Coordinates | 55°45′06″N37°37′04″N |
---|---|
Name | Anders Fogh Rasmussen |
Order | 12th |
Office | Secretary General of NATO |
Term start | 1 August 2009 |
Predecessor | Jaap de Hoop Scheffer |
Office2 | Prime Minister of Denmark |
Monarch2 | Margrethe II |
Deputy2 | Bendt BendtsenLene Espersen |
Term start2 | 27 November 2001 |
Term end2 | 5 April 2009 |
Predecessor2 | Poul Nyrup Rasmussen |
Successor2 | Lars Løkke Rasmussen |
Office3 | Leader of Venstre |
Term start3 | 18 March 1998 |
Term end3 | 17 May 2009 |
Predecessor3 | Uffe Ellemann-Jensen |
Successor3 | Lars Løkke Rasmussen |
Office4 | Tax Minister of Denmark |
Term start4 | 10 September 1987 |
Term end4 | 19 November 1992 |
Predecessor4 | Isi Foighel |
Successor4 | Peter Brixtofte |
Birth date | |
Birth place | Ginnerup, Denmark |
Party | Venstre |
Spouse | Anne-Mette Rasmussen (1978–present) |
Residence | Brussels, Belgium (Official)Copenhagen, Denmark (Private) |
Alma mater | University of Aarhus |
Religion | Danish National Church }} |
Anders Fogh Rasmussen (; born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician, and the 12th and current Secretary General of NATO. Rasmussen served as Prime Minister of Denmark from November 27, 2001 to April 5, 2009.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen was the leader of the Liberal Party (Venstre), and headed a right-wing coalition with the Conservative People's Party which took office in 2001, and won its second and third terms in February 2005 and in November 2007. Rasmussen's government relied on the Danish People's Party for support, in keeping with the Danish tradition for minority government. His government introduced tougher limits on non-ECA immigration and froze tax rates before he took office (the "tax freeze", or skattestoppet in Danish). He has authored several books about taxation and government structure.
In his early career, Rasmussen was a strident critic of the welfare state, writing the classical liberal book From Social State to Minimal State in 1993. However, through the 1990s, his views moved towards the political centre. Under Rasmussen, certain taxes were lowered, but the Conservative coalition partners repeatedly argued for more tax cuts and a flat tax rate at no higher than 50%. Fogh implemented an administrative reform reducing the number of municipalities (kommuner) and replacing the thirteen counties (amter) with five regions. Rasmussen referred to this as "the biggest reform in thirty years".
He is of no relation to either his predecessor, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, or to his successor, Lars Løkke Rasmussen; their shared last name is a very common name in Denmark.
He matriculated in languages and social studies from Viborg Cathedral School, in 1969–1972. A graduate in Economics (1978) of the University of Aarhus, he has been active in politics most of his life. He has authored several books about taxation and government structure. He and his wife Anne-Mette (born 1958) married in 1978 and have three children: Henrik (born 1979), Maria (born 1981) and Christina (born 1984).
As an amateur cyclist, Rasmussen completed part of the notorious Alpe d'Huez stage of the 2008 Tour de France the day after the professional race took place. His attendance at Le Tour was at the invitation of Danish former cyclist Bjarne Riis. Rasmussen is also an avid runner.
Rasmussen wrote the book From Social State to Minimal State () in 1993, in which he advocated an extensive reform of the Danish welfare system along classic liberal lines. In particular, he favors lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters etc. In 1993 he was awarded the Adam Smith award by the libertarian society Libertas, partly due to him having written From Social State to Minimal State.
In 1992 Rasmussen resigned from his ministerial posts after a report from a commission of inquiry had decided that he had provided the Folketing with inaccurate and incomplete information regarding his decision to postpone payment of several bills from Regnecentralen and Kommunedata from one accounting year to the next. Rasmussen disagreed with the findings of the commission, but faced with the threat of a motion of no confidence, he decided to leave his posts voluntarily.
After becoming Prime Minister, Rasmussen distanced himself from his earlier writings and announced the death of neoliberalism during the national elections of 2005. Commonly regarded as being inspired by the previous success of Tony Blair, Rasmussen now seems more in favour of the theories of Anthony Giddens and his third way. There was talk in Libertas of revoking Fogh Rasmussen's award as a result of this, though this never happened.
His government has also enacted tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark, specifically as asylumseekers or through arranged marriages. However, the Fogh Rasmussen governments have depended on the support of Dansk Folkeparti, and it is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between the ideology of Fogh Rasmussen and the politics of his government resulting from compromises with Dansk Folkeparti.
This "tax stop" was criticized by the parties on the left wing of Danish politics, allegedly for being "antisocial" and "only for the rich." Since the tax stop also froze the tax of real property (da. ejendomsværdiskat, 1%), it was beneficial to homeowners in the densely populated regions that have experienced an extraordinary increase in the prices of real estate. The tax of real estate is actually limited at a nominal level — not at a relative level. While the rate was one percent when the tax stop was enacted, the actual tax is much less today when the last few years' large increase in property value (+20%/p.a. in large cities) is taken into account. The Danish Economic Council has criticized this as unfairly benefiting current homeowners.
Even though the total tax burden was marginally higher in 2005 than it was in 2001, the tax stop was very popular among voters. Thus, in January 2005, the Social Democrats announced that they accepted the principle of a tax stop until at least one right-wing party was willing to participate in a tax reform.
The tax stop has, however, been ineffective, judging by Venstre's own intentions. The goal of the tax stop was to halt the growth of public expenditures (and halt the growth of taxes), but even with their cuts in public spending (which were considered aggressive by the political left wing), public spending continued to rise by approximately one percentage point above inflation each year.
From 2004 and onwards, minor tax cuts came into effect, on two accounts: # People with jobs got a 3% tax reduction on the 5.5% "bottom tax" (da. bundskat). # An "employment deduction" (da. beskæftigelsesfradrag) was introduced. This initiative is supposed to encourage people to get off welfare and take jobs instead. # The bottom limit of the "middle tax" (da. mellemskat) of 6%, is raised by 12.000 DKK every year, over the next four years. This was supposed to limit the income stresses of middle incomes and families with children.
In 2009 a major tax reform was implemented. The overall marginal tax rate was reduced by 7.5%. In the end, the top tax rate (topskatten) was not changed, but the income level at which it began was raised. This had the effect of removing 350,000 Danes from the top tax bracket. The medium tax rate was eliminated, and the lowest was reduced by 1.5%. Various other tax reforms were enacted such as an increase in the old age pension, incentives for renovation, and various initiatives designed to improve energy efficiency. Finance Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen, called it the biggest reduction in the marginal tax rate since the introduction of income tax in 1903.
Some of the more ambitious elements of the reforms (such as a lowereing of the "top tax" rate) had to be changed or greatly reduced in order to receive the necessary support from the more tax friendly Danish People's Party.
During the EU presidency he was involved in a curious episode with then Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi. In a joint press conference on 4 October 2002 Silvio Berlusconi said: "Rasmussen is the most handsome prime minister in Europe. I think I will introduce him to my wife because he is even more handsome than Cacciari". Massimo Cacciari is an Italian philosopher and centrist politician opposing Berlusconi, and some gossip tabloids had alleged an affair between him and Berlusconi's second wife Veronica Lario. Rasmussen was puzzled by this remark and Berlusconi quickly told him he'd explain later.
As Prime Minister, Rasmussen strongly supported the 2003 Iraq War. As in most European countries he faced considerable opposition, both in the parliament and in the general population. Subsequent opinion polls suggested the Danish population's opinion was split on the issue. One vocal protester managed to get into the Danish parliament during the period before the war, where he poured red paint on the prime minister while yelling "Du har blod på dine hænder" (literally: "You have blood on your hands"). A member of the Danish parliament, Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil, stated that it was a reaction she might have made under the circumstances, although she has later denounced such threatening behaviour against politicians. Denmark was one of only five countries to take part in the actual invasion operations (the others being the USA, UK, Poland and Australia) though the contingent mainly consisted of two minor warships and staff and radio units, that were never involved in actual combat. In the months after the initial phase of the war, Danish troops participated in the multi-national force stationed in Iraq. Approximately 550 Danish troops were stationed in Iraq from 2004 and into 2007, first at "Camp Dannevang" and later at "Camp Einherjer", both near Basra. When the contingent of troops left around August 2007, it was not replaced and Denmark has shifted its focus to non-military support around Baghdad. The official reason being provided is that the Iraqi government should now be able to handle the security in the Basra area. Critics of Fogh Rasmussen argue that the withdrawal was motivated by a decreasing domestic support for the war.
In 2004 Rasmussen's government came under attack based on questions of how much intelligence it had with regard to Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. The government held hearings, and was forced to publish classified reports it had consulted about the likelihood of banned weapons existing in Iraq. While the Blair and Bush administrations have been the subject of criticism for extended periods because of their reliance on questionable intelligence, Rasmussen has managed to stay clear of this potential government crisis. This is probably largely because the motion passed by parliament (Folketinget) authorising the deployment of Danish troops states as the reason for the deployment Iraq's continued refusal to cooperate with UN inspectors in violation of the UN Security Council's resolution. The Danish deployment of troops was thus not formally based on a claim that Iraq had WMD's.
In a comment to the media Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated as one of the reasons to support a military intervention, "Irak har masseødelæggelsesvåben. Det er ikke noget vi tror. Vi ved det. Irak har selv indrømmet, at det har haft sennepsgas, nervegas, miltbrand, men Saddam vil ikke afregne. Han vil ikke fortælle os, hvor og hvordan de våben er blevet destrueret. Det ved vi fra FN's inspektører, så der er ingen tvivl i mit sind." (In English: "Iraq has WMDs. It is not something we think, it is something we know. Iraq has itself admitted that it has had mustard gas, nerve gas, anthrax, but Saddam won't disclose. He won't tell us where and how these weapons have been destroyed. We know this from the UN inspectors, so there is no doubt in my mind.").
The Danish Defence Intelligence Service (FE) had produced a classified report stating that it had no absolute proof of WMDs in Iraq. Rasmussen had access to this report and used it in other parts of his decision making. Since the presence of WMDs in Iraq has now been refuted, Rasmussen has focused almost exclusively on the tyrannical nature of Saddam Hussein's regime. A former FE analyst, Major Frank Grevil, was sentenced to four months in prison for leaking the information to the press. Grevil argues that Rasmussen has either lied about or misunderstood the content of the secret reports in his presentations to the parliament. During Rasmussen's administrations, Denmark has also deployed troops to Afghanistan, Bosnia and Kosovo. All three missions have only met minor political opposition. Rasmussen as a prime minister rejected insistent demands from the opposition that there should be investigations into the Denmark's involvement in the Iraq war, similar to the ones in the USA and the UK, on the grounds that the his government took arms against Saddam not because of possible arms possessed, but because of Saddam's failure to comply with UN resolutions.
Although his party's support was reduced from the 2001 election, resulting in the loss of four seats, Venstre was able to maintain its coalition after the election through gains by other parties, and on February 18 Rasmussen formed the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II.
Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" ever of any politician in the Folketing (Denmark's Parliament) with 61,792.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen became the 12th NATO Secretary General on August 1, 2009, succeeding Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, who held the post from 2004 until 2009. The announcement was made on April 4, 2009, at the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit in Strasbourg. During the final selection process only one country, Turkey, remained opposed to Rasmussen's candidacy, partly because of his handling of the cartoon episode in 2005, when the publication in some Danish newspapers of cartoons of Muhammad caused violent protests. Another major point of Turkey's opposition was Denmark's tolerance of Roj TV, which is claimed by the Turkish government to be a mouthpiece for the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Eventually, Turkey withdrew its opposition to Rasmussen's appointment when it received assurances from U.S. president Barack Obama that Turkish officials would be appointed to three high posts in NATO.
After taking up his duty as NATO Secretary General on 1 August 2009, Rasmussens first mission was a visit to Afghanistan, where he met with President Karzai and senior Afghan ministers, including Minister for Foreign Affairs Spanta, Minister for Defence General Wardak, and Minister of Interior Atmar to discuss the then impending presidential and provincial council elections in the country.
In April 2011 in relation to the 2011 Libyan civil war Rasmussen said that on the day NATO started taking command of the mission against the Gaddafi regime in Libya, its boss has ruled out arming the rebels. Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen says the coalition under his control is clear about its mission. "We are not in Libya to arm people. We are in Libya to protect civilians against attacks," he said.
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Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:People from Norddjurs Municipality Category:Danish Lutherans Category:Members of the Folketing Category:NATO Secretaries General Category:Prime Ministers of Denmark Category:Aarhus University alumni Category:Danish economists Category:Recipients of the Order of the Three Stars, 2nd Class Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class Category:People of the 2011 Libyan civil war
ar:أندرس فوغ راسموسن an:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ast:Anders Fogh Rasmussen az:Anders Foq Rasmussen be:Андэрс Фог Расмусэн be-x-old:Андэрс Фог Расмусэн bs:Anders Fogh Rasmussen br:Anders Fogh Rasmussen bg:Андерс Фог Расмусен ca:Anders Fogh Rasmussen cs:Anders Fogh Rasmussen cy:Anders Fogh Rasmussen da:Anders Fogh Rasmussen de:Anders Fogh Rasmussen et:Anders Fogh Rasmussen el:Άντερς Φογκ Ράσμουσεν es:Anders Fogh Rasmussen eo:Anders Fogh Rasmussen fa:آندرس فوگ راسموسن fr:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ga:Anders Fogh Rasmussen gl:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ko:아네르스 포그 라스무센 hr:Anders Fogh Rasmussen io:Anders Fogh Rasmussen id:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ie:Anders Fogh Rasmussen is:Anders Fogh Rasmussen it:Anders Fogh Rasmussen he:אנדרס פוג ראסמוסן ka:ანდერს ფოგ რასმუსენი ku:Anders Fogh Rasmussen la:Andreas Fogh Rasmussen lb:Anders Fogh Rasmussen hu:Anders Fogh Rasmussen mr:अँडर्स फो रासमुसेन nl:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ja:アナス・フォー・ラスムセン no:Anders Fogh Rasmussen nn:Anders Fogh Rasmussen oc:Anders Fogh Rasmussen pl:Anders Fogh Rasmussen pt:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ro:Anders Fogh Rasmussen ru:Расмуссен, Андерс Фог sq:Anders Fogh Rasmussen sr:Андерс Фог Расмусен fi:Anders Fogh Rasmussen sv:Anders Fogh Rasmussen tr:Anders Fogh Rasmussen uk:Андерс Фог Расмуссен vi:Anders Fogh Rasmussen fiu-vro:Rasmusseni Anders Fogh zh:安诺斯·福格·拉斯穆森This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
A foghorn or fog signal or fog bell is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of hazards or boats of the presence of other vehicles in foggy conditions. The term is most often used in relation to marine transport. When visual navigation aids such as lighthouses are obscured, foghorns provide an audible warning of rocks, shoals, headlands, or other dangers to shipping.
Audible fog signals have been used in one form or another for hundreds of years, initially simply bells or gongs struck manually.
At some lighthouses, a small cannon was let off periodically to warn away ships, but this had the obvious disadvantage of having to be fired manually throughout the whole period the fog persisted (which could be for several days). In the United States, whistles were also used where a source of steam power was available, though Trinity House, the British Lighthouse Authority, did not employ them, preferring an explosive signal.
Throughout the 19th century efforts were made to automate the signalling process. Trinity House eventually developed a system (the "Signal, Fog, Mk I") for firing a gun-cotton charge electrically. However, the charge had to be manually replaced after each signal. At Portland Bill, for example, which had a 5-minute interval between fog-signals, this meant the horns had to be lowered, the 2 new charges inserted, and the horns raised again every 5 minutes during foggy periods. Clockwork systems were also developed for striking bells.
Captain James William Newton claimed to have been the inventor of the fog signalling technique using loud and low notes.
The first automated steam-powered foghorn was invented by Robert Foulis, a Scotsman who emigrated to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Foulis is said to have heard his daughter playing the piano in the distance on a foggy night, and noticed the low notes were more audible than the higher notes: he then designed a device to produce a low-frequency sound, as well as a code system for use with it. After repeated representations to the New Brunswick legislature, Foulis's fog signal was installed on Partridge Island in 1859 by a T. T. Vernon-Smith; Foulis himself was involved in legal battles over his invention for the remainder of his life.
The development of fog signal technology continued apace at the end of the 19th Century. During the same period an inventor, Celadon Leeds Daboll, developed a coal-powered foghorn called the Daboll trumpet for the American lighthouse service, though it was not universally adopted. A few Daboll trumpets remained in use until the mid 20th century.
All foghorns use a vibrating column of air to create an audible tone, but the method of setting up this vibration differs. Some horns, like the Daboll trumpet, used vibrating plates or metal reeds, a similar principle to a modern electric car horn. Others utilised air forced through holes in a revolving cylinder or disk, in the same manner as a siren. Semi-automatic operation of foghorns was achieved by using a clockwork mechanism (or 'coder') to open the valves admitting air to the horns; each horn was given its own characteristics to help mariners identify their position.
One of the first automated fog bells was the Stevens Automatic Bell Striker.
Some later fog bells were placed under water, particularly in especially dangerous areas, so that their sound (which would be a predictable set, such as the number "23") would be carried further and reverberate through the ship's hull. See, White Shoal Light (Michigan). This was an earlier precursor to RACON.
In the United Kingdom, experiments to develop more effective foghorns were carried out by John Tyndall and Lord Rayleigh, amongst others. The latter's ongoing research for Trinity House culminated in a design for a siren with a large trumpet designed to achieve maximum sound propagation, installed in Trevose Head Lighthouse, Cornwall in 1913.
From the early 20th century a device called the diaphone, invented by John Northey of Toronto, became the standard foghorn apparatus for new installations. Diaphones were powered by compressed air and could emit extremely powerful low-frequency notes.
In 1982, the Dutch broadcaster VPRO aired a live foghorn concert on national radio, relaying the sound of the foghorns in Emden, Calais, Nieuwpoort, Scheveningen, Den Helder, Lelystad, Urk, Marken and Kornwerderzand.
Since automation of lighthouses became common in the 1960s and 1970s, most older foghorn installations have been removed to avoid the need to run the complex machinery associated with them, and have been replaced with electrically-powered diaphragm or compressed air horns. Activation is completely automated: a laser or photo beam is shot out to sea, and if the beam reflects back to the source (i.e., the laser beam is visible due to the fog), the sensor tells a computer to activate the foghorn. In many cases, modern navigational aids have rendered large, long-range foghorns completely unnecessary, according to the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.
Fog signals have also been used on railway lines since the middle of the 19th century to indicate to the driver of a moving train that a broken down train, a work party or some other unforeseen hazard is on the line ahead. They are small explosive detonators or torpedoes which are placed on the track and detonated by the pressure of the wheels of the oncoming train. The loud report of the explosion provides the indication to the driver that in most cases requires the train to be stopped immediately. During World War II these devices were modified to detonate demolition charges during railroad sabotage operations.
Category:Navigation Category:Canadian inventions
de:Nebelhorn fr:Corne de brume it:Nautofono nl:Misthoorn ja:霧信号所 nn:Tåkelur pl:Nautofon fi:Sumusireeni sv:MistlurThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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