known as Otto von Habsburg gave up his claim to the throne in 1961. ... www.euronews.net
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg_dies_at_the_age_of_98
Habsburg Tribute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 20 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 24 Oct 2011
- Author: wargamer234
A tribute to the Great House of Habsburg
http://wn.com/Habsburg_Tribute
In memoriam Austria - Hungary
In memoriam of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first tentative to create an union of people based upon prosperity and common interests. 1. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, also known as AustriaHungary, the Dual Monarchy or "KuK Monarchy" or Dual State, was a dual-monarchic union in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918, dissolved at the end of World War I. The dual monarchy was the successor to the Austrian Empire (18041867) on the same territory, originating in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians. As a multi-national empire and great power in an era of national awakening, it found its political life dominated by disputes among the eleven principal national groups. The Habsburg dynasty ruled as Emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as Kings of Hungary and Croatia over the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia which enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defense). The Monarchy bore the full name internationally of "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen". 2. The capital of the state was Vienna. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was geographically the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, and the third most populous (after both Russia and the German Empire). Today, the territory it covered has a population of about 69 million. 3. Names of the Empire in languages <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/In_memoriam_Austria__Hungary
Habsburg Ottó elhunyt, 98 éves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 06 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Oct 2011
- Author: fnietzsche10
Habsburg Ottó elhunyt, 98 éves_DunaTV Híradó_2011 julius 5.
http://wn.com/Habsburg_Ottó_elhunyt,_98_éves
In Memoriam Otto von Habsburg 1912-2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Published: 04 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: KaiserKarl1887
Otto von Habsburg -- in Österreich amtlich Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, kurz meist Otto Habsburg -- 20. November 1912 in der Villa Wartholz bei Reichenau an der Rax gestroben am 4.7.2011 in Pöcking, Österreich-Ungarn; mit allen Vornamen und voller Titulatur bis 1919: „Se. Kais. und Kgl. Hoheit Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, Kaiserlicher Prinz, Erzherzog von Österreich, Königlicher Prinz von Ungarn. Er war de älteste Sohn ds letzten Kaisers von Österreich.
http://wn.com/In_Memoriam_Otto_von_Habsburg_1912-2011
Tribute to ArchDuke Otto von Habsburg, a great European
Otto Archduke of Austria, Apostolic Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, died the 4th of July 2011. Opposer of fascism and tyranny, condemned to death by horrible animal hitler, he repaired to USA, all his life he worked for a United Europe of which he's considered one of the ideologic fathers
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_ArchDuke_Otto_von_Habsburg,_a_great_European
Habsburg Obsequies: Otto's Cortege arrives at Capuchin Church, Vienna, 16 July 2011
http://wn.com/Habsburg_Obsequies_Otto's_Cortege_arrives_at_Capuchin_Church,_Vienna,_16_July_2011
Otto Von Habsburg Funeral Procession
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Published: 26 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Oct 2011
- Author: SeanMerfie
While we were in Bratislava the last king of Austria-Hungary died and we were able to see his funeral procession.
http://wn.com/Otto_Von_Habsburg_Funeral_Procession
HUNGARY UNDER HABSBURG RULE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 19 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Jul 2011
- Author: Damaszkusz
www.hunmagyar.org Partitioned Hungary 1526-1699 As a result of the previous centuries of feudal regime, a weakened and internally divided Hungary was unable to withstand external pressures. The foreign-influenced ruling feudal class failed to defend the national interests and this led to the 1526 military defeat at Mohács against the Ottoman army and to the subsequent partition of Hungary. Thus, Hungary was occupied and partitioned by the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, with the Principality of Transylvania remaining as an autonomous entity. These events proved to be catastrophic for the future historical development of Hungary as the Hungarian population suffered great losses due to centuries of warfare and foreign occupation....
http://wn.com/HUNGARY_UNDER_HABSBURG_RULE
Otto von Habsburg dies at the age of 98
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Published: 04 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jul 2011
- Author: amnewswatch
Please subscribe!
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg_dies_at_the_age_of_98
Funeral of Otto von Habsburg (July 16th 2011)
All pictures and all clips are taken/recorded by me. I've been at that wonderful funeral, that means I watched it live on the Stepansplatz and the "Neuen Markt". The funeral procession was beautiful, with all the men in uniforms and the clergy and Otto von Habsburg's family. In the end of the video you'll see some pictures of the "Kapuziner-/Kaisergruft", where he has benn brought to. The (now) typical burial rituals of the Habsburger's is simply beautiful, as I saw today. RIP Otto von Habsburg, son of Austria's last emperor (Karl). 1912-2011. Many important people came to the obsequies, such as the Royal Swedish couple. The music is the "Kaiserhymne", written by Haydn (the melody now is the national anthem of Germany, but the Kasierhymne is the former national anthem of Austria! The lyrics are-of course-totally different): 1. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, unsern guten Kaiser Franz! Hoch als Herrscher, hoch als Weiser steht er in des Ruhmes Glanz. Liebe windet Lorbeerreiser ihm zu ewig grünem Kranz. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, unsern guten Kaiser Franz! 2. Über blühende Gefilde reicht sein Zepter weit und breit. Säulen seines Throns sind Milde, Biedersinn und Redlichkeit. Und von seinem Wappenschilde Strahlet die Gerechtigkeit. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, unsern guten Kaiser Franz! 3. Sich mit Tugenden zu schmücken, achtet er der Sorgen wert. Nicht, um Völker zu erdrücken, flammt in seiner Hand das Schwert; sie zu segnen, zu beglücken, ist der Preis, den er begehrt <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Funeral_of_Otto_von_Habsburg_July_16th_2011
Otto von Habsburg vs Yugoslavia
First of all, Id like to thank a fellow Y-tuber, Slovenian guy Aljosa who was so kind to make a transcript of this TV report which made the translation far easier. For all those who at some point wondered about who killed Yugoslavia... The video is just a hint of the full and true background story on how European aristos and fat cats covertly worked on undermining and toppling European communist regimes and even dismembering countries in order to push forward their project of united Europe and more importantly, the idea of laissez faire, the state of economic anarchy which shifts the power from governments into the hands of tycoons. The links at the bottom as well as the video at hand are specifically related to the case of Yugoslavia. I recommend doing your own research on the Pinay Cercle/Le Cercle, Mont Pelerin Society, Paneuropean Union and Sovereign Military Order of Malta. This is an excerpt from the history page of the official Paneuropa website www.paneuropa.org: At the same time, under the leadership of Bernd Posselt and Walburga von Habsburg, the Pan-Europa Union strengthened its work as a special representative of the international office beyond the Iron Curtain and established contacts with civil rights organizations in Poland such as the trade union "Solidarnosc", "Charter 77" and church institutions as well as in Hungary, in former Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia as well as in the Baltic states. The pan-European underground work received a boost through the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg_vs_Yugoslavia
Johann Strauss II - Habsburg Hoch! - Marsch, op. 408
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 30 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Nov 2011
- Author: Fledermaus1990
In 1273 Count Rudolph of Habsburg acceded to the throne of Germany. Through force of arms he acquired certain territories including Austria and Styria and, seeking to strengthen his own 'Hausmacht' (dynastic power), as Emperor he bestowed these territories upon his two sons, Albert and Rudolph, on 27 Dicernber 1282. Thus began the association between the House of Habsburg and Austria, which was to exist until 1918. 27 Dicernber 1882 -- 'Habsburg Day' -- was marked by celebrations throughout Austria, including a festive evening in Vienna's Carl-Theater. Between a prologue by Josef Weyl and the première of Ludwig Anzengruber's comedy, Die umkehrte Freit, Johann Strauss conducted the first performance of his march Habsburg Hoch! The work, written to mark 'the 600 years Commernoration of the most Illustrious House of Habsburg', features snatches from Haydn's Austrian Hymn, the Prinz Eugen-Lied and Strauss Father's Radetzky-Marsch. Photo: The Imperial Family.
http://wn.com/Johann_Strauss_II__Habsburg_Hoch!__Marsch,_op_408
Abschied von Otto von Habsburg - Beisetzung in Wien - Teil 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 227:31
- Published: 16 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 13 Nov 2011
- Author: arnold1000
Abschied von Otto von Habsburg - Beisetzung in Wien - Teil 1
http://wn.com/Abschied_von_Otto_von_Habsburg__Beisetzung_in_Wien__Teil_1
Stoned Again at the House of Habsburg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Published: 05 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Oct 2011
- Author: redbluegirl1
Rare live footage of Stoned Again performing an intimate soiree for their aristo chums, filmed just outside Prague, March 2006.
http://wn.com/Stoned_Again_at_the_House_of_Habsburg
Requiem - Otto von Habsburg - Requiem und Kyrie (Michael Haydn)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Published: 16 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: cruxfidelisblog
Bestattung / Requiem für Erzherzog Otto von Österreich, Dom St. Stephan, Wien Hauptzelebrant: SE Kardinal Dr. Christoph Schönborn Funeral / Requiem for Archduke Otto of Austria, St Stephen Cathedral, Vienna, Austria Celebrated by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn Requiem in c-moll Missa pro defuncto Archiepiscopo Sigismondo Michael Haydn (1737 -- 1806) Domchor & Domorchester St. Stephan Hans Haselböck, Orgel Leitung: Domkapellmeister Markus Landerer Sopran: Tünde Szabóki Alt: Alice Rath Tenor: Gernot Heinrich Bass: Günter Haumer Orgel beim Requiem: Anne Marie Dragosits
http://wn.com/Requiem__Otto_von_Habsburg__Requiem_und_Kyrie_Michael_Haydn
Requiem - Otto von Habsburg - Kaiserhymne - Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze unsern Kaiser, unser Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
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Bestattung / Requiem für Erzherzog Otto von Österreich, Dom St. Stephan, Wien Hauptzelebrant: SE Kardinal Dr. Christoph Schönborn Funeral / Requiem for Archduke Otto of Austria, St Stephen Cathedral, Vienna, Austria Celebrated by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn Orgel / Organ: Prof. Hans Haselböck Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze Unsern Kaiser, unser Land! Mächtig durch des Glaubens Stütze Führt er uns mit weiser Hand! Laßt uns seiner Väter Krone Schirmen wider jeden Feind: Innig bleibt mit Habsburgs Throne Österreichs Geschick vereint.
http://wn.com/Requiem__Otto_von_Habsburg__Kaiserhymne__Gott_erhalte,_Gott_beschütze_unsern_Kaiser,_unser_Land
Verschiedene Hymnen beim Requiem für Otto von Habsburg in München 11. Juli 2011
http://wn.com/Verschiedene_Hymnen_beim_Requiem_für_Otto_von_Habsburg_in_München_11_Juli_2011
photo: GNU
26 Nov 2011
Vienna - As the debt crisis makes itself felt across Central and Eastern Europe, Austrian banks heavily exposed to the region are increasingly getting nervous. Raiffeisen Bank International (RBI), for...
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Otto von Habsburg: Last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary who later championed European unification
24 Aug 2011
The Independent
Although Habsburg struggled in vain, while in exile, to make a stand against the Nazis annexing Austria before the Second World War and later fought against Communism, it was as president of the Pan-European League that he perhaps had his greatest impact on European events. Along with his Hungarian...
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The Guardian
European art from Titian to Klimt mirrors the history of the royal dynasty that commissioned or inspired it Titian painted grand mythological canvases including The Rape of Europa (detail) for the Habsburg ruler Philip II. Photograph: Burstein Collection/Corbis...
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The Guardian
The recent burial of Otto von Habsburg – his body in Vienna, his heart in Hungary – drew attention to one of the most powerful families in European history. For centuries the Habsburg dynasty ruled not only Austria and a vast tract of central Europe but, at their height, Spain, the Low Countries and...
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Otto von Habsburg of Austria dies at 98
24 Jul 2011
San Fransisco Chronicle
Mariazell, Austria -- About 1,000 people have attended a requiem Mass for the son of Austria's last emperor and his wife at a basilica associated...
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Correction: Habsburg story
18 Jul 2011
The Daily Mail
As a tradition usually reserved for royals and religious leaders, it was certainly a fitting way to mark the end of a 640-year European dynasty. The heart of the last heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was buried in a Hungarian crypt yesterday - a day after a magnificent Austrian ceremony where his...
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Otto von Habsburg's heart buried in Hungary
18 Jul 2011
Habsburg funeral sparks nostalgia and admiration
18 Jul 2011
BBC News
A silver urn stood by the altar in the Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma in Hungary. It was surrounded by a wreath of flowers and leaves in red, white and green - the colours of the Hungarian flag. It contained the heart of Otto von Habsburg, Archduke of Austria, Crown...
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Habsburg: Austro-Hungarian heir's heart buried
18 Jul 2011
BBC News
The heart of the last heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Otto von Habsburg, has been buried in central Hungary. The funeral of the last crown prince took place on Saturday in the Austrian capital Vienna, where his body was buried...
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:"Habsburg" redirects here. For the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, please see House of Lorraine. For other uses, please see Habsburg (disambiguation).
The House of Habsburg (, ), also found as Hapsburg, and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and Spanish Empire and several other countries. Originally from Switzerland, the dynasty first reigned in Austria, which they ruled for over six centuries. A series of dynastic marriages enabled the family to vastly expand its domains, to include Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, and other territories into the inheritance. In the 16th century, the family separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches, who settled their mutual claims in the Oñate treaty.
King of the Romans
Holy Roman Emperors
Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes)
Kings of Bohemia (1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918),
Kings of Hungary and Croatia (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1526–1918),
Kings of Spain (1516–1700),
Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),
Kings of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and
Grand Princes of Transylvania (1690–1867).
Guntram the Rich (ca. 930–985 / 990) Father of:
Lanzelin of Altenburg (d. 991). Besides Radbot, he had sons named Rudolph I, Wernher, and Landolf.
Werner I, Count of Habsburg (1025 / 1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, who was reeve of Muri from 1111–1141 after the death of Otto II.
Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (d. 1111) Father of:
Werner II of Habsburg (around 1135; d. 1167) Father of:
Albrecht III of Habsburg (the Rich), d. 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Father of:
Rudolph II of Habsburg (b. circa 1160, d. 1232) Father of:
Albrecht IV of Habsburg, (d. 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III. Albrecht IV was also an mutual ancestor of Sophia Chotek and of her husband Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Rudolph II, son of Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
Albert I (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 1282–1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298–1308. See also below.
Rudolph III, oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307
Frederick the Handsome (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308–1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.
Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308–1326.
Albert II (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 1326–1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
Otto the Jolly (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
Rudolph IV the Founder (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of Tirol after 1363.
Albert III (Albrecht III), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions.
Albert IV (Albrecht IV), duke of Austria 1395–1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.
Albert V (Albrecht V), duke of Austria 1404–1439, Holy Roman Emperor from 1438–1439 as Albert II. See also below.
Ladislaus Posthumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 1440–1457.
Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
William (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in Inner Austria (Carinthia, Styria)
Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria
Philip II of Spain (Jure Uxoris with Mary I of England 1554–1558)
Rudolph I, emperor 1273–1291 (never crowned)
Albert I, emperor 1298–1308 (never crowned)
Albert II, emperor 1438–1439 (never crowned) -ancestor of Empress Catherine II of Russia
Frederick III, emperor 1440–1493
Albert, king of Hungary 1437–1439
Ladislaus V Posthumus, king of Hungary 1444–1457
Maximilian I, emperor 1508–1519
Charles V, emperor 1519–1556
Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited and united into the throne of Spain by his son:
Charles I 1516–1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines
Philip II of Spain 1556–1598, also Philip I of Portugal 1580–1598 and Philip I of England and his wife Mary I of England 1554–1558
Philip III, also Philip II of Portugal 1598–1621
Philip IV 1621–1665, also Philip III of Portugal 1621–1640
Charles II 1665–1700
Ferdinand I, emperor 1556–1564 (→Family Tree)
Maximilian II, emperor 1564–1576
Rudolf II, emperor 1576–1612
Matthias, emperor 1612–1619
Ferdinand II, emperor 1619–1637
Ferdinand III, emperor 1637–1657 (→Family Tree)
Leopold I, emperor 1658–1705
Josef I, emperor 1705–1711
Charles VI, emperor 1711–1740
Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780.
Francis I Stephen, emperor 1745–1765 (→Family Tree)
Joseph II, emperor 1765–1790
Leopold II, emperor 1790–1792 (→Family Tree)
Francis II, emperor 1792–1806 (→Family Tree)
Queen Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor above. Wife of Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of Alfonso XIII of the House of Bourbon. Alfonso XIII's wife Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg was descended from King George I of Great Britain from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}.
Francis Stephen 1737–1765 (later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)
Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)
Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree)
Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859
Ferdinand IV 1859–1860
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1908–1942
Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1942–1948
Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany 1948–1984
Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany 1948–1993
Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1993–Present
Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree)
Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859
Francis V (1859–1875)
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1875–1914)
Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este (1914–1917)
Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1917–1996)
Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este (1996–Present)
Marie Louise of Austria 1810–1814
Maria Luisa 1814–1847 (→Family Tree)
Maximilian I (1864–1867) (→Family Tree)
Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree)
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
Charles I, Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the House of Bourbon-Parma.
Charles I (1918–1922) (→Family Tree)
Otto von Habsburg (1922–2007)
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian, (1922–1930)
Karl von Habsburg, (2007–present)
Albert, king of Hungary 1437–1439
Ladislaus V Posthumus, King of Hungary 1444–1457
Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 1526–1564
Maximilian I, king of Hungary 1563–1576
Rudolf I, king of Hungary 1572–1608
Matthias II, king of Hungary 1608–1619
Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 1618–1637
Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 1625–1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 1647–1654
Leopold I, king of Hungary 1655–1705
Joseph I, king of Hungary 1687–1711
Charles III, king of Hungary 1711–1740
Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 1741–1780
Joseph II, king of Hungary 1780–1790
Leopold II, king of Hungary 1790–1792
Francis, king of Hungary 1792–1835
Ferdinand V, king of Hungary 1835–1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 1867–1916
Charles IV, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 1306–1307
Albert, king of Bohemia 1437–1439
Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia 1453–1457
Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 1526–1564
Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 1563–1576
Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 1572–1611
Matthias, king of Bohemia 1611–1618
Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 1621–1637
Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 1625–1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 1647–1654
Leopold I, king of Bohemia 1655–1705
Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1687–1711
Charles VI, king of Bohemia 1711–1740
Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
Joseph II, king of Bohemia 1780–1790
Leopold II, king of Bohemia 1790–1792
Francis, king of Bohemia 1792–1835
Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 1835–1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1848–1916
Charles III, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Eleanor of Austria, Infanta of Spain (1498–1558), wife of King Francis I of France.
Elisabeth of Austria (1554–1592), wife of King Charles IX of France
Anne of Austria, infanta of Spain, (1601–1666), wife of King Louis XIII
Maria Theresa of Spain (1638–1683), wife of King Louis XIV
Marie Antoinette (1755–1793), wife of King Louis XVI
Marie Louise (1791–1847), second wife of Emperor Napoleon I.
Eleanor of Austria, Infanta of Spain (1498–1558), third wife of King Manuel I of Portugal. When she became a widow, she remaried, this time with king Francis I of France.
Catherine of Austria, Infanta of Spain (1507–1578), wife of King John III of Portugal
Marie Anne, Archduchess of Austria (1683–1754), wife of King John V of Portugal
Marie Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria (1797–1826), first wife of Peter I, Emperor of Brazil, also known as Peter IV, King of Portugal. Marie Leopoldina was Marie Louise younger sister.
Marie Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria (1797–1826), first wife of Peter I, Emperor of Brazil, also known as Peter IV, King of Portugal. Maria Leopoldina was also briefly Queen consort of Portugal, see above. She was politically active and acted as regent of the Empire of Brazil during her husband's absence from the imperial court in Rio de Janeiro. She had direct participation in the Brazilian Independence. Her son Dom Pedro II ruled Brazil as emperor and her daughter ruled Portugal as Queen Maria II of Portugal.
A.E.I.O.U.
Austria-Hungary
Austrian Empire
Dukes of Lorraine family tree
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Habsburg family tree
Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Spain
Kings of Germany family tree. The Habsburgs were the 8th dynasty to rule Germany and were related by marriage to all the others.
Line of succession to the Tuscan Throne
List of rulers of Austria
List of rulers of Lorraine
Royal intermarriage
Mandibular prognathism ("Habsburg lip")
Mayerling Incident
Ottoman–Habsburg wars
Thirty Years' War
Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Clearfield, 1996.
Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published by Longmans in 1963)
Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979.
McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966.
Palmer, Alan. Napoleón and Marie Louise Ariel Mexico, 2003.
Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975).
http://habsburg.yolasite.com/ The Habsburg Family Association
"Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite) in German
Habsburg Biographies
Habsburg History
Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Rulers/hapsburg3.html
Genealogical tree of the house of Habsburg (up until Maria Theresia)
The Hapsburg Monarchy (Wickham Steed, 1913)) eLibrary Austria Project full text (ebook)
Genealogy of the Habsburgs from Genealogy.eu
"Inbreeding caused demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, new study reveals" (15 April 2009)
Family tree of the Kings of the House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg became extinct in the male line in the 18th century: The Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II in 1700 and was replaced by the Anjou branch of the House of Bourbon in the person of his great-nephew Philip V. The Austrian branch went extinct in 1780 with the death of Empress Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.
Principal roles
Their principal roles were as:Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.
History
Counts of Habsburg
The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been Guntram the Rich, a count in Breisgau who lived in the 10th century. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habsburg founded the Habsburg Castle, after which the Habsburgs are named. The origins of the castle's name, located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, are uncertain. Most people assume the name to be derived from the High German Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), but some historians and linguists are convinced that the name comes from the Middle High German word 'hab/ hap' meaning ford, as there is a river with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108. The Habsburg Castle was the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially countship rights in Zürichgau, Aargau and Thurgau. In the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to gain high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other noble families such as the House of Kyburg.
Kings of the Romans
By the second half of 13th century, count Rudolph IV (1218–1291) had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between Vosges mountains and Lake Constance. Due to these impressive preconditions, on 1 October 1273 Rudolph was chosen as the King of the Romans and received the name Rudolph I of Germany.In 1282, the Habsburgs gained the rulership of the Duchy of Austria, which they then held for over 600 years, until 1918. Through the forged Privilegium Maius document (1358/59), a special bondage was created between the House and Austria. The document, forged at the behest of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (1339–1365), also attempted to introduce rules to preserve the unity of the family's Austrian lands. In the long term, this indeed succeeded, but Rudolph's descendants ignored the rule, leading to the separation of the Albertian and Leopoldian family lines in 1379.
By marrying Elisabeth of Luxembourg, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in 1437, Duke Albert V (1397–1439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, expanding the family's political horizons. The next year, Albert V was crowned as the King of the Romans and received the name Albert II. After his early death in war with the Turks in 1439, and after the death of his son Ladislaus Postumus in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia and Hungary again. National kingdoms were established in these areas, and the Habsburgs were not able to restore their influence there for decades.
Holy Roman Emperors
In 1440, Frederick III was chosen by the Electoral College to succeed Albert II as the king. After several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial throne over the years, success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when Pope Nicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. The Pope found in Frederick III an important political ally with whose help he was able to counter the conciliar movement. While in Rome, Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, enabling him to build a network of connections with dynasties in the west and southeast of Europe. In contrast to Frederick, who was rather distant to his family, Eleanor had a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children, and therefore played an important role in the family's rise to prominence. After Frederick III's coronation, the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously for centuries, until 1806.As Emperor, Frederick III took a leading role inside the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family's internal conflicts, often making use of the privilegium maius. He was able to restore the unity of the house's Austrian lands, as the Albertinian line was now extinct. Territorial integrity was also strengthened by the extinction of the Tirolian branch of the Leopoldian line in 1490/1496. Frederick's aim was to make Austria a united country, stretching from Rhine to Murr and Leitha.
On the external front, one of Frederick's main achievements was the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), in which he forced Charles the Bold of Burgundy to give his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian. The wedding, which took place on the evening of August 16, 1477, ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiring control of the Low Countries. After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundian heritance to one of his and Mary's children, Philip the Handsome. Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favour of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493. After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new King of the Romans, receiving the name Maximilian I. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, due to opposition from Venice and from the French, who were occupying Milan, as well a refusal from the Pope due to enemy forces being present on his territory. In 1508, Maximilian proclaimed himself as the "chosen Emperor", and this was also recognized by the Pope due to changes in political alliances. This had a historical consequence in that in the future, the Roman King would also automatically become Emperor, without needing the Pope's consent. In 1530, Emperor Charles V, became the last person to be crowned as the Emperor by the Pope.
Maximilian's rule (1493–1519) was a time of great expansion for the Habsburgs. In 1497, Maximilian's son, Philip the Handsome (also known as Phillip the Fair) married Joanna of Castile, also known as Joan the Mad, heiress of Castile, Aragon and most of Spain. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Charles V and inherited the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, including their colonies in the New World; Southern Italy, Austria and the Low Countries. The foundations for the later empire of Austria-Hungary were laid in 1515 by the means of a double wedding between Louis, only son of Vladislaus II, King of Hungary, and Maximilian's granddaughter Mary; and between her brother, Archduke Ferdinand and Vladislaus' daughter, Anna. The wedding was celebrated in grand style on 22 July 1515, and has been described by some historians as the First Congress of Vienna due to its significant implications for Europe's political landscape. As all the children were still minors, the wedding was formally completed in 1521. Vladislaus died on 13 March 1516, and Maximilian died on 12 January 1519, but his designs were ultimately successful: on Louis's death in 1526, Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor became the King of Bohemia.
By the time of Charles V the "World Emperor" and his "empire on which the sun never sets", the Habsburg dynasty achieved, for the first and only time in their history, the position of a true world power.
Division of the house: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I by his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (1516–1556), the dynasty split into the junior branch of the Austrian Habsburgs and the senior branch of the Spanish Habsburgs. The Austrian Habsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor after Charles' death in 1558, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish major branch ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Hungary was partly under Habsburg rule from 1526. For 150 years most of the country was occupied by the Ottoman Turks but these territories were re-conquered in 1683–1699.In the secret Oñate treaty, the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the last male of the Austrian Habsburg line in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession), and consequently the entire line itself in 1780. The heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine, although technically a new ruling house came into existence in the Austrian territories, the House of Lorraine (see Dukes of Lorraine family tree). It is thought that extensive intra-family marriages within both lines contributed to their extinctions.
Extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs
The Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by the frequent use of consanguineous marriages, with ultimately disastrous results for their gene pool. Marriages between first cousins, or between uncle and niece, were commonplace in the family. A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de Compostela suggests that inbreeding directly led to their extinction. The gene pool eventually became so small that the last of the Spanish line Charles II, who was severely disabled by genetic disorders, possessed a genome comparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, likely due to "remote inbreeding". The infamous Habsburg jaw was one such prominent manifestation of inbreeding.On August 6, 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganization of Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) on August 11, 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on May 18, 1804.
Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria".
Under the terms of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 effective autonomy was given to Hungary (see Austria-Hungary). Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor. This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
On November 11, 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of Hungary, and in 1921 the Hungarian government passed a law which revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs.
The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Charles' eldest son, renounced all claims to the throne.
The dynasty's motto is "Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, marry!" (Bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria, nube!), which indicates the knack of the Habsburgs to have their members intermarry into other royal houses, to make alliances and inherit territory. Empress Maria Theresa is recognized quite notably for it and is sometimes referred to as the "Great-Grandmother of Europe".
Family tree
This family tree only includes male scions of the direct House of Habsburg who survived to adulthood.
Main line
Before Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is today southwestern Germany and Switzerland.
Ancestors
Counts of Habsburg
Radbot of Klettgau, built the Habsburg Castle (ca. 985–1035). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albrecht I.
Dukes of Austria
In the late Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes of the Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today Lower Austria and the eastern part of Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included Styria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tirol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and Lake Constance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes who never actually ruled.
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windic March, Tirol, and Further Austria.
Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line
:* Ernest the Iron (der Eiserne), 1406–1424 duke of Inner Austria, until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV. :* Frederick V (Friedrich), son of Ernst, became emperor Frederick III in 1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund 1439–1446 and of Ladislaus Posthumus 1440–1452. See also below. :* Albert VI (Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458–1463 :* Ernestine line of Saxon princes, ancestor of George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III; also Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland 1918
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
:* Frederick IV (Friedrich), brother of Ernst, 1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria :* Sigismund, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 1439–1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the Duchy of Austria after the death of Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485–1490.
Kings of England
King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580–1640)
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
The War of the Austrian Succession took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg line upon the death of Charles VI. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria, when it was followed by the House of Lorraine, styled of Habsburg-Lorraine.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.
A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide, Queen of Sardina was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia and King of Italy. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy
Ferdinand IV 1860–1908See Line of succession to the Tuscan Throne
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Empress consort of France
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification. It was granted to the second wife of Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, a daughter of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of Napoleon II of France. Napoleon had divorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Maximilian, an adventurous younger son, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. The conservative Mexican nobility, as well as the clergy, supported this Second Mexican Empire. His consort, Charlotte of Belgium, a princess of the House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, encouraged her husband's acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him as Empress Carlota of Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro de las Campanas" in 1867 by the republican forces of Benito Juárez.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
see Line of succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne
Burials
Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy until 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed separately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of Bohemia was from 1306 a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it was not an automatically inherited position. Until rule of the Ferdinand I Habsburgs didn't gain hereditary accession to the throne and were shifted by other dynasties. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.
Main line
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.
Queens Consort of France
From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the greatest non-Habsburg power in Europe was usually France. As a result, in usually futile attempts to either unite Europe under the Habsburg family or to prevent French enmity, Habsburg daughters were wed to successive kings of France.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Austrian Habsburgs
Spanish Habsburgs
Habsburg-Lorraine
Queens Consort of Portugal
Due to its proximity (geographic, strategic and religious) the Habsburgs always consolidated their alliances with the Portuguese Royal House of Aviz, which gave them this Kingdom in 1580. When the Braganzas expelled the Spanish Habsburgs (1640), new alliances were set-up, this time with the Austrian Habsburgs.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Austrian Habsburgs
Habsburg-Lorraine
Empress Consort of Brazil
Habsburg-Lorraine
;Tuscan Duchy and Salzburg descendants
The members of this family bear the titles Archduke (Archduchess) of Austria, Prince (Princess) of Hungary, Prince (Princess) of Tuscany (Imperial and Royal Highness). Descendants of morganatic marriages, except those granted specific titles such as the Princes von Altenburg, generally bear the title "Graf (Gräfin) von Habsburg-[Lothringen]".
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
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