Name | Gurmukhī |
---|---|
Languages | Punjabi language |
Time | c. 1539–present |
Type | Abugida |
Fam1 | Proto-Sinaitic alphabet [a] |
Fam2 | Phoenician alphabet [a] |
Fam3 | Aramaic alphabet [a] |footnotes[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |
Fam4 | Brāhmī |fam5Gupta |
Fam6 | Śāradā |
Fam7 | Laṇḍā |
Sisters | Old Kashmiri, Khojki |
Unicode | U+0A00–U+0A7F |
Iso15924 | Guru }} |
Modern Gurmukhi has forty-one consonants (vianjan), nine vowel symbols (lāga mātrā), two symbols for nasal sounds (bindī and ), and one symbol which duplicates the sound of any consonant (addak). In addition, four conjuncts are used: three subjoined forms of the consonants Rara, Haha and Vava, and one half-form of Yayya. Use of the conjunct forms of Vava and Yayya is increasingly scarce in modern contexts.
Gurmukhi is primarily used in the Eastern Punjab region of India where it is the sole official script for all official and judicial purpose, while the Shahmukhi script is officially used in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Gurmukhi has been adapted to write other languages, such as Braj Bhasha, Khariboli (and other Hindustani dialects), Sanskrit and Sindhi. Gurmukhi is the ecclesiastical script of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the holy book of the Sikhs.
There are two major theories on how the Proto-Gurmukhi script emerged in the 15th century. G.B. Singh (1950), while quoting Abu Raihan Al-Biruni's Ta'rikh al-Hind (1030 AD), says that the script evolved from Ardhanagari. Al-Biruni writes that the Ardhanagari script was used in Bathinda and western parts of the Punjab in the 10th century. For some time, Bhatinda remained the capital of the kingdom of Bhatti Rajputs of the Pal clan, who ruled North India before the Muslims occupied the country. Because of its connection with the Bhattis, the Ardhanagari script was also called Bhatachhari. According to Al-Biruni, Ardhanagari was a mixture of Nagari, used in Ujjain and Malwa, and Siddha Matrika or the Siddham script, a variant of the Sharada script used in Kashmir.
Pritam Singh (1992) has also traced the origins of Gurmukhi to the Siddha Matrika.
Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) writes that the Gurmukhi script developed in the 10-14th centuries from the Devasesha stage of the Sharada script. His argument is that from the 10th century, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly Himachal Pradesh) and Kashmir. The regional Sharada script evolves from this stage till the 14th century, when it starts to appear in the form of Gurmukhi. Indian epigraphists call this stage Devasesha, while Bedi prefers the name Pritham Gurmukhi or Proto-Gurmukhi.
The 10 Sikh Gurus adopted the Proto-Gurmukhi script to write the Guru Granth Sahib, the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. Other contemporary scripts used in the Punjab were Takri and the alphabets. Also Takri was a script that developed through the Devasesha stage of the Sharada script, and is found mainly in the Hill States, such as Chamba, where it is called Chambyali and in Jammu, where it is known as Dogri. The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century. After 1948, when Himachal Pradesh was established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced by Devanagari.
Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the were normally not used for literary purposes. Landa means alphabet "without tail", applying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as , Mahajani being the most popular. The alphabets were used for household and trade purposes. Compared to the , Sikh Gurus favoured the use of Proto-Gurmukhi, because of the difficulties involved in pronouncing words without vowel signs.
The usage of Gurmukhi letters in Guru Granth Sahib meant that the script developed its own orthographical rules. In the following epochs, Gurmukhi became the prime script applied for literary writings of the Sikhs. Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Eastern Punjabi language. Meanwhile, in Western Punjab a form of the Urdu script, known as Shahmukhi is still in use.
However, the prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by Gurmukhs, literally those who follow or face the Guru, the script came to be associated with them. Another view is that as the Gurmukhs, in accordance with the Sikh belief, used to meditate on the letters ਵ, ਹ, ਗ, ਰ which jointly form ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or God in Sikhism, these letters were called Gurmukhī, or "of the Gurmukhs". Subsequently, the whole script came to be known as Gurmukhī.
The schwa ("ə"), used in this section, makes a sound like the unstressed "a" in "about."
colspan="2" | Name | Name !! Pron. | Name !! Pron. | Name !! Pron. | Name !! Pron. | |||||||||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ੳ | uṛa | – | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਅ | æṛa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੲ | iṛi | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਸ | səsa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਹ | haha |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਕ | kəka | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਖ | khəkha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗ | gəga | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਘ | kəga | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਙ | ngənga |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਚ | chəcha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਛ | shəsha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਜ | jəja | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਝ | chəja | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਞ | neiia |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਟ | ṭenka | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਠ | ṭhəṭha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਡ | ḍəḍa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਢ | ṭəḍa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਣ | ṇaṇa |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਤ | təta | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਥ | thətha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਦ | dəda | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਧ | təda | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਨ | nəna |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਪ | pəpa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਫ | phəpha | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਬ | bəba | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਭ | pəba | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਮ | məma |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਯ | yaiya | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਰ | rara | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਲ | ləla | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਵ | vava | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੜ | ṛaṛa |
In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant (these are not present in Sri Guru Granth Sahib). These are used most often for loanwords, though not exclusively:
colspan="2" | Name | |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਸ਼ | Sussa pair bindi | Sha |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਖ਼ | Khukha pair bindi |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗ਼ | Gugga pair bindi |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਜ਼ | Jujja pair bindi |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਫ਼ | Phupha pair bindi |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਲ਼ | Lalla pair bindi |
Lallay pair bindi was only recently added to the Gurmukhi alphabet. Some sources may not consider it a separate letter.
Independent vowels are constructed using three bearer characters: Ura (ੳ), Aira (ਅ) and Iri (ੲ). With the exception of Aira (which represents the vowel 'a') they are never used without additional vowel signs.
colspan="3" | Representation !! rowspan="2" >IPA | Example | ||||||
colspan="1" | Ind. | Dep. | with /k/ | Name | Unicode | ! colspan="1" | ||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਅ | Muktā | A | a| | < | like a in about | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਆ | Kannā | AA| | ā | < | like a in car | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਇ | Sihārī | I| | i | < | like i in it | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਈ | Bihārī | II| | ī | < | like i in liter | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਉ | Onkaṛ | U| | u | like u in put | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਊ | Dulankaṛ | UU| | ū | < | like u in Spanish uno | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਏ | Lāvā̃ | E| | ē | < | like e in Chile | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਐ | Dulāvā̃ | AI| | e | < | like e in sell | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਓ | Hōṛā | O| | ō | < | like o in Spanish amor | |||
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center">ਔ | Kanōṛā | AU| | o | like o in off |
Dotted circles represent the bearer consonant. Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, Sihari is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.
colspan="1" | Word | |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">ਆਲੂ | ālū | potato |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਦਿਲ | dil |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗਾਂ | gã |
The aforementioned bindi ( ਂ ) is also used for nasalisation.
The use of addak ( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant is geminate. This means that the subsequent consonant is doubled or reinforced.
The effect of this is shown below:
:ਕ – Kə
:ਕ੍ – K
The schwa ("ə"), used in this section, makes a sound like the unstressed "a" in "about."
colspan="1" | Numeral | |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px">੦ | ਸਿਫਰ sifər | zero |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੧ | ਇੱਕ ikk |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੨ | ਦੋ do |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੩ | ਤਿੰਨ tinn |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੪ | ਚਾਰ chār |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੫ | ਪੰਜ pənj |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੬ | ਛੇ sche |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੭ | ਸੱਤ sətt |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੮ | ਅੱਠ əṭṭ |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੯ | ਨੌਂ nãũ |
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੧੦ | ਦਸ dəs |
The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U+0A00–U+0A7F. Gray areas indicate non-assigned code points.
Gurbaksh (G.B.) Singh. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Chandigarh: Punjab University, 1950.
Ishar Singh Tãgh, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan. Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.
Kala Singh Bedi, Dr. Lipi da Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
Kartar Singh Dakha. Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra. 1948.
Piara Singh Padam, Prof. Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas. Patiala: Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir, 1953.
Prem Parkash Singh, Dr. "Gurmukhi di Utpati." Khoj Patrika, Patiala: Punjabi University.
Pritam Singh, Prof. "Gurmukhi Lipi." Khoj Patrika. p. 110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.
Sohan Singh Galautra. Punjab dian Lipiã.
Tarlochan Singh Bedi, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.
Category:Brahmic scripts Category:Punjabi language Category:Punjabi words and phrases Category:Sikh literature Category:Gurmukhi script
bn:গুরুমুখী লিপি br:Gurmukhī cs:Gurmukhí de:Gurmukhi-Schrift es:Gurmukhi fr:Gurmukhī hi:गुरुमुखी लिपि it:Gurmukhi ml:ഗുരുമുഖി mr:गुरमुखी ms:Gurmukhī nl:Gurmukhi ja:グルムキー文字 nn:Gurmukhi pa:ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ pnb:گرمکھی pl:Pismo gurmukhi ru:Гурмукхи sv:Gurmukhi th:อักษรคุรมุขี zh:古木基文This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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