The
Haida are an
indigenous nation of the Pacific Northwest Coast of
North America. Haida territories lie in both
Canada and the
United States, as do those of the
Tlingit, and
Tsimshian. The Haida territories comprise the archipelago of Haida Gwaii (formerly referred to as the
Queen Charlotte Islands) in British Columbia. In the
Haida language Haida Gwaii translates to "islands of the people"). Historically, and still today, "Kaigani Haida" families live in Southern Alaska and the southern half of
Prince of Wales Island in the southernmost
Alaska Panhandle.
The term "Haida Nation" refers both to the people as a whole and also to their government on Canadian territory, the Council of the Haida Nation; the government for those in the United States is the Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska. Their ancestral language has erroneously been classified as one of the Na-Dene languages, but today is considered to be a language isolate. In addition to those Haida residing on Haida Gwaii, Southern Alaska, and Prince of Wales Island, there are also many Haidas in various urban areas in the western United States.
Haida society continues to be very engaged in the production of a robust and highly stylized art form. While frequently expressed in large wooden carvings (totem poles), Chilkat weaving, or ornate jewellery, it is also moving quickly into the work of populist expression such as Haida manga. Haida art is a leading component of Northwest Coast art.
History
The
Canadian Museum of Civilization offers a detailed look at the Haida, who were known for their seamanship, their martial inclination and
their practice of slavery. Canadian Museum of Civilization anthropologist Diamond Jenness has compared the tribe to
Vikings. The Museum indicates that the Haida also "created notions of wealth", and credits the Haida with the introduction of the
totem pole and the bentwood box. Also in 1856, the
USS Massachusetts was sent from
Seattle to nearby
Port Gamble, where indigenous raiding parties made up of Haida (from territory claimed by the British) and Tongass (from territory claimed by the Russians) had been attacking and enslaving the
Coast Salish people there. When the Haida and Tongass (Cape Fox tribe
Tlingit) warriors refused to acknowledge American jurisdiction and to hand over those among them who had attacked the
Puget Sound communities, a battle ensued in which 26
Native Americans and one government soldier were killed. In the aftermath of this,
Colonel Isaac Ebey, a US military officer and the first settler on
Whidbey Island, was shot and beheaded on 11 August 1857 by a small Haida fleet, in retaliation for the killing of a respected Haida citizen during similar raids the year before. British authorities demurred to pursue or confront any northern indigenous nations as they passed northward through waters the British nevertheless claimed authority over and Ebey's killers were never caught.
Villages
Historical Haida villages were:
Kiusta
Kung
Yan
Hiellan
Skidegate (Graham Island)
Cha'atl
Haina
Kaisun
Cumshewa (Moresby Island)
Skedans aka Koona or Q'una.
Tanu (New Clew), Louise Island
Ninstints (Sgang Gway, aka Anthony Island)
Masset The name Masset, received from pre British contact between Haidas and the Spanish, actually includes three separate and adjoining communities,
* Atewaas (white slope town)
* Jaahguhl
* Kayung
Hlk'yah GaawGa (Windy Bay) (
Lyell Island)
Klinkwan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island)
Sukkwan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island)
Howkan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island)
Kasaan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island)
Tlell, British Columbia
Calendar
The Haidas'
calendar:
April/May- Gansgee 7laa kongaas
May/Early June- Wa.aay gwaalgee
June/July- Kong koaas
July/August- Sgaana gyaas
August/September- K'ijaas
September/October- K'alayaa Kongaas
October/November- K'eed adii
November/December- Jid Kongaas
December/January- Kong gyaangaas
January/February- Hlgiduum kongaas
February/March- Taan kongaas
March- Xiid gayaas
April- Wiid gyaas
Notable Haidas
Marcia Crosby, art historian
Florence Davidson, artist and memoirist
Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas, artist
Reg Davidson, carver
Robert Davidson, carver
Diane Douglas-Willard, basket weaver and educator
Michael Douglas, lawyer
Freda Diesing, carver
Charles Edenshaw, carver, jeweler, and painter
Gerry Marks, artist
Bill Reid, carver, sculptor and jeweler
Jay Simeon, artist
Guujaaw (Gary Edenshaw), artist and politician, current President of the Council of the Haida Nation
Richard H. Carle, Sr., Chief Y'eil Iwaans (Big Raven)
Delores Churchill, artist, basketweaver
Notable Haida in history
Skaay, mythteller
Cumshewa, chief
Koyah, chief
Cuneah, chief at Kiusta
Captain Gold
Chief Masset
Chief Skidegate
Anthropologists and scholars
This is an incomplete list of anthropologists and scholars who have done research on the Haida.
Marius Barbeau
Robert Bringhurst
Wilson Duff
Christie Harris
Bill Holm
Marianne Boelscher Ignace
John R. Swanton
Frederick White
John Enrico
Clealls John Medicine Horse Kelly
Gillian Crowther
Emily Carr
Mary Lee Stearns
Charles F. Newcombe
Frances Poole
Daryl Fedje
Kathleen E. Dalzell
Nancy J. Turner
George Peter Murdock
See also
Haida Argillite Carvings
Haida Islands (Central Coast)
Haida language
Haida manga
Haida mythology
HMCS Haida
Alaska Native Storytelling
Further reading
Blackman, Margaret B. (1982; rev. ed., 1992) During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson, a Haida Woman. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Boelscher, Marianne (1988) The Curtain Within: Haida Social and Mythical Discourse. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Bringhurst, Robert (2000) A Story as Sharp as a Knife: The Classical Haida Mythtellers and Their World. Douglas & McIntyre.
Donald, Leland (1997) Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America. University of California Press.
Andersen, Doris (1974) Slave of the Haida. Macmillan Co. of Canada.
Kushner, Howard (1975) Conflict on the Northwest Coast: American-Russian Rivalry in the Pacific Northwest. Greenwood Press.
Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Richard Dauenhauer, Lydia T. Black (2008) "Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka/Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 And 1804." University of Washington Press.
Fisher, Robin (1992) "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890." UBC Press.
Geduhn, Thomas (1993) "Eigene und fremde Verhaltensmuster in der Territorialgeschichte der Haida." (Mundus Reihe Ethnologie, Band 71.) Bonn: Holos Verlag.
Harris, Christie (1966) Raven's Cry. New York: Atheneum.
Harrison, Charles (1925) Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific - The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends. H.F. & G. Witherby.
Huteson, Pamela (2007) "Transformation Masks" Surrey, B.C. Canada: Hancock House Publishers LTD. ISBN- 13 978-0-88839-635-8 and ISBN- 10 0-88839-635-X
Kan, Sergei (1993) SYMBOLIC IMMORTALITY; The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century Smithsonian.
Snyder, Gary (1979) He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village. San Francisco: Grey Fox Press.
Stearns, Mary Lee (1981) Haida Culture in Custody: The Masset Band. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
The Hydah mission, Queen Charlotte's Islands : an account of the mission and people, with a descriptive letter, Rev. Charles Harrison, publ. Church Missionary Society/Seeley, Jackson & Halliday, London, England, 1884.
Yahgulanaas, Michael Nicoll (2008) "Flight of the Hummingbird" Vancouver; Greystone Books.
Notes
References
Macnair, Peter L.; Hoover, Alan L.; Neary, Kevin (1981) The Legacy – Continuing Traditions of Canadian Northwest Coast Indian Art
External links
Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska website
The Haida - The Canadian Museum of Civilization
Category:First Nations in British Columbia
Category:Alaska Native
Category:Native American history of Alaska
Category:Queen Charlotte Islands