Events

48 BC – Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.

138 – Emperor Hadrian dies after a heart failure at Baiae, he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.

988 – Norse King Glun Iarainn recognises Máel Sechnaill II, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.

1212 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.

1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.

1499 – Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon, after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.

1553 – Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.

1584 – William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.

1645 – English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place.

1778 – American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1789 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta.

1806 – The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.

1821 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.

1832 – U.S.President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.

1850 – Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States upon the death of President Zachary Taylor, 16 months into his term.

1877 – The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain.

1882 – War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears.

1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.

1911 – The Royal Australian Navy was established by HM King George V of Australia.

1913 – Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature recorded in the United States.

1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday: 16 people are killed and 161 houses destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

1925 – Meher Baba begins his silence of 44 years. His followers observe Silence Day on this date in commemoration.

1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.

1938 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.

1940 – World War II: the Vichy government is established in France.

1940 – World War II: Battle of Britain – The German Luftwaffe begins attacking British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though).

1941 – Jedwabne Pogrom: the massacre of Jewish people living in and near the village of Jedwabne in Poland.

1942 – Diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and the Soviet Union are established.

1946 – Hungarian hyperinflation sets a record with inflation of 348.46 percent per day, or prices doubling every eleven hours.

1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

1951 – Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.

1962 – Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.

1966 – The Chicago Freedom Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois. As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King as well as Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Peter Paul and Mary.

1967 – Uruguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.

1968 – Maurice Couve de Murville becomes Prime Minister of France.

1971 – Hassan II of Morocco survives an attempted coup d'état, which lasts until June 11.

1973 – The Bahamas gain full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.

1973 – National Assembly of Pakistan passes a resolution on the recognition of Bangladesh.

1973 – John Paul Getty III, grandson of oil magnate J. Paul Getty, is kidnapped in Rome, Italy.

1976 – The Seveso disaster occurs in Italy.

1976 – One American and three British mercenaries are executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial.

1978 – ''World News Tonight'' premieres on ABC.

1978 – President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania is ousted in a bloodless coup d'état.

1980 – Alexandra Palace burns down for a second time.

1985 – Greenpeace vessel ''Rainbow Warrior'' is bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira.

1991 – The South African cricket team is readmitted into the International Cricket Council following the end of Apartheid.

1992 – In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.

1997 – In London scientists report the findings of the DNA analysis of a Neanderthal skeleton which support the "out of Africa theory" of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.

1997 – Partido Popular (Spain) member Miguel Ángel Blanco is kidnapped in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.

1998 – Roman Catholic sex abuse cases: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by former priest Rudolph Kos.

2000 – A leaking southern Nigerian petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers scavenging gasoline.

2000 – EADS, the world's second-largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.

2002 – At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting ''The Massacre of the Innocents'' is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Thomson.

2003 – A Neoplan bus, owned by Kowloon Motor Bus, collides with a truck, falls off a bridge on Tuen Mun Road, Hong Kong, and plunges into the underlying valley, killing 21 people. This is the deadliest traffic accident to date in Hong Kong.

2005 – Hurricane Dennis slams into the Florida Panhandle, causing billions of dollars in damage.

2006 – Pakistan International Flight PK-688 crashes in Multan, Pakistan, shortly after takeoff, killing all 45 people on board.

2008 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all charges by a United Nations Tribunal accusing him of war crimes.

2011 – British tabloid ''News of the World'' publishes its last edition after 168 years in the wake of a phone hacking scandal.

Births

1419 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)

1452 – King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)

1509 – John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)

1517 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (d. 1571)

1592 – Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)

1614 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)

1625 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)

1638 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)

1666 – John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711)

1682 – Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, German Lutheran missionary to India (d. 1719)

1682 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)

1711 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain (d. 1783)

1723 – William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)

1736 – Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (d. 1807)

1792 – George Mifflin Dallas, American politician (d. 1864)

1802 – Robert Chambers, Scottish author and naturalist (d. 1871)

1804 – Emma Hale Smith Bidamon, American religious figure (d. 1879)

1809 – Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist (d. 1889)

1830 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)

1832 – Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)

1835 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)

1839 – Adolphus Busch, German-born brewer (d. 1913)

1856 – Nikola Tesla, Serb-American inventor (d. 1943)

1864 – Sir Austin Chapman, Australian policitian (d. 1926)

1867 – Prince Maximilian of Baden, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1929)

1871 – Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)

1874 – Sergey Konenkov, Russian sculptor (d. 1971)

1875 – Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator (d. 1955)

1883 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (d. 1948)

1888 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)

1895 – Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)

1896 – Thérèse Casgrain, French Canadian politician and senator (d. 1981)

1897 – Karl Plagge, German officer (d. 1957)

1897 – Jack "Legs" Diamond", American bootlegger (d. 1931)

1898 – Renée Björling, Swedish actress (d. 1975)

1899 – John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)

1899 – Heiri Suter, Swiss cyclist (d. 1978)

1900 – Sampson Sievers, Russian Orthodox priest (d. 1979)

1900 – Mitchell Parish, American lyricist (d. 1993)

1902 – Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

1903 – John Wyndham, British author (d. 1969)

1903 – Werner Best, German jurist and nazi leader (d. 1989)

1905 – Thomas Gomez, American actor (d. 1971)

1905 – Wolfram Sievers, Nazi physician (d. 1948)

1907 – Blind Boy Fuller, American blues guitarist (d. 1941)

1909 – Donald Sinclair, British hotel manager (d. 1981)

1913 – Salvador Espriu, Spanish poet (d. 1985)

1914 – Joe Shuster, Canadian-born cartoonist (d. 1992)

1917 – Reg Smythe, British cartoonist (Andy Capp) (d. 1998)

1917 – Don Herbert, American television host (d. 2007)

1917 – Hugh Alexander, American baseball player (d. 2000)

1920 – David Brinkley, American television reporter (d. 2003)

1920 – Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)

1921 – Harvey Ball, American inventor (d. 2001)

1921 – Jake LaMotta, American boxer

1921 – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist (d. 2009)

1923 – Earl Hamner Jr., American author and television producer

1923 – Jean Kerr, American author (d. 2003)

1923 – G. A. Kulkarni, Indian (Marathi) writer (d. 1987)

1923 – John Bradley, American Navy corpsman (d. 1994)

1924 – Bobo Brazil, American professional wrestler (d. 1998)

1924 – Johnny Bach, American basketball coach

1926 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)

1927 – Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician

1927 – Suzanne Cloutier, Canadian film actor (d. 2003)

1927 – David Norman Dinkins, New York City Mayor, 1990-1993

1928 – Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar (d. 2010)

1928 – Alejandro de Tomaso, Argentine-Italian racing driver and car manufacturer (d. 2003)

1928 – Bernard Buffet, French painter (d. 1999)

1929 – Winnie Ewing, Scottish politician

1930 – Bruce Boa, Canadian actor (d. 2004)

1931 – Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)

1931 – Alice Munro, Canadian writer

1931 – Jerry Herman, American composer and lyricist

1931 – Julian May, American writer

1932 – Carlo Mario Abate, Italian racing driver

1933 – Jan DeGaetani, American mezzo-soprano (d. 1989)

1934 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer

1935 – Tura Satana, American actress (d. 2011)

1938 – Paul Andreu, French architect

1938 – Lee Morgan, American hard-bop trumpeter (d. 1972)

1939 – Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish politician, journalist, and educator (d. 1999)

1940 – Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai, British economist

1940 – Helen Donath, American soprano

1940 – Tom Farmer, Scottish entrepreneur

1940 – Brian Priestley, English jazz writer and pianist

1941 – David G. Hartwell, American editor and anthologist

1941 – Ian Whitcomb, English songwriter, entertainer and producer

1942 – Ronnie James Dio, American musician (d. 2010)

1942 – Pyotr Klimuk, Soviet cosmonaut

1943 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (d. 1993)

1945 – John Motson, British sports (football) commentator

1945 – Jean-Marie Poiré, French film director

1945 – Virginia Wade, British tennis player

1945 – Ron Glass, American actor

1945 – Peter Michalica, Slovak violinist

1945 – Hal McRae American baseball player,

1946 – Sue Lyon, American actress

1947 – Arlo Guthrie, American musician

1949 – Anna Czerwińska, Polish mountaineer

1949 – Sunil Gavaskar, Indian cricketer

1949 – Greg Kihn, American pop musician & radio personality

1949 – John Whitehead, American singer and record producer (d.2004)

1950 – Prokopis Pavlopoulos, Greek politician

1951 – Phyllis Smith, American actress

1951 – Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter

1952 – Ludmilla Tourischeva, Russian gymnast

1952 – Kim Mitchell, Canadian guitarist/singer

1952 – Peter van Heemst, Dutch politician

1953 – Zoogz Rift, singer/songwriter and wrestling booker (d. 2011)

1953 – Rik Emmett, Canadian musician (Triumph)

1954 – Neil Tennant, British musician (Pet Shop Boys)

1954 – Andre Dawson, American baseball player

1954 – Tommy Bowden, American football coach

1956 – Tom McClintock, American politician

1957 – Cindy Sheehan, American anti-war/political activist

1958 – Béla Fleck, American musician

1958 – Fiona Shaw, Irish actress

1959 – Ellen Kuras, American cinematographer

1960 – Jeff Bergman, American voice actor

1961 – Jacky Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor

1963 – Richard Waites, British actor

1964 – Urban Meyer, American football coach

1964 – Wilfried Peeters, Belgian cyclist

1965 – Alec Mapa, Filipino-American actor and comedian

1965 – Ken Mellons, American singer

1965 – Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

1965 – Scott McCarron, American professional golfer

1966 – Gina Bellman, British actress

1966 – Johnny Grunge, American wrestler (d. 2006)

1966 – Christian Stangl, Austrian mountaineer

1967 – Tom Meents, American monster truck driver

1967 – Silvetty Montilla, Brazilian drag queen

1967 – Rebekah Del Rio, Latin American singer/songwriter

1968 – Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete

1968 – Jonathan Gilbert, American actor

1969 – Jamie Glover, British actor

1969 – Gale Harold, American actor

1969 – Alexandra Hedison, American actress

1969 – Vicky Morales, Filipina broadcast journalist

1970 – Adam Hills, Australian comedian

1970 – Gary LeVox, American singer (Rascal Flatts)

1970 – Jason Orange, UK pop singer and dancer (Take That)

1970 – John Simm, British actor

1970 – Helen Sjöholm, Swedish singer and actress

1971 – Adam Foote, Canadian ice hockey player

1971 – Gregory Goodridge, Barbadian footballer

1971 – Orlando Jordan, American wrestler

1972 – Peter Serafinowicz, British comedian and actor

1972 – Sofia Vergara, Colombian actress

1972 – Tilo Wolff, German musician (Lacrimosa)

1973 – Annie Mumolo, American actress

1974 – Chiwetel Ejiofor, English actor

1974 – Sharon den Adel, Singer of Dutch band, Within Temptation

1975 – Andrew Firestone, American TV reality show personality

1975 – Brendan Gaughan, American stock car driver

1975 – Alain Nasreddine, Canadian ice hockey player

1975 – Stefán Karl Stefánsson, Icelandic actor

1976 – Elijah Blue Allman, American musician (Deadsy)

1976 – Adrian Grenier, American actor

1976 – Ludovic Giuly, French footballer

1976 – Lars Ricken, German footballer

1976 – Brendon Lade, Australian rules footballer

1976 – Edmílson Gomes, Brazilian footballer

1977 – Schapelle Corby, Australian convicted drug smuggler

1977 – Gwendoline Yeo, American actress

1978 – Jesse Lacey, American musician (Brand New)

1979 – Mvondo Atangana, Cameroon footballer

1980 – Thomas Ian Nicholas, American actor

1980 – Alejandro Millán, Mexican singer and songwriter

1980 – Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)

1980 – Jessica Simpson, American singer

1980 – Han Eun-jeong, South Korean actress

1980 – James D. Rolfe, video game reviewer better known as the Angry Video Game Nerd

1981 – Aleksandar Tunchev, Bulgarian footballer

1982 – Alex Arrowsmith, American musician

1982 – Sebastian Mila, Polish footballer

1983 – Giuseppe De Feudis, Italian footballer

1983 – Kim Heechul, Korean singer

1983 – Matthew Egan, Australian rules footballer

1984 – Maria Julia Mantilla Garcia, Miss World 2004

1984 – Nikolaos Mitrou, Greek footballer

1985 – B.J. Crombeen, American ice hockey player

1985 – Mario Gómez, German footballer

1985 – Park Chu-Young, South Korean footballer

1986 – Simenona Martinez, American actress

1987 – Brian Belo, British television personality

1988 – Antonio Brown, American football player

1988 – Heather Hemmens, American actress

1991 – María Chacón, Mexican actress

1991 – Danielle Horvat, Australian actress

1992 – Larissa Marolt, Australian fashion model

1998 – Haley Pullos, American actress

Deaths

138 – Hadrian, Roman Emperor (b. 76)

649 – Li Shimin, Emperor of China (b. 599)

1099 – El Cid, of Castile (b. 1044)

1103 – King Eric I of Denmark

1290 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)

1460 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)

1480 – King René I of Naples (b. 1410)

1559 – King Henry II of France (b. 1519)

1584 – William I of Orange (b. 1533)

1590 – Archduke Charles II of Austria (b. 1540)

1594 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (b. 1554)

1621 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, soldier in Habsburg service (b. 1571)

1653 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)

1680 – Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)

1683 – François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (b. 1610)

1686 – John Fell, English churchman (b. 1625)

1776 – Richard Peters, English-born clergyman (b. 1704)

1794 – Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny, French royalist general and counterrevolutionary (d. 1754)

1806 – George Stubbs, British painter (b. 1724)

1848 – Karoline Jagemann, German actor (b. 1777)

1851 – Louis-Jacques Daguerre, French inventor and photographer (b. 1787)

1881 – Georg Hermann Nicolai, German architect (b. 1812)

1884 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)

1908 – Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (b. 1839)

1920 – Jackie Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)

1941 – Jelly Roll Morton, American musician (b. 1890)

1954 – Calogero Vizzini, Sicilian mafioso (b. 1877)

1956 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (b. 1898)

1962 – Yehuda Leib Maimon, Israeli rabbi and government minister (b. 1875)

1963 – Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster and rugby union player (b. 1893)

1970 – Bjarni Benediktsson, Icelandic foreign and later prime minister (b. 1908)

1971 – Laurent Dauthuille, French boxer (b. 1924)

1972 – Lovie Austin, American jazz pianist (b. 1887)

1978 – John D Rockefeller III, American businessman (b. 1906)

1978 – Joe Davis, English snooker player (b. 1901)

1979 – Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)

1980 – Joseph Krumgold, American writer (b. 1908)

1981 – Ken Rex McElroy, American hog rustler (b. 1936)

1985 – Fernando Pereira, Portuguese-Dutch photographer and victim of the Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior (b. 1950)

1986 – Tadeusz Piotrowski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1940)

1987 – John H. Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)

1989 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)

1993 – Sam Rolfe, American screenwriter (b. 1924)

2000 – Vakkom Majeed, Indian politician (b. 1909)

2000 – Justin Pierce, English-American actor and skateboarder (b. 1975)

2002 – Jean-Pierre Côté, French Canadian politician and Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1926)

2002 – Evangelos Florakis, Greek military officer (b. 1943)

2003 – Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)

2003 – Bishnu Maden, Nepalese politician

2003 – Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. 1902)

2004 – Pati Behrs, Russian-born American actress, grandniece of Leo Tolstoy and first wife of American actor John Derek (b. 1922)

2005 – A.J. Quinnell, English writer (b. 1940)

2005 – Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor (b. 1970)

2005 – Freda Wright-Sorce, American radio performer (b. 1955)

2006 – Shamil Basayev, Chechen rebel (b. 1965)

2007 – Abdul Rashid Ghazi, radical Pakistani cleric (b. 1951)

2007 – Doug Marlette, American cartoonist (b. 1949)

2007 – Zheng Xiaoyu, director of the State Food and Drug Administration of the People's Republic of China (b. 1944)

2008 – Hiroaki Aoki, founder of Benihana (b. 1938)

2008 – Mike Souchak, American golfer (b. 1927)

2011 – Pierrette Alarie, Canadian operatic soprano (b. 1921)

2011 – Roland Petit, French choreographer and dancer (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

Armed Forces Day (Mauritania)

National Day of Commemoration (Ireland)

Christian Feast Day:

* Amalberga of Maubeuge

* Rufina and Secunda

* Seven Brothers

* July 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Independence Day, celebrates the independence of the Bahamas from the United Kingdom in 1973

Silence Day (Followers of Meher Baba)

Statehood Day (Wyoming)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

----

Category:Days of the year Category:July

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Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Rube Goldberg
birth name	Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg
birth date	July 04, 1883
birth place	San Francisco, California, United States
death date	December 07, 1970
resting place	Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Hawthorne in Hawthorne, New York
known for	Rube Goldberg machines
occupation	Cartoonist, inventor }}

Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg (July 4, 1883 – December 7, 1970) was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer and inventor.

He is best known for a series of popular cartoons depicting complex gadgets that perform simple tasks in indirect, convoluted ways. These devices, now known as Rube Goldberg machines, are similar to those drawn by W. Heath Robinson in the UK and Storm P in Denmark. Goldberg received many honors in his lifetime, including a Pulitzer Prize for his political cartooning in 1948 and the Banshees' Silver Lady Award 1959.

Goldberg was a founding member and the first president of the National Cartoonists Society, and he is the namesake of the Reuben Award, which the organization awards to the Cartoonist of the Year. He is the inspiration for various international competitions, known as Rube Goldberg Machine Contests, which challenge participants to make a complex machine to perform a simple task.

Life

Goldberg was born July 4, 1883, in San Francisco, California, to Jewish parents Max and Hannah Goldberg. He was the second of four children (older brother Garrett, younger brother Walter, and younger sister Lillian). Rube married Irma Seeman in 1916. They lived at 88 Central Park West in New York City and had two sons named Thomas and George. Goldberg did not share a surname with his children because of the amount of hate mail he received during World War II from the political nature of his cartoons. He ordered his sons to change their names from Goldberg for safety reasons. Both of his sons chose the last name of George, wanting to keep a sense of family cohesiveness. Thomas and George's children now run a company called RGI (Rube Goldberg Incorporated) to maintain the Goldberg name. John George (Thomas's son) is assisted by his cousin Jennifer George (George's daughter) and John's son Joshua George to keep the family name alive. Reuben died in 1970 at the age of 87, while his widow, Irma, died 20 years later on April 26, 1990 at the age of 95.

Career

Goldberg's father was a San Francisco police and fire commissioner, who encouraged the young Reuben to pursue a career in engineering. Rube graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1904 with a College of Mining degree and was hired by the city of San Francisco as an engineer for the Water and Sewers Department. After six months he resigned his position with the city to join the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' where he became a sports cartoonist. The following year, he took a job with the ''San Francisco Bulletin'', where he remained until he moved to New York City in 1907.

Goldberg drew cartoons for five newspapers, including the ''New York Evening Journal'' and the ''New York Evening Mail''. His work entered syndication in 1915, beginning his nationwide popularity. He was syndicated by the McNaught Syndicate from 1922 until 1934.

A prolific artist, Goldberg produced several cartoon series simultaneously, including ''Mike and Ike (They Look Alike)'', ''Boob McNutt'', ''Foolish Questions'', ''Lala Palooza'' and ''The Weekly Meeting of the Tuesday Women's Club''. The cartoons that brought him lasting fame involved a character named Professor Lucifer Gorgonzola Butts. In that series, Goldberg drew labeled schematics of the comical "inventions" that would later bear his name.

Cultural legacy

right|thumb|450px|This postcard book, ''Rube Goldberg's Inventions!'', was compiled by Maynard Frank Wolfe from the Rube Goldberg Archives. The cover illustration shows Professor Butts and the Self-Operating Napkin. The "Self-Operating Napkin" is activated when the soup spoon (A) is raised to mouth, pulling string (B) and thereby jerking ladle (C), which throws cracker (D) past parrot (E). Parrot jumps after cracker and perch (F) tilts, upsetting seeds (G) into pail (H). Extra weight in pail pulls cord (I), which opens and lights automatic lighter (J), setting off skyrocket (K), which causes sickle (L) to cut string (M) and allow the pendulum with the attached napkin to swing back and forth, thereby wiping chin.

In 1931 the Merriam-Webster dictionary adopted the word "Rube Goldberg" as an adjective defined as accomplishing something simple through complex means.

Predating Goldberg, the corresponding term in the U.K. was, and still is, "Heath Robinson", after the English illustrator with an equal devotion to odd machinery (although Heath Robinson's creations did not have the same emphasis on the sequential or chain reaction element).

Goldberg's work was commemorated posthumously in 1995 with the inclusion of ''Rube Goldberg's Inventions'', depicting Professor Butts' "Self-Operating Napkin" in the Comic Strip Classics series of U.S. postage stamps.

Film and television

Rube Goldberg wrote a feature film featuring his machines and sculptures called ''Soup to Nuts'', which was released in 1930 and starred Ted Healy and The Three Stooges.

In the 1962 John Wayne movie ''Hatari!,'' an invention to catch monkeys by character Pockets, played by Red Buttons, is described as a "Rube Goldberg."

Various other films and cartoons have included highly complex machines that perform simple tasks. Among these are ''Flåklypa Grand Prix'', ''Looney Tunes'', ''Tom and Jerry'', ''Wallace and Gromit'', ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure'', ''The Way Things Go'', ''Edward Scissorhands'', ''Back to the Future'', ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'', ''The Goonies'', ''Gremlins'', the ''Saw'' film series, ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'', ''The Cat from Outer Space'', ''Malcolm'', ''Family Guy'', and ''Waiting...''

Also in the ''Final Destination'' film series the characters often die in Rube Goldberg-esque ways. In the film ''The Great Mouse Detective'', the villain Ratigan attempts to kill the film's heroes, Basil of Baker Street and David Q. Dawson, with a Rube Goldberg style device. The classic video in this genre was done by the artist duo Peter Fischli & David Weiss in 1987 with their 30 minute video "Der Lauf der Dinge" or "The Way Things Go".

Honda produced a video in 2003 called "The Cog" using many of the same principles that Fischli and Weiss had done in 1987.

In 2005, the American indie/alternative rock band The Bravery released a video for their debut single, "An Honest Mistake," which features the band performing the song in the middle of a Rube Goldberg machine.

In 1999, an episode of ''The X-Files'' was titled "The Goldberg Variation". The episode intertwined characters FBI agents Mulder and Scully, a simple apartment super, Henry Weems (Willie Garson) and an ailing young boy, Ritchie Lupone (Shia LaBeouf) in a real-life Goldberg device.

The 2010 music video "This Too Shall Pass - RGM Version" by the rock band OK Go features a machine that, after four minutes of kinetic activity, shoots the band members in the face with paint. "RGM" presumably stands for Rube Goldberg Machine.

In 2011, Toronto based photography studio 2D Photography created a machine for taking two portraits.

Games

The popular 1963 board game ''Mouse Trap'', as well as its sequels ''Crazy Clock'' (1964), and ''Fish Bait'' (1965) are based on Rube Goldberg machines. Some examples of Goldberg-inspired videogames are ''Incredibots'', ''LittleBigPlanet 2'', the 1990s-era series of ''The Incredible Machine'' games, and ''Crazy Machines''. It is also possible to construct a Rube Goldberg Machine by using Garrys Mod, a game mod for Half Life 2 and other computer video games that use the Source game engine by Valve.

See also

Chindōgu

Deathtrap (plot device)

Domino effect

Frederick Roland Emett

Jean Tinguely, Swiss artist who created Rube Goldberg-like sculptures

''Mickey One''

PythagoraSwitch

Robert Storm Petersen (Storm P.), a Danish contemporary artist who drew "inventions" similar to Rube Goldberg's

Steampunk

William Heath Robinson, English cartoonist and illustrator best known for drawings of eccentric machines.

References

External links

Toonopedia entry

Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Oral History Interview, 1970

Annual National Rube Goldberg Machine Contest

NCS Awards

Rube Goldberg in 'Creative Contraptions'

IMDB biography

Rube Goldberg Honda Commercial, "Cog", at Snopes.com

Guide to the Rube Goldberg Papers at The Bancroft Library

10 Viral Rube Goldberg clips at Salon.com

Category:1883 births Category:1970 deaths Category:American cartoonists Category:American comic strip cartoonists Category:American engineers Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:American humorists Category:American journalists Category:People from New York City Category:People from San Francisco, California Category:Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners Category:Reuben Award winners Category:American Jews Category:Archives of American Art related

de:Rube Goldberg es:Rube Goldberg fa:روب گلدبرگ fr:Rube Goldberg ko:루브 골드버그 id:Rube Goldberg it:Rube Goldberg la:Machina Rube Goldberg nl:Rube Goldberg (cartoonist) no:Rube Goldberg pt:Rube Goldberg ru:Голдберг, Руб sv:Rube Goldberg zh:魯布·戈德堡

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Jon Hamm
birthname	Jonathan Daniel Hamm
birth date	March 10, 1971
birth place	St. Louis, Missouri United States
alma mater	University of Missouri
occupation	Actor
years active	2000–present
domesticpartner	Jennifer Westfeldt }}

Jonathan Daniel "Jon" Hamm (born March 10, 1971) is an American actor who works primarily in television. For much of the mid-1990s, Hamm lived in Los Angeles as a struggling actor appearing in small parts in multiple television series, including ''Providence'', ''The Division'', ''What About Brian'' and ''Related''. In 2000 he made his feature film debut in Clint Eastwood's space adventure, ''Space Cowboys''. The following year, Hamm appeared in the independent comedy, ''Kissing Jessica Stein'' (2001) in a minor role.

Hamm gained global recognition for playing advertising executive Don Draper in the AMC drama series ''Mad Men'', which premiered in July 2007. Hamm's performance earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series in 2008. Aside from his work on ''Mad Men'', Hamm appeared in the 2008 science fiction remake, ''The Day the Earth Stood Still'' and claimed his first leading film role in the independent thriller ''Stolen'' (2010). Hamm had a supporting role in the 2010 crime film ''The Town'' and in ''Sucker Punch'' and ''Bridesmaids'' in 2011.

Early life

Hamm was born on March 10, 1971, in St. Louis, Missouri, to Deborah, a secretary, and Daniel Hamm, who ran a decades-old family trucking company that declined due to the growth of container shipping. Hamm's parents divorced when he was two years old, and he lived with his mother in Creve Coeur, Missouri, until she was diagnosed with terminal cancer when he was 10. Hamm moved in with his father, but after a few years his father became ill and died when Hamm was 20. Teachers and friends' parents filled in as parental figures.

}} Hamm attended the private John Burroughs School in Ladue, Missouri, where he was a member of the football, baseball, and swim teams and dated future actress Sarah Clarke. Hamm's first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh in first grade; at 16, he was cast as Judas in ''Godspell'', and enjoyed the experience, though he did not take acting seriously. Following graduation in 1989, Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas, but left during his sophomore year, after his father's death. Hamm returned home to attend the University of Missouri. At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a theater company looking for players in a production of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', auditioned, and was cast in the production. Other roles followed, such as Leon Czolgosz in ''Assassins'', Hamm's only musical to date.

After graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth-grade acting as a gesture of repayment for the school's support during his adolescent years. One of his students was Ellie Kemper, an actress best known for her role on ''The Office''.

Career

Early work

Hamm has known actor Paul Rudd for many years, and visited Hollywood to see him in 1992. Not wishing to stay in a "normal career", Hamm moved to Los Angeles permanently in 1995 with an automobile and $150. He moved into a house with four other aspiring actors and began working as a waiter while attending auditions.

}} Finding employment as an actor was difficult despite representation by the William Morris Agency because, unlike other actors his age, he could not be cast in youth-oriented productions like ''Dawson's Creek'' due to his older appearance. In 1998, having failed to obtain any acting jobs after three years, he was dropped by William Morris. Hamm continued working as a waiter, and briefly as a set designer for a softcore pornography film. After repeatedly failing to obtain promising roles, he set his 30th birthday as a deadline to succeed in Hollywood, observing that:

In 2000, Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC's drama series ''Providence''. His one-episode contract grew to 19, and led him to quit waiting tables. Hamm made his feature film debut with one line in Clint Eastwood's space adventure ''Space Cowboys'' (2000); more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy ''Kissing Jessica Stein'' (2001) and the war film ''We Were Soldiers'' (2002), during filming of which he turned 30. His career was further bolstered when he played the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime's television series ''The Division'' from 2002 to 2004. Other minor roles followed on the television series ''What About Brian'', ''CSI: Miami'', ''Related'', ''Numb3rs'', ''The Unit'', and ''The Sarah Silverman Program''. Hamm's ''Mad Men'' castmate Eric Ladin had said that one of the reasons he looks up to Jon is that while he "made it" later than most actors, Hamm never gave up on acting.

Worldwide recognition

Hamm received his breakthrough role in 2007 when he was cast from more than 80 candidates as the protagonist character Don Draper in AMC's drama series ''Mad Men''. In the series, set in a fictional 1960s advertising agency, he plays a suave advertising executive with an obscure past. Hamm recalled, "I read the script for ''Mad Men'' and I loved it. [...] I never thought they'd cast me—I mean, I thought they'd go with one of the five guys who look like me but are movie stars", and that an actor with a "proven track record" would likely have been chosen if another network had aired the show. He went through numerous auditions, and explained each time to the casting directors what he could bring to the character, if given the part. Alan Taylor and ''Mad Men'' creator Matthew Weiner thought that Hamm was too handsome for the role, but decided that "it was perfect to cast sort of the perfect male in this part"; Weiner also sensed that the actor had not been raised by his parents, similar to Draper's backstory.

Hamm used memories of his father to portray Draper, a well-dressed, influential figure in business and society hiding great inner turmoil and facing changes in the world beyond his control. ''Mad Men'' debuted on July 19, 2007, with almost 1.4 million viewers. It quickly developed a loyal audience, with the show and Hamm receiving strong reviews. Robert Bianco of ''USA Today'' was complimentary of Hamm, noting that his interpretation of Draper was a "starmaking performance". ''The Boston Globe'''s Matthew Gilbert called Hamm a "brilliant lead". For his work, he won a Golden Globe Award in the category of Best Actor in a Television Series Drama in 2008. Also in 2008 he was nominated for both a Screen Actors Guild award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor and an Emmy award for Outstanding Lead Actor. In 2009, Hamm was again nominated for a Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories, and received another Emmy nomination for Best Actor. In 2010, Hamm received his third Golden Globe nomination.

Hamm's next film role was in the 2008 science fiction film ''The Day the Earth Stood Still'', a remake of the 1951 film of the same name. Although the film received negative reviews, it was financially successful, earning $230 million worldwide at the box office. Hamm hosted the sixth episode of the 34th season of ''Saturday Night Live'' on October 25, 2008. He played various roles, including Don Draper in two sketches. He returned to host again on January 30 and October 30, 2010. In 2009, Hamm guest starred in three episodes of the NBC situation comedy show ''30 Rock'' as Drew Baird, a doctor who is a neighbor and love interest of Liz Lemon's (Tina Fey). For these performances, he received an Emmy nomination in the category of Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.

Hamm's film projects post 2009 included the independent mystery thriller ''Stolen'' and his first leading role, in which he plays a man trying to demystify the circumstances surrounding his son's kidnapping. ''The Hollywood Reporter'''s Frank Scheck stated that the feature never came together, and said that Hamm was unable to do much with his "underwritten role". Hamm had a voice cameo in the animated feature ''Shrek Forever After'', released in May 2010, as an ogre leader named Brogan. He appeared as an FBI agent in ''The Town'' with Ben Affleck; after receiving "about 40 scripts that were all set in the 60s, or had me playing advertising guys", Hamm was pleased that the film offered a role "the opposite to Don Draper". The feature received generally favorable reviews, and earned $144 million worldwide. His next acting role was as defense attorney Jake Ehrlich in the independent drama ''Howl'', based on Allen Ginsberg's 1956 poem of the same name. On December 12, 2010, Hamm made a guest appearance as an FBI supervisor on Fox's animated series ''The Simpsons''. Returning to film, he appeared in Zack Snyder's 2011 action-fantasy movie ''Sucker Punch'', as the character High Roller, and the doctor. Hamm has signed on to appear and produce the independent feature ''Friends With Kids'' which centers around a group of friends whose lives are changed as the couples in the group begin to have children.

Personal life

Since 1997, Hamm has been in a long-term relationship with actress and screenwriter Jennifer Westfeldt. They own homes in Los Angeles and the Upper West Side in New York. In an interview discussion about his relationship with Westfeldt, Hamm said: "We may not have a piece of paper that says we're husband and wife, but after 10 years, Jennifer is more than just a girlfriend. What we have is much deeper and we both know that. To me, people [should] get married when they're ready to have kids, which I'm not ruling out." Hamm, along with Westfeldt, has appeared in Gap related campaign advertisements. In April 2009, Hamm and Westfeldt formed their own production company, Points West Pictures.

Although his role as Don Draper requires him to smoke, Hamm gave up smoking when he was 24. He revealed in an interview that while on set he does not smoke actual cigarettes, but herbal cigarettes that do not contain any tobacco or nicotine.

Internationally viewed as a sex symbol, Hamm was named one of ''Salon.com''s Sexiest Man Living in 2007, and was named one of ''People'' magazine's Sexiest Men Alive in 2008. Hamm also won ''GQ''s 'International Man' award in September 2010. In November 2008, ''Entertainment Weekly'' named him one of their Entertainers of the Year. He again was named one of the magazine's Entertainers of the Year in 2010. Hamm is an avid golfer and tennis player. He is a devoted fan of the National Hockey League (NHL) team the St. Louis Blues, even appearing in two television spots advertising for the team. He is also a fan of the Major League Baseball (MLB) team the St. Louis Cardinals.

In March 2010, Hamm was hired by Mercedes-Benz as their new voiceover for their campaign with the S400 Hybrid vehicle. Hamm replaced actor Richard Thomas.

Hamm and Westfeldt are advocates of animal rescue and have adopted their own dog, a mutt named Cora, from the Much Love Animal Shelter in California

Filmography

Feature films

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
2000	''Space Cowboys''	Young Pilot No.2
2001	''Kissing Jessica Stein''	Charles
2002	''We Were Soldiers''	Capt. Matt Dillon
2006	''Ira and Abby''	Ronnie
2007	''The Ten''	Skydiving Guide Chris Knarl
2008		Dr. Michael Granier
2009		Hank Ackerley	Voice OnlyUncredited
		Tom Adkins Sr.
''Shrek Forever After''	Brogan	Voice Only
		Uncredited
	Adam Frawley
	Jake Ehrlich
		High Roller/Doctor
	Ted	Uncredited
2012	''Friends with Kids'		Also Producer

Television

! Year	! Television Show	! Role	! Notes
		Burt Ridley
''The Trouble with Normal''	Jackson
''The Hughleys''	Buzz	Episode: "Lies My Valentine Told Me"
2001	''Early Bird Special''	Red-Headed Cop	Episode: "Pilot"
	''The Division''	Inspector Nate Basso
''Gilmore Girls''	Peyton Sanders	Episode: "Eight O'Clock at the Oasis"
	''CSI: Miami''	Dr. Brent Kessler	Episode: "Three-Way"Episode: "Payback"
	Dr. George Forrester	Episode: "Who's Your Daddy"Episode: "The Lonely Hunter"
''Charmed''	Jack Brody	Episode: "Ordinary Witches"
	''The Unit''	Wilson James
''What About Brian''	Richard Povich
''Numb3rs''	Richard Clast	Episode: "Hardball"
''Related''	Danny	Episode: "Related"
2007	''The Sarah Silverman Program''	Cable Guy	Episode: "Muffin' Man"
2007–present	''Mad Men''	Don Draper	Appears in every episode
2009–2010	''30 Rock''	Dr. Drew Baird	Episode: "Generalissimo"Episode: "St. Valentine's Day"Episode: "The Bubble"Episode: "Anna Howard Shaw Day"Episode: "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land"Episode: "Live Show"
	''Childrens Hospital''	Derrick Childrens	Episode: "The Sultan's Finger"
''The Simpsons''	FBI Investigator	Episode: "Donnie Fatso"

Music Videos

! Year	! Artist	! Video	! Role	! Notes
	The Lonely Island	"Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde" (ft. Rihanna)	Bank Hostage	cameo
Herman Dune	"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"	Non-specific	lead

Awards and nominations

|- |rowspan="6"|2008 |''Mad Men'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Television Critics Association Individual Achievement in Drama | |- |rowspan="8"|2009 |''Mad Men'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''30 Rock'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Television Critics Association Individual Achievement in Drama | |- |rowspan="6"|2010 |''Mad Men'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''30 Rock'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Television Critics Association Individual Achievement in Drama | |- |rowspan="7"|2011 |''Mad Men'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | |- ||''Mad Men'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Critics' Choice Television Award Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |- |''Mad Men'' |Television Critics Association Individual Achievement in Drama | |- |''Mad Men'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |- |align="center" colspan=5| |}

References

Further reading

Rochlin, Margy. "Those Were the Good Old Days? Hardly". ''The New York Times''. September 30, 2007. Accessed February 12, 2009.

Alston, Joshua. "Bryan Cranston and Jon Hamm: Get 'Bad,' Get 'Mad,' And You'll Get Glad". ''Newsweek''. December 31, 2007. Accessed June 4, 2009.

Hainey, Michael. "The Man In The Gray (Indestructible) Suit". ''GQ''. January 1, 2008. Accessed June 18, 2009.

Wilson, Benji. "Jon Hamm: Why Mad Men was an instant star". ''The Daily Telegraph''. March 14, 2008. Accessed February 12, 2009.

Seltzer, Ian. "Jon Hamm: Suave, Successful, Mad Man". ABC News. July 14, 2008. Accessed April 28, 2009.

Ryan, Maureen. "'Mad Men' Calvacade of Stars, Part 2: Jon Hamm". ''Chicago Tribune''. July 15, 2008. Accessed February 12, 2009.

Guest, Jocelyn. "Jon Hamm of 'Mad Men' on the Future of Don Draper". ''New York Magazine''. July 24, 2008. Accessed February 12, 2009.

Neuman, Clayton. "Q&A; – Jon Hamm". AMC. October 26, 2008. Accessed February 12, 2009.

Wolf, Jeanne. "Jon Hamm's Sudden Fame". ''Parade Magazine''. Accessed April 27, 2009.

Hill, Erin. "Jon Hamm: 'Everyone Deserves a Little Good-Natured Ribbing'". ''Parade Magazine''. March 11, 2010. Accessed March 11, 2010.

Torvalds, Linus. "Pearls before swine..". ''LINUS' BLOG''. February 28, 2011. Accessed May 24, 2011.

External links

Category:1971 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Living people Category:Actors from Missouri Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri Category:University of Missouri alumni Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners

ar:جون هام da:Jon Hamm de:Jon Hamm es:Jon Hamm fr:Jon Hamm it:Jon Hamm he:ג'ון האם ka:ჯონ ჰემი nl:Jon Hamm ja:ジョン・ハム (俳優) no:Jon Hamm pl:Jon Hamm pt:Jon Hamm ru:Хэмм, Джон fi:Jon Hamm sv:Jon Hamm tr:Jon Hamm

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
alt	A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson
alias	Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop
birth date	August 29, 1958
birth place	Gary, Indiana, U.S.
death date	June 25, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	vocals, guitar, drums, percussion, keyboards
genre	R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
years active	1964–2009
label	Motown, Epic, Legacy
associated acts	The Jackson 5
relatives	Janet Jackson (sister)
website	130pxMichael Jackson's signature }}

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.

''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'." ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.

In ''Bad'', Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana". The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that ''Dangerous'' presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual. He comments the album is more diverse than his previous ''Bad'', as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World". The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. ''Dangerous'' contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries. In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.

''HIStory'' creates an atmosphere of paranoia. Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B; ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media. In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces. In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot". ''Invincible'' found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins. It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B; in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of ''Off the Wall'': it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video. With the arrival of ''Off the Wall'' in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, ''Rolling Stone'' compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly". 1982 saw the release of ''Thriller'', and ''Rolling Stone'' was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".

A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him. The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album ''Dangerous''. ''The New York Times'' noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals. When commenting on ''Invincible'', ''Rolling Stone'' were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies". Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".

Music videos and choreography

Referred to as the King of Music Videos, Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers. Before ''Thriller'', Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American. Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition. MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race. The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.; His performance on ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage. Short films like ''Thriller'' largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated. The choreography in ''Thriller'' has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines. The ''Thriller'' short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the ''Guinness World Records''.

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; ''Time'' magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.

}} ;Bibliography

George, Nelson (2004). ''Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection'' booklet. Sony BMG.

Further reading

External links

Michael Jackson Live: Best Pics – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Michael Jackson at MTV

FBI file on Michael Jackson

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Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
Name	Lee Purdy
Realname	Lee Purdy
Nickname	Lights Out
Weight	Welterweight
Height	170cm / 5'7''
Nationality	British
Birth date	29 May 1987
Birth place	Colchester, Essex, UK
Style	Orthodox
Total	19
Wins	16
Losses	2
Draws	1
Ko	9 }}

Lee Purdy (born 29 May 1987) is an English boxer from Colchester who fights in the welterweight division. Despite having no amateur career he won the British welterweight title on 16 April 2011 with a 5th round KO victory over Craig Watson. He also previously held the Southern Area welterweight title and competed for the Commonwealth belt at the weight against former ABA champion Denton Vassell but was beaten over 12 rounds as Vassell won on a points decision.

Professional boxing career

British Champion

Purdy claimed the British title with a win over Craig Watson via 5th round stoppage to become Colchesters first British boxing champion at the MEN Arena in Manchester on 16 April 2011. This victory was followed up in his first defence on 16 July 2011 with another victory over Watson, this time in Oldham and with another stoppage in the 5th round. Despite starting brightly, Watson began to be worn down in the third round as two heavy shots from Purdy landed. Eventually after Watson was knocked down twice in the 5th, the referee called a halt to the contest.

References

Category:British boxers Category:English boxers Category:Welterweight boxers Category:Living people