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Polish People
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Bambrzy
Bambrzy (Poznańskie Bambry, German: Posener Bamberger) are Poles who are partly descended from Germans who moved from the area of Bamberg (Upper Franconia, Germany) to villages surrounding Poznań, Poland. They settled in villages which had been destroyed during the Great Northern War and the subsequent epidemic of cholera, including:
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Bavarian Geographer
The Bavarian Geographer () is a conventional name given by Jan Potocki in 1796 to the author of an anonymous medieval document Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii ("Description of Cities and Lands North of the Danube").
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Belarusians
Belarusians (, ) Bielarusy; also Belarussians, Belorussians, or Byelorussians) are an East Slavic ethnic group (or nationality) who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian language spoken by the Ruthenian ethnic group that ruled (together with ancestors of today's Lithuanians) the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, after the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, many of the Old Belarusian-speaking Ruthenian nobles would be absorbed by the Polish szlachta in the West and, later, the Russian nobility in the East, leaving only a small rural-dwelling population to be the propagators of a distinct non-literary Belarusian language up until its revival.
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Casimir Pulaski
Casimir Pulaski, or Kazimierz Pułaski in Polish (; full name in Polish: Kazimierz Michał Wacław Wiktor Pułaski) of Ślepowron coat-of-arms (March 6, 1745 – October 11, 1779), was a Polish soldier, nobleman, and politician who has been called "the father of American cavalry".
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Copernicus
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Czesław Miłosz
Czesław Miłosz (June 30, 1911 – August 14, 2004) was a Polish poet, prose writer and translator of Lithuanian origin and subsequent American citizenship. His World War II-era sequence The World, is a collection of 20 "naive" poems. Defecting to the West in 1951, his non-fiction book The Captive Mind (1953) is one of the classics of anti-Stalinism. From 1961 to 1998 he was a professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1980, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin, in Polish Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (the surname is pronounced in Polish; in French; and usually in English; 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer, virtuoso pianist, and music teacher of French-Polish parentage. He was one of the great masters of Romantic music.
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Gerard Labuda
Gerard Labuda (December 28, 1916 – October 1, 2010), was a Polish historian whose main fields of interest were the Middle Ages and the Western Slavs. He lived in what became the Polish Corridor for a long time of his life.
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
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Germans
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Gorals
The Gorale (; ; Cieszyn Silesian: Gorole; literally "highlanders") are a group of indigenous people found along southern Poland, northern Slovakia, and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic. There is also a significant Goral diaspora in the area of Bukovina in the western Ukraine and in northern Romania, as well as Chicago, the seat of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America.
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Henry III of France
Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589, born Alexandre Édouard de France, , ) was King of France from 1574 to 1589. As Henry of Valois, he was the first elected monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the dual titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.
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Henryk Sienkiewicz
Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (; also known as "Litwos" ; May 5, 1846–November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. A Polish szlachcic (noble) of the Oszyk coat of arms, he was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
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Henryk Łowmiański
Henryk Łowmiański (August 22, 1898 near Ukmergė - September 4, 1984 in Poznań) – Polish medieval historian. The researcher of ancient history of Poland, Lithuania and Slavs, Łowmiański is the author of many works, including the 6 volume "The Beginnings of Poland" ().
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Ignacy Domeyko
Ignacy Domeyko or Domejko (; ; ; July 31, 1802 – January 23, 1889, Santiago de Chile) was a 19th-century Chilean geologist, mineralogist and educator who was born in Nesvizh, Imperial Russia (present-day Belarus), into a Polish-Lithuanian family. Domeyko spent most of his life, and died, in his adopted country, Chile.
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indigenous peoples
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Jan Czekanowski
Jan Czekanowski (October 8, 1882–July 20, 1965) was a Polish anthropologist, statistician and linguist. Czekanowski is known for having played an important role in saving the Polish-Lithuanian branch of the Karaim people from Holocaust extermination. In 1942 he managed to convince a German "race scientists" that the Karaim were of Turkic origin although professing Judaism and using Hebrew as a liturgical language. This helped the Karaim people escape the tragic destiny of other European Jews and the Romas.
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Jan Matejko
Jan Matejko () (also known as Jan Mateyko; June 24, 1838, Free City of Kraków; - November 1, 1893, Kraków) was a Polish painter known for paintings of notable historical Polish political and military events. His most famous works include oil on canvas paintings like Battle of Grunwald, paintings of numerous other battles and court scenes, and a gallery of Polish kings. He is counted among the most famous Polish painters.
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Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
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John III Sobieski
John III Sobieski () (17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Sobieski's 22-year-reign was marked by a period of the Commonwealth's stabilisation, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and Khmelnytsky Uprising. Popular among his subjects, he was also a military genius, most famous for the victory over the Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna. Following his victories over the Ottoman Empire, he was called by the Turks the "Lion of Lechistan" and held as the saviour of European Christendom by the pope.
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Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish British novelist, who became a British subject in 1886.
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Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (, 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal" (from 1920) and (1926–35) the authoritarian leader of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he had a major influence in Poland's politics, and was an important figure on the European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland's regaining its independence in 1918, after 123 years of partitions. Piłsudski successfully annexed Vilnius from Lithuania following Żeligowski's Mutiny but was unable to incorporate most of his Lithuanian homeland into the newly resurrected Polish State.
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Kashubians
Kashubians/Kaszubians (, , ), also called Kashubs, Kashubes, Kaszubians, Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia (, , ).
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Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa ( , ; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95.
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Marian Rejewski
Marian Adam Rejewski (; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in 1932 solved the plugboard-equipped Enigma machine, the main cipher device used by Germany. The success of Rejewski and his colleagues Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski jump-started British reading of Enigma in World War II; the intelligence so gained, code-named "Ultra", contributed, perhaps decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany.(Note 1)
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Marie Curie
Marie Skłodowska Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a physicist and chemist of Polish upbringing and subsequent French citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris.
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Masurians
The Masurians or Mazurs or Masurs (, ) are a Lechitic sub-ethnic group in the Masovian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships in Poland. They are descended from Masovians (; ), Polish settlers from Masovia who moved to Prussia especially during and after the Protestant Reformation and were primarily Protestant. In the 1800s the Masuria region of East Prussia was named after the Masurians.
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nation
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Poles in Lithuania
The Polish minority in Lithuania numbered 234,989 persons at the 2001 census, and at 6.74% of the total population of Lithuania (approximately 3,350,400) it constitutes the largest ethnic minority in modern Lithuania and one of the largest Polish diaspora groups in a former Soviet republic. Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius Region (). People of Polish ethnicity have lived in the territory of modern Lithuania for many centuries.
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Polish American
A Polish American (), is a citizen of the United States of Polish descent. There are an estimated 9–10 million Polish Americans, representing about 3.2% of the population of the United States. There is no distinction made between a non-ethnic Pole born in the territory of Poland, like a Jew or Ukrainian who considers themselves a Polish national, in the American census. Therefore, of the 10 million Poles in the United States, only a certain portion are of Polish ethnic descent.
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Polish Argentine
A Polish Argentine (Spanish: polaco-argentino) is an Argentine citizen of full or partial Polish ancestry. Poland was the third largest net migrants contributor after Italy and Spain. Although it is hard to give an exact number of Polish immigrants to Argentina, as those who immigrated before 1919 carried German, Austrian or Russian passport, it is estimated that between 1921 and 1976, 169,335 Poles permanently settled in the country. Today there are between 500,000 and 1 million Argentines of Polish descent. The Polish minority in Argentina is both one of the most significant minorities in Argentina and one of the largest groups of Polish minority.
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Polish Australian
Poland has been a source country of immigrants to Australia, in particular in the post-war period. Immigration from Poland has long tapered off, with Polish Australian population now part of the mainstream Australian community.
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Polish Brazilian
A Polish Brazilian is a Brazilian person of full or partial Polish ancestry, who is aware of such ancestry and remains connected, in some degree, to Polish culture, or a Polish-born person permanently residing in Brazil. The number of Polish descendants in Brazil is estimated at 1.8 million.
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Pope John Paul II
The Venerable Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. His was the second-longest documented pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer (St. Peter the Apostle is reputed to have served for more than thirty years as the first pontiff, but documentation is too sparse to definitively support this). He has been the only Slavic and Polish Pope to date, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in 1522.
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Silesians
Silesians (Silesian: Ślůnzoki; Silesian German: Schläsinger; ; ; ), are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.
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Slovaks
The Slovaks (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, dual Slovenky) are a slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
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Sorbs
Sorbs (; also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs) are a Western Slavic people of Central Europe living predominantly in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland. In Germany they live in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony. They speak the Sorbian languages (Wendish, Lusatian), closely related to Polish, Kashubian, Czech and Slovak and officially recognized and protected as minority languages of Germany, but due to Germanization only the older generation in Lower Sorbia speak the language at home. Their religions are predominantly Catholicism and Lutheranism.
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Tadeusz Kościuszko
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (, , ; February 4, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish–Lithuanian
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (, Ukrayintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly—citizens of Ukraine (who may or may not be ethnic Ukrainians). Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Ruthenians (). Around 45 million people identify with the Ukrainian ethnicity, an ethnos that today, due to centuries of foreign rule and distinct periods of Polonization and Russification, is significantly less homogenous than neighboring ethnic groups. Many ethnic Ukrainians, in addition to having been descended from Ruthenian stock, maintain various other ancestries, such as Russian, Belarussian, Polish, Greek, German, Romanian, and/or Jewish.
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Wisława Szymborska
Wisława Szymborska (born July 2, 1923, in Prowent, now part of Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, essayist and translator. She was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. In Poland, her books reach sales rivaling prominent prose authors — although she once remarked in a poem entitled "Some like poetry" [Niektórzy lubią poezję] that no more than two out of a thousand people care for the art.[http://www.poetseers.org/nobel_prize_for_literature/wislawa_szymborska/library/some_like_poetry/]
http://wn.com/Wisława_Szymborska
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Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Buffalo, New York
Buffalo () is the second most populous city in the state of New York, behind New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River across from Fort Erie, Ontario, Buffalo is the seat of Erie County and the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area (which is the largest in Western New York and the larger Upstate New York). Downtown Buffalo is located 17 miles (27 km) south of Niagara Falls (a site drawing millions of tourists each year) and 59 miles (95 km) southeast of Toronto, Ontario (Canada's largest city). The city also lies adjacent to the rapidly growing Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, which has a population of more than 8 million. Buffalo itself has a population of 270,919 (July 1, 2009 Estimate), and the Buffalo–Niagara–Cattaraugus Combined Statistical Area is home to 1,203,997 residents. If the neighboring Regional Municipality of Niagara in Canada is included, the population of the Greater Buffalo-Niagara Region is 1,631,418 residents. Additionally, Buffalo-Niagara is considered to be a part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which contains an estimated 54 million people.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Curitiba
Curitiba (Tupi-Guarani: "Pine Nut Land", or ) is the capital and largest-city of the Brazilian state of Paraná. The city has the largest population, the largest economy in the State and also in southern Brazil. According to the American magazine Reader's Digest, Curitiba is the best place to live in Brazil.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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Detroit
Detroit () is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. Located north of Windsor, Ontario, Detroit is the only major U.S. city where Canada can be viewed by looking to the south. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the Frenchman Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. Its name originates from the French word détroit () for strait, in reference to its location on the river connecting the Great Lakes.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk (formerly Danzig; see Names below), is a city on the Baltic coast in northern Poland, at the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Giecz
Giecz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dominowo, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Dominowo, north-east of Środa Wielkopolska, and east of the regional capital Poznań. The village has a population of 140.
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Gniezno
Gniezno () is a city in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. One of the Piasts' chief cities, it was the first capital of Poland in the 10th century. Its Roman Catholic archbishop, the Archbishop of Gniezno, is the primate of Poland. These historical facts make its position in Polish history similar to Canterbury or Rheims.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Italia
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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Masuria
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Mazury
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Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
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Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
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Opole
Opole (, Silesian: Uopole) is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River (Odra). It has a population of 125,992 (June 2009) and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County. Today, many German Upper Silesians and Poles of German ancestry live in the Opole region, in the city itself, Germans make up less than 3% of population.
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Orlando, Florida
Orlando () is a major city in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County and the center of the Greater Orlando metropolitan region. The Orlando metropolitan area has a population of 2,082,628 and it is the 27th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city-proper population is 235,860 making Orlando the 80th largest city in the United States. It is Florida's fifth largest city by population. Orlando was incorporated on July 31, 1875, and became a city in 1885.
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Paraná (state)
Paraná () is one of the states of Brazil, located in the South of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line. Cut by the Tropic of Capricorn, Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest, one of the most important subtropical forests of the world. At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu, considered by UNESCO as Patrimony of Humanity and the spectacle of the Cataratas do Iguaçu attracts about 700 thousand tourists per year. At only 40 km (24 miles) from there, at the border with Paraguay, the largest dam in the world was built, the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu. The State Park of Vila Velha near the city of Ponta Grossa, is another attraction, with great rocky formations sculpted by the erosion of rain and wind. Curitiba, the capital, is famous for its high quality of life, compared to the Brazilian average, and the Ilha do Mel, next to the historical Paranaguá, is another destination for eco-tourists.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Pomerania
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Poznań
Poznań (; ; Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral.
http://wn.com/Poznań -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony ( ; ) is a state of Germany, located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area (18,413 km²) and the sixth largest in population (4.3 million), of Germany's sixteen states.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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UK
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Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the third oldest surviving university and the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.
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Vistula River
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Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
http://wn.com/Warsaw -
Warta
The Warta (; ) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometers it is the country's third longest river. The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.
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Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the February 4–11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, the Crimea. It was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Harry S. Truman in place of the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill — himself replaced mid-point by the newly elected Prime Minister Clement Attlee.
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Polish people in the UK 1/7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Published: 15 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Oct 2011
- Author: hunukmagyarok
The Poles are Coming BBC documentary - part1 of 7
http://wn.com/Polish_people_in_the_UK_1/7
Stereotypes101-Polish People.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 22 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Oct 2011
- Author: stereotypes101
Common Stereotypes of Polish People.
http://wn.com/Stereotypes101-Polish_Peoplewmv
12 Misleading Stereotypes About Polish People.avi
http://wn.com/12_Misleading_Stereotypes_About_Polish_Peopleavi
Polish People Are Cool!
I like Polskis. Can someone tell me how they say thank you?
http://wn.com/Polish_People_Are_Cool!
Polish People are just Strong!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 24 Dec 2006
- Uploaded: 29 Sep 2011
- Author: whiterapper2
Don't mess with Poles!
http://wn.com/Polish_People_are_just_Strong!
Lithuanians making fun of Polish people after Valdemar Tomasevski speech on TV. Part 1 of 2
After Valdemar Tomasevski speech on TV. "Where to integrate? Where should we integrate to? We have lived here all the time. [...] It is you who have to integrate in this land, because it was you who came here. Your ancestors have to integrate here, not us. This is our land."
http://wn.com/Lithuanians_making_fun_of_Polish_people_after_Valdemar_Tomasevski_speech_on_TV_Part_1_of_2
Polish people like vodka 1980
The 80's, there was nothing in Polish' shops especially vodka.
http://wn.com/Polish_people_like_vodka_1980
Polish people in the UK 2/7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:06
- Published: 15 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 22 Oct 2011
- Author: hunukmagyarok
The Poles are Coming BBC documentary - part2 of 7
http://wn.com/Polish_people_in_the_UK_2/7
How Polish People Party :}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 29 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 19 Sep 2011
- Author: Datwuhnchiick
This was taken after a student party in Club Rio in Warsaw, Poland. First time in my life i have EVER seen anything of this sort. :}
http://wn.com/How_Polish_People_Party_}
Polish cultural dance - polskie dziewczyny tańczą w centrum Leicester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 05 May 2008
- Uploaded: 24 Oct 2011
- Author: syedyasinshah
Polish couples dancing in leicester. one leicester show polskie dziewczyny tańczą w centrum Leicester
http://wn.com/Polish_cultural_dance__polskie_dziewczyny_tańczą_w_centrum_Leicester
Heaton poking fun at Polish people
Just so you guys are aware, Heaton was just joking around.
http://wn.com/Heaton_poking_fun_at_Polish_people
Polish party people, Impreza, nightlife in Poland (love message)
all photos taken from Polish clubs websides.Polish parties.
http://wn.com/Polish_party_people,_Impreza,_nightlife_in_Poland_love_message
Polish People in Garage make fun!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Published: 13 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 13 Aug 2011
- Author: DavyJonezzz
A few Polish people make fun in the Garage near the Centrum. They took a shopping car to race!
http://wn.com/Polish_People_in_Garage_make_fun!
How Polish people can speak Bulgarian in Scotland.. part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:18
- Published: 04 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: MaznaKifla
how Polish people can speak in Bulgarian in Scotland
http://wn.com/How_Polish_people_can_speak_Bulgarian_in_Scotland_part1
I am in Warsaw (Poland) next June 2010 - Help needed from Polish people!!
Hello all the people in Poland!! Please help me to organize a concert in Warsaw during 14th and 19th of June 2009. I am there with my guitar and I would like to play a concert in your capital city. You can send me info about restaurants and cafes to my email krautio @ netti.fi Best wishes, Kyösti Rautio, Finland krautio@netti.fi www.youtube.com/krautio www.myspace.com/krautio
http://wn.com/I_am_in_Warsaw_Poland_next_June_2010__Help_needed_from_Polish_people!!
Hunchback of Notre Dame - Hellfire(Polish)
Hunchback of Notre Dame is (c) Disney. *** I LOVE how he rolls "r" in "czarne" word ^^ And he puts so much emotion into this song And I should thank przeczucie for this song :) You know what pisses me the most? That Polish people didn't published this film in DVD version, only VHS -_- EDIT: Yeah, I forgot "black" between glitters & hair Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame__HellfirePolish
We Love East Europe || TNL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Published: 28 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: twisternederland7
Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow me on Twitter: twitter.com We now go to Eastern Europe. A crazy place where people do crazy things. Enjoy the video and like the video if you enjoyed it. The Fail compilation of January will be uploaded on Sunday.
http://wn.com/We_Love_East_Europe_||_TNL
Speaking Polish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Published: 17 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Oct 2011
- Author: sakuraXtutu
Polish "Polish girl" American student "learning Polish", people speaking Polish,
http://wn.com/Speaking_Polish
Pocahontas - Savages(Polish)
Pocahontas is (c) Disney. *** Requested by TsuukiPol :). Don't kill me if the lyrics are wrong, but I tried to understand what the hell they're trying to sing, but sometimes Polish people can piss off with chourus == I really like Radcillf (or parrot-nose, like I call him XD) here. He sounds really hateful. Powhatan was good, but I still prefer German one. And Pocahontas is really great here! Enjoy! ^w^
http://wn.com/Pocahontas__SavagesPolish
Verückte Polen - Crazy Polish people (Funny life)
Wir haben Spass am Leben;)
http://wn.com/Verückte_Polen__Crazy_Polish_people_Funny_life
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Star Tribune
LONDON - A 30-year-old Polish man was indicted Friday for the murders of six people on the British Channel Island of...
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Polish train derails, 4 people killed
13 Aug 2011
Three people killed in Polish train accident
28 Jul 2011
Star Tribune
WARSAW, Poland - Rescuers have recovered the body of a member of their team who was...
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World Football - Bath City offer discount to Polish people Tue, 15 Mar 14:04:00 2011 ...
15 Mar 2011
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The Daily Mail
A leading Paris national newspaper today today singled out 'The English ski instructor' as the latest threat to French jobs for French people. In a hugely provocative article, Liberation likens the unpopular character to handymen who have flooded the west following EU expansion. 'Europe: After the...
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| Group | Polish people (Polacy) |
|---|---|
| Population | ca. 60 million (est.) |
| Popplace | 36,983,720 |
| Region1 | |
| Pop1 | 8,977,235 |
| Ref1 | |
| Region2 | |
| Pop2 | 1,500,000 - 2,000,000 |
| Ref2 | |
| Region3 | |
| Pop3 | 1,500,000 |
| Ref3 | |
| Region4 | |
| Pop4 | 1,250,000 |
| Ref4 | |
| Region5 | |
| Pop5 | 984,565 |
| Ref5 | |
| Region6 | |
| Pop6 | 900,000 |
| Ref6 | |
| Region7 | |
| Pop7 | 500,000 - 560,000 |
| Ref7 | |
| Region8 | |
| Pop8 | 500,000 |
| Ref8 | |
| Region9 | |
| Pop9 | 294,549 |
| Ref9 | |
| Region10 | |
| Pop10 | 212,800 |
| Ref10 | |
| Region11 | |
| Pop11 | 200,000 |
| Ref11 | |
| Region15 | |
| Pop15 | 78,340 |
| Ref15 | |
| Region12 | |
| Pop12 | 144,130 |
| Ref12 | |
| Region13 | |
| Pop13 | 120,000 |
| Ref13 | |
| Region14 | |
| Pop14 | 100,000 |
| Ref14 | |
| Region16 | |
| Pop16 | 78,305 |
| Ref16 | |
| Ref | |
| Region17 | |
| Pop17 | 73,000 |
| Ref17 | |
| Region18 | |
| Pop18 | 51,968 |
| Ref18 | |
| Region19 | |
| Pop19 | 50,960 |
| Ref19 | |
| Region20 | |
| Pop20 | 50,000 |
| Ref20 | |
| Region23 | |
| Pop23 | 34,057 |
| Ref23 | |
| Region22 | |
| Pop22 | 39,500 |
| Ref22 | |
| Region24 | |
| Pop24 | 30,000 |
| Ref24 | |
| Region25 | |
| Pop25 | 67,518 |
| Ref25 | |
| Region26 | |
| Pop26 | 21,000 |
| Ref26 | |
| Region27 | |
| Pop27 | 10,540 |
| Ref27 | |
| Region28 | |
| Pop28 | 5,300 |
| Ref28 | |
| Region29 | |
| Pop29 | 4,174 |
| Ref29 | |
| Region30 | |
| Pop30 | 3,671 |
| Ref30 | |
| Region31 | |
| Pop31 | 3,000 |
| Ref31 | |
| Region33 | |
| Pop33 | 2,200 |
| Ref33 | |
| Region34 | |
| Pop34 | 1,000 |
| Ref34 | |
| Region34 | |
| Pop35 | 300 |
| Ref35 | |
| Region36 | Rest of world |
| Pop36 | 1,200 (est.) |
| Ref36 | |
| Languages | Polish |
| Rels | Predominantly Roman Catholicism, also Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Judaism. |
| Related-c | related ethno-linguistic people group: Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs |
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in seven major historic regions: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
Proto-European lineage
Polish people show the characteristic R1a genes of a common Paleolithic male ancestorship at a frequency of 55.9-56.4%. This lineage includes haplotype Eu19 distinguished by M17 lineage. Its frequency increases eastward from south-western France and reaches a maximum in Poland, Hungary, and west Ukraine. They were not racially homogeneous, but composed of mixtures of the types, according to Czekanowski, with a few trivial exceptions. Before 1939 the inhabitants of Poland were divided between four distinct types — the Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Armenoid neighbors or brothers. Some of these types centred around Western Poland, Masovia, Pomerania, Volhynia and Greater Poland. The Mediterranean and Alpine types were mainly represented in Silesia and Lesser Poland.As a result of genocide on Polish lands, evacuation, repatriation, and expulsion during and after World War II, and territorial changes which were assigned by the Big Three allies to Poland after World War II. as well as the ensuing mass migrations and border shifts, "the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world," according to Encyclopædia Britannica. "In addition, minority ethnic identity was not cultivated publicly until after the collapse of communism in 1989." The CIA World Factbook defines the ethnic composition of Poland as being 96.7% Polish with 0.4% Germans, 0.1% Belarusians, 0.1%, Ukrainians, and 2.7% other and unspecified (2002 census). The present-day homogeneity contrasts with the World War II period, informs the U.S. Department of State: "when there were significant ethnic minorities - 4.5 million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belarusians, and 800,000 Germans." The majority of Poland's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Most Germans left ahead of the Nazi-Soviet front, while most Ukrainians and Belarusians remained in territories incorporated into the USSR. "Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the Polish borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of Opole."
In the first half of the 16th century, the historian Marcin Kromer in his work De Situ Polonia; et gente Polona (dedicated to King Henry III of France), wrote: "colors for faces of Polish people (peasants) were white, yellowish or whitish hair, handsome figure, with average height"
The research conducted in 1955 had shown that 55% of Poles have light hair (16-12 scale of Fischer–Saller), and about 72% have light eyes (A-P scale of Fischer–Saller). By the end of the 20th century, heights averaged at 178 cm (5'10") for 20-year-old males, and 166 cm (5'5") for 20-year-old females.
Statistics
Polish people are the sixth largest national group in European Union. Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 21 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish ethnicity, but Polish nationals). There are almost 39 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also Polish minorities in the surrounding countries including Germany, and indigenous minorities in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. There are some smaller indigenous minorities in nearby countries such as Moldova and Latvia. There is also a Polish minority in Russia which includes indigenous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.The term "Polonia" is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders, officially estimated at around 10 to 20 million. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States, Canada, and Brazil. France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation or later Soviet rule.
In the United States a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago, Ohio, Detroit, New York City, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and New England. The highest concentration of Poles in the United States is in New Britain, Connecticut. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the fall of Communism in 1989. In Brazil the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State. The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) and Polish music, dishes and culture are quite common in the region.
In recent years, since joining the European Union, many Polish people have emigrated to countries such as Ireland, where an estimated 200,000 Polish people have entered the labour market. It is estimated that over half a million Polish people have come to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work freely throughout the EU and not just in the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden where they have had limited rights since Poland's EU accession in 2004. The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to a total number of 120,000, making Poles the largest immigrant group in Norway.
Before World War II many Polish Jews became followers of Zionism and subsequently emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the Holocaust, the vast majority of surviving Polish Jews moved to Israel. Poland is the largest single place of origin of Israeli Jews. :(for ethnic Poles living abroad see Polonia, for those living and working in the United Kingdom see Polish British)
Culture
The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history Located in Central Europe, its unique character developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of fellow Central European cultures (German, Western Ukrainian, Czech and Austrian) the Western European cultures (French and Dutch), Southern European cultures (Italian and Turkish), Northern European cultures (Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish) and Eastern European cultures (East Ukrainian and Russian) along cultural influence of the Jewish culture. Confluences were conveyed by immigrants (Jewish, German and Dutch), political alliances (with Lithuania, Hungary, Saxony, France and Sweden), conquests of the Polish state (Ukraine and Latvia) or conquerors of the Polish lands (Tsardom of Russia, Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy, later on Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary).With origins in the culture of the Lechites, over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the Germanic, Latinate and other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland like the Jews. The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad (especially Italy) and open to cultural and artistic trends popular in other European countries. Owing to this central location, the Poles came very early into contact with both civilizations - eastern and western, and as a result developed economically, culturally, and politically. A German general Helmut Carl von Moltke, in his Poland. A historical sketch (1885), stated that Poland prior to her partitions was "the most civilized country in Europe". In the 19th and 20th centuries the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity, experiencing severe crisis, especially during the II World War and in the coming years. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances. 's coat of arms crowning the Royal Chapel in Gdańsk, 1681]]
Language
Polish (język polski, polszczyzna) is a Lechitic languages and the official language of Poland. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerous languages, speeches and dialects coexist along the standard Polish language. The Encyclopædia Britannica says that "Lekhitic languages, also spelled Lechitic , group of West Slavic languages composed of Polish, Kashubian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River. Kashubian and Slovincian survived into the 20th century; there were still a considerable number of native speakers of Kashubian in Poland and Canada in the 1990s. The extinct Polabian language, which bordered the Sorbian dialects in eastern Germany, was spoken by the Slavic population of the Elbe River region until the 17th or 18th century; a dictionary and some phrases written in the language exist".
Religion
Most Poles living in Poland, by far, adhere to the Christian faith, majority belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant and Judaism.
Exonyms
Among the exonyms not native to the Polish people or language are: лях (lyakh) used in East Slavic languages. Today, the word Lachy is used by Eastern Slavs as synonyms for "Poles" and "Poland". The foreign exonyms include also: Lithuanian Lenkai, Hungarian Lengyelek and Turkish Leh (now considered obsolete and replaced by Polonya). The former became the basis for Poland exonyms in a number of other Middle Eastern languages, including: Armenian Լեհաստան, Lehastan; Persian, Tajik لهستان, Lahestan.
Polish tribes
The following is a list of Polish tribes—tribes which constituted the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages, at the beginning of the Polish state. Some of them have remained separate ethnicities while others have been assimilated into the culture of Poland. {| cellspacing="10" |- | valign="Top" |
See also
References
External links
; Other:
Category:Lechites Category:Ethnic groups in Poland Category:Ethnic groups in Europe Category:Ethnic groups in Russia Category:Ethnic groups in the United States *
ar:بولنديون an:Polacos be:Палякі be-x-old:Палякі bs:Poljaci bg:Поляци cv:Поляксем cs:Poláci da:Polakker de:Polen (Ethnie) et:Poolakad es:Pueblo polaco eo:Poloj fr:Polonais (peuple) gag:Poläklar ko:폴란드인 hr:Poljaci id:Bangsa Polandia os:Полякаг адæм it:Polacchi ka:პოლონელები la:Poloni lv:Poļi lt:Lenkai hu:Lengyelek mk:Полјаци nl:Polen (volk) ja:ポーランド人 no:Polakker nn:Polakkar pl:Polacy pt:Polacos ro:Polonezi ru:Поляки sah:Поляктар simple:Poles sk:Poliaci cu:Полꙗнє sl:Poljaki szl:Poloki sr:Пољаци sh:Poljaci fi:Puolalaiset sv:Polacker th:ชาวโปแลนด์ tr:Polonyalılar uk:Поляки yo:Àwọn ọmọ Pólàndì bat-smg:Lėnkā zh:波蘭人This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
