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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
http://wn.com/Chinese_people -
Curt von Gottberg
Curt von Gottberg (February 11, 1896 - 31 May 1945) was a Nazi official and military commander. Beginning in October 1942, within a few years he had personally combined the highest civil and military powers in occupied Belarus: from March 1943 as representative of the HSSPF for central Russia, and from October 1943 as the acting Commissioner-General () of the occupied Belorussian SSR (). Only a few days before the collapse of the German Army Group Centre, in early July 1944, he was promoted to HSSPF of Belarus and central Russia.
http://wn.com/Curt_von_Gottberg -
Gabriel J. Rains
Gabriel James Rains (June 4, 1803 – September 6, 1881) was a career United States Army officer and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
http://wn.com/Gabriel_J_Rains -
Jody Williams
Jody Williams (born October 9, 1950 in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA) is an American teacher and aid worker who received the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the campaign she worked for, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). Williams first trained as a teacher of English as a Second Language (ESL), receiving a BA from the University of Vermont in 1972 and a Master's degree in teaching Spanish and ESL from the School for International Training (also in Vermont) in 1974. In 1984 she received a second M.A. in International Relations from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. She taught ESL in Mexico, the United Kingdom, and finally Washington, D.C. before her first appointment in aid work, becoming a grocery worker of the "Nicaragua-Honduras Education Project" from 1984 to 1986. She then became deputy director of a Los Angeles-based charity, "Medical Aid for El Salvador", a position which she held until 1992 when she took up her position with the newly formed ICBL.
http://wn.com/Jody_Williams -
Józef Kosacki
Józef Stanisław Kosacki (1909–1990) was a Polish engineer, inventor, and an officer in the Polish Army during World War II. He is best known as the inventor of the Polish mine detector, the first man-portable mine detector, whose basic design has been in use with various armies for over 50 years.
http://wn.com/Józef_Kosacki -
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci () (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.
http://wn.com/Leonardo_da_Vinci -
Mongol
http://wn.com/Mongol -
Pedro Navarro
http://wn.com/Pedro_Navarro -
Sima Yi
Sima Yi (179 - September 7, 251) was a strategist, general, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China. He is perhaps best known for defending Cao Wei from Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. His success and subsequent rise in prominence paved the way for his grandson Sima Yan's foundation of the Jin Dynasty, which would eventually bring an end to the Three Kingdoms era. After the founding of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Yi was posthumously honored as Emperor Xuan of Jin with the temple name of Gaozu.
http://wn.com/Sima_Yi -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang (181-234) was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.
http://wn.com/Zhuge_Liang
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
http://wn.com/Angola -
Belorussia
http://wn.com/Belorussia -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Cyprus
Cyprus (; , Kýpros, ; ), – officially the Republic of Cyprus (, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, ; ) – is a Eurasian island country in the Eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
Imperial Germany
http://wn.com/Imperial_Germany -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
http://wn.com/Israel -
Korea
Korea ( Hanguk or Joseon – South and North Korea, respectively (cf. etymology)) is a territory of East Asia that was formerly unified under one state, but now divided into two separate states and a region in northeastern Asia. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
http://wn.com/Korea -
Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
http://wn.com/Libya -
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (; ), or Empire of the Great Ming (, also anachronistically ), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng who established the Shun Dynasty, which was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming Dynasty) survived until 1662.
http://wn.com/Ming_Dynasty -
Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique ( or República de Moçambique, ), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Mozambique -
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Namibia -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
http://wn.com/North_Korea -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
sapper
http://wn.com/sapper -
Seminole Wars
The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans, collectively known as Seminoles, and the United States Army. The First Seminole War was from 1817 to 1818, the Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842, and the Third Seminole War from 1855 to 1858. The Second Seminole War, often referred to as "The Seminole War", lasted longer than any other war involving the United States between the American Revolution and the Vietnam War.
http://wn.com/Seminole_Wars -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (; pinyin: Yuáncháo; ), ), or Great Yuan Empire () was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division or continuation of the Mongol Empire and as an imperial dynasty of China. In Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (). Besides Emperor of China, Kublai Khan had also claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was only truly recognized by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate developments. The Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan, as the Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates.
http://wn.com/Yuan_Dynasty -
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
http://wn.com/Zimbabwe
- Afghanistan
- American Civil War
- Angola
- anti-handling device
- Anti-tank mine
- area-denial
- ARGES mine
- artillery
- Augsburg
- BBC Books
- Belorussia
- Blast resistant mine
- Blue Peacock
- booby trap
- booby-trap
- boobytrap
- Burma
- cast iron
- catastrophic kill
- Chancellor (China)
- China
- Chinese people
- claymore mine
- clock
- cluster bomb
- combat engineer
- cruise missile
- Cuba
- Curt von Gottberg
- Cyprus
- demilitarized zone
- Demolition belt
- Denmark
- detonate
- ecotourism
- Egypt
- Falkland Islands
- Falklands War
- ferric oxide
- Finland
- fixed-wing aircraft
- Flame fougasse
- flamethrower
- flint
- flintlock mechanism
- fortifications
- fougasse (weapon)
- fuze
- Gabriel J. Rains
- Geneva Conventions
- guerrilla warfare
- gunpowder warfare
- halberd
- helicopter
- Huolongjing
- Imperial Germany
- incandescent
- India
- infantry
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jiao Yu
- Jody Williams
- JP233
- Józef Kosacki
- Kingdom of Shu
- Korea
- lance
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Libya
- List of land mines
- magnet
- Mao Yuanyi
- military science
- Mine action
- mine flail
- Ming Dynasty
- minimum metal mine
- mining (military)
- mobility kill
- Mongol
- morale
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- musket
- Namibia
- naval mine
- naval mines
- Nepal
- Nobel Peace Prize
- North Korea
- Operation Cottbus
- oscillation
- Ottawa Treaty
- Pakistan
- Pedro Navarro
- Pen Huo Qi
- Peru
- pike (weapon)
- plastic
- PMN mine
- poison gas
- Polish mine detector
- pressure
- quicklime
- Russia
- sapper
- self-destruct
- Seminole Wars
- shaped charge
- Shell (projectile)
- siege
- Sima Yi
- Sima Zhao
- Singapore
- Smart mine
- snaphance
- Song Dynasty
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Southern African
- Soviet Union
- Sri Lanka
- tank
- terrorism
- tripwire
- tunnel mines
- Unexploded ordnance
- United Nations
- United States
- UXO
- Valmara 69
- Vietnam
- VS-50 mine
- war crime
- War of the Century
- Wei Kingdom
- weight drive
- wheellock
- Wooden box mine
- World War I
- Wubei Zhi
- Yuan Dynasty
- Zhuge Liang
- Zimbabwe
Land What Land
Releases by year: 2007
Album releases
Land What Land (Released 2007)
- Tyrone
- The Edge
- Sleep! Horses! Sleep!
- From Places, in Pieces
- If the Voice Is Warm With Blood
- Prel' Ude
- Locomotive and Her Own Major Kingdom
The First Water
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Demi Lovato - La La Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 20 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: hollywoodrecords
Music video by Demi Lovato performing La La Land.
http://wn.com/Demi_Lovato__La_La_Land
Lion King Soundtrack- This land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 23 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: Kingsimba357
In this video i show the instrumental song of The Lion King This Land The images and audio from the The Lion King and all related material contained in this video are property of ©The Walt Disney Company. Reproduced to entertainment and charity.
http://wn.com/Lion_King_Soundtrack_This_land
![Demi Lovato-Lala Land Lyrics[READ DESCRIPTION]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111114082805im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/y_usOo0hzDc/0.jpg "Demi Lovato-Lala Land Lyrics[READ DESCRIPTION]")
Demi Lovato-Lala Land Lyrics[READ DESCRIPTION]
go to my website please!(: www.surfceleb.blogspot.com THANKS!!!(: loveyouall!
http://wn.com/Demi_Lovato-Lala_Land_Lyrics READ_DESCRIPTION
Green Velvet - La La Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 15 Jun 2006
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: cajualrecords
www.facebook.com C&P 2001 Relief Records. Written & produced by Green Velvet. Additional vocals by Walter Phillips. Video produced by iSpy Belgium
http://wn.com/Green_Velvet__La_La_Land
JibJab.com - This Land!
See all of our JibJab Originals at: sendables.jibjab.com President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry star in the political animation parody that started it all -- this funny video was seen on every continent (including Antarctica), it even played on the International Space Station! Want more JibJab? Visit us at: www.jibjab.com Register to get access to new JibJab releases sendables.jibjab.com Read our blog: blog.jibjab.com Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com Become a fan on Facebook: www.facebook.com Add us on MySpace: vids.myspace.com Visit our YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/JibJabcom__This_Land!
Patti Smith - "Land"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Published: 16 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 05 Nov 2011
- Author: FelizJesusbirth
A bunch of messed up videos put to Patti Smith's "Land" from her "Horses" album. Land 1) Horses 2) Land of a Thousand Dances 3) La Mer (De) -
http://wn.com/Patti_Smith__Land
Bruce Springsteen: THIS LAND IS YOUR LAND
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 09 Feb 2006
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: OberstKrautwaschl
Live at the Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, CA on September 30, 1985 (penultimate show of the "Born In The USA" tour).
http://wn.com/Bruce_Springsteen_THIS_LAND_IS_YOUR_LAND
Raw Video: Plane Lands in Poland Wheels Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 01 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
A LOT Polish Airlines Boeing 767 from Newark, New Jersey, carrying 230 passengers made an emergency landing in Warsaw after its landing gear failed to open. No one was injured. (Nov. 1)
http://wn.com/Raw_Video_Plane_Lands_in_Poland_Wheels_Up
Oh Land - Sun Of A Gun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 19 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: OhlandVEVO
Download Oh Land's US debut album now on iTunes smarturl.it Fans outside of the US, download Oh Land's music here smarturl.it Music video by Oh Land performing Sun Of A Gun. (C) 2010 Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Oh_Land__Sun_Of_A_Gun
Genesis Land of Confusion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Published: 13 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: mandrasbandi
Green Velvet "La La Land" (Pleasurekraft 'Sideshow' Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Published: 30 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 05 Nov 2011
- Author: cajualrecords
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Green_Velvet_La_La_Land_Pleasurekraft_'Sideshow'_Remix
Don't Sass Me! - La La Land - Episode 2 Preview - BBC Three
More on this episode: www.bbc.co.uk Actor Gary Garner is learning how to be successful in America. Comedy series about three English wannabes in LA. Gary turns up at a networking event and Brendan interferes with reality during the filming of a 'documentary' about rock climbers.
http://wn.com/Don't_Sass_Me!__La_La_Land__Episode_2_Preview__BBC_Three
Disturbed - Land of Confusion Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Published: 04 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: ouwetwarrior
[This video is not created nor directed by me, all credits go towards the makers in the music industry] This is based on whats gonna happen in the future, the new world order and its martial law to make us all slaves with their RFID chip. If we fight, we not only fight for our civil rights, we fight for our freedom, and for our souls. (watch this video about whats happening in america recently) www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Disturbed__Land_of_Confusion_Official_Music_Video
Oh Land - White Nights (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 05 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: OhlandVEVO
Music video by Oh Land performing White Nights. (C) 2011 Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Oh_Land__White_Nights_Official_Video
Oh Land - Lean (Live with String Quartet)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 10 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: OhlandVEVO
Directors: Sebastian Birk, Thomas Daneskov & Alexander Topsøe / Director of Photography: Jasper Spanning / Music video by Oh Land performing "Lean" live with String Quartet. (C) 2011 Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Oh_Land__Lean_Live_with_String_Quartet
Maya Deren At Land Pt.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Published: 02 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2011
- Author: videosdaclarice
Deren's second experimental film, At Land (1944), reinforces her interest in the juxtaposition of anachronistic spaces and introduces a critique of social rituals. This film begins by reversing the natural rhythm with images of waves breaking and descending back into the sea. Starring again, Deren is seen climbing up a dead tree trunk on the beach, magically emerging onto a table where a formal dinner party is in progress. This 'civilized' world ignores Deren as she crawls along their dinner table. By depicting herself as invisible to the diners, Deren highlights the myopia of the guests. The dinner sequence in At Land ends with an enchanted chess game. A pawn falls from the table and descends back into the dead wood on the beach, it falls over rocks, into the water and is washed away over the waterfalls. Chasing the pawn, Deren is restored to her original landscape. - Wendy Haslem
http://wn.com/Maya_Deren_At_Land_Pt1
Oh Land - White Nights (Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 27 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: OhlandVEVO
Download Oh Land's US debut album now on iTunes smarturl.it Fans outside of the US, download Oh Land's music here smarturl.it Music video by Oh Land performing White Nights. (C) 2010 Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Oh_Land__White_Nights_Live
Woody Guthrie-This Land Is Your Land
woody guthrie /this land is your land July 14, 1912: Woody Guthrie was born. 1933: Woody Guthrie releases 'The Science of Sound.' 1941: Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie assemble the Almanac Singers. October 3, 1967: Woody Guthrie died of Huntington's Chorea in Queens, NY. January 20, 1968: A tribute concert to folksinger Woody Guthrie is held at New York's Carnegie Hall. Featured artists include Bob Dylan, The Band, Judy Collins and Richie Havens. 1988: Woody Guthrie is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. September 1, 1996: Woody Guthrie is honored at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's American Music Masters series.
http://wn.com/Woody_Guthrie-This_Land_Is_Your_Land
land of down under.. men at work.. with lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 30 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: coachdriverjed
Traveling in a fried-out combie On a hippie trail, head full of zombie I met a strange lady, she made me nervous She took me in and gave me breakfast And she said, "Do you come from a land down under? Where women glow and men plunder? Can't you hear, can't you hear the thunder? You better run, you better take cover." Buying bread from a man in Brussels He was six foot four and full of muscles I said, "Do you speak-a my language?" He just smiled and gave me a vegemite sandwich And he said, "I come from a land down under Where beer does flow and men chunder Can't you hear, can't you hear the thunder? You better run, you better take cover." Lying in a den in Bombay With a slack jaw, and not much to say I said to the man, "Are you trying to tempt me Because I come from the land of plenty?" And he said, "Oh! Do you come from a land down under? (oh yeah yeah) Where women glow and men plunder? Can't you hear, can't you hear the thunder? You better run, you better take cover."
http://wn.com/land_of_down_under_men_at_work_with_lyrics
PJ Harvey - The Glorious Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 08 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: letenglandshake
PJ Harvey - The Glorious Land -- The 4th Film, From A Series Of 12 Short Films, By Seamus Murphy From the album 'Let England Shake' A word from the director, Seamus Murphy; The Glorious Land As with the other films, I wanted to avoid too literal an interpretation of Polly's lyrics, but to try to remain true to the spirit and feel of the track. The Glorious Land was the third film we edited and completed in Berlin in the cycle of the 12 films, the first was The Words That Maketh Murder and the second was The Last Living Rose. Both editor, Sebastian, and I loved this track, and for me the bugle blast and where it sits is truly a glorious thing. It has the courage to be discordant, out of place and yet perfect on its own terms, surely the quality of great Art? At the first London show at the Troxy last week, when the bugle came in as they played The Glorious Land it was like experiencing the music floating high above the band and audience and hovering over all of us like a massive Jackson Pollack. And it swung. I had noticed interesting things coming through the trees when driving around Dorset in October. Autumn colours, the sunlight streaming through the trees, the effect of movement during driving, how things changed if I speeded up or slowed down. How the angle at which the camera was held changed things so I started experimenting with shooting and driving. Some of this was shot through the car sunroof straight up into the sky, some deliberately overexposed and out of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/PJ_Harvey__The_Glorious_Land
A Land Called Paradise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 04 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: Muradaldin
MAS Media Foundation www.masmediafoundation.org presents "A Land Called Paradise" In December 2007, over 2000 American Muslims were asked what they wished they could say to the world. This is what they said. Unofficial music video for Kareem Salama's "A Land Called Paradise." Producers Lena Khan Murad Aldin Amayreh Fahmi F. Farahat Director - Lena Khan Director of Photography - Murad Amayreh Editor - Fahmi F. Farahat Assistant Director - Rania Sultan Production Designer - Kellie Huynh Camera Operator - Nader Nuru Costume & Makeup - Mohammad Merteban, Ferdaus Serhal Grip - Abdullah Shamari, Victor Gonzalez Production Assistants - Yazeed Ibrahim, Tim Lie, Albert Tampi Special Thanks to Uthaman Apatira Shireen Hakim Jeremy Ellis Gaith Adhami Sood Saeed Mustafa Eshanzada Amir Shaibi Frozan Matin Amir Ali Laila Amayreh Gadeer Milbis Gaby Loporto Roohe Ahmed Sara Hussein Sonya Servin Amrin Vazifdar Rizwan Vazifdar Amir Ellaboudy Fadia Moemen Hisham Mahmoud Nadia Aibani Beenish Hasan Paula Easton Alaa Ellaboudy Dawud Williams Mumtaz Khan Shagufta Khan Guleimbesat Khan Daniel Khan Seenara Khan Adam Motiwala Sukaena Mithani Brought to you by Mas Media Foundation, Inland Empire.
http://wn.com/A_Land_Called_Paradise
The Guess Who - Share The Land
www.officialburtoncummings.com Canadian Classic Rock Icons "The Guess Who"
http://wn.com/The_Guess_Who__Share_The_Land
Woody Guthrie- This Land Is Your Land
the great Woody Guthrie
http://wn.com/Woody_Guthrie_This_Land_Is_Your_Land
![A portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, 1844. No contemporary likeness of Cartier has been found to exist.[62]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111114082805/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/67/c1/1dd19052559b7d31ff0650b3c7d4_medium.jpg "A portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, 1844. No contemporary likeness of Cartier has been found to exist.[62]")
photo: Creative Commons / Jack
13 Nov 2011
Pilots are giving the thumbs-up to Boeing's new Dreamliner plane, which touched down at Auckland Airport this morning. Air New Zealand's version of the aircraft will be even larger than the one that...
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photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
12 Nov 2011
STATE GAME LAND 59, Pa. -- For those who have ever stalked deer, turkey and bear here in "God's Country" in north-central Pennsylvania, this hunting season is like no other. For one thing, it is...
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, Valmara 69 (a bounding mine), and VS-50]]
firing mechanism or other device (including anti-handling devices)
detonator or igniter (sets off the booster charge)
booster charge (may be attached to the fuse, or the igniter, or be part of the main charge)
main charge (in a container, usually forms the body of the mine)
casing (contains all of the above parts)
The mines are not used in a defensive role (for specific position or area).
Mined areas are not marked.
Mines are usually placed singly and not in groups covering an area.
Mines are often left unattended (not covered by fire).
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Mine action
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International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)
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Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Landmines and international humanitarian law, ICRC
Detector Spots Buried Mines 1943, Popular Science article on the "Polish" mine detector.
"How Axis Land Mines Work", April 1944 detailed article on types of land mines
E-Mine Electronic Mine Information Network by United Nations Mine Action Services
Detecting Land Mines: New Technology, by Paul Grad. Published by Asian Surveying and Mapping
Ken Rutherford, "Landmines: A Survivor’s Tale" - Journal of Mine Action
A land mine is usually a weight-triggered explosive device which is intended to damage a target—either human or inanimate—by means of a blast and/or fragment impact.
The name originates from the ancient practice of military mining, where tunnels were dug under enemy fortifications or troop formations by sappers. These killing tunnels ("mines") were at first collapsed to destroy targets located above, but they were later filled with explosives and detonated in order to cause greater devastation.
Nowadays, in common parlance, land mines generally refer to devices specifically manufactured as anti-personnel or anti-vehicle weapons and should be distinguished from improvised explosive devices ("IEDs").
The use of land mines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons.
They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming the economy of many developing nations. With pressure from a number of campaign groups organised through the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a global movement to prohibit their use led to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. As of 2011, a total of 158 nations have agreed to the treaty.
Use
Land mines were designed for two main uses: to create defensive tactical barriers, channeling attacking forces into predetermined fire zones or slowing an invasion force's progress to allow reinforcements to arrive; and to act as passive area-denial weapons (in order to deny the enemy use of valuable terrain, resources or facilities when active defense of the area is not desirable or possible).Land mines are currently used in large quantities mostly for this first purpose, thus their widespread use in the demilitarized zones (DMZs) of likely flashpoints such as Cyprus, Afghanistan and Korea.
Land mines continue to kill nearly 20,000 people every year, even decades after the war ended.
History
Premodern development
Some sources report that the 3rd-century Chancellor (China) Zhuge Liang of the Kingdom of Shu in China invented a land mine type device. This claim was made by Jiao Yu in his Huolongjing Quanzhi (Fire-drake Manual in One Complete Volume), his preface written in 1412 AD (although the book was originally published in the mid 14th century), and that Zhuge had used not only "fire weapons" but land mines in the Battle of Hulugu Valley against the forces of Sima Yi and his son Sima Zhao of the Wei Kingdom. However, this claim is dubious, considering that gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the flamethrower (Pen Huo Qi) in the 10th century, while the land mine was not seen in China until the late 13th century.
Explosive land mines
East Asia
, compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Ji in the mid 14th century.]]Explosive land mines were being used in 1277 AD by the Song Dynasty Chinese against an assault of the Mongols, who were besieging a city in southern China. The invention of this detonated "enormous bomb" was credited to one Lou Qianxia of the 13th century. The famous 14th century Chinese text of the Huolongjing, which was the first to describe hollow cast iron cannonball shells filled with gunpowder, was also the first to describe the invention of the land mine in greater detail than references found in texts written beforehand. This mid 14th century work compiled during the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty (before 1375, when its co-editor Liu Ji died) stated that mines were made of cast iron and were spherical in shape, filled with either 'magic gunpowder', 'poison gunpowder', or 'blinding and burning gunpowder', any one of these compositions being suitable for use. The wad of the mine was made of hard wood, carrying three different fuses in case of defective connection to the touch hole. In those days, the Chinese relied upon command signals and carefully timed calculation of enemy movements into the minefield, since a long fuse had to be ignited by hand from the ambushers in a somewhat far-off location lying in wait. However, the Huolongjing also describes land mines that were set off by enemy movement, called the 'ground-thunder explosive camp', one of the 'self-trespassing' (zifan) types, as the text says:
The Huolongjing describes the trigger device used for this as a 'steel wheel', which directed sparks of flame onto the connection of fuses running to the multiple-laid land mines underneath the carefully hidden trap. However, further description of how this flint device operated was not made until a Chinese text of 1606 AD revealed that a weight drive (common in medieval clockworks) had been used to work the 'steel wheel'. The way in which the Chinese land mine trigger worked was a system of two steel wheels rotated by a falling weight, the chord of which was wound around their axle, and when the enemy stepped onto the disguised boards they released the pins that dropped the weights. In terms of global significance, the first wheellock musket in Europe was sketched by Leonardo da Vinci around 1500 AD, although no use of metal flint for gunpowder weapons were known before that point in Europe.
Besides the use of steel wheels providing sparks for the fuses, there were other methods used as well, such as the 'underground sky-soaring thunder'. The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) text of the Wubei Zhi (Treatise on Armament Technology), written by Mao Yuanyi in 1628, outlined the use of land mines that were triggered by the heat of a slow-burning incandescent material in an underground bowl placed directly above the train of fuses leading to the mines buried 3 ft beneath. The booby trap of this mine system had a mound where weapons of halberds, pikes, and lances were dug in, meant to entice the enemy to walk up the small mound and claim their stolen prize of war booty. When the weapons were removed from the mound, this movement disturbed the bowl beneath them where the butt ends of the staffs were, which in turn ignited the fuses. According to the Wubei Huolongjing volume of the 17th century, the formula for this slow-burning incandescent material allowed it to burn continuously for 20 to 30 days without going out. This formula included of white sandal wood powder, of iron rust (ferric oxide), of 'white' charcoal powder (from quicklime), of willow charcoal powder, of dried, ground, and powdered red dates, and of bran.
The Chinese also employed the use of the naval mine at sea and on the rivers of China and elsewhere in maritime battles.
Europe and the United States
The first land mine in Europe was created by Pedro Navarro (d. 1528), a Spanish soldier, who used it in the settles of the Italian castles, in the beginning of the sixteenth century.At Augsburg in 1573, a German military engineer by the name of Samuel Zimmermann invented an extremely effective mine known as the fladdermine. It consisted of a fougasse (or later, sometimes a shell fougasse, that is, a fougasse loaded not with stones but with early black powder mortar shells, similar to large black powder hand grenades) activated by a snaphance or flintlock mechanism connected to a tripwire on the surface. Combining the effects of a tripwire activated bounding fragmentation mine with a cluster bomb, it was devastating to massed attackers but required high maintenance due to the susceptibility of black powder to dampness. Consequently it was mainly employed in the defenses of major fortifications, in which role it continued to be used until the 1870s.
In Europe in the early eighteenth century, improvised land mines or booby traps were constructed in the form of bombs buried in shallow wells in the earth and covered with scrap metal and/or gravel to serve as shrapnel. Known in French as fougasse, the term is sometimes still used in the present day to describe such devices. This technique was used in several European wars of the eighteenth century, the American Revolution, and the American Civil War.
The first modern mechanically-fused high explosive anti-personnel land mines were created by Confederate troops of Brigadier General Gabriel J. Rains during the Battle of Yorktown in 1862. As a Captain, Rains had earlier employed explosive booby traps during the Seminole Wars in Florida in 1840. Both mechanically and electrically fused "land torpedoes" were employed, although by the end of the war mechanical fuses had been found to be generally more reliable. Many of these designs were improvised in the field, especially from explosive shells, but by the end of the war nearly 2,000 standard pattern "Rains mines" had been deployed.
Improved designs of mines were created in Imperial Germany, circa 1912, and were copied and manufactured by all major participants in the First World War. Both sides employed land mines (defensively) and tunnel mines (offensively). Well before the war was over, the British were manufacturing land mines that contained poison gas instead of explosives. Poison gas mines were manufactured at least until the 1980s in the Soviet Union. The United States was known to have at least experimented with the concept in the 1950s.
Nuclear mines have also been developed, both land and naval varieties. An example is the British Blue Peacock project, while another was the U.S. Medium Atomic Demolition Munition.
Characteristics and functioning
A typical land mine includes the following components:
Firing mechanisms and initiating actions
A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including pressure, movement, sound, magnetism and vibration. Anti-personnel mines commonly use the pressure of a person's foot as a trigger, but tripwires are also frequently employed. Most modern anti-vehicle mines use a magnetic trigger to enable it to detonate even if the tires or tracks did not touch it. Advanced mines are able to sense the difference between friendly and enemy types of vehicles by way of a built-in signature catalog. This will theoretically enable friendly forces to use the mined area while denying the enemy access.Many mines combine the main trigger with a touch or tilt trigger to prevent enemy engineers from defusing it. Land mine designs tend to use as little metal as possible to make searching with a metal detector more difficult; land mines made mostly of plastic have the added advantage of being very inexpensive.
Some types of modern mines are designed to self-destruct, or chemically render themselves inert after a period of weeks or months to reduce the likelihood of civilian casualties at the conflict's end. However, these self-destruct mechanisms are not absolutely reliable, and most land mines laid historically are not equipped in this manner.
Anti-handling devices
Anti-handling devices detonate the mine if someone attempts to lift, shift or disarm it. The intention is to hinder deminers by discouraging any attempts to clear minefields. There is a degree of overlap between the function of a boobytrap and an anti-handling device insofar as some mines have optional fuze pockets into which standard pull or pressure-release boobytrap firing devices can be screwed. Alternatively, some mines may mimic a standard design, but actually be specifically intended to kill deminers e.g. the MC-3 and PMN-3 variants of the PMN mine. Anti-handling devices can be found on both anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines, either as an integral part of their design or as improvised add-ons. For this reason, the standard render safe procedure for mines is often to destroy them on site without attempting to lift them.
Anti-tank mines
Anti-tank mines were created not long after the invention of the tank in the First World War. At first improvised purpose-built designs were developed. Set off when a tank passes over they attack the tank at one of its weaker areas — the tracks. They are designed to immobilize or destroy vehicles and their occupants. In U.S. military terminology destroying the vehicles is referred to as a catastrophic kill (k-kill) while only disabling its movement is referred to as a mobility kill (m-kill).
Anti-tank mines are typically larger than anti-personnel mines and require more pressure to detonate. The high trigger pressure (normally 100 kg (220 lb.)) prevents them from being set off by infantry or smaller vehicles of lesser importance. More modern anti-tank mines use shaped charges to focus and increase the armor penetration of the explosives.
Anti-personnel mines
Anti-personnel mines are designed to kill or injure enemy combatants as opposed to destroying vehicles. They are often designed to injure rather than kill in order to increase the logistical support (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing force. Some types of anti-personnel mines can also damage the tracks or wheels of armored vehicles.
Under the Ottawa Treaty, signatory countries undertake not to manufacture, stockpile or use anti-personnel mines. As of 2009, it has been signed/accessioned by 156 countries. Thirty-eight countries, including the People's Republic of China, Russian Federation and the United States, are not party to the Convention.
Warfare
from a Russian-made mine in order to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq]]In military science, minefields are considered a defensive or harassing weapon, used to slow the enemy down, to help deny certain terrain to the enemy, to focus enemy movement into kill zones, or to reduce morale by randomly attacking material and personnel. In some engagements during World War II, anti-tank mines accounted for half of all vehicles disabled.
Since combat engineers with mine-clearing equipment can clear a path through a minefield relatively quickly, mines are usually considered effective only if covered by fire.
The extents of minefields are often marked with warning signs and cloth tape, to prevent friendly troops and non-combatants from entering them. Of course, sometimes terrain can be denied using dummy minefields. Most forces carefully record the location and disposition of their own minefields, because warning signs can be destroyed or removed, and minefields should eventually be cleared. Minefields may also have marked or unmarked safe routes to allow friendly movement through them.
Placing minefields without marking and recording them for later removal is considered a war crime under Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which is itself an annex to the Geneva Conventions.
Artillery and aircraft scatterable mines allow minefields to be placed in front of moving formations of enemy units, including the reinforcement of minefields or other obstacles that have been breached by enemy engineers. They can also be used to cover the retreat of forces disengaging from the enemy, or for interdiction of supporting units to isolate front line units from resupply. In most cases these minefields consist of a combination of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, with the anti-personnel mines making removal of the anti-tank mines more difficult. Mines of this type used by the United States are designed to self destruct after a preset period of time, reducing the requirement for mine clearing to only those mines whose self destruct system did not function. Some designs of these scatterable mines require an electrical charge (capacitor or battery) to detonate. After a certain period of time, either the charge dissipates, leaving them effectively inert or the circuitry is designed such that upon reaching a low level, the device is triggered, thus destroying the mine.
Guerrilla warfare
None of the conventional tactics and norms of mine warfare applies when they are employed in a guerrilla role:
One of the aims of terrorism – and to a certain extent of guerrilla warfare – is to spread fear and panic. This can be achieved by a single mine left on a civilian road to be detonated by a civilian target which is clearly quite different from the normal military application.
One example where such tactics were in employed is in the various Southern African conflicts during the 1970s and 1980s, specifically Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Laying mines
, still valid more than 40 years after creation of the field by the Syrian army]]Minefields may be laid by several means. The preferred, but most labour-intensive, way is to have engineers bury the mines, since this will make the mines practically invisible and reduce the number of mines needed to deny the enemy an area. Mines can be laid by specialized mine-laying vehicles. Mine-scattering shells may be fired by artillery from a distance of several tens of kilometers.
Mines may be dropped from helicopters or airplanes, or ejected from cluster bombs or cruise missiles.
Anti-tank minefields can be scattered with anti-personnel mines to make clearing them manually more time-consuming; and anti-personnel minefields are scattered with anti-tank mines to prevent the use of armored vehicles to clear them quickly. Some anti-tank mine types are also able to be triggered by infantry, giving them a dual purpose even though their main and official intention is to work as anti-tank weapons.
Some minefields are specifically booby-trapped to make clearing them more dangerous. Mixed anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields, anti-personnel mines under anti-tank mines, and fuses separated from mines have all been used for this purpose. Often, single mines are backed by a secondary device, designed to kill or maim personnel tasked with clearing the mine.
Multiple anti-tank mines have been buried in stacks of two or three with the bottom mine fuzed, in order to multiply the penetrating power. Since the mines are buried, the ground directs the energy of the blast in a single direction — through the bottom of the target vehicle or on the track.
Another specific use is to mine an aircraft runway immediately after it has been bombed in order to delay or discourage repair. Some cluster bombs combine these functions. One example is the British JP233 cluster bomb which includes munitions to damage (crater) the runway as well as anti-personnel mines in the same cluster bomb.
Demining
educating children on mines and UXO]] practice mine clearance]]Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish officer Józef Kosacki. His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army.
The Nazi Germans used captured civilians who were chased across minefields to detonate the explosives. According to Laurence Rees, "Curt von Gottberg, the SS-Obergruppenfuhrer who, during 1943, conducted another huge anti-partisan action called Operation Kottbus on the eastern border of Belorussia, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in the clearing of the minefields'."
Whereas the placing and arming of mines is relatively inexpensive and simple, the process of detecting and removing them is typically expensive, slow, and dangerous. This is especially true of irregular warfare where mines were used on an ad hoc basis in unmarked areas. Anti-personnel mines are most difficult to find, due to their small size and the fact that many are made almost entirely of non-metallic materials specifically to escape detection.
Manual clearing remains the most effective technique for clearing mine fields, although hybrid techniques involving the use of animals and robots are being developed. Animals are desirable due to their strong sense of smell, which is more than capable of detecting a land mine. Animals like rats and dogs can also differentiate between other metal objects and land mines because they can be trained to detect the explosive agent itself.
Other techniques involve the use of geo-location technologies. A joint team of researchers at the University of New South Wales and Ohio State University is working to develop a system based on multi-sensor integration.
The laying of land mines has inadvertently lead to a positive development in the Falkland Islands. Mine fields near the sea from the Falklands War have become favorite places for penguins, which do not weigh enough to detonate the mines. Therefore, they can breed safely, free of human intrusion. These odd sanctuaries have proven so popular and lucrative for ecotourism that efforts exist to prevent removal of the mines.
Norwegian NGO Norwegian People's Aid is one organisation involved in the safe removal of land mines.
Anti-personnel mine ban
The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed has ended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. To make matters worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exact locations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts pose serious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampers resettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines campaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty.
The Ottawa Treaty (Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction) came into force on March 1, 1999. The treaty was the result of the leadership of the Government of Canada working with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, launched in 1992. The campaign and its leader, Jody Williams, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for its efforts.
The treaty does not include anti-tank mines, cluster bombs or claymore-type mines operated in command mode and focuses specifically on anti-personnel mines, because these pose the greatest long term (post-conflict) risk to humans and animals since they are typically designed to be triggered by any movement or pressure of only a few kilograms, whereas anti-tank mines require much more weight (or a combination of factors that would exclude humans). Existing stocks must be destroyed within four years of signing the treaty.
Signatories of the Ottawa Treaty agree that they will not use, develop, manufacture, stockpile or trade in anti-personnel land mines. There were originally 122 signatories in 1997; , it has been signed by 155 countries and ratified by 153. Another 40 have yet to sign on. The United States is not one of the signatories, based on lacking an exception for the DMZ of Korea.
There is a clause in the treaty, Article 3, which permits countries to retain land mines for use in training or development of countermeasures. 64 countries have taken this option.
As an alternative to an outright ban, 10 countries follow regulations that are contained in a 1996 amendment of Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). The countries are China, Finland, India, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and the United States.
Manufacturers
The ICBL has identified the following countries as manufacturing land mines as of August 2004. None are signatories of the Ottawa Treaty. BurmaOf other states which are thought to have manufactured mines recently: Egypt has unofficially stated that production ceased in 1988. South Korea has stated that no mines have been produced since 2000. An official from China stated in September 2003 that production has ceased there, since they have an ample stockpile. In March 2004, a Libyan official stated that the country has never produced anti-personnel mines, but is known to have laid land mines in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, during the civil war in March 2011, Gaddafi's forces have sown mines around rebel-controlled areas. A United Nations assessment mission to Peru reported that production of land mines in the country ceased in January 1999. Peru was one of the original signatories and the treaty came into force for them in March 1999. Denmark had officially declared having 6 factories producing land mines in 1995 but production ceased since ratification of the Ottawa treaty. The United States stopped manufacturing land mines in 1997, but has one of the largest stockpiles.
See also
;Mines
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;Organisations
Notes
References
External links
ar:لغم az:Mina (partlayıcı qurğu) bs:Kopnena mina bg:Миниране ca:Mina terrestre cs:Pozemní mina da:Landmine de:Landmine el:Νάρκη es:Mina terrestre fa:مین fr:Mine terrestre gl:Mina terrestre ko:지뢰 hr:Nagazne mine is:Jarðsprengja it:Mina terrestre he:מוקש hu:Akna (katonai) mr:भूसुरुंग nl:Mijn (explosief) ja:地雷 no:Landmine nn:Landmine pl:Mina lądowa pt:Mina terrestre ru:Наземная мина sq:Mina simple:Land mine sk:Mína (výbušná nálož) sr:Мина sh:Kopnena mina fi:Miina sv:Mina ta:மிதிவெடி te:మందు పాతర th:ทุ่นระเบิด tr:Mayın vi:Mìn zh:地雷
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