En name | Republic of Bashkortostan |
---|---|
Ru name | Республика Башкортостан |
Loc name1 | Башҡортостан Республикаһы |
Loc lang1 | Bashkir |
Anthem | National Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan |
Political status | Republic |
Political status link | Republics of Russia |
Federal district | Volga |
Economic region | Urals |
Adm ctr type | Capital |
Adm ctr name | Ufa |
Adm ctr name ref | |
Official lang list | Bashkir |
Official lang ref | |
Pop 2010census | 4072100 |
Pop 2010census rank | 7th |
Urban pop 2010census | 65.9% |
Rural pop 2010census | 34.1% |
Pop 2010census ref | |
Pop 2002census | 4104336 |
Pop 2002census rank | 7th |
Urban pop 2002census | 64.0% |
Rural pop 2002census | 36.0% |
Pop 2002census ref | |
Area km2 | 143600 |
Area km2 rank | 27th |
Established date | March 23, 1919 |
License plates | 02 |
Iso | RU-BA |
Gov as of | March 2011 |
Leader title | President |
Leader title ref | |
Leader name | Rustem Khamitov |
Legislature | State Assembly—Kurultai |
Legislature ref | |
Basic law type | Constitution |
Basic law title | Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan |
Website | http://www.bashkortostan.ru |
Date | August 2010 }} |
The direct romanization of the republic's name in Russian is or , and the romanization of the republic's name in Bashkir is .
The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan were set up in the early Paleolithic period; however, it was the Bronze Age which served as a spur to populate this territory. When people of Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons, and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.
Bashkortostan is a territory in the Southern Urals and in Cis-Urals, named after its native people - Bashkirs (bashkort). The Russian (Slavonic) name of the country — Bashkiriya — formed at the end of the XVI century. Originally it was used in the form «Bashkir’», «Bashkirda», «Bashkir horde». The first written references to Bashkir tribes were in compositions of Herodotus (fifth century B.C.). The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 9th century. Valuable information is contained in works by Sallam Tardzheman (IX cent.) and Ibn-Fadlan (X cent.); Al-Balkhi (X cent.) wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, the other near the Danube river , close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste wrote that Bashkirs were «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik river».
After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down, the territory of modern Bashkortostan was divided between Kazan, Siberia Khanates and Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join the Muscovy.
Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established— an indication that the tsarist Government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865— another step towards territorial identification.
After the Russian revolution, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was established, firstly as Little Bashkortostan, but eventually all of Ufa Governorate was incorporated into the newly established republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights— the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.
The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943, large crude oil deposits were discovered. During World War II, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, as well as providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a good number of industries were further developed in Bashkiria such as mining, machine building and, especially, oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.
On October 11, 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the Declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On February 25, 1992 the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
On March 31, 1992 a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On August 3, 1994 a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed.
Bashkortostan is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Major rivers include:
The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petro-chemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.
Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumenosity. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plants growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.
Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about . More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than .
Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.
Rustem Khamitov assumed office as president on 19th July 2010. His predecessor was Murtaza Rakhimov, elected on December 17, 1993. Before the elections, Rakhimov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic— the highest post at that time. Rakhimov was re-elected in December 2003 in a poll condemned by the OSCE for exhibiting "elements of basic fraud."
The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 120 deputies.
The Republic's Constitution was adopted on December 24, 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.
The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Compact (with amendments), and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The judicial power of the Republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, district Courts, and justices of the peace.
In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter on local self-government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.
The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".
The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides and plastics. The republic's gross regional product in 2007 was 645 billion rubles (over €18 billion). More than half of Bashkortostan's industry is based in Ufa, the republic's capital.
+Major economic indices | ||||
!! 2002!!2003!!2004!! | ||||
! Gross regional product | 214.8 | 279.7 | n/a| | billion roubles |
Industrial production volume | 161.7 | 192.1 | 354 | |
Construction | 1,408 | 1,471.5 | 1508.4 | |
Agricultural produce | 50.1 | 52.1 | 57.2 | |
Investments into fixed capital | 52.1 | 53.7 | 62.4 | |
Accumulated foreign investments | 71.7 | 97.6 | 157.1 | |
Foreign trade turnover | 2646 | 3045.3 | 3840.6 | |
Export | 2303.4 | 2724.4 | 3525.9 | |
Import | 342.3 | 320.9 | 314.7 | |
Wholesale trade turnover | 117.7 | 118.1 | 151.2 |
Year !! Population | |
1897 | 1,991,000 |
1913 | 2,811,000 |
1926 | 2,547,000 |
1939 | 3,158,000 |
1959 | 3,340,000 |
1970 | 3,818,000 |
1979 | 3,849,000 |
1989 | 3,950,000 |
2002 | 4,104,000 |
2005 | 4,078,800 |
! | ! Births | ! Deaths | ! Birth rate | ! Death rate |
1970 | ||||
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2008 |
! | ! census 1926 | ! census 1939 | ! census 1959 | ! census 1970 | ! census 1979 | ! census 1989 | ! census 2002 |
Bashkirs | 625,845 (23.5%) | 671,188 (21.2%) | 737,744 (22.1%) | 892,248 (23.4%) | 935,880 (24.3%) | 863,808 (21.9%) | 1,221,302 (29.8%) |
Russians | 1,064,707 (39.9%) | 1,281,347 (40.6%) | 1,418,147 (42.4%) | 1,546,304 (40.5%) | 1,547,893 (40.3%) | 1,548,291 (39.3%) | 1,490,715 (36.3%) |
Tatars | 621,158 (23.3%) | 777,230 (24.6%) | 768,566 (23.0%) | 944,505 (24.7%) | 940,436 (24.5%) | 1,120,702 (28.4%) | 990,702 (24.1%) |
84,886 (3.2%) | 106,892 (3.4%) | 109,970 (3.3%) | 126,638 (3.3%) | 122,344 (3.2%) | 118,509 (3.0%) | 117,317 (2.9%) | |
79,298 (3.0%) | 90,163 (2.9%) | 93,902 (2.8%) | 109,638 (2.9%) | 106,793 (2.8%) | 105,768 (2.7%) | 105,829 (2.6%) | |
Ukrainians | 76,710 (2.9%) | 99,289 (3.1%) | 83,594 (2.5%) | 76,005 (2.0%) | 75,571 (2.0%) | 74,990 (1.9%) | 55,249 (1.3%) |
Others | 113,232 (4.2%) | 132,860 (4.2%) | 129,686 (3.9%) | 122,737 (3.2%) | 115,363 (3.0%) | 111,045 (2.8%) | 123,222 (3.0%) |
Spoken languages: Russian (96%), Tatar (34%), Bashkir (26%).
The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques ( and madrasah).
In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.
Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.
In addition, Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.
The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected, with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.
Official website of Bashkortostan
Category:Turkic states Category:States and territories established in 1919 Category:Republics of Russia
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