The family Cyprinidae, from the Ancient Greek kyprînos (κυπρῖνος, "carp"), consists of the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives (for example, the barbs and barbels). Commonly called the carp family or the minnow family, its members are also known as cyprinids. It is the largest family of fresh-water fish, with over 2,400 species in about 220 genera. The family belongs to the order Cypriniformes, of whose genera and species the cyprinids make up two-thirds.

Following the discovery that the relatively unknown mountain carps are a peculiar lineage of cyprinids, they have been included tentatively as subfamily Psilorhynchinae.

Description

s (Catlocarpio siamensis) are the largest members of this family]] Cyprinids are stomachless fish and the jaws are toothless. Food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a procession of the skull. The pharyngheal teeth are species specific and are used by specialists to determine the species. Strong pharyncheal teeth allow fish like the common carp and ide to eat hard baits like snails and bivalves.

Hearing is a well-developed sense, since the cyprinds have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebra processions that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. This construction is also used to observe motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder or they can dispose excess gas to the gut.

The fish in this family are native to North America, Africa, and Eurasia. The largest cyprinid in this family is the Giant Barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which may grow up to . The largest North American species is the Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), of which individuals up to long and weighing over have been recorded.

On the other hand, many species are smaller than . As of 2008, the smallest known freshwater fish is a cypriniform, Danionella translucida, reaching at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs, however, there are a few species that build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterling-like cyprinids (Acheilognathinae) are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young grow up until able to fend for themselves. with 17 kg Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio)]]

Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach, but some species like the Asp specialize in fish. Many species ide, common rudd will eat small fish however when reaching a certain size. Even small species like the moderlieschen eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances.

Some fishes, such as the grass carp, are specialized in eating vegetation, some, such as the common nase, eat algae from hard surfaces, some, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, they are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Relationship with humans

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast flowing rivers. In non-landlocked countries they are not very much appreciated due to the high number of bones. In Eastern Europe they are often prepared with traditional methods like drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places they remain popular for food as well as recreational fishing, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural range to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida. In some cases, these have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making it difficult for plants to grow.

breeds: A variegated pearlscale with an oranda-type wen ("cap").]] Numerous cyprinids have become important in the aquarium hobby, most famously the Goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian Carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was much fancied by Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In the latter country, from the 18th century onwards the Common Carp was bred into the ornamental variety known as koi – or more accurately nishikigoi (錦鯉), as koi (鯉) simply means "Common Carp" in Japanese.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines and true barbs. Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria.

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the Zebrafish (Danio rerio). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.

Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct. In particular, Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early-mid 20th century; most globally extinct Cypriniformes species are in fact Leuciscinae from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. It is obvious that some distinct lineages exist – for example, Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae –, but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have co-evolved, for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remains doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, on the other hand, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.

The Tench (Tinca tinca), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests that it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris, Hemigrammocypris, and Yaoshanicus. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred. (Hemitremia flammea), one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)]] (Leuciscus idus), one of the Eurasian daces]] (Notropis hypselopterus), a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae)]] (Phoxinus oxycephalus), a minnow related to some North American daces]] a European roach]] Subfamily Leuciscinae – chubs, daces, true minnows, roaches, shiners and so on.

Aaptosyax

Abramis – typical breams (including Ballerus)

Achondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007 (disputed)

Acrocheilus – Chiselmouth

Agosia

Alburnoides

Alburnus – bleaks

Algansea

Anaecypris

Aspius

Aztecula

Blicca

Campostoma – stonerollers

Chalcalburnus

Chondrostoma – typical nases

Clinostomus – redside daces

Coreoleuciscus – Korean Splendid Dace

Couesius – Lake Chub

Cyprinella – satinfin shiners

Dionda – desert minnows

Distoechodon

Elopichthys (tentatively placed here)

Eremichthys – Desert Dace

Ericymba – silverjaw minnows

Erimonax

Erimystax – slender chubs

Eupallasella

Evarra – Mexican daces

Exoglossum – cutlips minnows

Gila – western chubs (including Siphateles)

Hemitremia – Flame Chub

Hesperoleucus – California Roach (may belong in Lavinia)

Hybognathus – silvery minnows

Hybopsis – bigeye chubs

Iberochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007

Iotichthys – Least Chub

Ladigesocypris

Lavinia – Hitch

Lepidomeda – spinedaces

Leucaspius – Moderlieschen

Leuciscus – Eurasian daces

Luciobrama (tentatively placed here)

Luciocyprinus

Luxilus – highscale shiners

Lythrurus – finescale shiners

Macrhybopsis – blacktail chubs

Margariscus – Pearl Dace Meda – Spikedace

Moapa – Moapa Dace

Mylocheilus – peamouths

Mylopharodon – hardheads

Nocomis – hornyhead chubs

Notemigonus – Golden Shiner

Notropis – eastern shiners

Ochetobius (tentatively placed here)

Opsopoeodus – pugnose minnows

Oregonichthys – Oregon chubs

Oreoleuciscus

Orthodon – Sacramento Blackfish

Parachondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007

Pararhinichthys – Cheat Minnow

Pelecus – Ziege, Sabre Carp

Petroleuciscus – Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces

Phenacobius – suckermouth minnows

Phoxinellus

Phoxinus – Eurasian minnows and redbelly daces (including Rhynchocypris)

Pimephales – bluntnose minnows

Plagopterus – Woundfin

Platygobio – flathead chubs

Pogonichthys – splittails

Protochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007

Pseudochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007

Pseudophoxinus

Pteronotropis – flagfin shiners

Ptychocheilus – pikeminnows

Relictus – Relict Dace

Rhinichthys – riffle daces (including Tiaroga)

Richardsonius – redside shiners

Rutilus – roaches

Scardinius – rudds

Semotilus – creek chubs

Snyderichthys – Leatherside Chub

Squalius – European chubs

Telestes

Tribolodon

Tropidophoxinellus

Vimba

Yuriria

("Rasborinae", probably not too distant from the Blue Danio above)]] (Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae)]] Subfamily Psilorhynchinae – mountain carps Psilorhynchus (including Psilorhynchoides) Subfamily Rasborinae – rasborines (probably paraphyletic)

Amblypharyngodon

Aphyocypris

Barilius

Boraras

Candidia – Lake Candidus Dace

Nipponocypris Chen, Wu & Hsu (2008)

Opsariichthys

Oxygaster

Parazacco

Raiamas

Rasbora

Rasborinus

Rastrineobola – Silver Cyprinid

Tanichthys – cardinal minnows

Trigonostigma

Zacco

Subfamily Squaliobarbinae (sometimes included in Cyprininae or Leuciscinae)

Ctenopharyngodon – Grass Carp

Mylopharyngodon – Black Carp

Squaliobarbus

Subfamily Tincinae – Tench (monotypic, sometimes included in Leuciscinae)

Incertae sedis is of uncertain relationships.It might be close to Aphyocypris.]]

Acanthalburnus

Acanthobrama

Acrossocheilus

Amblyrhynchichthys

Araiocypris

Caecobarbus

Catlocarpio

Chagunius

Coptostomabarbus

Cyclocheilichthys

Cyprinion

Folifer

Gibelion – catla* Gobiocypris

Gymnocypris

Gymnodiptychus Herzenstein, 1892

Hampala

Hemigrammocypris (close to Aphyocypris?)

Iberocypris

Mystacoleucus

Oreichthys

Oreinus

Naziritor – "mahseers" (sometimes in Tor)

Neolissochilus – "mahseers" (sometimes in Tor)

Pachychilon

Paracheilognathus

Parasikukia

Phreatichthys

Poropuntius

Pseudobrama

Pseudolaubuca

Rohtee

Semiplotus

Sikukia

Spinibarbichthys

Spinibarbus

Thynnichthys

Tor – "mahseers"

Varicorhinus

Xenocyprioides

Xenocypris (Cultrinae?)

Yaoshanicus (close to Aphyocypris?)

Unlike most fish species, cyprinid fish generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating zooplankton which would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

See also

List of fish families

Footnotes

References

[2009]: Cyprinid. Retrieved 2009-SEP-25. (2004): Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05. (2006): Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes. Retrieved 2007-03-05. (2005): Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Version of 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2007-05-03. (1991): Systematics and biogeography: an overview. In: : Biology of Cyprinids: 1–33. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. (2009): 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. Retrieved 2009-SEP-20. (1946): Fishlore. Pelican Books.

External links

Category:Fish of North America Category:Fish of Asia Category:Fish of Europe Category:Fish of Africa Category:Cypriniformes

Background	group_or_band
Name	Eater
Origin	Finchley, North London, England
Genre	Punk rock
Years active	Late 1976 – early 1979; 1996; 2006
Label	The Label
Past members	Andrew Radwan (aka 'Andy Blade')Brian ChevettePhil Rowland (aka ‘Social Demise’)Ian WoodcockRoger Bullen (aka ‘Dee Generate’)

Eater were an early British punk band from London who took their name from a Marc Bolan lyric. In 2001, the band’s second single, "Thinking of the USA" (originally released in June 1977), was included in a leading British music magazine’s list of the best punk-rock singles of all-time. In 1999, the track also re-appeared on the five CD box set ‘1-2-3-4: A History of Punk & New Wave’ (MCA Records / Universal Music Group).

Biography

The band was formed in 1976 by four high school friends; Anglo-Egyptian singer and guitarist Andy Blade (real name: Ashruf Radwan), Brian Chevette (guitar), Roger “Dee Generate” Bullen (drums) and Ian Woodcock (bass). The band's name came from the song ‘Suneye’, taken from the 1970 album T. Rex:

“Tree wizard puretongue, The digger of holes, The swan king, The Elf lord, The eater of souls.

Lithon the black, The rider of stars, Tyrannosaurus Rex, The eater of cars”.

Later they recorded a cover version of T-Rex's "Jeepster."

Despite originating in north London, the band made its first public performance in Manchester, featuring The Buzzcocks as their support act. Eater’s live set at this gig, back in November 1976, was built mainly around speeded-up versions of Velvet Underground and David Bowie songs such as "Queen Bitch" and "Sweet Jane".

Closer to home, the band became one of the pioneering punk bands that played live in the first few months of the now-legendary Roxy Club. They topped the bill twice in January 1977, the second time they were supported by The Damned. They headlined again in February, this time supported by Johnny Moped, and twice more in March, supported first by The Lurkers and then by Sham 69. They also supplied two of their tracks, ‘15’ (a version of "I'm Eighteen" by Alice Cooper) and ‘Don’t Need It’, to the seminal live various artists album Live at the Roxy WC2. Extracts from their performances at The Roxy were also included in Don Letts' Punk Rock Movie (1978).

The band signed to small London independent label called ‘The Label’,

Eater released five singles and The Album LP before splitting up in 1979.

Blade made several attempts to create a solo career during the 1980s but failed to secure a deal. He shared an apartment with Billy Duffy who later joined The Cult.

Blade published a book about his times with Eater and beyond, called The Secret Life of a Teenage Punk Rocker in 2005.

Eater reformed to play the 1996 Holidays in The Sun Festival in Blackpool.

Eater also reformed shortly in 2006, playing a one-off gig at the 100 Club, supported by TV Smith of The Adverts. They also supported the Buzzcocks on their 30th anniversary of their original tour, at the Forum.

Reviews

In their heyday 1976–1978, the band had been variously appraised:

“Run-of-the-mill dole queue punk rock”.

“Basic boy-ish punk rock”.

“The band’s original punkish abrasiveness giving way only slightly to a petulant pop sheen”.

“They were basically young kids, striving to master their instruments and out to shock”.

“All songs on their sole full-length release sound about the same, played with one stiff light-speed beat and a snotty vehemence to each track, adding up to a ridiculous classic. As fast and clumsy as the material is, there's an undeniable tunefulness at work, particularly in irresistible singalongs like "No Brains" and "Room for One," and the sprightly single "Lock It Up" even attempts some naïve vocal harmonies as they sneer at the upper classes”.

Discography

Studio album

The Album (November 1977: The Label, LP 001)

Compilations

The History of Eater (February 1985)

The Compleat Eater (April 1993)

All of Eater (May 1998)

Appearances on various artist compilations (Selective)

Listing of those various artist compilation albums mentioned in the text of the main article: "15" and "Don’t Need It" featured on the "Live at the Roxy WC2" compilation LP (24 Jun '77: Harvest Records SHSP4069) #24 UK Albums Chart

"Thinking of the USA" featured on 1-2-3-4: A History of Punk And New Wave 1976 - 1979 (MCA/Universal, 1999)

Singles

Outside View / You (March 1977: The Label, TRL 001)

Thinkin’ of the USA / Space Dreamin’ / Michael’s Monetary System (June 1977: The Label, TLR 003)

Lock It Up / Jeepster (October 1977: The Label, TRL 004) Also released as a 12 inch single (TRL 004/12)

Get Your Yo-Yo’s Out E.P.: Debutantes Ball / No More / Thinkin’ of the USA / Holland (September 1978: The Label, TRL 007)

What She Wants She Needs / Reaching for the Sky (November 1978: The Label, TRL 009)

See also

List of British punk bands

List of musicians in the first wave of punk music

References

External links

Eater on www.punk77.co.uk

Eater on Punkmodpop

Category:English punk rock groups Category:Musical groups from London Category:Musical groups established in 1976