Corporation
Loading suggestions ...
-
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – died 17 July 1790 ) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith -
Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include: Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Inuit, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
http://wn.com/Alaska_Natives -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie (properly , but commonly, or ) (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Carnegie -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Falun
Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 36,447 inhabitants in 2005. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with close to 100,000 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Falun -
John D. Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American oil magnate. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, Jabez Bostwick, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner, Stephen V. Harkness. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefeller's wealth soared, and he became the world's richest man and first American worth more than a billion dollars. Adjusting for inflation, he is often regarded as the richest person in history.
http://wn.com/John_D_Rockefeller -
Robert Hessen
Robert Hessen, Ph.D., is an American economic and business historian, a widely published author, a professor in the Graduate School of Business at Stanford, and a Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution. Among the books he has written or edited are Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab, In Defense of the Corporation and the multi-volume series Hoover Archival Documentaries. He has featured shorter works in such diverse publications as The New York Times, ''Barron's, Business History Review, Labor History, The Hastings Law Journal and the Journal of Law and Economics. His essays defending capitalism and presenting a private-property-and-contractual model of corporations were published in the Fortune Encyclopedia of Economics'' (David R. Henderson, editor). He was associated with philosopher Ayn Rand for 25 years and contributed articles to two of her periodicals.
http://wn.com/Robert_Hessen -
Robert Sobel
Robert Sobel (February 19, 1931 – June 2, 1999) was an American professor of history at Hofstra University, and a well-known and prolific writer of business histories.
http://wn.com/Robert_Sobel
-
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
http://wn.com/Amsterdam -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
British Parliament
http://wn.com/British_Parliament -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named.
http://wn.com/Delaware -
Falun
Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 36,447 inhabitants in 2005. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with close to 100,000 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Falun -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Harvard College
Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of two schools within Harvard University granting undergraduate degrees. Founded in 1636, it is also Harvard's oldest school. Instruction of its students is the responsibility of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
http://wn.com/Harvard_College -
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University -
Italian Republic
http://wn.com/Italian_Republic -
Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
http://wn.com/Japan -
Liechtenstein
The Principality of Liechtenstein ( ; , ) is a doubly landlocked alpine microstate in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 km² (about 61.7 square miles), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz; the biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world according to the CIA World Factbook.
http://wn.com/Liechtenstein -
Moluccan Islands
http://wn.com/Moluccan_Islands -
Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
http://wn.com/Nevada -
New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_Jersey -
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Northern_Ireland -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
State of Alaska
http://wn.com/State_of_Alaska -
Stora Kopparberg
http://wn.com/Stora_Kopparberg -
Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
- Adam Smith
- Africa
- Agent (law)
- Aktiengesellschaft
- Alaska Natives
- Amsterdam
- Andrew Carnegie
- Anglo-American
- assets
- Australia
- Austria
- Bank of England
- BBC
- Blocker corporation
- board of directors
- body corporate
- Brazil
- British Parliament
- business
- By-Laws
- bylaws
- California
- Canada
- CEO
- charter
- Church of England
- civil action
- Civil Code
- co-determination
- collectivist
- Commerce Clause
- Commercial law
- Companies Act 2006
- company
- Company (law)
- constructive notice
- contract
- Cooperative
- corporate America
- Corporate crime
- corporate governance
- Corporate haven
- corporate law
- corporate liability
- Corporate scandal
- Corporate welfare
- corporation sole
- Corporatism
- crime
- Delaware
- Delaware corporation
- Deregulation
- dissolution (law)
- double taxation
- East Indies
- employment
- English monarchy
- Ernst Freund
- Europe
- European company law
- Evil corporation
- Falun
- family business
- Finance capitalism
- financial statements
- foreign corporation
- fraud
- German company law
- Germany
- Glass–Steagall Act
- globalization
- Good standing
- Guild
- Harvard College
- Harvard University
- hedge fund
- holding companies
- Holding company
- Hudson's Bay Company
- human rights
- Insolvency
- Italian Republic
- Japan
- John D. Rockefeller
- juristic persons
- kabushiki kaisha
- keiretsu
- L3C
- laissez-faire
- Latin
- legal liability
- Legal person
- Liechtenstein
- limited company
- limited liability
- limited partnership
- liquidation
- List of strikes
- Local Autonomy Law
- Lord Chancellor
- Magnus II of Sweden
- managing board
- manslaughter
- Maurya Empire
- medieval
- Megacorporation
- merger
- mergers
- Mochibun kaisha
- Moluccan Islands
- Nasdaq
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- Northern Ireland
- paper wealth
- parent company
- partnership
- perpetual succession
- Pope
- Portugal
- prefectures of Japan
- Preferred stock
- privacy
- privatization
- privatized
- province
- registered agent
- return on investment
- Robert Hessen
- Robert Sobel
- Royal Charter
- S corporation
- Saudi Arabia
- share (finance)
- shareholders
- shares
- Shelf Corporation
- Sherman Act
- sole proprietorship
- Spain
- spices
- Standard Oil
- State (polity)
- State Enterprise
- State of Alaska
- statute
- Statute of Mortmain
- Stephenson
- Stock certificate
- stockholders
- Stora Kopparberg
- subsidiary
- supervisory board
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Takeover
- The Economist
- Trust (19th century)
- Trust company
- Trust law
- U.S. state
- United Kingdom
- United States
- unlimited company
- Washington, D.C.
- Watt
- Wealth of Nations
- working capital
Thievery Corporation Filmography
- Beyond Ipanema (2009) (actor, plays Themselves)
- Fuse: Live from Voodoo Experience (2008) (actor, plays Themselves - Performers)
- (2003-01-14) (2003) (actor, plays Musical Guest)
The Corporation
Releases by year: 1995
Album releases
The Corporation (Released 1995)
Corporation
Releases by year: 1995
Album releases
Corpore
Releases by year: 1995
Album releases
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
![THE CORPORATION [1/23] What is a Corporation?](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Pin8fbdGV9Y/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [1/23] What is a Corporation?")
THE CORPORATION [1/23] What is a Corporation?
1. The Corporation is today's dominant institution, creating great wealth but also great harm. This 26 award-winning documentary examines the nature, evolution, impacts and future of the modern business corporation and the increasing role it plays in society and our everyday lives. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order, please click on: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 1/23 _What_is_a_Corporation?
the corporation: documentary trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Published: 24 Nov 2006
- Uploaded: 06 Nov 2011
- Author: freakpowertix
the corporation (2003). thecorporation.com
http://wn.com/the_corporation_documentary_trailer
The Corporation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 144:11
- Published: 04 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: MetrodomeVOD
This complex and highly entertaining documentary examine the far-reaching repercussions of the corporation's increasing preeminence. A timely, critical inquiry that invites CEOs, whistle-blowers, brokers, gurus, spies, players, pawns and pundits on a graphic and engaging quest to reveal the Corporation's inner workings © BIG PICTURE MEDIA CORPORATION MMIII. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/The_Corporation
![THE CORPORATION [2/23] Birth](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8SuUzmqBewg/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [2/23] Birth")
THE CORPORATION [2/23] Birth
2. How the corporation came to be. Originally, corporations were set up to serve the public good. Corporation lawyers gained rights through the US Supreme Court using the 14th Amendment (set up to protect slaves) that gives them the rights of a person. In the last century, the corporation is given more and more rights while people are increasingly stripped of theirs. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 2/23 _Birth
![THE CORPORATION [3/23] A Legal](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/wkygXc9IM5U/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [3/23] A Legal")
THE CORPORATION [3/23] A Legal "Person"
3. Having acquired rights of immortal persons, what kind of person is the corporation? By law, the corporation can only consider the interests of their shareholders. It is legally bound to put its bottom line before everything else, even the public good. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 3/23 _A_Legal_Person
![THE CORPORATION [11/23] Basic Training](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Hi63rXnuWbw/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [11/23] Basic Training")
THE CORPORATION [11/23] Basic Training
11. Marketing has transformed itself into a sophisticated, pervasive force that extends into every part of our lives. Slick advertising campaigns are designed for the express purpose of manipulating children into buying products and training them to become mindless consumers of goods they don't really want. The Nag factor, a marketing study that evaluated the effect of nagging, was designed to teach children how to nag more effectively. Consumers are made, not born. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 11/23 _Basic_Training
![THE CORPORATION [17/23] Unsettling Accounts](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eZkDikRLQrw/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [17/23] Unsettling Accounts")
THE CORPORATION [17/23] Unsettling Accounts
17. Journalists Jane Akre and Steve Wilson were fired by the Fox News television station they work for after refusing to change their investigative report on Posilac, a Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) made by Monsanto. Their research documents potential health and safety problems of drinking milk treated with the synthetic hormone, but threatened with legal action from Monsanto, Fox wants the negative effects played down. The court eventually throws out Akre's whistle blower lawsuit after deciding that the media is allowed to lie. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 17/23 _Unsettling_Accounts
![THE CORPORATION [5/23] Case Histories](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/H3m5lq9FHDo/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [5/23] Case Histories")
THE CORPORATION [5/23] Case Histories
5. Case histories can be used to diagnose the kind of personality that makes the corporation an externality-creating machine. Externalities such as harm to employees through the use of sweatshops: the exploitation of Third World countries' employees resulting in a huge discrepancy of price versus cost. Other externalities such as pollution and adverse health effects emerge. These include the genesis of the petrochemical industry and links to cancer, birth defects and other toxic effects. Another externality is harm to the biosphere or the environmental costs resulting from the way corporations operate, costs that will be passed off to future generations. Have we created a doom machine? For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 5/23 _Case_Histories
The Corporation - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 144:04
- Published: 30 May 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: TheInfoWarehouse2
![THE CORPORATION [19/23] Taking The Right Side](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pkoM8RB-kJ0/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [19/23] Taking The Right Side")
THE CORPORATION [19/23] Taking The Right Side
19. The rise of fascism has links to corporate power. American corporations played a role in Nazi Germany and the holocaust, such as IBM's punchcard machines that tabulated the victims' data. Corporate allegiance to profit trumps their allegiance to nationalism.
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 19/23 _Taking_The_Right_Side
Thievery Corporation - Sweet Tides
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 06 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: ESLMusicDC
The official music video for the final track from Thievery Corporation's latest album "Radio Retaliation," which saw release on September 23rd. "Sweet Tides" features LouLou on vocals.
http://wn.com/Thievery_Corporation__Sweet_Tides
Lebanese Blonde Thievery Corporation
vuenizimaa rolaaa
http://wn.com/Lebanese_Blonde_Thievery_Corporation
The Corporation Nation Master (2010) - Full Length
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 193:57
- Published: 12 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: GnosticMedia
This is an early version of Corporation Nation that has a couple errors. 1) $ amount of pension funds is 26 trillion, not 36 trillion. 2) There are a couple millions that should be billions, or visa versa. www.onedollardvdproject.com now carries the DVD for $2. Give them to friends and family.
http://wn.com/The_Corporation_Nation_Master_2010__Full_Length
![THE CORPORATION [21/23] Democracy Ltd.](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4P4uvC2BFdU/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [21/23] Democracy Ltd.")
THE CORPORATION [21/23] Democracy Ltd.
21. A coup is no longer necessary for the corporation to dominate governments. Capitalism's protagonists and players are the new high priests of our day. Industry and government have become intertwined to the extent that it's hard to tell when one ends and the other begins. But citizens are resisting and protesting their dissent to the centralization of power in corporate hands. The corporation has responded by enacting programs of corporate social responsibility. Are they just a tactic responding to market pressure? For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 21/23 _Democracy_Ltd
![THE CORPORATION [8/23] Mindset](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-hG-c1KY7Y4/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [8/23] Mindset")
THE CORPORATION [8/23] Mindset
8. The profit motive drives the actions of the corporation and creates a mindset of competition and anything goes. Meet corporate spy and self-described predator Marc Barry as he describes his tactics for gathering intelligence from competing corporations. Juxtapose his attitude with Ray Anderson, President of Interface, who, in an epiphanic moment, realized he was a plunderer and it was only a matter of time before the law figures it out. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 8/23 _Mindset
Thievery Corporation - Mandala
The song ''Mandala'' from Thievery's new album ''Radio Retaliation''...
http://wn.com/Thievery_Corporation__Mandala
Thievery Corporation - Sweet Tides
Music video by Thievery Corporation performing Sweet Tides.
http://wn.com/Thievery_Corporation__Sweet_Tides
Thievery Corporation - Until the Morning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 29 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: suiriryoku
From TC's third album "The Richest Man in Babylon" Track 14 [[Until the Morning]] Vocals by Emiliana Torrini Go out and buy a record.
http://wn.com/Thievery_Corporation__Until_the_Morning
The Richest Man In Babylon by Thievery Corporation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Published: 21 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: ESLMusicDC
Jamaican toasters Notch and Sleepy Wonder deliver a socially conscious one-two punch with the title-track from Thievery's stunning third full-length album, released in 2002
http://wn.com/The_Richest_Man_In_Babylon_by_Thievery_Corporation
![THE CORPORATION [12/23] Perception Managment](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kQTkczvE17U/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [12/23] Perception Managment")
THE CORPORATION [12/23] Perception Managment
12. Some of our best creative minds are employed to create illusions that divert us from the real issues and manufacture our consent. Beyond their products, the corporation sells us the idea of a better way of life and produces propaganda that affirms their power as necessary for human progress. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 12/23 _Perception_Managment
![THE CORPORATION [18/23] Expansion Plan](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xw5Fon_EjGw/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [18/23] Expansion Plan")
THE CORPORATION [18/23] Expansion Plan
18. The beginning of the fight for the world's most important resource: water. In Bolivia, privatization makes water unaffordable for many of its citizens and the resulting protest turns violent when the military opens fire. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 18/23 _Expansion_Plan
![THE CORPORATION [6/23] The Pathology of Commerce](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/s5hEiANG4Uk/0.jpg "THE CORPORATION [6/23] The Pathology of Commerce")
THE CORPORATION [6/23] The Pathology of Commerce
6. If we look at the corporation as a legal person, it exhibits all the characteristics of a psychopath using a personality diagnostic checklist by the World Health Organization. For a playlist of all 23 chapters in order: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/THE_CORPORATION_ 6/23 _The_Pathology_of_Commerce
Thievery Corporation - Amerimacka
Lounge song from the Washington DC natives featuring Notch.
http://wn.com/Thievery_Corporation__Amerimacka
![PGC House, following the February 2011 quake. The four-storey PGC House[133] on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, and thirty of the building's two hundred workers were still believed to be trapped within as night fell](http://web.archive.org./web/20111111174321/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/6c/43/6ef19d71caa35c9335abfa299441_medium.jpg "PGC House, following the February 2011 quake. The four-storey PGC House[133] on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, and thirty of the building's two hundred workers were still believed to be trapped within as night fell")
photo: Creative Commons / Orrling
03 Nov 2011
I.B.M. finished off its string of 100th anniversary events on Wednesday evening, with a lecture by the company’s chairman and chief executive, Samuel J. Palmisano. He spoke at Columbia...
size: 11.9Kb
size: 11.9Kb
photo: WN / Rubielyn Bunag
21 Oct 2011
Stocks are rising sharply after several big U.S. companies reported solid third-quarter earnings. The Dow Jones industrial average is up more than 200 points. McDonald's Corp. rose 2.7 percent after...
size: 1.7Kb
size: 1.7Kb
Most Popular
-
Rituals of Cannibalism and Modern Warfare
WorldNews.com
-
Quake in Turkey kills seven, topples buildings
Jakarta Globe
-
Someone got rich and someone got sick
Al Jazeera
-
U.S. says Assad will fall, Arab states offer safe haven
The Star
-
Greece, Italy turn to financial experts for way out of debt
The Times of India
RELATED LINKS
- Act of Parliament
- Adam Smith
- Africa
- Agent (law)
- Aktiengesellschaft
- Alaska Natives
- Amsterdam
- Andrew Carnegie
- Anglo-American
- assets
- Australia
- Austria
- Bank of England
- BBC
- Blocker corporation
- board of directors
- body corporate
- Brazil
- British Parliament
- business
- By-Laws
- bylaws
- California
- Canada
- CEO
- charter
- Church of England
- civil action
- Civil Code
- co-determination
- collectivist
- Commerce Clause
- Commercial law
- Companies Act 2006
- company
- Company (law)
- constructive notice
- contract
- Cooperative
- corporate America
- Corporate crime
- corporate governance
- Corporate haven
- corporate law
- corporate liability
- Corporate scandal
- Corporate welfare
- corporation sole
- Corporatism
- crime
- Delaware
- Delaware corporation
- Deregulation
- dissolution (law)
- double taxation
- East Indies
- employment
- English monarchy
- Ernst Freund
- Europe
St Paul's Protesters Reject Corporation Offer
11 Nov 2011
Skynews
The rejection may now open up the prospect for renewed legal action against the camp Mark White, home affairs correspondent Protesters camped out at St Paul's Cathedral have rejected proposals by the London Corporation to help resolve the ongoing occupation. Around 200 protesters have been outside...
size: 5.9Kb
size: 5.9Kb
Canada Newswire
Readers are referred to the sections entitled "Forward-looking Statements" and "Non-IFRS Financial Measures" at the end of this release. The Corporation's financial results are reported under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and all comparative figures have been restated...
size: 28.9Kb
size: 28.9Kb
JBT Corporation Declares Quarterly Dividend
11 Nov 2011
PR Newswire
My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about JBT ...
size: 2.0Kb
size: 2.0Kb
PR Newswire
My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about KEX ...
size: 3.8Kb
size: 3.8Kb
PR Newswire
Empact Brings Together Top Entrepreneurship Leaders to Jumpstart the Global Economy...
size: 10.2Kb
size: 10.2Kb
PR Newswire
My news for Investors AtLeast one of the check box should be selected You are following news about Follow the latest news about WHR ...
size: 6.4Kb
size: 6.4Kb
Canada Newswire
TORONTO, Nov. 11, 2011 /CNW/ - Futuremed Healthcare Products Corporation (the "Company") (TSX: FMD) announced today that it had participated in a tendering process initiated by an important customer and has been informed that distribution to this customer will be moved to a competitor during the...
size: 2.1Kb
size: 2.1Kb
A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish the entity as a separate legal entity having its own privileges and liabilities distinct from those of its members. There are many different forms of corporations, most of which are used to conduct business. Early corporations were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act passed by a parliament or legislature). Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration.
Legal personality
Limited liability
Transferable shares
Centralized management under a board structure
Consumers' cooperative
Holding company
Limited company (Ltd.)
Limited liability company (LLC)
Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)
Limited liability partnership (LLP)
Limited partnership (LP)
Low-profit limited liability company (L3C)
Not-for-profit corporation
Partnership
Sole proprietorship
Trust company, Trust law
Corporate law
United Kingdom company law
United States corporate law
German company law
European company law
Commercial law
Alaska Native Corporation
Anti-corporate activism
Blocker corporation
Community interest company
Company (law)
Conglomerate (company)
Cooperative
Corporate crime
Corporate governance
Corporate haven
Corporate scandals
Corporate welfare
Corporatism
Evil corporation
Finance capitalism
Good standing
Guild
Incorporation (business)
List of strikes
Megacorporation
Multinational corporation
Organizational culture
Preferred stock
Professional corporation (PC or P.C.)
Public limited company (PLC)
Registered Agent
Shelf Corporation
Stock certificates
State-owned Corporation
Unlimited company
Unlimited liability corporation
A.B. DuBois, The English Business Company after the Bubble Act, , (1938)
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
Bishop Hunt, The Development of the Business Corporation in England (1936)
Blumberg, Phillip I., The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993)
Bromberg, Alan R. Crane and Bromberg on Partnership. 1968.
Bruce Brown, The History of the Corporation (2003)
C. A. Cooke, Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History, (1950)
Charles Freedman, Joint-stock Enterprise in France, : From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation (1979)
Conard, Alfred F. Corporations in Perspective. 1976.
Dignam, A and Lowry, J (2006) Company Law, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-928936-3
Ernst Freund, MCMaster.ca, The Legal Nature of the Corporation (1897)
Edwin Merrick Dodd, American Business Corporations until 1860, With Special Reference to Massachusetts, (1954)
John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge. The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea. New York: Modern Library. 2003.
Frederick Hallis, Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence (1930)
Hessen, Robert. In Defense of the Corporation. Hoover Institute. 1979. ISBN -X
John P. Davis, Corporations (1904)
John William Cadman, The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics, , (1949)
Joseph S. Davis, Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations (1917)
Klein and Coffee. Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles. Foundation. 2002. ISBN -X
Radhe Shyam Rungta, The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900, (1970)
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Corporate Life in Ancient India, (1920)
Robert Charles Means, Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia, (1980)
Sobel, Robert. The Age of Giant Corporations: a Microeconomic History of American Business. (1984)
Thomas Owen, The Corporation under Russian Law, : A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy (1991)
W. R. Scott, Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (1912)
Low, Albert, 2008. "Conflict and Creativity at Work: Human Roots of Corporate Life, Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-272-3
US Corporate Law at Wikibooks
US Corporate Law
an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett
An important (but not universal) contemporary feature of a corporation is limited liability. If a corporation fails, shareholders normally only stand to lose their investment and employees will lose their jobs, but neither will be further liable for debts that remain owing to the corporation's creditors.
Despite not being natural persons, corporations are recognized by the law to have rights and responsibilities like natural persons ("people"). Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations. Corporations are conceptually immortal but they can "die" when they are "dissolved" either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. Insolvency may result in a form of corporate 'death', when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order, but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of criminal offenses, such as fraud and manslaughter.
Although corporate law varies in different jurisdictions, there are four core characteristics of the business corporation:
History
mine, dated June 16, 1288.]] The word "corporation" derives from corpus, the Latin word for body, or a "body of people." Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights were found in ancient Rome, and the Maurya Empire in ancient India. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope and the City of London Corporation. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the Stora Kopparberg mining community in Falun, Sweden, obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347. Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the Dutch East India Company or the Hudson's Bay Company, and these corporations came to play a large part in the history of corporate colonialism. During the time of colonial expansion in the 17th century, the true progenitors of the modern corporation emerged as the "chartered company". Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) defeated Portuguese forces and established itself in the Moluccan Islands in order to profit from the European demand for spices. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original Amsterdam stock exchange. Shareholders are also explicitly granted limited liability in the company's royal charter. In the late 18th century, Stewart Kyd, the author of the first treatise on corporate law in English, defined a corporation as,
Mercantilism
issued by the Dutch East India Company, dating from 1623, for the amount of 2,400 florins]] Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the British East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitive. On 31 December 1600, the English monarchy granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the East Indies and Africa. By 1611, shareholders in the East India Company were earning an almost 150% return on their investment. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the Company had become. Its first stock offering in 1613-1616 raised ₤418,000, and its first offering in 1617-1622 raised ₤1.6 million.In the United States, government chartering began to fall out of vogue in the mid-19th century. Corporate law at the time was focused on protection of the public interest, and not on the interests of corporate shareholders. Corporate charters were closely regulated by the states. Forming a corporation usually required an act of legislature. Investors generally had to be given an equal say in corporate governance, and corporations were required to comply with the purposes expressed in their charters. Many private firms in the 19th century avoided the corporate model for these reasons (Andrew Carnegie formed his steel operation as a limited partnership, and John D. Rockefeller set up Standard Oil as a trust). Eventually, state governments began to realize the greater corporate registration revenues available by providing more permissive corporate laws. New Jersey was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state. Delaware followed, and soon became known as the most corporation-friendly state in the country after New Jersey raised taxes on the corporations, driving them out. New Jersey reduced these taxes after this mistake was realized, but by then it was too late; even today, most major public corporations in the United States are set up under Delaware law.
By the beginning of the 19th century, government policy on both sides of the Atlantic began to change, reflecting the growing popularity of the proposition that corporations were riding the economic wave of the future. In 1819, the U.S. Supreme Court granted corporations a plethora of rights they had not previously recognized or enjoyed. Corporate charters were deemed "inviolable", and not subject to arbitrary amendment or abolition by state governments. The Corporation as a whole was labeled an "artificial person," possessing both individuality and immortality.
At around the same time, British legislation was similarly freeing the corporation from historical restrictions. In 1844 the British Parliament passed the Joint Stock Companies Act, which allowed companies to incorporate without a royal charter or an Act of Parliament. Ten years later, limited liability, the key provision of modern corporate law, passed into English law: in response to increasing pressure from newly emerging capital interests, Parliament passed the Limited Liability Act of 1855, which established the principle that any corporation could enjoy limited legal liability on both contract and tort claims simply by registering as a "limited" company with the appropriate government agency.
This prompted the English periodical The Economist to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated." The glaring inaccuracy of the second part of this judgment was recognized by the same magazine more than 75 years later, when it claimed that, "[t]he economic historian of the future . . . may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trading corporations, a place of honour with Watt and Stephenson, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution."
Modern corporations
By the end of the 19th century the Sherman Act, New Jersey allowing holding companies, and mergers resulted in larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. (See The Modern Corporation and Private Property The well-known Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad decision began to influence policymaking and the modern corporate era had begun.The 20th century saw a proliferation of enabling law across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward privatization, the selling of publicly owned services and enterprises to corporations. Deregulation (reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy. Another major postwar shift was toward the development of conglomerates, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base. Japanese firms developed a horizontal conglomeration model, the keiretsu, which was later duplicated in other countries as well.
Corporate law
The existence of a corporation requires a special legal framework and body of law that specifically grants the corporation legal personality, and typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person). Corporate statutes typically empower corporations to own property, sign binding contracts, and pay taxes in a capacity separate from that of its shareholders (who are sometimes referred to as "members"). According to Lord Chancellor Haldane,
The legal personality has two economic implications. First it grants creditors (as opposed to shareholders or employees) priority over the corporate assets upon liquidation. Second, corporate assets cannot be withdrawn by its shareholders, nor can the assets of the firm be taken by personal creditors of its shareholders. The second feature requires special legislation and a special legal framework, as it cannot be reproduced via standard contract law.
The regulations most favorable to incorporation include:
| !Regulation | !Description |
| Limited liability | |
| Perpetual lifetime | Another advantage is that the assets and structure of the corporation may continue beyond the lifetimes of its shareholders and bondholders. This allows stability and the accumulation of capital, which is thus available for investment in larger and longer-lasting projects than if the corporate assets were subject to [[dissolution (law) |
Ownership and control
Persons and other legal entities composed of persons (such as trusts and other corporations) can have the right to vote or receive dividends once declared by the board of directors. In the case of for-profit corporations, these voters hold shares of stock and are thus called shareholders or stockholders. When no stockholders exist, a corporation may exist as a non-stock corporation (in the United Kingdom, a "company limited by guarantee") and instead of having stockholders, the corporation has members who have the right to vote on its operations. Voting members are not the only members of a "Corporation". The members of a non-stock corporation are identified in the Articles of Incorporation (UK equivalent: Articles of Association) and the titles of the member classes may include "Trustee," "Active," "Associate," and/or "Honorary." However, each of these listed in the Articles of Incorporation are members of the Corporation. The Articles of Incorporation may define the "Corporation" by another name, such as "The ABC Club, Inc." and, in which case, the "Corporation" and "The ABC Club, Inc." or just "The Club" are considered synonymous and interchangeable as they may appear elsewhere in the Articles of Incorporation or the By-Laws. If the non-stock corporation is not operated for profit, it is called a not-for-profit corporation. In either category, the corporation comprises a collective of individuals with a distinct legal status and with special privileges not provided to ordinary unincorporated businesses, to voluntary associations, or to groups of individuals.There are two broad classes of corporate governance forms in the world. In most of the world, control of the corporation is determined by a board of directors which is elected by the shareholders. In some jurisdictions, such as Germany, the control of the corporation is divided into two tiers with a supervisory board which elects a managing board. Germany is also unique in having a system known as co-determination in which half of the supervisory board consists of representatives of the employees. The CEO, president, treasurer, and other titled officers are usually chosen by the board to manage the affairs of the corporation.
In addition to the limited influence of shareholders, corporations can be controlled (in part) by creditors such as banks. In return for lending money to the corporation, creditors can demand a controlling interest analogous to that of a member, including one or more seats on the board of directors. In some jurisdictions, such as Germany and Japan, it is standard for banks to own shares in corporations whereas in other jurisdictions such as the United States, under the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, and the United Kingdom, under the Bank of England, banks are prohibited from owning shares in external corporations. However, since 1999 in the U. S., commercial banks have been allowed to enter into investment banking through separate subsidiaries thanks to the Financial Services Modernization Act or Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Since 1997, banks in the U. K. are supervised by the Financial Services Authority; its rules are non-restrictive allowing both foreign and domestic capital to operate all financial institutions, including insurance, commercial and financial banking.
Upon the Board's decision to dissolve a for-profit corporation, shareholders receive the leftovers, following creditors and others with interests in the corporation. However shareholders receive the benefit of limited liability, so they are liable only for the amount they contributed.
Formation
Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a registered agent (a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an agent or other legal representative of the corporation.Generally, a corporation files articles of incorporation with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create bylaws that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.
The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a foreign corporation, and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to employment, crimes, contracts, civil actions, and the like.
Naming
Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after their membership: for instance, "The President and Fellows of Harvard College." Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to their membership. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example,, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates.In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited" or "Ltd."). These terms vary by jurisdiction and language. In some jurisdictions they are mandatory, and in others they are not. Their use puts everybody on constructive notice that they are dealing with an entity whose liability is limited, and does not reach back to the persons who own the entity: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.
Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "company" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "company" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a sole proprietorship but this is not generally the case elsewhere).
Financial disclosure
In many jurisdictions, corporations whose shareholders benefit from limited liability are required to publish annual financial statements and other data, so that creditors who do business with the corporation are able to assess the creditworthiness of the corporation and cannot enforce claims against shareholders. Shareholders therefore sacrifice some loss of privacy in return for limited liability. This requirement generally applies in Europe, but not in Anglo-American jurisdictions, except for publicly traded corporations, where financial disclosure is required for investor protection.
Unresolved issues
The nature of the corporation continues to evolve in response to new situations as existing corporations promote new ideas and structures, the courts respond, and governments issue new regulations. A question of long standing is that of diffused responsibility. For example, if a corporation is found liable for a death, how should culpability and punishment for it be allocated among shareholders, directors, management and staff, and the corporation itself? See corporate liability, and specifically, corporate manslaughter.The law differs among jurisdictions, and is in a state of flux. Some argue that shareholders should be ultimately responsible in such circumstances, forcing them to consider issues other than profit when investing, but a corporation may have millions of small shareholders who know nothing about its business activities. Moreover, traders — especially hedge funds — may turn over shares in corporations many times a day. The issue of corporate repeat offenders (see H. Glasbeek, "Wealth by Stealth: Corporate Crime, Corporate Law, and the Perversion of Democracy", ISBN 978-1896357416, Between the Lines Press: Toronto 2002) raises the question of the so-called "death penalty for corporations."
Types
:For a list of types of corporation and other business types by country, see Types of business entity.Most corporations are registered with the local jurisdiction as either a stock corporation or a non-stock corporation. Stock corporations sell stock to generate capital. A stock corporation is generally a for-profit corporation. A non-stock corporation does not have stockholders, but may have members who have voting rights in the corporation.
Some jurisdictions (Washington, D.C., for example) separate corporations into for-profit and non-profit, as opposed to dividing into stock and non-stock.
Several states also allow a variation of the corporation for use by professionals (i.e., those individuals typically considered as professionals who require a license from the state to conduct business). In some states, such as Georgia, these corporations are known as "professional corporations".
For-profit and non-profit
In modern economic systems, conventions of corporate governance commonly appear in a wide variety of business and non-profit activities. Though the laws governing these creatures of statute often differ, the courts often interpret provisions of the law that apply to profit-making enterprises in the same manner (or in a similar manner) when applying principles to non-profit organizations — as the underlying structures of these two types of entity often resemble each other.
Closely held corporations and publicly traded corporations
The institution most often referenced by the word "corporation" is a publicly traded corporation, the shares of which are traded on a public stock exchange (for example, the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States) where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations, meaning that no ready market exists for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies, although the size of such a corporation can be as vast as the largest public corporations.Closely held corporations do have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make company-changing decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market, having capital flow in and out based not only on what the company is doing but the market and even what the competitors are doing. Publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital and can delegate debt throughout all shareholders. This means that people invested in a publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their own capital as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies though suffer from this exact advantage. A closely held corporation can often voluntarily take a hit to profit with little to no repercussions (as long as it is not a sustained loss). A publicly traded company though often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders, thus stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often this blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
Often communities benefit from a closely held company more so than from a public company. A closely held company is far more likely to stay in a single place that has treated them well, even if going through hard times. The shareholders can incur some of the damage the company may receive from a bad year or slow period in the company profits. Closely held companies often have a better relationship with workers. In larger, publicly traded companies, often when a year has gone badly the first area to feel the effects are the work force with lay offs or worker hours, wages or benefits being cut. Again, in a closely held business the shareholders can incur this profit damage rather than passing it to the workers.
The affairs of publicly traded and closely held corporations are similar in many respects. The main difference in most countries is that publicly traded corporations have the burden of complying with additional securities laws, which (especially in the U.S.) may require additional periodic disclosure (with more stringent requirements), stricter corporate governance standards, and additional procedural obligations in connection with major corporate transactions (for example, mergers) or events (for example, elections of directors).
A closely held corporation may be a subsidiary of another corporation (its parent company), which may itself be either a closely held or a public corporation. In some jurisdictions, the subsidiary of a listed public corporation is also defined as a public corporation (for example,, Australia).
===Mutual benefit corporations=== A mutual benefit nonprofit corporation is a corporation formed in the United States solely for the benefit of its members. An example of a mutual benefit nonprofit corporation is a golf club. Individuals pay to join the club, memberships may be bought and sold, and any property owned by the club is distributed to its members if the club dissolves. The club can decide, in its corporate bylaws, how many members to have, and who can be a member. Generally, while it is a nonprofit corporation, a mutual benefit corporation is not a charity. Because it is not a charity, a mutual benefit nonprofit corporation cannot obtain 501(c)(3) status. If there is a dispute as to how a mutual benefit nonprofit corporation is being operated, it is up to the members to resolve the dispute since the corporation exists to solely serve the needs of its membership and not the general public.
Corporations globally
Following on the success of the corporate model at a national level, many corporations have become transnational or multinational corporations: growing beyond national boundaries to attain sometimes remarkable positions of power and influence in the process of globalizing.The typical "transnational" or "multinational" may fit into a web of overlapping shareholders and directorships, with multiple branches and lines in different regions, many such sub-groupings comprising corporations in their own right. Growth by expansion may favor national or regional branches; growth by acquisition or merger can result in a plethora of groupings scattered around and/or spanning the globe, with structures and names which do not always make clear the structures of shareholder ownership and interaction.
In the spread of corporations across multiple continents, the importance of corporate culture has grown as a unifying factor and a counterweight to local national sensibilities and cultural awareness.
Australia
In Australia corporations are registered and regulated by the Commonwealth Government through the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Corporations law has been largely codified in the Corporations Act 2001.
Brazil
In Brazil there are many different types of legal entities ("sociedades"), but the two most common ones commercially speaking are: (i) "sociedade limitada", identified by "Ltda." or "Limitada" after the company's name, equivalent to the British limited liability company, and (ii) "sociedade anônima" or "companhia", identified by "S.A." or "Companhia" in the company's name, equivalent to the British public limited company. The "Ltda." is mainly governed by the new Civil Code, enacted in 2002, and the "S.A." by the Law 6.404 dated December 15, 1976, as amended.
Canada
In Canada both the federal government and the provinces have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may have a provincial or a federal charter. Many older corporations in Canada stem from Acts of Parliament passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada is the Hudson's Bay Company; though its business has always been based in Canada, its Royal Charter was issued in England by King Charles II in 1670, and became a Canadian charter by amendment in 1970 when it moved its corporate headquarters from London to Canada. Federally recognized corporations are regulated by the Canada Business Corporations Act.
German-speaking countries
Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein recognize two forms of corporation: the Aktiengesellschaft (AG), analogous to public corporations in the English-speaking world, and the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), similar to (and an inspiration for) the modern limited liability company.
Italy
The Italian Republic recognizes three types of company with limited liability: "S.r.l", or "Società a responsabilità limitata" (a private limited company), "S.p.A" or "Società per Azioni" (a joint-stock company, similar to a Public Limited Company in the United Kingdom), and "S.a.p.a" ("Società in Accomandita per Azioni"). The latter is a hybrid form that involves two categories of shareholders, some with and some without limited liability, and is rarely used in practice.
Japan
In Japan, both the state and local public entities under the Local Autonomy Law (prefectures and municipalities) are considered to be . Non-profit corporations may be established under the Civil Code.The term is used to refer to business corporations. The predominant form is the kabushiki kaisha (株式会社), used by public corporations as well as smaller enterprises. Mochibun kaisha (持分会社), a form for smaller enterprises, are becoming increasingly common. Between 2002 and 2008, the existed to bridge the gap between for-profit companies and non-governmental and non-profit organizations.
Spain
In Spain there are two types of companies: with limited liability called "S.L", or "Sociedad Limitada" (a private limited company) and "S.A." or "Sociedad Anónima" (similar to a Public Limited Company).
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, 'corporation' most commonly refers to a body corporate formed by Royal Charter or by statute, of which few now remain. The BBC is the oldest and best known corporation within the UK that is still in existence. Others, such as the British Steel Corporation, were privatized in the 1980s.In the private sector, corporations are referred to as companies, and are regulated by the Companies Act 2006 (or the Northern Ireland equivalent). The most common type of company is the private limited company ("Limited" or "Ltd."). Private limited companies can either be limited by shares or by guarantee. Other corporate forms include the public limited company ("PLC") and the private unlimited company, and companies limited by guarantee.
A special type of corporation is a corporation sole, which is an office held by an individual natural person (the incumbent), but which has a continuing legal entity separate from that person: an example is a Church of England bishopric
United States
Several types of conventional corporations exist in the United States. Generically, any business entity that is recognized as distinct from the people who own it (i.e., is not a sole proprietorship or a partnership) is a corporation. This generic label includes entities that are known by such legal labels as ‘association’, ‘organization’ and ‘limited liability company’, as well as corporations proper.Only a company that has been formally incorporated according to the laws of a particular state is called ‘corporation’. A corporation was defined in the Dartmouth College case of 1819, in which Chief Justice Marshall of the United States Supreme Court stated that " A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law". A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As legal entity the corporation can acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name like buildings, land and equipment. It can also incur liabilities and enter into contracts like franchising and leasing. American corporations can be either profit-making companies or non-profit entities. Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called “501(c)3 corporation”, after the section of the Internal Revenue Code that addresses the tax exemption for many of them.
The federal government can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the U.S. Constitution. For example, Congress has constitutional power to provide postal services, so it has power to operate the United States Postal Service. Although the federal government could theoretically preempt all state corporate law under the courts' current expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause, it has chosen not to do so. As a result, much of American corporate law continues to be a matter of state law under the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thus, virtually all corporations in the U.S. are incorporated under the laws of a particular state.
All states have some kind of "general corporation law" (California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually use that exact name) which authorizes the formation of private corporations without having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature (as was formerly the case in the 19th century). Many states have separate, self-contained laws authorizing the formation and operation of certain specific types of corporations that are wholly independent of the state general corporation law. For example, in California, nonprofit corporations are incorporated under the Nonprofit Corporation Law, and in Illinois, insurers are incorporated under the Illinois Insurance Code.
Corporations are created by filing the requisite documents with a particular state government. The process is called “incorporation,” referring to the abstract concept of clothing the entity with a "veil" of artificial personhood (embodying, or “corporating” it, ‘corpus’ being the Latin word for ‘body’). Only certain corporations, including banks, are chartered. Others simply file their articles of incorporation with the state government as part of a registration process.
Once incorporated, a corporation has artificial personhood everywhere it may operate, until such time as the corporation may be dissolved. A corporation that operates in one state while being incorporated in another is a “foreign corporation.” This label also applies to corporations incorporated outside of the United States. Foreign corporations must usually register with the secretary of state’s office in each state to lawfully conduct business in that state.
A corporation is legally a citizen of the state (or other jurisdiction) in which it is incorporated (except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business). Corporate business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in Delaware, for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws.
Companies set up for privacy or asset protection often incorporate in Nevada, which does not require disclosure of share ownership. Many states, particularly smaller ones, have modeled their corporate statutes after the Model Business Corporation Act, one of many model sets of law prepared and published by the American Bar Association.
As juristic persons, corporations have certain rights that attach to natural persons. The vast majority of them attach to corporations under state law, especially the law of the state in which the company is incorporated – since the corporations very existence is predicated on the laws of that state. A few rights also attach by federal constitutional and statutory law, but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit (as well as the capacity to be sued) and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled.
But a corporation has no constitutional right to freely exercise its religion because religious exercise is something that only "natural" persons can do. That is, only human beings, not business entities, have the necessary faculties of belief and spirituality that enable them to possess and exercise religious beliefs.
Harvard College (a component of Harvard University), formally the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere. Founded in 1636, the second of Harvard’s two governing boards was incorporated by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts in 1650. Significantly, Massachusetts itself was a corporate colony at that time – owned and operated by the Massachusetts Bay Company (until it lost its charter in 1684) - so Harvard College is a corporation created by a corporation.
Many nations have modeled their own corporate laws on American business law. Corporate law in Saudi Arabia, for example, follows the model of New York State corporate law. In addition to typical corporations in the United States, the federal government, in 1971 passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), which authorized the creation of 12 regional native corporations for Alaska Natives and over 200 village corporations that were entitled to a settlement of land and cash. In addition to the 12 regional corporations, the legislation permitted a 13th regional corporation without a land settlement for those Alaska Natives living out of the State of Alaska at the time of passage of ANCSA.
Corporate taxation
In many countries corporate profits are taxed at a corporate tax rate, and dividends paid to shareholders are taxed at a separate rate. Such a system is sometimes referred to as "double taxation", because any profits distributed to shareholders will eventually be taxed twice. One solution to this (as in the case of the Australian and UK tax systems) is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit which addresses the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. The company profit being passed on is therefore effectively only taxed at the rate of tax paid by the eventual recipient of the dividend. In other systems, dividends are taxed at a lower rate than other income (for example, in the US) or shareholders are taxed directly on the corporation's profits and dividends are not taxed (for example, S corporations in the US).
Criticisms
As Adam Smith pointed out in the Wealth of Nations, when ownership is separated from management (i.e. the actual production process required to obtain the capital), the latter will inevitably begin to neglect the interests of the former, creating dysfunction within the company. Some maintain that recent events in corporate America may serve to reinforce Smith's warnings about the dangers of legally protected collectivist hierarchies.
Other business entities
Almost every recognized type of organization carries out some economic activities (for example, the family). Other organizations that may carry out activities that are generally considered to be business exist under the laws of various countries. These include:
See also
;Law;Other
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Business law Category:Corporations law Category:Legal entities Category:Types of business entity
af:Onderneming ar:مؤسسة تجارية bm:Baarada bs:Korporacija br:Embregerezh bg:Корпорация ca:Corporació ceb:Korporasyon cs:Obchodní společnost de:Körperschaft et:Ettevõte es:Corporación eo:Entrepreno fr:Corporation gl:Corporación ko:주식회사 hr:Korporacija it:Società (diritto italiano) he:תאגיד ht:Antrepriz lv:Uzņēmums lb:Entreprise lt:Korporacija hu:Vállalat ms:Korporat nl:Bedrijf ja:コーポレーション no:Entreprise pl:Korporacja pt:Corporação ro:Corporație ru:Корпорация sq:Korporata simple:Corporation sl:Podjetje sr:Корпорација sh:Korporacija sv:Korporation uk:Корпорація ur:شرکہ war:Corporasyon yi:קארפאראציע zh:股份有限公司This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
