Events

1048 – Protestantism: The villagers around today's Baden-Baden elect their own priest in defiance of the local bishop.

1648 – Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.

1649 – King Charles I of England is beheaded.

1661 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is ritually executed two years after his death, on the anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.

1667 – The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Kiev, Smolensk, and left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo.

1703 – The Forty-seven Ronin, under the command of Ōishi Kuranosuke, avenge the death of their master.

1790 – The first boat specializing as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne.

1806 – The original Lower Trenton Bridge (also called the Trenton Makes the World Takes Bridge), which spans the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.

1820 – Edward Bransfield sights the Trinity Peninsula and claims the discovery of Antarctica.

1826 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, considered the world's first modern suspension bridge, connecting the Isle of Anglesey to the north West coast of Wales, is opened.

1835 – In the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States, Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot president Andrew Jackson, but fails and is subdued by a crowd, including several congressmen.

1841 – A fire destroys two-thirds of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

1847 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco.

1858 – The first Hallé concert is given in Manchester, England, marking the official founding of the Hallé Orchestra as a full-time, professional orchestra.

1862 – The first American ironclad warship, the is launched.

1889 – Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in Mayerling.

1902 – The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed in London.

1911 – The destroyer makes the first airplane rescue at sea saving the life of James McCurdy 10 miles from Havana, Cuba.

1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.

1913 – The United Kingdom's House of Lords rejects the Irish Home Rule Bill.

1925 – The Government of Turkey throws Patriarch Constantine VI out of Istanbul.

1933 – Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.

1942 – World War II: Japanese forces invade the island of Ambon in the Dutch East Indies.

1943 – World War II: Second day of the Battle of Rennell Island. The is sunk and a U.S. destroyer is heavily damaged by Japanese torpedoes.

1944 – World War II: United States troops land on Majuro.

1945 – World War II: The Wilhelm Gustloff, overfilled with refugees, sinks in the Baltic Sea after being torpedoed by a Soviet submarine, leading to the deadliest known maritime disaster, killing approximately 9,400 people.

1945 – World War II: Raid at Cabanatuan: 126 American Rangers and Filipino resistance liberate 500 prisoners from the Cabanatuan POW camp.

1948 – Indian pacifist and leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi known for his non-violent freedom struggle is assassinated by Pandit Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist.

1956 – American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.'s home is bombed in retaliation for the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1959 – , said to be the safest ship afloat and "unsinkable" like the , struck an iceberg on her maiden voyage and sank, killing all 95 aboard.

1960 – The African National Party is founded in Chad, through the merger of traditionalist parties.

1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 6 is launched.

1964 – In a bloodless coup, General Nguyen Khanh overthrows General Duong Van Minh's military junta in South Vietnam.

1969 – The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records in London. The impromptu concert is broken up by the police.

1971 – Carole King's Tapestry album is released, it would become the longest charting album by a female solo artist and sell 24 million copies worldwide.

1972 – Bloody Sunday: British Paratroopers kill fourteen unarmed civil rights/anti internment marchers in Northern Ireland.

1972 – Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.

1975 – The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary is established as the first United States National Marine Sanctuary.

1979 – A Varig 707-323C freighter, flown by the same commander as Flight 820, disappears over the Pacific Ocean 30 minutes after taking off from Tokyo.

1982 – Richard Skrenta writes the first PC virus code, which is 400 lines long and disguised as an Apple boot program called "Elk Cloner".

1989 – The American embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan closes.

1994 – Péter Lékó becomes the youngest chess grand master.

1995 – Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for sickle-cell disease.

1996 – Gino Gallagher, the suspected leader of the Irish National Liberation Army, is killed while waiting in line for his unemployment benefit.

2000 – Off the coast of Ivory Coast, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169.

Births

133 – Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (d. 193)

1563 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)

1615 – Thomas Rolfe, American colonial settler; son of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (d. 1675)

1661 – Charles Rollin, French historian (d. 1741)

1697 – Johann Joachim Quantz, German flautist and composer (d. 1773)

1720 – Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (d. 1778)

1754 – John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (d. 1829)

1775 – Walter Savage Landor, English writer (d. 1864)

1781 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)

1816 – Nathaniel Prentice Banks, American politician, 25th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and 24th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1894)

1822 – Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist (d. 1899)

1832 – Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier (d. 1897)

1841 – Félix Faure, French politician (d. 1899)

1859 – Tony Mullane, Irish-born American baseball player (d. 1944)

1861 – Charles Martin Loeffler, German-born composer (d. 1935)

1866 – Gelett Burgess, American literary humorist (d. 1951)

1873 – Georges Ricard-Cordingley, French painter (d. 1939)

1878 – Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Estonian author (d. 1940)

1882 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, American politician, 44th Governor of New York, and 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)

1890 – Bruno Kastner, German actor (d. 1932)

1889 – Jaishankar Prasad, Indian poet and dramatist (d. 1937)

1894 – Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria (d. 1943)

1899 – Max Theiler, South African virologist, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1972)

1901 – Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (d. 1959)

1902 – Nikolaus Pevsner, German-born art historian (d. 1983)

1910 – Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian politician (d. 2000)

1911 – Roy Eldridge, American musician (d. 1989)

1912 – Werner Hartmann, German physicist (d. 1988)

1912 – Francis Schaeffer, American theologian and pastor (d. 1984)

1912 – Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989)

1913 – Percy Thrower, British Television Gardener (d. 1988)

1914 – John Ireland, Canadian actor (d. 1992)

1914 – David Wayne, American actor (d. 1995)

1915 – Joachim Peiper, German SS officer (d. 1976)

1915 – John Profumo, British cabinet minister (d. 2006)

1917 – Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver and motorsport journalist (d. 2008)

1918 – David Opatoshu, American television actor (d. 1996)

1919 – Nikolay Glazkov, Russian poet (d. 1979)

1920 – Carwood Lipton, American WWII veteran (d. 2001)

1920 – Michael Anderson, English film director

1920 – Delbert Mann, American film director (d. 2007)

1922 – Dick Martin, American comedian (d. 2008)

1923 – Walt Dropo, American baseball player (d. 2010)

1924 – Lloyd Alexander, American writer (d. 2007)

1925 – Douglas Engelbart, American computer scientist

1925 – Dorothy Malone, American actress

1927 – Olof Palme, Swedish politician (d. 1986)

1927 – Bendapudi Venkata Satyanarayana, Indian dermatologist (d. 2005)

1928 – Hal Prince, American stage producer and director

1929 – Lucille Teasdale-Corti, Canadian surgeon and aid worker (d. 1996)

1930 – Sandy Amorós, Cuban baseball player (d. 1992)

1930 – Samuel Byck, American attempted assassin of Richard Nixon (d. 1974)

1930 – Gene Hackman, American actor

1930 – Magnus Malan, South African politician

1931 – John Crosbie, Canadian politician

1931 – Allan W. Eckert, American naturalist and author

1931 – Shirley Hazzard, Australian-born author

1932 – Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician

1933 – Louis Rukeyser, American journalist (d. 2006)

1935 – Richard Brautigan, American writer and poet (d. 1984)

1936 – F. Vernon Boozer, American politician

1936 – Patrick Caulfield, British painter and printmaker (d. 2005)

1936 – Horst Jankowski, German popular pianist (d. 1998)

1937 – Ed Hansen, American film director and editor (d. 2005)

1937 – Vanessa Redgrave, English actress

1937 – Boris Spassky, Russian chess player

1938 – Islom Karimov, Uzbekistani politician

1941 – Gregory Benford, American author and scientist

1941 – Dick Cheney, American politician, 7th White House Chief of Staff, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming, 17th United States Secretary of Defense and 46th Vice President of the United States

1941 – Tineke Lagerberg, Dutch swimmer

1942 – Marty Balin, American musician

1943 – Davey Johnson, American baseball player and manager

1945 – Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997)

1947 – Les Barker, English poet

1947 – Steve Marriott, English musician (Humble Pie, The Small Faces) (d. 1991)

1948 – Nick Broomfield, English documentarian

1948 – Paul Magee, Irish IRA figure

1948 – Miles Reid, English mathematician

1949 – Peter Agre, American biologist, Nobel laureate

1950 – Trinidad Silva, American actor (d. 1988)

1951 – Phil Collins, English musician

1951 – Charles S. Dutton, American actor

1951 – Bobby Stokes, English former footballer (d. 1995)

1952 – Doug Falconer, Canadian football player

1955 – John Baldacci, American politician

1955 – Curtis Strange, American golfer

1955 – Judith Tarr, American author

1955 – Mychal Thompson, Bahamian basketball player

1956 – Jeremy Gittins, English actor

1956 – Keiichi Tsuchiya, Japanese racing driver

1956 – Darko Rundek, Croatian rock singer, songwriter, poet, actor and theatrical director

1957 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)

1958 – Brett Butler, American actress and comedian

1959 – Mark Eitzel, American singer and musician (American Music Club)

1959 – Jody Watley, American singer

1960 – Alex Titomirov, Russian-born American businessman

1961 – Dexter Scott King, son of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King

1962 – King Abdullah II of Jordan

1963 – Tina Malone, English actress

1964 – Otis Smith, American basketball player

1965 – Julie McCullough, American model and actress

1966 – Danielle Goyette, Canadian ice hockey player

1967 – Jay Gordon, American musician

1968 – Trevor Dunn, American musician (Mr. Bungle, Fantômas, Secret Chiefs 3)

1968 – Prince Felipe of Spain

1968 – Tony Maudsley, British film actor

1969 – Carolyn Kepcher, American businesswoman and reality TV actor

1971 – Darren Boyd, British actor

1971 – Kimo von Oelhoffen, American football player

1972 – Lupillo Rivera, Mexican singer

1972 – Chris Simon, Canadian ice hockey player

1973 – Jalen Rose, American basketball player

1974 – Christian Bale, English actor

1974 – Olivia Colman, English actress

1974 – Jemima Khan, English socialite

1975 – Juninho Pernambucano, Brazilian footballer

1975 – Yumi Yoshimura, Japanese singer (Puffy Amiyumi)

1976 – Andy Milonakis, American comedian

1977 – Dan Hinote, American ice hockey player

1977 – Tom Malchow, American swimmer

1977 – Deltha O'Neal, American football player

1978 – John Patterson, American baseball player

1978 – Carmen Küng, Swiss curler

1979 – Trevor Gillies, Canadian ice hockey player

1980 – Leilani Dowding, British model

1980 – Josh Kelley, American musician

1980 – Pavel Ponomaryov, Russian-Estonian actor

1980 – Joãozinho, Brazilian footballer

1980 – Wilmer Valderrama, American actor

1981 – Jonathan Bender, American basketball player

1981 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer

1981 – Peter Crouch, English footballer

1981 – Mathias Lauda, Austrian racing driver

1982 – Jorge Cantu, Mexican baseball player

1982 – Mark Nwokeji, English footballer

1982 – DeSagana Diop, Senegalese basketball player

1984 – Jeremy Hermida, American baseball player

1984 – Kid Cudi, American hip hop performer

1985 – Trae Williams, American football player

1986 – Sam Duckworth, British singer-songwriter

1986 – Nick Evans, American baseball player

1987 – Rebecca Knox, Irish professional wrestler

1987 – Renato Santos, Brazilian footballer

1987 – Arda Turan, Turkish footballer

1988 – Rob Pinkston, American actor

1989 – Khleo Thomas, American actor and rapper

1990 – Eiza Gonzalez, Mexican actress and singer

1990 – Luca Sbisa, Swiss ice hockey player

1990 – Jake Thomas, American actor

1995 – Thia Megia, American Idol season 10 finalist

2005 – Prince Hashem bin Al Abdullah II of Jordan

Deaths

1030 – William V, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 969)

1181 – Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)

1384 – Louis II of Flanders (b. 1330)

1574 – Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher (b. 1502)

1606 – Everard Digby, English conspirator (b. 1578)

1649 – King Charles I of England (b. 1600)

1730 – Tsar Peter II of Russia (b. 1715)

1836 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress (b. 1752)

1849 – Jonathan Alder, American settler (b. 1773)

1858 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (b. 1778)

1867 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan (b. 1831)

1869 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794)

1889 – Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria (b. 1858)

1926 – Barbara La Marr, American actress (b. 1896)

1928 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish scientist, Nobel laureate (b. 1867)

1929 – La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)

1934 – Frank Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1862)

1948 – Arthur Coningham, New Zealand air commander (b. 1895)

1948 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Father of Nation, India (b. 1869)

1948 – Orville Wright, American aviator (b. 1871)

1951 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automotive engineer (b. 1875)

1958 – Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (b. 1878)

1958 – Ernst Heinkel, German aviation engineer (b. 1888)

1962 – Manuel de Abreu, Brazilian physician (b. 1894)

1963 – Francis Poulenc, French composer (b. 1899)

1969 – Dominique Pire, Belgian monk, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)

1980 – Professor Longhair, American musician (b. 1918)

1982 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (b. 1912)

1984 – Luke Kelly, Irish singer (The Dubliners) (b. 1940)

1984 – Lee McCall, South African bank robber (b. 1950)

1987 – Harold Loeffelmacher, Six Fat Dutchmen leader and polka musician (b. 1905)

1989 – Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, Spanish pretender to the French throne (b. 1936)

1991 – John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1908)

1991 – Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (b. 1907)

1991 – John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)

1994 – Pierre Boulle, French author (b. 1912)

1995 – Gerald Durrell, British naturalist and television presenter (b. 1925)

1998 – Richard Cassilly, American tenor (b. 1927)

1999 – Huntz Hall, American actor (b. 1919)

1999 – Ed Herlihy, American broadcaster (b. 1909)

2001 – Jean-Pierre Aumont, French actor (b. 1911)

2001 – Johnnie Johnson, British fighter pilot (b. 1915)

2001 – Joseph Ransohoff, American neurosurgeon (b. 1915)

2005 – Martyn Bennett, Canadian musician (b. 1971)

2005 – Wes Wehmiller, American musician (b. 1971)

2006 – Coretta Scott King, American activist; widow of Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. 1927)

2007 – Nikos Kourkoulos, Greek actor (b. 1934)

2007 – Sidney Sheldon, American author and screenwriter (b. 1917)

2008 – Jeremy Beadle, British television host (b. 1948)

2008 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican religious figure (b. 1920)

2008 – Roland Selmeczi, Hungarian actor (b. 1969)

2009 – John Gordy, American football player (b. 1935)

2009 – H. Guy Hunt, American politician (b. 1933)

2009 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932)

2010 – Bernard Arcand, French-Canadian anthropologist (b. 1945)

2010 – Aaron Ruben, American television director (b. 1914)

2011 – John Barry, English film score composer (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances

Christian Feast Day:

* Aldegonde

* Anthony the Great (Coptic Church)

* Balthild

* Hippolytus of Rome

* Hyacintha Mariscotti

* King Charles the Martyr (Society of King Charles the Martyr, Anglicanism)

* Martina

* Mutien-Marie Wiaux

* Savina

* Three Holy Hierarchs (Eastern Orthodox)

* January 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi-related observances:

* Martyrs' Day (India)

* School Day of Non-violence and Peace (Spain)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On this day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:January

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Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Honorific-prefix	The Honourable
Name	Bob Hawke
Honorific-suffix	AC, GCL
Order	23rd Prime Minister of AustraliaElections: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
Term start	11 March 1983
Term end	20 December 1991
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor-general	Ninian StephenBill Hayden
Deputy	Lionel Bowen (1983–1990)Paul Keating (1990–1991)Brian Howe (1991)
Predecessor	Malcolm Fraser
Successor	Paul Keating
Order2	Leader of the Opposition
Term start2	3 February 1983
Term end2	11 March 1983
Predecessor2	Bill Hayden
Successor2	Andrew Peacock
Order3	Treasurer of Australia
Term start3	3 June 1991
Term end3	4 June 1991
Predecessor3	Paul Keating
Successor3	John Kerin
Constituency mp4	Wills
Parliament4	Australian
Term start4	18 October 1980
Term end4	20 February 1992
Predecessor4	Gordon Bryant
Successor4	Phil Cleary
Birthname	Robert James Lee Hawke
Birth date	December 09, 1929
Birth place	Bordertown, South Australia
Party	Australian Labor Party
Occupation	Trade unionist
Alma mater	University of Western AustraliaUniversity College, Oxford
Spouse	Hazel Hawke (1956–1995)Blanche d'Alpuget (since 1995)
Children	Three + one died in infancy
Residence	Point Piper, New South Wales }}

Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.

After a decade as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he entered politics at the 1980 federal election and became Prime Minister within three years. He became by far the longest-serving and most electorally successful Labor Prime Minister, achieving the rare feat of winning four consecutive federal elections after coming to power at the 1983 federal election. He is Australia's third longest-serving Prime Minister.

Early life and education

Hawke was born in Bordertown, a small town in South Australia near the Victorian border. His father Clem was a Congregationalist minister; his uncle, Albert Hawke, was Labor Premier of Western Australia between 1953 and 1959 and was a close friend of Labor Prime Minister John Curtin, who was in many ways Bob Hawke's role model. Hawke's mother, Ellie, had an almost messianic belief in her son's destiny and this contributed to his supreme self-confidence throughout his career. Both his parents were of Cornish origins and he himself has stated that his background is Cornish. This led the Cornish writer and historian A.L. Rowse to write "Bob Hawke's characteristics are as Cornish as Australian. I know them well: the aggressive individualism, the egoism, the touchiness, the liability to resentment, even a touch of vindictiveness." While attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference, held in Kottayam in southern India, Hawke was struck by "this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of the people" and abandoned his Christian beliefs. By the time he entered politics he was a self-described agnostic. Hawke told Andrew Denton in 2008 that his father's Christian faith continued to influence his outlook however: "[My father] said if you believe in the fatherhood of God you must necessarily believe in the brotherhood of man, it follows necessarily and even though I left the church and was not religious, that truth remained with me."

Hawke was raised in Perth and attended Perth Modern School and completed undergraduate degrees in Law and Arts (Economics) at the University of Western Australia. At age 15, he boasted that he would one day become Prime Minister of Australia. He joined the Labor Party in 1947, and successfully applied for a Rhodes Scholarship at the end of 1952. In 1953, Hawke went to the University of Oxford to commence a Bachelor of Arts at University College. He soon found he was covering much the same ground as his Bachelor's degree from Perth, and switched to a Bachelor of Letters, with a thesis on wage-fixing in Australia. The thesis was successfully presented in January 1956.

His academic achievements were complemented by setting a new world speed record for beer drinking: he downed 2 1/2 pints - equivalent to a yard of ale - from a sconce pot in eleven seconds as part of a college penalty. In his memoirs, Hawke suggested that this single feat may have contributed to his political success more than any other, by endearing him to a voting population with a strong beer culture.

In March 1956, Hawke married Hazel Masterson, at Trinity Church, Perth, Western Australia. In the same year, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department of the Australian National University (ANU), Canberra. Soon after arrival at ANU, Hawke became the students' representative on the University Council.

In 1957, Hawke was recommended to the ACTU president Albert Monk for the position of ACTU research officer to replace Harold Souter, who had become ACTU secretary. The recommendation was made by Hawke's mentor at ANU, H.P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases. Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer. The Hawke family moved to Melbourne.

Trade union leader

Not long after Hawke began work at the ACTU, he became responsible for the presentation of its annual case for higher wages to the national wages tribunal, the Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. He was first appointed as the ACTU advocate in 1959. The 1958 case, under advocate R.L Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase. The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke. He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as ACTU advocate, that in 1969 he was encouraged to run for ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union.

He was elected to the presidency of the ACTU in 1969 on a modernising platform, by a narrow margin (399 to 350) and with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with the Communist Party.

Hawke declared publicly that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself" and his approach to government was pragmatic. He concerned himself with making improvements to workers' lives from within the traditional institutions of government, rather than to any ideological theory. He opposed the Vietnam war, but was a strong supporter of the US-Australian alliance, and also an emotional supporter of Israel. It was his commitment to the cause of Jewish Refuseniks that led to a planned assassination attempt by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and its Australian operative Munif Mohammed Abou Rish.

In industrial matters, Hawke continued to demonstrate a preference for and considerable skill at negotiation, and was generally liked and respected by employers as well as the unions he advocated for. As early as 1972 speculation began that he would soon enter Parliament and become Labor leader. But while his career continued successfully, his heavy use of alcohol and his notorious womanising placed considerable strains on his family life.

In 1973 Hawke became Federal President of the Labor Party. When the Gough Whitlam government was controversially dismissed by the Governor-General in 1975 and the government defeated at the ensuing election, Whitlam initially offered the Labor leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him. Hawke decided not to enter Parliament at that time, a decision he soon regretted. He was, however, influential in averting national strike action. The strain of this period took its toll, and in 1979 he suffered a physical collapse.

This shock led Hawke to make a sustained and ultimately successful effort to conquer his alcoholism – John Curtin was his inspiration in this as in other things. He was helped in this by his relationship with the writer Blanche d'Alpuget, who in 1982 published an admiring biography of Hawke. His popularity with the public was unaffected, and polling suggested that he was a far more popular politician than either Bill Hayden, the Labor leader since 1977, or the incumbent Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

Parliamentarian

Hawke initially attempted to enter parliament at the 1963 federal election in the seat of Corio and achieved a 3.1 percent swing against the national trend, but fell short. Later, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the Melbourne seat of Wills at the 1980 election held on 18 October. Immediately upon his entry into Parliament, Hawke was appointed to the Opposition front bench, taking his place as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations, Employment and Youth. With the opinion polls indicating that Hawke was 'a certain election winner', Hayden called a leadership ballot for 16 July 1982. Although Hayden defeated the ambitious Hawke, his five vote victory over the former President of the ACTU was not large enough to dispel doubts in caucus that he could lead the ALP to victory at the next election, due sometime in the forthcoming year.

Hayden's leadership was further questioned when Labor performed poorly in a December 1982 by-election for the Victorian seat of Flinders, following the resignation of the former Liberal minister, Sir Phillip Lynch. Labor needed a swing of 5.5% to win the seat, but only achieved 3%. This convinced many doubters within caucus that only Hawke could guarantee a Labor victory at the upcoming election. Labor party power-brokers such as Graham Richardson and Barrie Unsworth now lined up behind Hawke. More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor senate Leader John Button, eventually became convinced that Hawke's chances of victory were greater than Hayden's. Button's influence was crucial in encouraging Hayden's decision to resign less than two months after Labor's lacklustre performance in Flinders. Hawke's leadership ambitions were realised when Hayden announced his resignation as Labor leader on the morning of 3 February 1983, at a meeting of the shadow ministry in Brisbane. Hawke was named interim leader. He believed he'd caught Labor before it could replace Hayden, and was surprised to find out Hayden had resigned mere hours before the writs were dropped. Hawke was formally elected Hayden's successor five days later. Twenty five days later, Labor won power on a 24-seat swing, ending seven years of conservative rule.

Prime Minister 1983–91

The inaugural days of the Hawke government were distinctly different from those of the Whitlam era. Rather than immediately initiating extensive reform programmes, Hawke announced that Fraser's pre-election concealment of the budget deficit meant that many of Labor's election commitments would have to be deferred. Hawke managed to persuade the Labor caucus to divide the ministry into two tiers, with only the most important ministers attending regular cabinet meetings. Caucus still selected the full ministry, but allowed Hawke to select which ministers would comprise the 13-strong inner cabinet. This was to avoid what Hawke viewed as the unwieldy nature of the 27-member Whitlam cabinet. The caucus under Hawke also exhibited a much more formalised system of parliamentary factions, which significantly altered the dynamics of caucus operations.

Hawke used his great authority to carry out a substantial set of policy changes. Accounts from ministers indicate that while Hawke was not usually the driving force for economic reform (that impetus coming from the Treasurer Paul Keating and Industry Minister John Button), he took the role of reaching consensus and providing political guidance on what was electorally feasible and how best to sell it to the public, at which he was highly successful. Hawke proved to be very popular with the Australian electorate and continues to hold the highest historical ACNielsen approval rating.

Keating and Hawke provided a study in contrasts. Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early. Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, horse racing and all forms of sport; Keating preferred classical architecture, Mahler symphonies, and collecting English Regency and French Empire antiques. Hawke was consensus-driven; Keating revelled in aggressive debate. Hawke was a lapsed Protestant; Keating was a practising Catholic. Despite their differences, the two formed an effective political partnership.

According to political commentator Paul Kelly, 'the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian Dollar and the deregulation of the financial system'. Although the Fraser government had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the Campbell reportpublished in 1981opposition from Fraser himself, the National Party and Treasury Secretary John Stone stalled the deregulation process. When the Hawke-Keating Government implemented a comprehensive program of financial deregulation and reform, it 'transformed economics and politics in Australia'. The Australian economy became significantly more integrated with the global economy. Both Hawke and Keating have claimed the credit for being the driving force behind the Australian Dollar float.

Among other reforms, the Hawke Government dismantled the tariff system, privatised state sector industries, ended subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off the state-owned Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The tax system was reformed, with the introduction of fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax – a reform strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but not reversed when they returned to office. Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business communitythe 'main loser' from the 1985 Tax Summit, according to Paul Kellywas the introduction of full dividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating.

Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal opposition fell after the resignation of Fraser. The Liberals were divided between supporters of the dour socially conservative John Howard and the urbane Andrew Peacock. The arch-conservative Premier of Queensland, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, also helped Hawke with his "Joh for Canberra" campaign in 1987, which proved highly damaging for the conservatives. Exploiting these divisions, Hawke led the Labor Party to comfortable election victories in 1984 and 1987.

Hawke's Prime Ministership saw considerable friction between himself and the grassroots of the Labor Party, who were unhappy at what they viewed as Hawke's iconoclasm and willingness to cooperate with business interests. All Labor Prime Ministers have at times engendered the hostility of the organisational wing of the party, but none more so than Hawke, who expressed his willingness to cull Labor's "sacred cows". The Socialist Left faction, as well as prominent Labor figure Barry Jones, offered severe criticism of a number of government decisions. He has also received criticism for his 'confrontationalist style' in siding with the airlines in the 1989 Australian pilots' strike.

In spite of the criticisms levelled against the Hawke Government, it succeeded in enacting a wide range of social reforms during its time in office. Deflecting arguments that the Hawke Government had failed as a reform government, Neville Wran, John Dawkins, Bill Hayden, and Paul Keating made a number of speeches during the Eighties arguing that the Hawke Government had been a recognisably reformist Labor government, drawing attention to Hawke’s achievements as prime minister during his first four or five years in office. Apart from the reintroduction of Medibank (under the name Medicare), these included a doubling of child care places, the introduction of occupational superannuation, a boost in school retention rates, a focus on young people’s job skills, a doubling of subsidised home care services, the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, a 50% increase in public housing funds, an increase in the real value of the old-age pension, the development of a new youth support program, the re-introduction of six-monthly indexation of single adult unemployment benefits, and significant improvements in social security provisions. As pointed out by John Dawkins, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans had been higher under the Hawke Government than under the Whitlam Government.

A notable success for which the government's response is given considerable credit was Australia's public health campaign about AIDS. In the later years of the Hawke government, Aboriginal affairs saw considerable attention, with an investigation of the idea of a treaty between Aborigines and the government, though this idea was overtaken by events, notably including the Mabo court decision.

The Hawke government also made some notable environmental decisions. In its first months in office it stopped the construction of the Franklin Dam, on the Franklin River in Tasmania, responding to a groundswell of protest about the issue. In 1990, a looming tight election saw a tough political operator, Graham Richardson, appointed Environment Minister, whose task it was to attract second-preference votes from the Australian Democrats and other environmental parties. Richardson claimed this as a major factor in the government's narrow re-election in 1990, Hawke's last triumph.

Richardson felt that the importance of his contribution to Labor's victory would automatically entitle him to the ministerial portfolio of his choiceTransport and Communications. He was shocked, however, at what he perceived as Hawke's ingratitude in allocating him Social Security instead. He vowedin a telephone conversation with Peter Barron, He immediately transferred his allegiance to Keating and subsequently claimed credit for playing a vital role in Keating's campaign for the leadership as a numbers man.

Decline and fall

The late 1980s recession and high interest rates saw the government in considerable electoral trouble. Although Keating was the main architect of the government's economic policies, he took advantage of Hawke's declining popularity to plan a leadership challenge. In 1988 Hawke had responded to pressure from Keating to step down by making a secret agreement (the so-called "Kirribilli agreement" or "Kirribilli accord") to resign in favour of Keating some time after winning the 1990 election. After Keating made a speech to the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery that Hawke considered disloyal, Hawke indicated to Keating that he would renege on the agreement.

In June 1991 Keating responded by resigning from Cabinet and challenging for the Labor Party leadership. Hawke defeated Keating's leadership challenge, but he was clearly a wounded leader. Hawke had himself sworn in as Treasurer for one day while he decided between the rival claims of Ralph Willis and John Kerin for the job, eventually choosing Kerin, who proved to be unequal to the job.

Hawke's leadership was further damaged as a consequence of the new Liberal leader, Dr John Hewson, releasing Fightback!, a detailed proposal for sweeping economic change, including a goods and services tax and deep cuts to government spending and personal income tax, in November 1991. Hawke's response to this challenge was judged to be ineffective, and a rattled Labor Party turned to Keating. At a second challenge, on 20 December 1991, Keating defeated Hawke in a party-room ballot, 56 votes to 51. Hawke resigned from Parliament on 20 February 1992, sparking the 1992 Wills by-election, which was won by independent Phil Cleary from a record field of 22 candidates.

Hawke apparently had few regrets, although his bitterness towards Keating surfaced in his memoirs. Hawke now claims to have buried his differences and considers Keating a friend.

In July 1990, Hawke had outstripped Malcolm Fraser to become Australia's second-longest serving Prime Minister. This record has since been overtaken by John Howard. Hawke remains the Australian Labor Party's longest-serving Prime Minister.

It is also said by a former Tony Blair staffer that UK Labour and Blair learnt from the Hawke government in the 1980s on how to govern when they took power in the UK.

Life after politics

After politics, Hawke entered the business world with considerable success. Hazel Hawke, who for the sake of the Labor cause had put up with the open secret of his relationship with his biographer Blanche d'Alpuget while he was Prime Minister, divorced him, and shortly afterwards he married d'Alpuget. He had little to do with the Labor Party during Keating's leadership. In fact he often criticised the Keating Government publicly. After the election of the Howard Liberal government in 1996 he became a close supporter of Opposition Leader Kim Beazley.

In the run up to the 2007 election, Hawke (at the age of 78) made a considerable personal effort to support the Australian Labor Party's campaign, making speeches at a large number of campaign office openings across Australia. As well as campaigning against WorkChoices, Hawke also attacked John Howard's record as Treasurer, stating "it was the judgement of every economist and international financial institution that it was the restructuring reforms undertaken by my government with the full cooperation of the trade union movement which created the strength of the Australian economy today".

In 2009, Hawke helped establish the Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia. Interfaith dialogue is an important issue for Hawke, who told the Adelaide Review that he is "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. They give a false impression of the essential nature of Islam."

Honours

Hawke was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1979.

In late 2008, he was made Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu, the highest Papua New Guinean honour available to non-Papua New Guinean citizens, entitling him to be referred to as "Chief". In a letter to Bob Hawke, Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare informed him that he was being honoured for his "support for Papua New Guinea [...] from the time you assisted in the development of our trade union movement, and basic workplace conditions, to the strong support you gave us during your term as Prime Minister of Australia".

In August 2009 Bob Hawke became just the third person to be awarded life membership of the Australian Labor Party.

Bob Hawke has received the following honours from academic institutions:

Honorary Fellow – University College, Oxford

Honorary Doctor of Letters – University of Western Australia

Honorary Doctor of Civil Law – Oxford University

Honorary Doctor of Humanities – Rikkyo University

other honorary doctoral degrees from Nanjing University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of New South Wales, and the University of South Australia

The University of South Australia named the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library in his honour.

Television film

A television film titled Hawke detailing his political career aired on the Ten Network in Australia on 18 July 2010, with Richard Roxburgh playing the title character. Rachael Blake and Felix Williamson portrayed Hazel Hawke and Paul Keating respectively. Patrick Brammall starred as then Deputy Prime Minister Kim Beazley.

See also

First Hawke Ministry

Second Hawke Ministry

Third Hawke Ministry

Fourth Hawke Ministry

The Accord

References

Bibliography

Blewett, Neal (2000), 'Robert James Lee Hawke,' in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, New South Wales, pages 380-407. ISBN 1-86436-756-3

External links

Hawke Swoops into Power – Time 14/3/1983

Robert Hawke – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia

Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre

Video of Hawke campaigning for McKew in Bennellong in late 2007

Video of Hawke campaigning for an Australian republic

Video of Norman Gunston, Gough Whitlam, Bill Hayden and Bob Hawke at 'The Dismissal'

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Category:1929 births Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford Category:Australian agnostics Category:Australian Labor Party politicians Category:Australian Leaders of the Opposition Category:Australian people of Cornish descent Category:Australian republicans Category:Australian Rhodes scholars Category:Companions of the Order of Australia Category:Franklin Dam Category:Living people Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wills Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia Category:People from South Australia Category:People educated at Perth Modern School Category:Prime Ministers of Australia Category:Trade unionists from Melbourne Category:Treasurers of Australia Category:University of Western Australia alumni

cs:Bob Hawke da:Bob Hawke de:Bob Hawke es:Bob Hawke fr:Bob Hawke ko:밥 호크 it:Bob Hawke lt:Robert Hawke mr:बॉब हॉक ja:ボブ・ホーク no:Bob Hawke pl:Bob Hawke ru:Хоук, Роберт simple:Bob Hawke sk:Bob Hawke fi:Bob Hawke sv:Bob Hawke uk:Роберт Гоук vi:Bob Hawke yo:Bob Hawke zh:鮑勃·霍克

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Warwick Davis
birth name	Warwick Ashley Davis
birth date	February 03, 1970
birth place	Surrey, England
occupation	Actor
years active	1983–present
spouse
website	http://www.warwickdavis.co.uk }}

Warwick Ashley Davis (born 3 February 1970) is an English actor. Davis is known for playing the title characters in Willow and the Leprechaun series of films; other prominent roles include Wicket W. Warrick in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Professor Filius Flitwick and the late Griphook in the Harry Potter movies, Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, as well as Nikabrik in the Walden Media version of Prince Caspian and Reepicheep in the BBC television versions of Prince Caspian and Voyage of the Dawn Treader and Mr Glimfeather the owl in The Silver Chair. Davis has his own sit-com directed by Ricky Gervais 'Life's Too Short'. Davis has a condition resulting in dwarfism, and stands at tall.

Early life

Davis was born in Surrey, England to an insurance broker and his wife. Davis also has a younger sister. He was educated at the City of London Freemen's School. When Davis was 11, his grandmother heard a radio advert calling for people who were 4 ft. tall or shorter to be in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. To Davis, who was a fan of the Star Wars movies, it was a dream come true.

On the set of Star Wars, Mark Hamill bought Davis every single Star Wars figure he didn't have.

Career

He was originally cast as an extra Ewok, but when Kenny Baker, who was originally going to be Wicket, fell ill, George Lucas picked Warwick to be the new Wicket after seeing how he carried himself as an Ewok. Davis based his Ewok movements on his dog, who would tilt his head from side to side whenever he saw something strange. During production on the film, Davis made a "short" mockumentary film about his experience as Wicket, titled Return of the Ewok, made with help from Return of the Jedi's first assistant director, David Tomblin. The unreleased film was a fictional look at his decision to become an actor and act in the movie and his transformation into Wicket the Ewok. Davis reprised his role in the ABC made-for-TV movies Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor.

In 1987, Davis was called to Elstree Studios in London to meet with Ron Howard and George Lucas to discuss a new movie project called Willow, which was written with Davis specifically in mind. Willow was his first opportunity to act with his face visible. He co-starred with Val Kilmer in the film, which received a Royal Premiere before the Prince and Princess of Wales. He then moved to television to be in the BBC television adaptation of the classic The Chronicles of Narnia, specifically in Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (as Reepicheep), and The Silver Chair (as Glimfeather) and an episode of Zorro filmed in Madrid.

In 1993, he played the villainous Irish goblin in Leprechaun. He then returned to the Star Wars universe, playing three roles in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace: Weazel, a gambler sitting next to Watto at the Podrace; Wald, who was Anakin's Rodian buddy; and Yoda in scenes where Yoda was walking.

Davis played the role of Professor Filius Flitwick in the Harry Potter films. Davis played a white-mustached Flitwick in the first two movies, and then a black-haired unnamed chorus conductor (presumably Flitwick but not credited as such) for the third installment of the series. In the fourth movie, Flitwick is younger looking, with short, brown hair and a trimmed mustache. In addition to playing Flitwick, Davis played the role of the goblin Griphook in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, despite the role being played previously by fellow dwarf actor Verne Troyer. (Note that Davis's name is misspelled in the closing credits of Hallows Part One as "Davies".)

In 2004, Davis played the character "Plates," in indie film, "Skinned Deep," directed by Special Effects artist Gabriel Bartalos.

In 2006, Davis appeared, alongside fellow Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe, in an episode of BBC's comedy series Extras as a satirical version of himself.

Davis starred in the film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, as the "body" of Marvin the Paranoid Android (the voice was provided by Alan Rickman). In December 2006, Davis starred in the pantomime Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at Manchester Opera House, and again in 2007/8 at the New Wimbledon Theatre.

Davis appeared in The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, in which he played Nikabrik the Dwarf, adding to his previous involvement in TV adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia series. He also appeared as a contestant on the 2007 series of Children in Need reality show Celebrity Scissorhands.

Other

In addition to his acting career, Davis is the co-founder, with fellow dwarf actor Peter Burroughs, of a talent agency (Willow Management, founded in 1995) that specialises in representing actors under five feet tall. As of 2004, his agency also began representing actors over seven feet tall who had also suffered from being confined to "niche" roles.

In April 2010 Davis published his autobiography, Size Matters Not: The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis, with a foreword by George Lucas.

Davis will star as himself in an upcoming show titled Life's Too Short, written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who will star as well.

Personal life

Unlike most dwarfs (70%) who have a condition called achondroplasia, Davis' dwarfism is caused by an extremely rare genetic condition called spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SED). He has said the only real drawback to being small was the associated health problems. Of his own dwarfism, Davis has said "As you get older, you can suffer from painful hips, and our joints wear a lot quicker than for people of average height".

Davis's family includes a wife and two children, who live in Yaxley near Peterborough. His wife, Samantha (b. 1971) has achondroplasia, as do his children Annabel (b. 1997) and Harrison (b. 2003). Samantha is the daughter of his business partner Peter Burroughs, and the sister of actress Hayley Burroughs.'

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1982	Return of the Ewok		(unreleased film)
1983	Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi	rowspan=3
1984	Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure
1985	Ewoks: The Battle for Endor
		Goblin Corps
The Princess and the Dwarf
1987	Conor Finans Adventures in Naas
1988		Willow Ufgood
1989		Reepicheep
1990		Glimfeather
1991		Don Alfonso	US. TV series filmed in Spain
1993
1994	Leprechaun 2
1995	Leprechaun 3
		Grildrig	television miniseries
Leprechaun 4: In Space	Leprechaun
1997		Pechet
1998	A Very Unlucky Leprechaun	Lucky
	Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace	Yoda(live action suit)
The New Adventures of Pinocchio	dwarf
The White Pony	Edgar Rod
	The 10th Kingdom	Acorn the Dwarf	television miniseries
Leprechaun: In the Hood	Leprechaun
		Saturday
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)	Professor Flitwick / Goblin Bank Teller
2002		Professor Flitwick
2003	Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood	Leprechaun
		Oberon
	Professor Flitwick
Skinned Deep	Plates
		body of Marvin the Paranoid Android
	Professor Flitwick
Small Town Folk	Knackerman
	himself
2007		Professor Flitwick
	Agent One-Half	Agent One-Half
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian	Nikabrik
Invasion of the Not Quite Dead
		Professor Flitwick
	Santa's Elf
				Grettir	Series 3, Episode 8: "The Eye of the Phoenix"
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1	Griphook	(Closing credits name him Warwick Davies)
					Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2	Griphook/Professor Flitwick
Life's Too Short	Himself	Lead role

References

External links

Warwick Davis Interview at www.sci-fi-online.com

Willow Management

Interview with Liam Swann (MCM BUZZ)

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Actors with dwarfism Category:English child actors Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:People from Epsom Category:People from Yaxley Category:People educated at City of London Freemen's School

da:Warwick Davis de:Warwick Davis es:Warwick Davis fr:Warwick Davis gl:Warwick Davis it:Warwick Davis he:ווריק דייוויס lt:Warwick Davis hu:Warwick Davis ms:Warwick Davis nl:Warwick Davis ja:ワーウィック・デイヴィス no:Warwick Davis nds:Warwick Davis pl:Warwick Davis pt:Warwick Davis ru:Дэвис, Уорик fi:Warwick Davis sv:Warwick Davis