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James Monroe
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Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 – July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of nationalist forces calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington Administration, especially the funding of the state debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He created and dominated the Federalist Party, and was opposed by Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson denounced Hamilton as too loose with the Constitution, too favorable to Britain, to monarchy and to the moneyed interests of the cities, but Hamilton's policies went into effect. A believer in a militarily strong national government, Hamilton helped defeat the tax revolt of western farmers in 1794, and built a new army to oppose France in the Quasi War of 1798, but Federalist President John Adams found a diplomatic solution that avoided war. Hamilton helped defeat Adams' reelection bid in 1800, but realizing that Aaron Burr would be a dangerous president, Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson who was chosen president in 1801. Tensions with Burr escalated to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Hamilton -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). He was military governor of pre-admission Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. A polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s, his political ambition combined with widening political participation, shaping the modern Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Jackson -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Charles C. Pinckney
http://wn.com/Charles_C_Pinckney -
Daniel D. Tompkins
Daniel D. Tompkins (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an entrepreneur, jurist, Congressman, the fourth Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Daniel_D_Tompkins -
Doug Wead
Doug Wead (Muncie, Indiana, 1946 - ) is a presidential historian, philanthropist and public speaker. He was Special Assistant to U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and is the author of more than thirty books, including the New York Times best-seller All the Presidents’ Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of the First Families. He has authored a sequel which examines the parenting of presidents of the United States, ''The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders''.
http://wn.com/Doug_Wead -
Edmund Pendleton
Edmund Pendleton (September 9, 1721 – October 23, 1803) was a Virginia politician, lawyer and judge, active in the American Revolutionary War.
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Elizabeth Kortright
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Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, who held the office for two terms.
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Gabriel Prosser
Gabriel (1776 – October 10, 1800), today commonly – if incorrectly – known as Gabriel Prosser, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. However, information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, thus Gabriel's plans were foiled. Gabriel, along with twenty-six members of the revolt, were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved.
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Gabriel's Rebellion
http://wn.com/Gabriel's_Rebellion -
George Canning
George Canning (11 April 1770 – 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and briefly Prime Minister.
http://wn.com/George_Canning -
George Mason
George Mason IV (December 11, 1725 – October 7, 1792) was an American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights." For these reasons he is considered one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States.
http://wn.com/George_Mason -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)
http://wn.com/George_Washington -
Gouverneur Morris
Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a native of New York who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was also an author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States and one of its "signers". He is widely credited as the author of the document's preamble: "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union ... " and has been called the 'Penman of the Constitution.' In an era when most Americans thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris advanced the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states.
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Henry Clay
Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852), was a nineteenth-century American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.
http://wn.com/Henry_Clay -
James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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John Armstrong, Jr.
John Armstrong, Jr. (November 25, 1758 – April 1, 1843) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, U.S. Senator from New York, and Secretary of War.
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John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun (; March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was the seventh Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun, a brilliant orator and writer, began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he was a proponent of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. Calhoun built his reputation as a political theorist by his redefinition of republicanism to include approval of slavery and minority rights. His redefinition was widely accepted in the South and rejected in the North at the time. His defense of slavery became defunct, but his concept of concurrent majority, whereby a minority has the right to object to or perhaps even veto hostile legislation directed against it, has been incorporated into the American value system.
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John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. The name "Quincy" came from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.
http://wn.com/John_Quincy_Adams -
John Trumbull
John Trumbull (June 6, 1756 – November 10, 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War and was notable for his historical paintings. His Declaration of Independence was used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill.
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Louis XVI
http://wn.com/Louis_XVI -
Marquis de Lafayette
http://wn.com/Marquis_de_Lafayette -
Mordecai Manuel Noah
Mordecai Manuel Noah (July 14, 1785, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – May 22, 1851, New York) was an American playwright, diplomat, journalist, and utopian. Born in a family of Portuguese Sephardic ancestry; he was the most important Jewish lay leader in New York in the pre-Civil War period, and the first Jew born in the United States to reach national prominence.
http://wn.com/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah -
Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779 and subsequently, from 1784 to 1786. A prominent figure in the American Revolution, Henry is known and remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech, and as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential, radical advocates of the American Revolution and republicanism, especially in his denunciations of corruption in government officials and his defense of historic rights. After the Revolution, Henry was a leader of the anti-federalists who opposed the replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution, fearing that it endangered the rights of the States, as well as the freedoms of individuals.
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Richard H. Lee
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Rufus King
Rufus King (March 24, 1755 – April 29, 1827) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat. He was a delegate for Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He also attended the Constitutional Convention and was one of the signers of the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented New York in the United States Senate, served as Minister to Britain, and was the Federalist candidate for both Vice President (1804, 1808) and President of the United States (1816).
http://wn.com/Rufus_King -
Samuel L. Gouverneur
Samuel Laurence Gouverneur (1799 in New York City – 1867) was the son of Nicholas Gouverneur and Hester Kortright (the sister of U.S. First Lady Elizabeth Kortright Monroe). Samuel married Monroe's daughter (his first cousin), Maria Hester Monroe on March 9, 1820--a wedding officated by the Rev. William Dickinson Hawley. It is often called the first wedding held in the White House. However, according to the official White House History web site, the first wedding ceremony held in the White House was when Dolley Madison, wife of President James Madison, arranged the wedding of her youngest sister, Lucy Payne Washington (widow of Major George Steptoe Washington, a nephew of President Washington,) to Supreme Court Justice Thomas Todd in 1812.)
http://wn.com/Samuel_L_Gouverneur -
Samuel L. Southard
Samuel Lewis Southard (June 9, 1787– June 26, 1842) was a prominent U.S. statesman of the early 19th century, serving as a U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the 10th Governor of New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Samuel_L_Southard -
Seminole Indians
http://wn.com/Seminole_Indians -
Smith Thompson
Smith Thompson (January 17, 1768 – December 18, 1843) was a United States Secretary of the Navy from 1818 to 1823, and a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1823 until his death in 1843.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Paine
Thomas "Tom" Paine ( June 8, 1809) was an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."
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William H. Crawford
William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an American politician and judge during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825, and was a candidate for President of the United States in 1824.
http://wn.com/William_H_Crawford
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Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
http://wn.com/Alabama -
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Battle of Trenton
The Battle of Trenton took place on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
http://wn.com/Chile -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Cumberland Road Bill
http://wn.com/Cumberland_Road_Bill -
Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
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Liberia
Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people and covers .
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Maine
Maine () (French: ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, New Hampshire to the southwest, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is the northern and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, and its heavily forested interior—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
http://wn.com/Mississippi -
Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
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Monroe, Michigan
Monroe is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 22,076 at the 2000 census. It is the largest city and county seat of Monroe County. The city is bordered on the south by Monroe Charter Township, but both are politically independent. The city is located approximately 14 miles (23 km) north of Toledo, Ohio and 25 miles (40 km) south of Detroit. The United States Census Bureau lists Monroe as the core city in the , which has a total population of 152,949. Monroe itself is officially part of the Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint CSA, and Monroe is also sometimes unofficially included as a northerly extension of the Toledo Metropolitan Area. Monroe's 2007 population estimate of 21,528 ranks the city as the 50th largest incorporated city in Michigan.
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Monrovia
:For alternate meanings, see Monrovia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Monrovia -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Richmond, Virginia
Richmond () is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. Like all Virginia municipalities incorporated as cities, it is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond area. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and surrounded by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 in central Virginia. The population was 200,123 in 2007, with an estimated population of 1,212,977 for the Richmond Metropolitan Area — making it the third largest in Virginia.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
- Adams-Onis treaty
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- Alabama
- Alexander Hamilton
- Americas
- Andrew Jackson
- Anti-Federalism
- Argentina
- Ash Lawn-Highland
- Battle of Trenton
- benefit of clergy
- Bill Clinton
- Charles C. Pinckney
- Chile
- Church of England
- Colombia
- Colony of Virginia
- Continental Army
- Continental Congress
- Culottes
- Cumberland Road
- Cumberland Road Bill
- Daniel D. Tompkins
- Daniel Tompkins
- Deism
- Doug Wead
- Edmund Pendleton
- electoral college
- Elizabeth Kortright
- Elizabeth Monroe
- emancipation
- Era of Good Feelings
- Federalist Party
- First Party System
- French Revolution
- Gabriel Prosser
- Gabriel's Rebellion
- George Canning
- George Mason
- George W. Bush
- George Washington
- Gouverneur Morris
- Governor of Virginia
- heart failure
- Henry Clay
- Illinois
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- Jacksonian democracy
- James Madison
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- John Adams
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- Liberty Issue
- Louis XVI
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- Major (rank)
- Marquis de Lafayette
- Mexico
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- Missouri Compromise
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- Monroe Doctrine
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- Monrovia
- Mordecai Manuel Noah
- New York
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- Old Republicans
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- Patrick Henry
- Peru
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- ratification
- Republicanism
- Richard H. Lee
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- Richmond, Virginia
- Rufus King
- Samuel L. Gouverneur
- Samuel L. Southard
- Scotland
- Second Party System
- Seminole Indians
- slave state
- Smith Thompson
- Spanish Florida
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Paine
- tricorne
- tuberculosis
- United States Senate
- Virginia
- Virginia dynasty
- War of 1812
- Washington, D.C.
- wig
- William H. Crawford
- William Pinkney
Monroe, James Filmography
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The American Presidents: James Monroe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Oct 2011
- Author: DisneyEducation
American history is so much more than dates and documents — it's the dynamic story of the real men and women, immigrants and Native Americans, who together built our country. Disneys The American Presidents is a fresh and relevant narrative (developed with a former producer of The Daily Show and The Colbert Report) about the men who led this country through change and the lives they affected, from an early idea of democracy to our first African American President. Each DVD includes short-form Presidential biographies, era overviews for historical context, and thematic segments such as The Making of the Presidency and We the People. The DVD content is based on National Curriculum Standards and features interviews with political luminaries such as Sam Donaldson, Wesley Clark, Paul Begala, Melissa Harris-Lacewell and many more. Try the interactive whiteboard content on every DVD — its an exciting, competitive game that uses video clips, photographs and quotes to test students understanding of the Presidents, their political positions, and why they matter in the American story. This first volume in the series covers the first 11 presidents! www.dep-store.com
http://wn.com/The_American_Presidents_James_Monroe
Creative Quotations from James Monroe for Apr 28
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 17 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Oct 2011
- Author: CreativeQuotations
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from James Monroe (1758-1831); born on Apr 28. US president (5th); He, as 5th US president, announced the "Monroe Doctrine," 1832 and created the "era of good feeling."
http://wn.com/Creative_Quotations_from_James_Monroe_for_Apr_28
James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Published: 22 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2010
- Author: theinstructorchrisS
The Presidency of James Monroe Keynote
Learn more about the 5th President and Henry Clay's American System.
http://wn.com/The_Presidency_of_James_Monroe_Keynote
The James Monroe Iglehart Show: Thanksgiving Edition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 24 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 09 Mar 2011
- Author: MemphisTheMusical
James takes us behind the scenes at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade rehearsals
http://wn.com/The_James_Monroe_Iglehart_Show_Thanksgiving_Edition
"Italiano" - James Monroe HS Presents Dr.Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Goes To Washington
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Published: 24 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 21 Oct 2011
- Author: MundiWorld
A pictorial montage of the song "Italiano" Composed by Stony Browder Jr. and August Darnell. From the album: "James Monroe HS Presents Dr.Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Goes To Washington". About 23 seconds in you will see a picture of a young Tommy Mottola (Savannah Band and Hall&Oates manager but many know him as the former Mr. Mariah Carey) LA BANDA: - Stony Browder,Jr (Leader & Inspiration) - August Darnell (aka Kid Creole) - Cory Daye - Mickey Sevilla - Sugarcoated Andy Hernandez (aka Coati Mundi) - Mr.Limelight (Canine mascot) Special thanks: Susandra Minsky -------------------------------------------------- RIP: Stony Browder Jr. -------------------------------------------------- Special Mention: Sonny "Don Armando" Bonilla (RIP) who was with the group until just before the completion of the first recording. Years later he put out a solo record which featured the dance hit "Deputy of Love".
http://wn.com/Italiano__James_Monroe_HS_Presents_DrBuzzard's_Original_Savannah_Band_Goes_To_Washington
Brad Bass on the James Monroe Iglehart Show...the final installment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Published: 07 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 18 Jul 2011
- Author: carolyndmiller1
Memphis the Musical stars, James Monroe Iglehart and Brad Bass, take it to the next level with this final installment of their three part interview on the James Monroe Iglehart Show.
http://wn.com/Brad_Bass_on_the_James_Monroe_Iglehart_Showthe_final_installment
The Monroe Show Part 1 in James Monroe High School 2010
This was recorded and edit by Angel Alonzo's MOM!
http://wn.com/The_Monroe_Show_Part_1_in_James_Monroe_High_School_2010
Why James Monroe Sucked
www.whyeverypresidentsucked.com Em, C, G, D Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise To keep the slave/free state power Even on both sides But with this bill he drew A pointed prickly line in the sand Saying North vs. South, fighting words, bloody hands 36°30', except for in Missouri everyone's happy more important than free 36°30', except for in Missouri somebody's crying as long it ain't me Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise To keep the slave/free state power Even on both sides But with this bill, all that he did Was pick the sides of war to come In the hopes of being civil
http://wn.com/Why_James_Monroe_Sucked
The James Monroe Iglehart Show, Episode 5, Bryan Fenkart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Published: 17 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Sep 2011
- Author: carolyndmiller1
What happens when Memphis the Musical Stars, James Monroe Iglehart and Bryan Fenkart, get in the same room? Watch what happens on this episode of The James Monroe Iglehart Show.
http://wn.com/The_James_Monroe_Iglehart_Show,_Episode_5,_Bryan_Fenkart
James Monroe's Pocket Watch - Time in Office Exhibit
This is a rough cut of the examination of President James Monroe's pocket watch by NAWCC School of Horology Director Jim Michaels.
http://wn.com/James_Monroe's_Pocket_Watch__Time_in_Office_Exhibit
Memphis The Musical's James Monroe Iglehart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 27 Jul 2011
- Author: meademania
ProgressivePulse.com Kevin Thomas chats with actor James Monroe Iglehart who plays Bobby in the smash Broadway hit, MEMPHIS. Do we hear "Tony" buzz for his performance??
http://wn.com/Memphis_The_Musical's_James_Monroe_Iglehart
James Monroe 2008 State Championship 1st half
1st Half of James Monroe's 2008 State Championship game
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_2008_State_Championship_1st_half
James Monroe's Presidency Review
This video discusses James Monroe's presidency as well as the Era Of Good Feelings, foreign relations and the Monroe Doctrine.
http://wn.com/James_Monroe's_Presidency_Review
James Monroe Iglehart - Make Them Hear You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 22 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 23 Sep 2011
- Author: Movidude74
James Monroe Iglehart from Memphis sings Make Them Hear You from Ragtime at the Sirius XM Live on Broadway taping. Accompanied by the show's host, Seth Rudetsky, Lighting courtesy of the New Year's Eve ball.
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_Iglehart__Make_Them_Hear_You
James Monroe High School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 29 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 17 Aug 2011
- Author: unknown198777
A cheap ass video i edit for film academy. Class of 2005 victor coronado
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_High_School
James Monroe Jr, Tabor 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Published: 06 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 06 Dec 2010
- Author: rdorsett215
James Monroe Jr's freshman year at Tabor college, Kansas. Played in all 10 games as a TRUE freshman and had 6 TD's
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_Jr,_Tabor_2010
James Monroe High School Class of 2008 Graduation
A video I made for my Senior Class Graduation.
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_High_School_Class_of_2008_Graduation
JAMES MONROE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 14 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 18 Aug 2010
- Author: LearnMediaOfAmerica
JAMES MONROE
http://wn.com/JAMES_MONROE
The Monroe Show Part 2 in James Monroe High School 2010
Recorded by Angel Alonzo's MOM!!!
http://wn.com/The_Monroe_Show_Part_2_in_James_Monroe_High_School_2010
James Monroe Mountain View HighLights 8 27 2010
James Monroe Mountain View HighLights 8 27 2010
http://wn.com/James_Monroe_Mountain_View_HighLights_8_27_2010
Smear Ad - James Monroe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Published: 11 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 24 Aug 2010
- Author: BoyMeetsTractor
Boy Meets Tractor. Swarthmore Sketch Comedy. Historic Political Campaign Ads. James Monroe.
http://wn.com/Smear_Ad__James_Monroe
![Bert Williams was the only black member of the Ziegfeld Follies when he joined them in 1910. Shown here in blackface, he was the highest-paid African American entertainer of his day.[48]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111122073719/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/97/40/7e475f1f98c3ed968b898fe7ba6d_medium.jpg "Bert Williams was the only black member of the Ziegfeld Follies when he joined them in 1910. Shown here in blackface, he was the highest-paid African American entertainer of his day.[48]")
![The Hermitage, located in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, is a fourteen-room Gothic Revival home built in 1847-48 from designs by William H. Ranlett for Elijah Rosencrantz, Jr. Members of the Rosencrantz family owned The Hermitage estate from 1807 to 1970. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark for the excellence of its architecture and added to National Register of Historic Places in 1970.[5] In 1971 is was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111122073719/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/f8/8d/360fa7196ba4a84e3ed6dd701c81_medium.jpg "The Hermitage, located in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, is a fourteen-room Gothic Revival home built in 1847-48 from designs by William H. Ranlett for Elijah Rosencrantz, Jr. Members of the Rosencrantz family owned The Hermitage estate from 1807 to 1970. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark for the excellence of its architecture and added to National Register of Historic Places in 1970.[5] In 1971 is was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places.")
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York remains unbeaten with 35-22 win vs. Poquoson; Falcons to host James Monroe for region final
19 Nov 2011
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YORK —— The game of the year in Region I, and perhaps all of state Group AA Division 3 is a go. York High remained unbeaten and earned a spot in the Division 3 Region I final with a 35-22 victory over defending state champion Poquoson in a semifinal on Friday at Bailey Field. The Falcons...
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| Name | James Monroe |
|---|---|
| Office | 5th President of the United States |
| Vicepresident | Daniel Tompkins |
| Term start | March 4, 1817 |
| Term end | March 3, 1825 |
| Predecessor | James Madison |
| Successor | John Quincy Adams |
| Office2 | 8th United States Secretary of War |
| President2 | James Madison |
| Term start2 | September 27, 1814 |
| Term end2 | March 2, 1815 |
| Predecessor2 | John Armstrong |
| Successor2 | William Crawford |
| Office3 | 7th United States Secretary of State |
| President3 | James Madison |
| Term start3 | April 2, 1811 |
| Term end3 | March 4, 1817 |
| Predecessor3 | Robert Smith |
| Successor3 | John Quincy Adams |
| Office4 | 12 and 16th Governor of Virginia |
| Term start4 | January 16, 1811 |
| Term end4 | April 2, 1811 |
| Predecessor4 | George Smith |
| Successor4 | George Smith |
| Term start5 | December 19, 1799 |
| Term end5 | December 1, 1802 |
| Predecessor5 | James Wood |
| Successor5 | John Page |
| Ambassador from6 | United States |
| Country6 | the United Kingdom |
| Nominator6 | Thomas Jefferson |
| Term start6 | April 18, 1803 |
| Term end6 | February 26, 1808 |
| Predecessor6 | Rufus King |
| Successor6 | William Pinkney |
| Ambassador from7 | United States |
| Country7 | France |
| Nominator7 | George Washington |
| Term start7 | May 28, 1794 |
| Term end7 | September 9, 1796 |
| Predecessor7 | Gouverneur Morris |
| Successor7 | Charles Pinckney |
| Jr/sr8 | United States Senator |
| State8 | Virginia |
| Term start8 | November 9, 1790 |
| Term end8 | March 29, 1794 |
| Predecessor8 | John Walker |
| Successor8 | Stevens Mason |
| Birth date | April 28, 1758 |
| Birth place | Westmoreland County, Virginia Colony |
| Death date | July 04, 1831 |
| Death place | New York City, New York, United States |
| Party | Democratic-Republican Party |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Kortright |
| Alma mater | College of William and Mary |
| Profession | LawyerPlanter |
| Religion | Episcopal |
| Signature | James Monroe's sig.svg |
| Signature alt | Cursive signature in ink |
| Branch | Continental Army |
| Rank | Major |
| Battles | American Revolutionary WarBattle of Trenton |
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As an anti-federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
During the War of 1812, Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison. Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote and becoming the last president during the First Party System era of American politics. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions and embarked on a tour of the country and was well received everywhere. As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued until the Panic of 1819 struck and dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection. In 1823, he announced the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy and the Second Party System era. Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4, 1831.
Biography
thumb|left|Marker designating the site of James Monroe's birthplace in Monroe Hall, VirginiaJames Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in a wooded area of Westmoreland County, Virginia. The site is marked and is one mile from what is known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia.Monroe's father, Spence Monroe (1727–1774) was a moderately prosperous planter who also learned the carpentry trade. His mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730–1774), married Spence Monroe in 1752. His paternal great-grandfather immigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century. In 1650 Andrew Monroe patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia.
Education and military service
Between the ages of 11 and 16, Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a school run by the Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish. There he excelled as a prodigious pupil and progressed through Latin and mathematics at a rate faster than that of most boys his age. John Marshall, later Chief Justice of the United States, was among his classmates. At the age of 16, Monroe, the eldest son, inherited all his father's fortune and he became financially responsible for his establishing his siblings.Monroe began forming a close relationship with his uncle, the influential Judge Joseph Jones, who had been educated at the Inns of Court in London. In 1774 Monroe enrolled in the College of William and Mary, but saw the atmosphere on the campus was not conducive to study, and the prospect of rebellion against King George charged most of the students, including Monroe, with patriotic fervor. In June 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, Monroe joined 24 older men in raiding the arsenal at the Governor's Palace. The 200 muskets and 300 swords they appropriated helped arm the Williamsburg militia. The following spring, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army.
Between 1780 and 1783, he studied law under Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was not particularly interested in legal theory or practice, but chose to take it up because he felt that it offered "the most immediate rewards" and that it would place him on a path to wealth, social standing, and political influence.
Although Andrew Jackson served as a courier in a militia unit at age thirteen, Monroe is regarded as the last U.S. President who was a Revolutionary War hero, since he served as an officer of the Continental Army and personally took part in the combats. He served with distinction at the Battle of Trenton, where he was shot in his left shoulder. He spent three months recuperating from his wound. In John Trumbull's painting Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton, Monroe can be seen lying wounded at left center of painting. In an even more famous painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware, Monroe is depicted holding the flag. Following his war service, he practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
Marriage and children
James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830), daughter of Laurence Kortright and Hannah Aspinwall Kortright, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the Monroes returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned. The Monroes had the following children:Monroe fulfilled his youthful dream of becoming the owner of a large plantation and wielding great political power, but his efforts in agriculture were never profitable. He sold his small inherited Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics, and though he owned land and slaves and speculated in property he was rarely on-site to oversee the operation. Therefore the slaves were treated harshly to make them more productive and the plantations barely supported themselves if at all. His lavish lifestyle often necessitated selling property to pay debts.
Early political career
Virginia politics
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and served in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786.In Virginia the struggle in 1788 over the ratification of the proposed new Constitution involved far more than a simple clash between federalists and anti-federalists. Virginians held a full spectrum of opinions about the merits of the proposed change in national government. George Washington and James Madison were leading supporters; Patrick Henry and George Mason were leading opponents. The central actors in the ratification fight were those who held the middle ground in the ideological struggle. Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton, these "federalists who are for amendments," criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government. Virginia ratified the Constitution in June 1788, largely because these men suspended their reservations and vowed to press for changes after the new government had been established.
Virginia narrowly ratified the Constitution and Monroe ran for a House seat in the 1st Congress but was defeated by Madison. In 1790 he was elected United States Senator. He soon joined the "Democratic-Republican" faction led by Jefferson and Madison and by 1791 was the party leader in the Senate.
Ambassador to France
Monroe resigned his Senate seat after being appointed Minister to France in 1794. As ambassador, Monroe secured the release of Thomas Paine when the latter was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI.He managed to free all the Americans held in French prisons, including Madame Lafayette. He issued American passports for the Lafayette family, (since they had been granted citizenship), before she traveled to Lafayette's place of imprisonment, in Olmutz.
A strong friend of the French Revolution, Monroe tried to assure France that Washington's policy of strict neutrality did not favor Britain. But American policy had come to favor Britain, and Monroe was stunned by the signing of the Jay Treaty in London. With France and Britain at war, the Jay Treaty alarmed and angered the French. Washington discharged Monroe from his office as Minister to France due to inefficiency, disruptive maneuvers, and failure to safeguard the interests of his country.
Monroe had long been concerned about untoward foreign influence on the presidency. He was alarmed at Spanish diplomat Don Diego de Gardoqui who in 1785 tried to convince Congress to allow Spain to close the Mississippi River to American traffic for 30 years. Here Monroe saw Spain overinfluencing the republic, which could have risked the loss of the Southwest or dominance of the Northeast. Monroe placed faith in a strong presidency and the system of checks and balances. In the 1790s he fretted over an aging George Washington being too heavily influenced by close advisers like Alexander Hamilton who was too close to Britain. Monroe favored France and so opposed the Jay Treaty in 1795. He was humiliated when Washington criticized him for his support of revolutionary France while he was minister to France. He saw foreign and Federalist elements in the genesis of the Quasi War of 1798–1800 and in efforts to keep Thomas Jefferson away from the presidency in 1801. As governor he considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson. Federalists responded in kind, some seeing Monroe as at best a French dupe and at worst a traitor. Monroe thus contributed to a paranoid style of politics.
Governor of Virginia and Diplomat
Out of office, Monroe returned to practicing law in Virginia until elected governor there as a Republican, serving from 1799 to 1802. He called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebellion. Gabriel and 26 other enslaved people who participated were hanged.President Jefferson sent Monroe to France to assist Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe was then appointed Minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) from 1803 to 1807. In 1806 he negotiated a treaty with Britain, known as the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty. It would extend the Jay Treaty of 1794 which had expired after ten years; Jefferson had fought the Jay Treaty intensely in 1794–95 because he felt it would allow the British to subvert American republicanism. The treaty had produced ten years of peace and highly lucrative trade for American merchants, but Jefferson was still hostile. When Monroe and the British signed a renewal in December 1806, Jefferson decided to reject it, and not submit it to the Senate. Although the new treaty called for ten more years of trade between the U.S. and the British Empire, and gave American merchants certain guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson refused to give up the potential weapon of commercial warfare against Britain and was unhappy that it did not end the hated British practice of impressment of American sailors. Jefferson did not attempt to obtain another treaty, and as a result, the two nations moved from peace toward the War of 1812. Monroe was humiliated by the repudiation.
1808 election and the Quids
The Republican Party was increasingly factionalized with "Old Republicans" or "Quids" denouncing the Administration for abandoning true republican principles. The Quids, seeing that Monroe's foreign policy had been rejected by Jefferson, tried to enlist Monroe in their cause. The plan was to run Monroe for president in the 1808 election in cooperation with the Federalist Party, which had a strong base in New England. John Randolph of Roanoke led the Quid effort to stop Jefferson's choice of James Madison. However, the regular Republicans overcame the Quids, kept control of the party in Virginia, and protected Madison's base. Monroe did not run and Madison was elected president.
Secretary of State and Secretary of War
Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor in 1811, but only served four months. He became Secretary of State in April of that year. He had little to do with the War of 1812, as President Madison and the War Hawks in Congress were dominant. The war went very badly, so Madison turned to Monroe for help, appointing him Secretary of War in September 1814. Monroe resigned as Secretary of State on October 1, but no successor was ever appointed, so he continued doing the work. Thus from October 1, 1814, to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both cabinet posts. Monroe formulated plans for an offensive invasion of Canada to win the war, but a peace treaty was ratified in February 1815, before any armies moved north. Monroe therefore resigned as Secretary of War and was formally reappointed Secretary of State. Monroe stayed on at State until March 4, 1817, when he began his term as the new President of the United States.
Presidential elections of 1816 and 1820
The congressional nominating caucus experienced little opposition during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison, but this situation changed in the election year of 1816. An indeterminate number of anti-Virginia Republicans, led by the New York delegation, objected to the caucus system along with the Federalists. Disorganization and failure to agree on William H. Crawford, Daniel Tompkins, Henry Clay or another possible contender weakened opposition to Monroe. The boycott by Virginia delegates of the March 12 caucus removed the chances of Monroe's opponents, and he received the caucus nomination four days later. With the Federalist Party in disarray due to the unpopularity of their opposition to the War of 1812, he was easily elected. The Federalists did not even name a candidate, though Rufus King of New York did run in opposition to Monroe under the Federalist banner. King carried only Connecticut, Delaware, and Massachusetts and won only 34 of 217 electoral votes cast. (See United States presidential election, 1816.)The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed, the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire cast a vote for John Quincy Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the electoral college. (See United States presidential election, 1820.)
Presidency
Domestic politics
Republican party dominance
Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making appointments to lower posts, which reduced political tensions and enabled the "Era of Good Feelings", which lasted through his administration. He made two long national tours in 1817 to build national trust. Frequent stops on these tours allowed innumerable ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good will. The Federalist Party continued to fade away during his administration; it maintained its vitality and organizational integrity in Delaware and a few localities, but was no longer a national factor. Lacking serious opposition, the Republican party's Congressional caucus stopped meeting, and for practical purposes the Republican Party stopped operating.
Domestic troubles
Monroe's popularity was undiminished even when following difficult nationalist policies as the country's commitment to nationalism was starting to show serious fractures. The Panic of 1819 caused a painful economic depression. The application for statehood in 1819 by the Missouri Territory as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north of latitude 36/30' N forever. The Missouri Compromise lasted until 1857, when it was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court as part of the Dred Scott decision.
Cumberland Road
Congress demanded high subsidies for internal improvements, such as for the improvement of the Cumberland Road, during Monroe's presidency. Monroe vetoed the Cumberland Road Bill, which provided for yearly improvements to the road, because he believed it to be unconstitutional for the government to have such a large hand in what was essentially a civics bill deserving of attention on a state by state basis. This defiance underlined Monroe's populist ideals and added credit to the local offices that he was so fond of visiting on his speech tours.
Native American Policies
Monroe sparked a constitutional controversy when, in 1817, he sent General Andrew Jackson to move against Spanish Florida to pursue hostile Seminole Indians and punish the Spanish for aiding them. News of Jackson's exploits ignited a congressional investigation of the 1st Seminole War. Dominated by Democratic-Republicans, the 15th Congress was generally expansionist and more likely to support the popular Jackson. Ulterior political agendas of many congressmen dismantled partisan and sectional coalitions, so that Jackson's opponents argued weakly and became easily discredited. After much debate, the House of Representatives voted down all resolutions that condemned Jackson in any way, thus implicitly endorsing Monroe's actions and leaving the issue surrounding the role of the executive with respect to war powers unanswered.Monroe believed that the Indians must progress from the hunting stage to become an agricultural people, noting in 1817, "A hunter or savage state requires a greater extent of territory to sustain it than is compatible with progress and just claims of civilised life." His proposals to speed up the assimilation process were ignored by Congress.
Foreign policy
Spanish Florida
Relations with Spain over the purchase of Spanish Florida proved to be troublesome, especially after General Andrew Jackson invaded that territory on what he believed to be the president's authorization, which Monroe later denied giving. But largely through the skillful work of John Quincy Adams, a treaty was signed with Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the United States in return for the assumption of $5,000,000 in claims and the relinquishment of any claims to Texas. Florida was ceded to the U.S. in 1821.
Monroe Doctrine
After the Napoleonic wars (which ended in 1815), almost all of Spain's and Portugal's colonies in Latin America revolted and declared independence. Americans welcomed this development as a validation of the spirit of Republicanism. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams suggested delaying formal recognition until Florida was secured. The problem of imperial invasion was intensified by a Russian claim to the Pacific coast down to the fifty-first parallel and simultaneous European pressure to have all of Latin America returned to its colonial status.Monroe informed Congress in March 1822, that permanent stable governments had been established in the United Provinces of La Plata (present-day Argentina), Chile, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers (ambassadors) to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an "American system" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin America. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity".
Monroe formally announced in his message to Congress on December 2, 1823, what was later called the Monroe Doctrine. He proclaimed that the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars and wars between European powers and their colonies, but to consider new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States.
Although it is Monroe's most famous contribution to history, the speech was written by Adams, who designed the doctrine in cooperation with Britain. Monroe and Adams realized that American recognition would not protect the new countries against military intervention to restore Spain's power. In October 1823 Richard Rush, the American minister in London, advised that Foreign Secretary George Canning was proposing that the U.S. and Britain jointly declare their opposition to European intervention. Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming a "hands off" policy. Galvanized by the British initiative, Monroe consulted with American leaders and then formulated a plan with Adams. Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war." Monroe accepted Adams' advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "...the American continents," he stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
The Monroe Doctrine at the time of its adoption thus pertained more to the Russians in North America than to the former Spanish colonies. The result was a system of American isolationism under the sponsorship of the British navy. The Monroe Doctrine held that the United States considered the Western Hemisphere as no longer a place for European colonization; that any future effort to gain further political control in the hemisphere or to violate the independence of existing states would be treated as an act of hostility; and finally that there existed two different and incompatible political systems in the world. The United States, therefore, promised to refrain from intervention in European affairs and demanded Europe to abstain from interfering with American matters. There were few serious European attempts at intervention. and Calhoun completely reorganized the War Department to overcome the serious deficiencies that hobbled it during the war of 1812. Monroe decided on political grounds not to offer Henry Clay the State Department, and Clay turned down the War Department and remained Speaker of the House, so Monroe lacked an outstanding westerner in his cabinet.
| Clear | yes |
|---|---|
| Name | Monroe |
| President | James Monroe |
| President start | 1817 |
| President end | 1825 |
| Vice president | Daniel D. Tompkins |
| Vice president start | 1817 |
| Vice president end | 1825 |
| State | John Quincy Adams |
| State start | 1817 |
| State end | 1825 |
| War | John C. Calhoun |
| War start | 1817 |
| War end | 1825 |
| Treasury | William H. Crawford |
| Treasury start | 1817 |
| Treasury end | 1825 |
| Justice | Richard Rush |
| Justice date | 1817 |
| Justice 2 | William Wirt |
| Justice start 2 | 1817 |
| Justice end 2 | 1825 |
| Navy | Benjamin W. Crowninshield |
| Navy start | 1817 |
| Navy end | 1818 |
| Navy 2 | Smith Thompson |
| Navy start 2 | 1819 |
| Navy end 2 | 1823 |
| Navy 3 | Samuel L. Southard |
| Navy start 3 | 1823 |
| Navy end 3 | 1825 |
Judicial appointments
Monroe appointed one Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Smith Thompson. He appointed 21 other federal judges, all to United States district courts, as no vacancies occurred on the one circuit court existing at the time.
States admitted to the Union
Mississippi December 10, 1817 Illinois December 3, 1818 Alabama December 14, 1819 Maine March 15, 1820 Missouri August 10, 1821
Post-presidency
When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill on the grounds of the University of Virginia. This university's modern campus was Monroe's family farm from 1788 to 1817, but he had sold it in the first year of his presidency to the new college. He served on the college's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and then under the second rector and another former President James Madison, almost until his death.
Monroe had racked up many debts during his years of public life. As a result, he was forced to sell off his Highland Plantation (now called Ash Lawn-Highland; it is owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public). Throughout his life, he was not financially solvent, and his wife's poor health made matters worse.
For these reasons, he and his wife lived in Oak Hill, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death on September 23, 1830. In August 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams, were guests of the Monroes there.
Death
Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur in the White House. John Quincy Adams visited him there in April 1831. Adams found him alert and eager to discuss the situation in Europe, but in ill health. Adams cut the visit short when he thought he was tiring Monroe.Monroe died there from heart failure and tuberculosis on July 4, 1831, thus becoming the third president in a row to die on Independence Day, July 4. His death came 55 years after the U.S. Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and 5 years after the death of two other Founding Fathers who became Presidents: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. Twenty-seven years later in 1858 the body was re-interred to the President's Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion," Bliss Isely notes, "less is known than that of any other President." No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult frequently attended Episcopalian churches, though there is no record he ever took communion. He has been classified by some historians as a Deist because he used deistic language to refer to an impersonal God. Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist and infidel for his deistic views. An exception came in 1832 when James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher."
As Secretary of State Monroe dismissed Mordecai Manuel Noah from his post as consul to Tunis in 1815, for the apparent reason that he was Jewish. Noah protested and gained letters from Adams, Jefferson, and Madison supporting church-state separation and tolerance for Jews.
Slavery
On October 15, 1799, some slave traders attempted to transport a group of slaves from Southampton to Georgia when the slaves revolted and killed the slave traders. According to Scheer's article on the subject, the slave patrol responded and killed ten slaves on the spot in extra judicial killings without the benefit of trial. The five men taken alive were tried in an oyer and terminer court without the benefit of a jury, and four were convicted (the fifth pleaded benefit of clergy and was flogged and branded). Governor Monroe postponed their executions to check their identities, granting a pardon to one, and allowing two to hang, while the other died in jail from exposure to the cold. Scheer's argument is that Monroe "help[ed] secure a modicum of civil protection for slaves sentenced to death for capital crimes."When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia intended to kidnap Governor Monroe, take Richmond, and negotiate for their freedom. Due to a storm on August 30, they were unable to attack. This is known as Gabriel's slave conspiracy
Monroe called out the militia, and slave patrols captured some slaves. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses like an appointed attorney, but were "hardly 'fair'". Slave codes prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and had quick trials without a jury. Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them. Nonetheless, historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves.
Monroe owned dozens of slaves, and according to William Seale, took some of his slaves to serve him when he resided at the White House from 1817 to 1825; this was not unique, as other slave owning presidents also had the custom of bringing their slaves to work for them since there was no domestic staff provided for the presidents at that time.
As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the extreme chagrin of states' rights proponents, he was even willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance in emancipating and deporting the slaves. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union."
Monroe was part of the African Colonization Society formed in 1816, which included members like Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. These men were not abolitionists, but they did find common ground with some abolitionists who supported colonization, and together they helped send several thousand freed slaves to Africa from 1820 to 1840. The concern slave owners like Monroe and Jackson had was to prevent free blacks from influencing slaves to rebel in southern states. With about $100,000 in Federal grant money, the organization also bought land for those people in what is today Liberia. The capital of Liberia was named Monrovia after him.
Legacy
* Since its 1824 renaming in his honor, the capital city of the West African country of Liberia has been named Monrovia. It is the only non-American capital city named after a U.S. President.
Trivia
Monroe was the last U.S. President to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue, a tricorne and knee breeches according to the old fashioned style of the eighteenth century.
Quotations
"It is only when the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that they are incapable of exercising their sovereignty. Usurpation is then an easy attainment, and an usurper soon found. The people themselves become the willing instruments of their own debasement and ruin."
"The best form of government is that which is most likely to prevent the greatest sum of evil."
"Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy."
"In this great nation there is but one order, that of the people, whose power, by a peculiarly happy improvement of the representative principle, is transferred from them, without impairing in the slightest degree their sovereignty, to bodies of their own creation, and to persons elected by themselves, in the full extent necessary for the purposes of free, enlightened, and efficient government."
"The earth was given to mankind to support the greatest number of which it is capable, and no tribe or people have a right to withhold from the wants of others more than is necessary for their own support and comfort."
See also
Bibliography
References
Notes
External links
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