A Vogt (from the Old High German, also ''Voigt'' or ''Voight'' or ''Landvoigt'' or ''Fauth''); plural Vögte; Dutch (land)''voogd''; Danish ''foged''; ; ultimately from Latin ''[ad]vocatus'') in the Holy Roman Empire was the German title of a reeve, an overlord (mostly of nobility) exerting guardianship or military protection as well as secular justice (Blutgericht) over a certain territory. The territory or area of responsibility of a Vogt is called a ''Vogtei'' (from ''[ad]vocatia'').

Frankish Empire

The concept of the ''Vogt'' was related to the Old German idea of the ''Munt'', or guardian, but also included some ideas of physical defence and legal representation (whence the connection with ''advocatus'' or ''advocate'').

From the time of Charlemagne, who had such officials appointed in ecclesiastical territories not directly under the control of his counts, the ''Vogt'' was a state functionary representing ecclesiastical dignitaries (such as bishops and abbots) or institutions in secular matters, and particularly before secular courts. Such representatives had been assigned to the church since late antiquity, as it was not supposed to act for itself in worldly affairs. Therefore, in areas such as the territories of abbeys and bishoprics, which by virtue of their ecclesiastical status were free (or immune) from the secular government of the local count (''Graf'', in origin an administrative official in charge of a territory and reporting to the emperor), the ''Vogt'' fulfilled the function of a protective lordship, generally commanding the military contingents of such areas (''Schirmvogtei''). Beyond that, he administered the high justice instead of the count from the ''Vogt court'' (''Vogtgericht'' or Blutgericht).

Holy Roman Empire

Church vogt

The three-way struggle for control of the ''Vogtei'' of the more important abbacies, played out among the central monarchy, the Church and the territorial nobility, was pretty well established as a prorogative of the nobility; the Hirsau formulary (1075) confirmed count Adalbert of Calw as hereditary advocate of the Abbey, an agreement so widely copied elsewhere in Germany that from the tenth century the office developed into an hereditary possession of the higher nobility, who frequently exploited it as a way of extending their power and territories, and in some cases took for themselves the estates and assets of the church bodies for whose protection they were supposedly responsible. In Austria, the teaching of the Church that, according to canon law individuals were prohibited from exercising authority over Church property, was only with reluctance accepted by the nobles. The rights of advocacy were bought back by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century abbeys in alliance with the Babenberg and early Habsburg dukes; the abolition of the ''Vogtei'' (''Entvogtung'') thereby exchanged local secular jurisdiction for the protective overlordship of the duke of Austria, sometimes by forging charters that the duke confirmed.

Imperial vogt

The land vogt office of the Alsace, consisting of the ten imperial cities of the Décapole, was ceded to the king of France in 1648, but the cities remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the cities were soon thereafter annexed by France.

Several small land vogts continued to exist until the end of the Empire in 1806, mainly in the Swabian Circle.

Old Swiss Confederacy

In exceptional cases, the population of the ''Landvogtei'' was allowed to elect their own ''Landvogt''. This concerned Oberhasli in particular, which was nominally a subject territory of Berne, but enjoyed a special status as a military ally. The office of ''Landvogt'' was abolished in 1798, with the foundation of the Helvetic Republic.

Parallels in medieval England and France

Modern Europe

Poland

Denmark

Finland

Notes

References

Category:Feudalism Category:Middle Ages Category:Holy Roman Empire Category:Judges

Icon of Coil is a Norwegian electronic music band. The band was established as a solo project in 1997 by Andy LaPlegua who was joined by former Sector 9 (now Moonitor and Zombie Girl) bandmate Sebastian Komor to perform live. With the release of ''Shallow Nation'', the band's first single, Komor joined full-time. In 2000, Christian Lund joined the live lineup. Later that year the band's first full-length album, ''Serenity is the Devil'', was released, which climbed to number one on the Deutsche Alternative Charts. Shortly thereafter, Lund became a full-time band member.

History

Formation

Shallow Nation (2000)

Before they started working on their second release IOC did programming for the Apoptygma Berzerk track "Starsign". Soon afterwards, they traveled to Germany, with live member Jon Holm, to support Apoptygma on their Welcome to Earth tour 2000 at their gigs in Frankfurt, Cottbus and Leipzig before going back to Norway to play together at Rockefeller in Oslo.

One Nation Under Beat debuted in the top 20 on the DAC-chart (Deutsch Alternative Chart) for eight weeks and peaked at number three.

In late spring of 2000 at a gig in Uddevalla, Sweden, Christian Lund joined the band as a live-member and went on stage with Andy and Seb for the first time. Along with being the vocalist for his En Route project, Christian had a background from a melodious EBM Fredrikstad-band called Elected By Fear where he played together with Fredrik Hansen from Echo Image (who also played at that gig) and Marius Johnsen from Centravibe.

Serenity is the Devil (2000-2001)

Shortly afterward, the album crossed the Atlantic and was released in North America by Metropolis Records. On March 29, 2001, the band itself followed and boarded a plane to Chicago. The song ''Situations Like These'' from the (then) forthcoming ''Seren'' EP was played live for the first time to an American audience.

The summer started with a successful show in Leipzig, Germany, at Wave-Gotik-Treffen. The following festivals included CSD, Zillo Festival, Xtreaktor Festival, Eurorock, Infest and ended at M'era Luna.

''Situations Like These'' became a big club hit and the band was ready for a second tour (this time in a Nightliner touring bus) of North America with VNV Nation. The leg began in Chicago on the 16th of November. Icon of Coil, VNV Nation and the rest of the crew continued up to Canada, down the east coast to Florida, through Texas to the West coast and Hollywood, where they did their 15th show. The four-week tour ended in Edmonton, Canada.

The Soul is in the Software (2002)

Machines Are Us (2004) - Uploaded And Remixed (2004)

Reunion Shows

Discography

Related bands

External links

Category:Norwegian electronic music groups Category:Musical groups established in 1997 Category:Electronic body music

Biography

In 1998 he moved to the Semperoper in Dresden, where he worked with Giuseppe Sinopoli and Colin Davis. He started as a lyrical tenor, singing Tamino in Mozart's ''Die Zauberflöte'', then also Hans in Smetana's ''The Bartered Bride'' and Matteo in Strauss' ''Arabella''.

He sang Wagner's ''Lohengrin'' first at the theater in Erfurt in 2002, followed by international appearances in this part and also as Stolzing in ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'', his debut part at the Bayreuther Festspiele in 2007, and ''Parsifal''.

In the concert repertoire, he recorded Mahler's ''Das Lied von der Erde'', with Christian Gerhaher and the Orchestre symphonique de Montréal, conducted by Kent Nagano in 2009.

References

External links

Category:1970 births Category:Living people category:People from Heide Category:German tenors Category:Operatic tenors

Front 242 is a pioneering Belgian electronic music group that came into prominence during the 1980s. During their most active period (effectively ending in 1993 with the albums 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off) they influenced many electro-industrial and electronic artists.

History

Formation

Front 242 was created in 1981 in Aarschot, near Brussels, Belgium, by Daniel Bressanutti and Dirk Bergen, who wanted to create music and graphic design using emerging electronic tools. The first single, "Principles", was released in 1981. The ''front'' part of the name comes from the idea of an organized popular uprising. Patrick Codenys and Jean-Luc De Meyer had separately formed a group called ''Under Viewer'' at about the same time, and the two duos joined together in 1982. Bressanutti, Codenys and De Meyer took turns on vocals at first, until they settled on De Meyer as the lead vocalist (early recordings with Bressanutti on vocals have recently been released). De Meyer came to write most of the lyrics and Valerie Jane Steele also wrote several tracks including "Don't Crash". They decided not to use the regular waveform settings on their synthesizers, arguing that creating the waveform for each note was part of the creative process.

Their next single, "U-Men", was released in 1982, followed by the band's first album ''Geography'' that same year. These first releases were cited as influential to other artists in the genre; however, they were not strong and hard-hitting as the group's later efforts. In 1983, Dirk Bergen left the band to pursue graphic design, and Richard Jonckheere, referred to as Richard 23, joined as vocalist.

Rising Popularity

In 1987, Front 242 signed with Wax Trax! Records in the U.S. and Red Rhino in Europe, and released ''Backcatalogue'' and ''Official Version'',.

In 1988, ''Front by Front'' was released, and in December of that same year, "Headhunter" (with a video by Anton Corbijn), became the band's first club hit, reaching #13 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart.

1990s

A broader public was exposed to Front 242's music in 1992 in the film ''Single White Female'', starring Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh. In the film, obsessed roommate Leigh ties Fonda to a chair but leaves her with the television remote control. In order to attract attention, Fonda tunes in to a music video channel and turns up the volume. The video playing at the time is Front 242's "Rhythm Of Time", from the album ''Tyranny >For You<''. Also in 1992, the television commercials for the film ''K2'' were set to the Front 242 song "Moldavia", from the same album.

In 1992, Bressanutti returned to combining graphic arts with music, taking his lithographs on tour to three U.S. galleries. Bressanutti also composed a solo half-hour atmospheric recording called ''Art and Strategy'' (or The Art Corporation) to play during viewings of the lithographs, and released it in a limited edition of 1,000 CDs.

Front 242's style shifted abruptly with each of their next two albums, released in rapid succession in 1993 on Epic's sub-label RRE (originally planned as a double-CD): ''06:21:03:11 UP EVIL'' and ''05:22:09:12 OFF'' (the numbers correspond to letters, spelling "FUCK UP EVIL" and "EVIL OFF"). The band describes the two albums as "based on the duality of good and evil." However, strains were emerging, with the band members apparently having different artistic views. Despite these tensions, they performed on the main stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour.

Neither of these albums had significant input from Richard 23, and ''05:22:09:12 OFF'' only included their lead vocalist, Jean-Luc De Meyer, on a remixed track originally from ''Up Evil''. On the other hand, a variety of new contributors were listed as members of Front 242 on these albums: Jean-Marc Pauly and Pierre Pauly (of the Belgian electronic group Parade Ground) on ''Up Evil'', and 99 Kowalski and Eran Westwood on ''Off''.

99 Kowalski is the stage name of Kristin Kowalski, making a tradition out of Richard 23's idea of number-as-name. Kowalski and Westwood were originally members of a New York City band called Spill who Bressanutti and Codenys had brought to Belgium to produce their debut album. After the recording sessions fell apart, they contributed to Front 242 on the ''Off'' release.

After the release of ''06:21:03:11 Up Evil'' and ''05:22:09:12 Off'', there was no new material from Front 242 under any lineup. Instead, the band released a stream of live recordings and remixes. However, this period also saw a proliferation of side projects, an inordinate number of which involved De Meyer.

Earlier, Richard 23 played in the Revolting Cocks, and De Meyer had a side project doing vocals for Bigod 20 for their single, "The Bog" in 1990. In 1995, De Meyer met Marc Heal of Cubanate at a Front Line Assembly concert, and the two of them collaborated along with Ged Denton and Jonathan Sharp, to record as Cyber-Tec Project for the new (and short-lived) Cyber-Tec record label.

After the departure of Sharp and the demise of the Cyber-Tec label, the remaining group continued working under the name C-Tec. De Meyer also took over as vocalist for Birmingham 6 for their 1996 album ''Error of Judgment''. 1996 also saw the debut album ''Elemental'' from Cobalt 60, which De Meyer formed with Dominique Lallement and Frederic Sebastien of Reims, France, members of Kriegbereit. This was the start of a number of releases from Cobalt 60, which also did the soundtrack for the video game ''Wing Commander V''. Meanwhile, Richard 23 recorded with the groups Holy Gang, and later, LaTchak.

The four core members of Front 242 regrouped in 1998 to compose radically reworked versions of many of their songs, which they then performed on their first tour in five years, appropriately called the Re:Boot tour. They acknowledged the influence of The Prodigy and their ''Fat of the Land'' album in crafting the new, more techno style of Re:Boot.

The new tour material was the subject of Front 242's new recording contract in the U.S. with Metropolis Records. Front 242 also indicated at this time that they were recording new material. However, they had little activity after 1998, making occasional appearances in Europe and Mexico, while Codenys recorded under the name Gaiden with Steve Stoll in 2001.

2000s

Several months later, the first release from Male or Female, also known as Morf, a new project for Bresanutti and Codenys along with vocalist Elko Blijweert. In 2002 and 2003, Morf released an album, an E.P., a double album, and a DVD/CD two-disc combo, on the Belgian record label Alfa Matrix, and went on tour through the U.S.

Then, 2002 and 2003 also saw the release of the new material from Front 242 in a decade: the E.P. ''Still and Raw'' and the album ''Pulse'', released on XIIIBis Records in Europe and Metropolis in the U.S. These represented another iteration of Front 242's explicitly stated goal of reinventing itself. The style of the two new releases is more mellow than some of their past work, using more "glitchy" and "bleepy" sounds. As well, it uses the manipulated voice as a musical instrument. The new releases have a much more emotional style from De Meyer, which was presaged in his later recordings with C-Tec and particularly Cobalt 60 on its album ''Twelve''.

Front 242 promised a new U.S. tour to perform new material from these releases. They have made occasional appearances in Latin America and Europe, even being rejoined by Dirk Bergen for a reunion concert in Aarschot (De Klinker club) in 2004 under the original lineup of Bresanutti, Bergen, Codenys and De Meyer. This performance was kept secret until two days before the show but when the scene magazine Side-Line and the band's label Alfa Matrix launched the news, tickets were quickly sold out.

The band has now also set itself to re-release its entire back catalogue both as a normal CD and as a limited edition consisting of a 2CD set holding previously unreleased material. For this the band is working together with the Belgian label Alfa Matrix that already took care of releasing the albums of the Front 242 side-project Male Or Female. The first re-release is their debut album ''Geography'', this time newly remastered personally by Bresanutti to surprisingly powerful effect and including 3 extra tracks (two hidden ones) on the normal CD format.

Meanwhile their enthusiasm for side projects has continued, as Patrick Codenys started appearing with a new group called Red Sniper, Bresanutti started recording with a new group called Troissoeur, and Codenys and Richard 23 formed a quasi-DJ project called Coder23 which toured in late 2004 and early 2005 as the opening act for VNV Nation. Jean-Luc De Meyer contributed vocals on two studio tracks for the Glis album ''Nemesis'' in 2005. The lyrical content of the two songs ("The Irreparable" and "La Béatrice") were based on the poems of Charles Baudelaire.

Front 242 toured through twenty venues in North America in November 2005, their first tour as a full band since 2000. The band performed at the Roskilde Festival in 2006. The band's sold out two day performance at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels has been recorded for a future release via Alfa Matrix.

In December 2006, Front 242 announced from their MySpace page that they were writing music for a video game called ''Cipher Complex'' and provided a link to a teaser trailer with a short sample of one of their scores.

In 2007 Jean-Luc Demeyer announced a new project: 32CRASH via the Alfa Matrix label. The band is preparing for an album release in October 2007 after the release of the EP ''Humanity''. Early audio previews show that the project is very much electro(clash) minded.

In August 2008, Front 242 played live at the Infest Festival in Bradford, UK.

In October 2008 Front 242 performed for the first time ever in Finland, at the Alternative Party 2008 media arts festival.

Moments

On June 4, 2008, Alfa Matrix announced the imminent release of ''Moments...'' The album was a live recording encompassing the very best of Front 242's compositions. The album was shipped in several formats including limited CD box sets, vinyl in different colors including 300-copy limited editions, and as a one-disc CD release.

Band members

Occasional Band Members / Collaborators

Discography

Charts

Albums

U.S. Billboard 200

Singles

Side Projects and Guest Appearances

References

External links

Category:Belgian electronic music groups Category:Industrial rock musical groups Category:Techno music groups Category:Electronic body music Category:Ableton Live users Category:Musical groups established in 1981

While on assignment in Iraq for ABC News with anchor Bob Woodruff, Vogt and Woodruff were both severely injured by a roadside bomb. Vogt was struck by shrapnel in the head, and other body injuries. They were wearing body armor and protective helmets at the time of the explosion.

Woodruff and Vogt received battlefield surgical treatment at the U.S. Air Force hospital south of Balad, Iraq and were evacuated to the United States Army Medical Command hospital at Landstuhl, Germany on Sunday, January 29. After arriving in the USA they were treated at the Intensive Care Unit at the NNMC in Bethesda, Maryland.

Vogt has won six Emmy awards and two duPont Columbia awards for his work. He was also awarded the USO Heart Of A Patriot award in 2007. Vogt has extensive experience with conflict journalism in Afghanistan, Iraq, Croatia, Bosnia and Somalia. Doug Vogt has worked extensively with Peter Jennings, Diane Sawyer, Barbara Walters and Ted Koppel.He is familiar with Turkey and Kurdish Iraq.

External links