Monty Python - Bavarian restaurant
- Order:
- Duration: 5:31
- Published: 07 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 06 Aug 2011
- Author: MrsCarlyle
Monty Python at a "traditional" Bavarian restaurant
Bavaria
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Adam Ries
Adam Ries (1492, Bad Staffelstein – March 30, 1559) was a German mathematician. He is also known by the name Adam Riese.
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Albrecht Altdorfer
Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480 near Regensburg – 12 February 1538 in Regensburg) was a German painter, printmaker and architect of the Renaissance era, the leader of the Danube School in southern Germany, and a near-contemporary of Albrecht Dürer. He is best known as a significant pioneer of landscape in art.
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Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His well-known works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.
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Alfons Goppel
Alfons Goppel (October 1, 1905 in Reinhausen, near Regensburg - December 24, 1991 in Johannesberg, near Aschaffenburg) was a German politician of the CSU party and Prime Minister of Bavaria (1962-1978).
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Allemanni
http://wn.com/Allemanni -
Alois Alzheimer
Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer, (; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Baiuvarii
http://wn.com/Baiuvarii -
Barbara Dennerlein
Barbara Dennerlein (born 25 September 1964 in Munich, Germany), is a hard bop and post-bop Hammond B3 organist
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Bernd Schuster
Bernhard Schuster (born 22 December 1959 in Augsburg) is a German football manager and former player, currently managing Turkish Super Lig side Beşiktaş. His nickname is "der Blonde Engel" (the Blonde Angel).
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Bertolt Brecht
Bertolt Brecht (; born ; 10 February 1898–14 August 1956) was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director. An influential theatre practitioner of the 20th century, Brecht made equally significant contributions to dramaturgy and theatrical production, the latter particularly through the seismic impact of the tours undertaken by the Berliner Ensemble—the post-war theatre company operated by Brecht and his wife and long-time collaborator, the actress Helene Weigel—with its internationally acclaimed productions.
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Boii
Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; Greek ) is the Roman name of an Iron age tribe located at the beginning of their history in central Europe, perhaps in or including the regions that still bear their name: Bavaria and Bohemia. The Roman and Greek historians of the late Roman Republic and Roman Empire considered them to be a Gallic or Celtic tribe; that is, a member of a larger ethnic group in Europe termed the Celts or Gauls. Inscriptions from various locations in their range indicate that the latter spoke languages of the Celtic family. The language of the Boii specifically, however, is not known.
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Carl Orff
Carl Orff ( – ) was a 20th-century German composer, best known for his cantata Carmina Burana (1937). In addition to his career as a composer, Orff developed an influential method of music education for children.
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Carl Spitzweg
Carl Spitzweg (February 5, 1808 – September 23, 1885) was a German romanticist painter and poet. He is considered to be one of the most important artists of the Biedermeier era.
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Carl von Linde
Professor Doctor Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (11 June 1842 - 16 November 1934) was a German engineer who developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies. Linde was a member of scientific and engineering associations, including being on the board of trustees of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt German National Metrology Institute and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne (; , meaning Charles the Great; possibly 74228 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany (where he is known as Karl der Große), and the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne wished to expand his kingdom by "the sword and the cross". He wished to see his kingdom grow, but he also wanted Christianity to be taught in all the kingdoms he conquered as well. Charlemagne was a Catholic and a strong believer in his faith.
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Edmund Stoiber
Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber (born 28 September 1941) is a German politician, former minister-president of the state of Bavaria and former chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU). On 18 January 2007, he announced his decision to step down from the posts of minister-president and party chairman by 30 September, after having been under fire in his own party for weeks.
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Erwin Eisch
Erwin Eisch is a German artist who works with glass. He is also a painter, draughtsman and printmaker. With that of his friend and colleague in glass, Harvey Littleton, Eisch's work in glass embodies the ideas of the international Studio Glass movement. Along with glass artists Sam Herman and Sybren Valkema, Eisch is considered a founder of Studio Glass in Europe.
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European Avars
http://wn.com/European_Avars -
Franks
The Franks ( or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
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Franz Beckenbauer
Franz Anton Beckenbauer (born 11 September 1945 in Munich) is a German football coach, manager, and former player, nicknamed Der Kaiser ("The Emperor") because of his elegant style, his leadership, his first name "Franz" (reminiscent of the Austrian emperors), and his dominance on the football pitch. He is generally regarded as the greatest German footballer of all time and one of the greatest and most decorated footballers in the history of the game.
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Franz Josef Strauß
http://wn.com/Franz_Josef_Strauß -
Franz von Lenbach
Franz von Lenbach (13 December 1836 – 6 May 1904) was a German painter.
http://wn.com/Franz_von_Lenbach -
Fritz Schäffer
Fritz Schäffer (12 May 1888, München – 29 March 1967, Berchtesgaden) was a German politician for the Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and the Christian Social Union (CSU). In 1945 he became the first Bavarian Minister-President after World War II. From 1949 to 1957 he was German Minister of Finance and from 1957 to 1961 Minister of Justice.
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Fritz Wepper
Fritz Wepper (born August 17, 1941 in Munich, Germany) is a German television actor.
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Gabriele Munter
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Garibald I
http://wn.com/Garibald_I -
Georg Ohm
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German American
[[Image:Muhlenberg.jpg" />
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/German_American -
Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gutans) were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe, who played an important role in the history of the Roman Empire after they appeared on its lower Danube frontier in the third century.
http://wn.com/Goths -
Grifo
Grifo (726–753) was the son of the Frankish major domo Charles Martel and his second wife Swanahild.
http://wn.com/Grifo -
Gustl Bayrhammer
Gustl Bayrhammer (12 February 1922 – 24 April 1993) was a German actor. He appeared in 79 films and television shows between 1964 and 1993. He starred in the 1970 film o.k., which was entered into the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. However, the competition was cancelled and no prizes were awarded, over controversy surrounding the film.
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Günther Beckstein
Günther Beckstein () (born November 23, 1943 in Hersbruck, Germany) is a Bavarian CSU politician and was Minister-President of Bavaria from 9 October 2007 to 27 October 2008 . He is well known for his outspoken views on law and order.
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Hanns Seidel
Hanns Seidel (12 October 1901 - 5 August 1961) was a German politician and Bavarian prime minister from 1957 to 1960. He belonged to the conservative Christian Social Union of Bavaria party.
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Hans Ehard
Hans Ehard (10 November 1887 in Bamberg – 18 October 1980 in Munich) was a German lawyer and politician, a member of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party.
http://wn.com/Hans_Ehard -
Hans Sachs
: This article refers to the poet. For other people of the same name, see Hans Sachs (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Hans_Sachs -
Helmut Fischer
Helmut Fischer (15 November 1926 – 14 June 1997) was a popular award winning German actor.
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Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Ibsen (; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father" of modern drama and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. His plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European societies were characterized by strict mores of family life and propriety. Ibsen's work examined the realities that lay behind many façades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries. It utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. Ibsen is often ranked as one of the truly great playwrights in the European tradition, alongside Shakespeare.
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Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion () (1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.
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Hermann Schwarz
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (25 January 1843 – 30 November 1921) was a German mathematician, known for his work in complex analysis. He was born in Hermsdorf, Silesia (now Jerzmanowa, Poland) and died in Berlin. He was married to Marie Kummer, a daughter of the mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer and his wife Ottilie, née Mendelssohn (a daughter of Nathan Mendelssohns and granddaughter of Moses Mendelssohn). They had six children.
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Heruli
The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths, Huns, and Byzantines in the 3rd to 5th centuries. The name is related to earl (see erilaz) and was probably an honorific military title. One of the Heruli, Odoacer the commander of the Imperial foederati troops, deposed the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus.
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Holger Badstuber
Holger Badstuber () (born 13 March 1989 in Memmingen) is a German footballer who is currently playing as a defender for Bayern Munich in the Bundesliga and the German national football team.
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Horst Seehofer
Horst Lorenz Seehofer (born 4 July 1949 in Ingolstadt) is a German politician (CSU). He was Federal Minister for Health and Social Security from 1992 to 1998 and served as Federal Minister of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in the cabinet of Angela Merkel from 2005 to 2008. In October 2008 he became chairman of the CSU and Minister-President of Bavaria.
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Jean Paul
Jean Paul (21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825), born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories.
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Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel (, , or ; , , or ; baptized September 1, 1653 – buried March 9, 1706) was a German Baroque composer, organist and teacher, who brought the south German organ tradition to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
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Johannes Stark
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.
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Jonas Kaufmann
Jonas Kaufmann (born 1969) is a lirico spinto tenor born in Munich, Germany.
http://wn.com/Jonas_Kaufmann -
Joseph Vilsmaier
Joseph Vilsmaier (born 24 January 1939 in Munich) is a German film director.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Vilsmaier -
Karl Mai
Karl (Charly) Mai (27 July 1928 – 15 March 1993) was a German footballer. He was born in Fürth.
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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
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King Ludwig II
http://wn.com/King_Ludwig_II -
Klaus Augenthaler
Klaus Augenthaler (born 26 September 1957 in Fürstenzell, near Passau in Bavaria, Germany) is a former football player and now manager.
http://wn.com/Klaus_Augenthaler -
Klaus Mann
Klaus Mann (November 18, 1906 – May 21, 1949) was a German writer.
http://wn.com/Klaus_Mann -
Klaus Nomi
Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona.
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Kurt Eisner
Kurt Eisner (14 May 1867 in Berlin – 21 February 1919 in Munich) was a Bavarian politician and journalist. As a German socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918.
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Levi Strauss
Levi Strauss (born Löb Strauß; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm, Levi Strauss & Co., began in 1853 in San Francisco, California.
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Lombards
The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italy in 568 under the leadership of Alboin. They established a Lombard Kingdom, later named Kingdom of Italy, which lasted until 774, when it was conquered by the Franks. Their influence on Italian political geography is apparent in the regional appellation Lombardy.
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Lothar Matthäus
Lothar Herbert Matthäus , (born 21 March 1961 in Erlangen, West Germany) is a German former football player who is currently the head coach of the Bulgaria national football team.
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Ludwig Thoma
Ludwig Thoma (January 21, 1867, Oberammergau - August 26, 1921, Rottach) was a German author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of a Bavarian workday.
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Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
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Martin Behaim
Martin (von) Behaim (October 6, 1459 – July 29, 1507), (also known as Martinho da Boémia, Martin Bohemus, Martin Behaim von Schwarzbach, or, in Latin, known as Martinus de Boemia) was a German cosmographer, astronomer, geographer and explorer in service to the King of Portugal.
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Matthias Klostermayr
Matthias Klostermayr, known as Bavarian Hiasl (in German Bayerische Hiasl, in Austro-Bavarian Boarische Hiasl) (3 September 1736—6 September 1771) was a renowned German outlaw, poacher and social rebel who had come to be described, particularly in accounts written in the English-speaking world, as the Bavarian Robin Hood.
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Max Morlock
Maximilian ("Maxl" or "Max") Morlock (born 11 May 1925 in Nuremberg — died 10 September 1994 in Nuremberg) was one of the most popular German football players in the 1950s and early 1960s. In his time with the West German national team, he earned 26 caps and scored 21 goals. His position was that of an inside right forward.
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Max Planck
Max Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. He is considered to be the founder of the quantum theory, and thus one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
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Max Streibl
Max Streibl (January 6, 1932 in Oberammergau - December 11, 1998 in Munich) was a German politician of the CSU party and former Minister President of Bavaria.
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Merovingian
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Napoleon
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Orlande de Lassus
Orlande de Lassus (also Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Roland de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (1532 (possibly 1530) – 14 June 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. He is today considered to be the chief representative of the mature polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish school, and one of the two most famous and influential musicians in Europe at the end of the 16th century (the other being Palestrina).
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Oskar Maria Graf
Oskar Maria Graf (22 July 1894 – 28 June 1967) was a German author.
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Ottfried Fischer
Ottfried Fischer (born 7 November 1953 in Ornatsöd, Lower Bavaria) is a German actor and Kabarett artist best known for his role as Benno Berghammer in the popular German TV series Der Bulle von Tölz. He is a supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
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Paul Breitner
Paul Breitner (born 5 September 1951 in Kolbermoor, Bavaria) is a former German football player. One of Germany's most controversial players, he was capped 48 times for his country.
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Paul Klee
Paul Klee (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, and is considered both a Swiss painter and a German painter. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. He was, as well, a student of orientalism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually mastered color theory, and wrote extensively about it; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are considered so important for modern art that they are compared to the importance that Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting had for Renaissance. He and his colleague , the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the German Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture. His works reflect his dry humour and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.
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Peter Schreyer
Peter Schreyer is an automobile designer, widely known for his design contributions to the Audi TT and as the Chief Design Officer at Kia Motors (2006).
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Philipp Lahm
Philipp Lahm (; born 11 November 1983 in Munich, Germany) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bayern Munich and is the Captain of the German national team.
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Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
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Pope Damasus II
Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039–56). A native of Bavaria, he was the third German to become Pope and had one of the shortest papal reigns. His original name was Poppo, and he was bishop of Brixen when the Emperor raised him to the papacy.
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Pope Victor II
Victor II (c. 1018 – July 28, 1057), born Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein, and Hirschberg, was Pope from 1055 to 1057. He was one of a series of German reform Popes.
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Quadi
The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. The history of non-literate peoples is written by their opponents, and we can only know the Germanic tribe the Romans called the 'Quadi' through Roman eyes. No pottery style or other remains of material culture serve to distinguish Quadi encampments from those of closely related groups.
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Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known particularly for his operas, Lieder, and tone poems. Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the extraordinary late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style. Strauss's music had a profound influence on the development of music in the twentieth century. Strauss was also a prominent conductor.
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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
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Robert Huber
Robert Huber is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Robert_Huber -
Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (; March 18, 1858 – last seen alive September 29, 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine.
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Rudolf Moessbauer
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Ruth Drexel
Ruth Drexel (14 July 1930 – 26 February 2009) was a German actress, director, and theatre director/manager. Her best-known role was as "Resi Berghammer" in the German television series,
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Saint Boniface
Saint Boniface () (c. 672 – 5 June 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid, Wynfrith, or Wynfryth in the kingdom of Wessex, possibly at Crediton (now in Devon, England) or Nursling, was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He is the patron saint of Germany and the first archbishop of Mainz.
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Sebastian Kneipp
Sebastian Kneipp (May 17, 1821, Stephansried, Germany – June 17, 1897 in Bad Wörishofen) was a Bavarian priest and one of the founders of the Naturopathic medicine movement. He is most commonly associated with the "Kneipp Cure" form of hydrotherapy, a system of healing involving the application of water through various methods, temperatures and pressures.
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Sepp Maier
Josef Dieter "Sepp" Maier (born 28 February 1944) is a German former professional football goalkeeper. His nickname was "Die Katze von Anzing" ("the cat from Anzing") for his fast reflexes.
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Stefan Reuter
Stefan Reuter (born 16 October 1966 in Dinkelsbühl) is a German football coach and former player.
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Theobald Boehm
Theobald Böhm (or Boehm) (April 9, 1794 – November 27, 1881) was a German inventor and musician, who perfected the modern Western concert flute and its improved fingering system (now known as the "Boehm system"). He was a Bavarian court musician, a virtuoso flautist, and a celebrated composer for the flute.
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Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, the anti-fascist Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the most known exponents of the so called Exilliteratur.
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Thuringians
http://wn.com/Thuringians -
Uschi Glas
Uschi Glas (born Helga Ursula Glas March 2, 1944) is a German film and television actress.
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Walter Sedlmayr
Walter Sedlmayr (6 January 1926 – 14 July 1990) was a Bavarian stage, television, and movie actor.
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Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (; , ''Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij''; – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, and art theorist. He is credited with painting the first modern abstract works.
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Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.
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Werner Herzog
Werner Herzog (; born Werner Herzog Stipetić, 5 September 1942) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and opera director.
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Wilhelm Hoegner
Wilhelm Hoegner (23 September 1887 in München - 5 March 1980 in München) was the second Bavarian prime minister (SPD) after World War II (1945-46 and 1954–57) and father of the Bavarian constitution. He has been the only Social Democrat to hold this office.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Yank Azman
Yank Azman is a Canadian television and movie actor.
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Aichach-Friedberg
Aichach-Friedberg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the districts of Augsburg, Donau-Ries, Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Pfaffenhofen, Dachau, Fürstenfeldbruck and Landsberg, as well as by the city of Augsburg.
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Allianz
SE (formerly AG, , ) is one of the largest financial services providers in the world, headquartered in Munich, Germany.
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Altötting (district)
Altötting is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) Austria and the Bavarian districts of Traunstein, Mühldorf and Rottal-Inn.
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Amberg-Sulzbach
Amberg-Sulzbach is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds but does not include the city of Amberg. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Neustadt (Waldnaab), Schwandorf, Neumarkt, Nürnberger Land and Bayreuth.
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Ansbach (district)
Ansbach is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is surrounding, but not including the city of Ansbach; nonetheless the administrative seat of the district is Ansbach. It is the district with the biggest area in Bavaria. The district is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts Ostalbkreis, Schwäbisch Hall and Main-Tauber (all in the state of Baden-Württemberg), and the districts of Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, Fürth, Roth, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen and Donau-Ries.
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Augsburg (district)
Augsburg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the city of Augsburg and the districts of Aichach-Friedberg, Landsberg, Ostallgäu, Unterallgäu, Günzburg, Dillingen and Donau-Ries. The city of Augsburg is not part of the district, but nonetheless is its administrative seat.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire () was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria–Hungary, which was proclaimed after declaring the Emperor of Austria also King of Hungary, a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
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Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War (in Germany known as German War, Seven Weeks War, Unification War, German Civil War or Fraternal War) was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In the Italian unification process, this is called the Third Independence War.
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Baden-Württemberg
[[Image:Wirkoennenalles.jpg|thumb|250px|center|A campaign sticker, translated, "We can do anything except [speak] standard German." This is an allusion to the fact that Baden-Württemberg is one of the principal centres for innovation in Germany and has many inhabitants with distinctive dialects.]]
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Bamberg (district)
Bamberg Land is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds but does not include the town of Bamberg. The district is bounded by the districts of (from the north and clockwise) Lichtenfels, Bayreuth, Forchheim, Erlangen-Höchstadt, Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, Kitzingen, Schweinfurt and Haßberge.
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Bavarian Forest
The Bavarian Forest (German: ') is a wooded low-mountain region in Bavaria, Germany. It extends along the Czech border and is continued on the Czech side by the Šumava (Bohemian Forest). Geographically the Bavarian Forest and Bohemian Forest are sections of the same mountain range. A part of the Bavarian Forest belongs to the Bavarian Forest National Park' (Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald) (240 km²), established in 1970 as the first national park in Germany. Another 3008 km² belong to the Bavarian Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Bayerischer Wald), established 1967, and 1738 km² to the Eastern Bavarian Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Oberer Bayerischer Wald''), established 1965. The Bavarian Forest is a remnant of the Hercynian Forest that stretched across southern Germania in Roman times. It is the largest protected forest area in central Europe.
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Bayreuth (district)
Bayreuth is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds, but does not include the city of Bayreuth. The district is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kulmbach, Hof, Wunsiedel, Tirschenreuth, Neustadt/Waldnaab, Amberg-Sulzbach, Nürnberger Land, Forchheim and Bamberg.
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Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch, but in German referred to as the Hitlerputsch or the Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch) was a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff, and other heads of the Kampfbund unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. Putsch is the German word for a military coup d'état.
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Berchtesgadener Land
Berchtesgadener Land is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by the district of Traunstein and by the state of Austria.
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Bundestag
The Bundestag (Federal Diet; ) is the lower unicameral house of the parliament of Germany, established by the German Grundgesetz of 1949 as the successor to the earlier Reichstag. Norbert Lammert is the current President of the Bundestag.
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Cham (district)
Cham is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Regen, Straubing-Bogen, Regensburg and Schwandorf and by the Czech Plzeň Region.
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Coburg (district)
Coburg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Kronach, Lichtenfels, Bamberg and Haßberge, and by the state of Thuringia (districts Hildburghausen and Sonneberg). The district is surrounding, but not including the city of Coburg.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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County of Hainaut
:This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut, for other meanings see Hainaut.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Dachau (district)
Dachau is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Fürstenfeldbruck, Aichach-Friedberg, Pfaffenhofen, Freising and Munich, and by the city of Munich.
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Dillingen (district)
Dillingen is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Donau-Ries, Augsburg and Günzburg, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (district of Heidenheim).
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Dingolfing-Landau
Dingolfing-Landau is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Straubing-Bogen, Deggendorf, Rottal-Inn and Landshut.
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Donau-Ries
Donau-Ries (Danube-Ries) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Ansbach, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Eichstätt, Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Aichach-Friedberg, Augsburg and Dillingen, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts of Heidenheim and Ostalbkreis).
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Ebersberg (district)
Ebersberg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Erding, Mühldorf, Rosenheim and Munich.
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Eichstätt (district)
Eichstätt is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Donau-Ries, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Roth, Neumarkt, Kelheim and Pfaffenhofen, and by the city of Ingolstadt.
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Electoral Palatinate
The County Palatine of the Rhine (), later the Electoral Palatinate (), was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, a palatinate administered by a count palatine. Its rulers served as prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356.
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Erding (district)
Erding is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Landshut, Mühldorf, Ebersberg, Munich and Freising.
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Erlangen-Höchstadt
Erlangen-Höchstadt is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Fürth, Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, Bamberg, Forchheim and Nürnberger Land, and by the cities of Nuremberg and Erlangen. The city of Erlangen is not part of the district, but nonetheless its administrative seat.
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Forchheim (district)
Forchheim is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Bamberg, Bayreuth, Nürnberger Land and Erlangen-Höchstadt.
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Fortress Marienberg
Fortress Marienberg (German: Festung Marienberg) is a prominent landmark on the Main river in Würzburg, Germany. The mighty Fortress Marienberg is the symbol of Würzburg and served as a home of the prince-bishops for nearly five centuries. It has been a fort since ancient times. After Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquered the area in 1631, the castle was reconstructed in the Baroque style. Today, it is a park and museum.
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Franconia
Franconia () is a region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria, a small part of southern Thuringia, and a region in northeastern Baden-Württemberg called Heilbronn-Franken. The Bavarian part is made up of the administrative regions of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken), Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), and Upper Franconia (Oberfranken).
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Freising (district)
Freising is a district in Bavaria, Germany. Following a recent ranking of the German magazine FOCUS MONEY comparing all German districts it is number one concerning economic growth abilities. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kelheim, Landshut, Erding, Munich, Dachau and Pfaffenhofen.
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Freyung-Grafenau
Freyung-Grafenau is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Passau, Deggendorf, Regen, the Czech Republic and by Austria.
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Fürth (district)
Fürth is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg, and by the districts of Roth, Ansbach, Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim and Erlangen-Höchstadt.
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German Empire
The German Empire (, called by some German historians as Kaiserlich Deutsches Reich or Kaiserreich) refers to Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II (28 November 1918). Deutsches Reich remained the official name of Germany throughout the Weimar period and most of the Nazi period until 1943, when it was changed to Großdeutsches Reich ("Great German Empire").
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Günzburg (district)
Günzburg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Dillingen, Augsburg, Unterallgäu and Neu-Ulm, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts Alb-Donau and Heidenheim).
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Hesse
Hesse () or Hessia ( , Hessisch: Hesse ) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
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Hof (district)
Hof is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Wunsiedel, Bayreuth, Kulmbach and Kronach, the states of Thuringia (district of Saale-Orla) and Saxony (district of Vogtlandkreis), and the Czech Republic. The city of Hof is an enclave within the district, as well a being the district's administrative seat.
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Holland
Holland
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Kelheim (district)
Kelheim is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Regensburg, Landshut, Freising, Pfaffenhofen, Eichstätt and Neumarkt.
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Kitzingen (district)
Kitzingen is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Schweinfurt, Bamberg, Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim and Würzburg.
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Kronach (district)
Kronach is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Hof, Kulmbach, Lichtenfels and Coburg, and the state of Thuringia (districts of Sonneberg, Saalfeld-Rudolstadt and Saale-Orla).
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Kulmbach (district)
Kulmbach is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kronach, Hof, Bayreuth and Lichtenfels.
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Lake Constance
Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein.
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Landsberg (district)
Landsberg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Aichach-Friedberg, Fürstenfeldbruck, Starnberg, Weilheim-Schongau, Ostallgäu and Augsburg.
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Landshut (district)
Landshut is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kelheim, Straubing-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau, Rottal-Inn, Mühldorf, Erding and Freising. The city of Landshut is enclosed by, but does not belong to the district. It is nonetheless its administrative seat.
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Landtag of Bavaria
The Landtag of Bavaria is the unicameral legislature of the state of Bavaria in Germany. Between 1946 and 1999 there was an upper house, the Senate of Bavaria. The parliament meets in the Maximilianeum.
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Lindau (district)
Lindau is a Landkreis or rural district in Bavaria, Germany; its capital is the city of Lindau. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district of Oberallgäu, Austria (federal state of Vorarlberg), Lake Constance and the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts of Bodensee and Ravensburg).
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Main-Spessart
Main-Spessart is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Bad Kissingen, Schweinfurt and Würzburg, the state of Baden-Württemberg (district of Main-Tauber), the districts of Miltenberg and Aschaffenburg, and the state of Hesse (district of Main-Kinzig).
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Miesbach (district)
Miesbach is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Munich and Rosenheim, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol.
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Munich (district)
Munich () is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It borders (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Dachau, Freising, Erding, Ebersberg, Rosenheim, Miesbach, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Starnberg, Fürstenfeldbruck, and surrounds district-free city Munich itself, which is the district seat.
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Mühldorf (district)
Mühldorf is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Landshut, Rottal-Inn, Altötting, Traunstein, Rosenheim, Ebersberg and Erding.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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Neu-Ulm (district)
Neu-Ulm is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Günzburg and Unterallgäu and the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts Biberach and Alb-Donau, city of Ulm).
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Neumarkt (district)
Neumarkt is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Amberg-Sulzbach, Schwandorf, Regensburg, Kelheim, Eichstätt and Roth.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nymphenburg Palace
The Nymphenburg Palace (), i.e. "Nymph's Castle", is a Baroque palace in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The palace was the main summer residence of the rulers of Bavaria.
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Nürnberger Land
Nürnberger Land is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Forchheim, Bayreuth, Amberg-Sulzbach, Neumarkt, Roth and Erlangen-Höchstadt, and by the city of Nuremberg.
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Oberallgäu
Oberallgäu is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Unterallgäu and Ostallgäu, the Austrian states Tyrol and Vorarlberg, the district of Lindau, and the state of Baden-Württemberg (district Ravensburg). The city of Kempten is enclosed by, but not belonging to the district.
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Oktoberfest
Oktoberfest is a 16-18 day festival held each year in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. It is one of the most famous events in Germany and the world's largest fair, with more than 5 million people attending every year. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations, modelled after the Munich event.
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Ostallgäu
Ostallgäu is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Oberallgäu, Unterallgäu, Augsburg, Landsberg, Weilheim-Schongau and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol. The city of Kaufbeuren is enclosed by but does not belong to the district.
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Passau (district)
Passau is a district (Kreis) in the southeast of Bavaria. It encloses the city of Passau geographically from two sides. Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise) Rottal-Inn, Deggendorf, Freyung-Grafenau. To the south it borders Austria.
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Plassenburg
Plassenburg is a castle in the city of Kulmbach in Bavaria. It is one of the most impressive castles in Germany and a symbol of the city. It was first mentioned in 1135. The Plassenberg family were ministerial of the counts of Andechs (later the dukes of Andechs-Meranien) and used as their seat the Plassenburg. The House of Guttenberg, a prominent Franconian noble family, traces its origins back to 1149 with a Gundeloh v. Blassenberg (Plassenberg). The name Guttenberg is derived from Guttenberg and was adopted by a Heinrich von Blassenberg around 1310. From 1340, the Hohenzollerns governed from Plassenburg castle their territories in Franconia till 1604. The Plassenburg was fortress and residence for the Hohenzollerns.
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Regen (district)
Regen is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Freyung-Grafenau, Deggendorf, Straubing-Bogen and Cham, and by the Czech Republic (Plzeň Region).
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Rhenish Palatinate
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Rhineland-Palatinate
:This article is about the German Bundesland Rhineland-Palatinate, or Rheinland-Pfalz. For the historical territory of the Elector Palatine, see Electoral Palatinate. For the 19th century territory, see Upper Palatinate (also known as Oberpfalz). For other uses, see Palatinate (disambiguation).
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Rhön-Grabfeld
Rhön-Grabfeld is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southeast and clockwise) the districts of Hassberge, Schweinfurt and Bad Kissingen, and the states of Hesse (district Fulda) and Thuringia (districts Schmalkalden-Meiningen and Hildburghausen).
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Rosenheim (district)
Rosenheim is a Kreis (district) in the south of Bavaria, Germany.
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Roth (district)
Roth is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northeast and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Neumarkt, Eichstätt, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Ansbach and Fürth, and the cities of Schwabach and Nuremberg.
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Rottal-Inn
Rottal-Inn is a Kreis (district) in the southeastern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Altötting, Mühldorf, Landshut, Dingolfing-Landau and Passau. To the southeast is the Austrian state Upper Austria (Braunau).
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Saarland
Saarland (; , ) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. The capital is Saarbrücken. It has an area of 2570 km² and 1,045,000 inhabitants. In both area and population, it is the smallest state in Germany other than the city-states (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg). Its location on the border between France and Germany has given Saarland a unique history.
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Salzburg (state)
{{Infobox settlement
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony ( ; ) is a state of Germany, located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area (18,413 km²) and the sixth largest in population (4.3 million), of Germany's sixteen states.
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Schwabing
Schwabing is a borough in the northern part of Munich, the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is divided into the city borough 4 (Schwabing-West) and the city borough 12 (Schwabing-Freimann). For further information on the Munich boroughs, see: Boroughs of Munich.
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Steuben Parade
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Third Reich
http://wn.com/Third_Reich -
Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (, ) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It is known as the "[http://www.eu2007.de/de/Germany/Bundeslaender/Thueringen/province.html green heart of Germany]", due to the dense forest that covers the terrain. It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. The capital is Erfurt.
http://wn.com/Thuringia -
Tyrol (state)
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Tyrol_(state) -
Unterallgäu
Unterallgäu is a Kreis (district) in the southwestern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Neu-Ulm, Günzburg, Augsburg, Ostallgäu, Oberallgäu, and the districts Ravensburg und Biberach in Baden-Württemberg. The district-free city Memmingen in the west of the district is nearly surrounded by the district. The capital of the district is Mindelheim.
http://wn.com/Unterallgäu -
Upper Palatinate
The Upper Palatinate () is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria.
http://wn.com/Upper_Palatinate -
Walhalla temple
The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honors laudable and distinguished Germans, famous personalities in German history — politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the German tongue". The hall is housed in a neo-classical building above the Danube River, east of Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany.
http://wn.com/Walhalla_temple -
Weilheim-Schongau
Weilheim-Schongau is a Kreis (district) in the south of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Landsberg, Starnberg, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Ostallgäu.
http://wn.com/Weilheim-Schongau -
Wunsiedel (district)
Wunsiedel () is a Kreis (district) in the northeastern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Tirschenreuth, Bayreuth, Hof, and to the west the Czech Karlovy Vary Region.
http://wn.com/Wunsiedel_(district) -
Würzburg (district)
Würzburg is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of Bavaria, Germany.
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Würzburg Residence
The Würzburg Residenz (Residence) is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. It was designed by several of the leading Baroque architects. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, leading representants of the Austrian/South German Baroque were involved as well as Robert de Cotte and Germain Boffrand, who were prominent architects of the French Style. Balthasar Neumann, architect of the court of the Bishop of Würzburg, was the principal architect of the Residenz, which was commissioned by the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn and his brother Friedrich Carl von Schönborn in 1720 and was completed in 1744. The Venetian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, assisted by his son, Domenico, painted frescoes in the building. The most spectacular interiors include the grand staircase, the chapel and the grand salon. The building was dubbed the "nicest parsonage in Europe" by Napoleon. It was heavily damaged in World War II, and restoration has been in progress since 1945.
http://wn.com/Würzburg_Residence
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Bavaria spoofs Heineken walk-in-fridge
Hilarious spoof by Bavaria on the Heineken Walk-in-fridge commercial
Wiesnhit 2011 "I am from Bavaria" (official version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 25 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 07 Aug 2011
- Author: ViSTAMUSICVIDEO
iTunes: www.apple.com "Jürgen Birlinger featuring Bavarian Project" present the great song "I am from Bavaria". Get a fresh and intimate insight to the offbeat Bavarian way of life -young and old togehter having fun, dancing the Schuhplattler, yodelling, drinking beer, flirting and laughing. Bavaria is the land of lederhosn, dirndl, gamsbart and lots of stylish girls and boys. Bavaria is great - I love it :-) Come to us - you are very welcome!!
Bavaria - Hugh Hefner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 29 May 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Aug 2011
- Author: fromthepants
Making of: www.youtube.com Cool new Bavaria commercial with Hugh Hefner at his Playboy Mansion
Bavaria, Germany
Some of my favorite pictures of Bavaria taken in 2001 thru 2002.
Ostara: Bavaria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 28 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 14 Jul 2011
- Author: velochrome
Ostara: Bavaria Arguably Ostara's biggest "hit", catchy neofolk. Most of the pictures unrelated. Lyrics: I see you selling flowers In the Springtime of decay, I see you painting idols While the Muses turn to grey, And on your bleak horizons Above the bright domain, The buried soul of Europe Alive beyond the breathing grave, I'll meet you here in Bavaria, In fear you'll burn forever, I'll meet you here in Bavaria, In dreams we'll live forever, This is how we see the world, Shining, burning, See how the truth divides us In the mercury of pain, See how the truth reminds us Of the blindness that we face, To suffer for the love of life, Sweetness in your cruel embrace, Intimations of mortality The crownless Court of Grace, On the steeples high Where the swans still glide, Imperium, Imperium On the steeples high Where the nights still shine, Imperium, Imperium
wild men drinking Bavaria beer
Are you a man who drinks cocktails? With a little umbrella? Shaken, not stirred? Do you use facial cream? Do you have a perm? Are you trying your best to live up to the expectations of women by being a 'metrosexual' ? Aww man, you're wipped! Forget about shaving your chest, legs and waxing your back or using deodorant. It is time again to let those old genes from our ancestors flow through our veins again and throw off the pretence of being civilized. We all know what we want and need! Yes, we want to run free and roam the earth and hunt, fight big animals with teeth as long as your arm! Eat bloody meat! Run through the forrest and pull down trees with our bare hands. Smell our own armpits and not care about changing our underwear, taking showers or - most important - shave! Yes, you know what I am talking about! It is time to become REAL MEN again! ( zion.demon.nl )
Landshut, Bavaria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 27 Jun 2006
- Uploaded: 23 Mar 2011
- Author: englishtim
Landshut is a small baroque town north of Munich
Bamberg - Bavaria, Germany. UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Published: 13 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Aug 2011
- Author: THEWORLDOFTRAVEL
Bamberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main. Bamberg is one of the few cities in Germany that was not destroyed by World War II bombings because of a nearby Artillery Factory that prevented planes from getting near to Bamberg. Bamberg is home to nearly 7000 foreign nationals, including over 4100 members of the United States Army and their dependents. The name Bamberg is supposed to have its origin in the House of Babenberg.History During the post-Roman centuries of Germanic migration and settlement, the region afterwards included in the Diocese of Bamberg was inhabited for the most part by Slavs. The town, first mentioned in 902, grew up by the castle (Babenberch) which gave its name to the Babenberg family. On their extinction it passed to the Saxon house. The area was Christianized chiefly by the monks of the Benedictine Fulda Abbey, and the land was under the spiritual authority of the Diocese of Würzburg. In 1007, Henry II, King of the Romans, made Bamberg a family inheritance, the seat of a separate diocese. The emperor's purpose in this was to make the Diocese of Würzburg less unwieldy in size and to give Christianity a firmer footing in the districts of Franconia, east of Bamberg. In 1008, after long negotiations with the Bishops of Würzburg and Eichstätt, who were to cede portions of their dioceses, the boundaries of the new diocese were defined, and Pope John XVIII <b>...</b>
KNIVES FROM BAVARIA
Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham Video for thier song KNIVES FROM BAVARIA from Sonic Souveniers, re mixed by Sonic Boom of Spacemen 3 and Spectrum. Designed and Directed by Richard Agerbeek, effects by Lisa Kwon
Baveria Yachts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Published: 16 Sep 2007
- Uploaded: 09 Jul 2011
- Author: boatshowtv
For more information go to www.boatshowtv.co.nz
FREE THE BAVARIA DUTCHDRESS BABES NOW !
Video from: SPACECAT90.Antville.Org (REALITYCATCHER) - Uncensored NEWS ! Thirty-six sexily dressed Dutch women were forced out of Soccer City and held in a FIFA office for several hours for wearing an outfit designed by a Dutch beer company. The body-hugging orange mini-dress, known as the Dutchy dress, was part of a gift pack bought with Bavaria beer in Holland as part of the build-up to the World Cup. Peer Swinkels, from Bavaria beer, told The Star last night that his colleagues in South Africa had told him that 36 Dutch women had been arrested after the match between the Netherlands and Denmark for wearing the dress. He said there was no branding on what has been described as the first real World Cup dress, but it was well known to be part of Bavaria beer in Holland. "It's a nice dress. Very fashionable. In my opinion, people should have the right to wear whatever they want," Swinkels said. "We launched the orange item on April 30 on the queen's birthday, which we call Queen's Day. The Dutch people are a little crazy about orange and we wear it on public holidays and events like the World Cup." But FIFA has said the dress is part of an ambush-marketing campaign it would not allow at matches. Dutch tourist Barbara Kastein was a part of a large group who wore the dress, but many women at the stadium wore the outfit. "We were sitting near the front, making a lot of noise, and the cameras kept focusing on us," Kastein said. "We were singing songs and having a good time <b>...</b>
Wiesnhit 2011 "I am from Bavaria" (sexy version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 30 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: ViSTAMUSICVIDEO
A marvellous and sexy girl suddenly appears, starting a flirt with the handsome bavarian bandleader. He can not resist... audacious she climbs up to the stage... look what happens then... :-) Have great fun with "Jürgen Birlinger featuring Bavarian Project"
Bavarian Ox Racing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Published: 05 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 25 Jul 2011
- Author: diagonaluk
The inhabitants of a small town in Bavaria get competitive with livestock.
Bavarian Beer Ambush Marketing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 17 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Apr 2011
- Author: kyleluke88
A Dutch brewery's World Cup publicity stunt has created controversy. But "ambush marketing" seems to work, much to the dismay of its detractors.
Bavaria Schuhplattler part 2
The typical bavarian traditional dance, recorded oktober 2007 during a children and youth festival in munich. It was part 2 of the performance. Look at the exact movement of the actors. brillant!!
Bavaria Life
de nieuwste Bavaria reclame, erg geestig
How To cook and eat a bavarian white sausage
Mr. Perkins explains how to cook bavarian white sausages, so called "Bayerische Weisswurst". He´s living in munich so he´s an expert on bavarian food.
ALPS BAVARIA Lee Eisenstein Music, Kevin Smith Photography
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 10 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 15 Apr 2011
- Author: skystudiohawaii
- http://wn.com/ALPS_BAVARIA_Lee_Eisenstein_Music,_Kevin_Smith_Photography
- Email this video
- Sms this video
Alps Bavaria FINE ART PRINTS are available at SKYSTUDIOHAWAII.com Photography Kevin W.Smith Music from Lee Eisenstein's SONGS FOR A DREAMER From the movie FUN WITH HANS ON DBAHN
Schloss Linderhof, Bavaria - a video tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Published: 15 May 2006
- Uploaded: 05 Aug 2011
- Author: worddigger
Schloss Linderhof is the smallest of three of Bararian King Ludwig II's palaces, but its gardens, fountains and setting in the southern Germany Alps is breathtaking.
SERRA - boardremover and resaw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Published: 25 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 23 Jul 2011
- Author: serra01011990
Watch a SERRA portable bandsaw removing boards easly and feeding into a double edger resaw. www.serra-sawmill.com
Yachting Monthly's video of the Bavaria 32
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Published: 14 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 04 Aug 2011
- Author: YachtingMonthly
Yachting Monthly's preview of Bavaria's new collaboration with BMW in the form of the Bavaria 32
Bavaria Cruiser 36
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 13 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Aug 2011
- Author: YachtingMonthly
Yachting Monthly's video review of the new Farr Yacht designed Bavaria Cruiser 36. See the May 2011 Issue of Yachting Monthly for the full test
photo: Creative Commons
Origin of the river Danube. The place where two small rivers (Breg and Brigach) unite to form the Danube in Donaueschingen, Germany. The German name of the place is Donauzusammenfluss, meaning "Danube confluence".
photo: Public Domain / Cecil
King of Bavaria
photo: Creative Commons / Chumwa
Maximilian II of Bavaria
photo: Public Domain / Gogafax (talk | contribs)
Maximilian II of Bavaria
photo: Creative Commons / Cezary Piwowarski
Neuschwanstein Castle is a famous German castle in Schwangau, Bavaria, built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria
photo: Creative Commons
The Upper Palatinate (German: Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria.
photo: Public Domain / Sir Gawain
Judith of Bavaria (795–843)
photo: Creative Commons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria
photo: Creative Commons / Transpassive
Hohenschwangau Castle
photo: Creative Commons / Jhbrady
Straubing is an independent city in Lower Bavaria, southern Germany. It is seat of the district Straubing-Bogen. Annually in August the Gäubodenvolksfest, the second largest fair in Bavaria, is held.
photo: Creative Commons / Raymond
Bavaria statue above Theresienwiese
photo: Creative Commons / Radomil
Dreifaltigkeit aussen
photo: Creative Commons / BKLuis
Residenzplatz in the centre of Eichstätt
photo: Creative Commons / böhringer friedrich
Bürgersaal München
photo: WN / Denise Yong
Bavaria will stretch your travel dollar...
photo: Creative Commons / Erik1980
Bavaria Korenmarkt
photo: European Community / Softeis
Castle Neuschwanstein at Schwangau, Bavaria, Germany.
photo: European Community / Alexander
Trausnitz castle in Landshut, Lower Bavaria,
photo: Public Domain
Bavaria Hotels
photo: WN / Denise Yong
Bavaria will stretch your travel dollar...
photo: Creative Commons / Schubbay
List of railway stations in Bavaria
photo: Creative Commons / Crassic
Nymphenburg Palace
photo: Public Domain / Gryffindor
One of the throne-rooms of the Bavarian King, Residenz Munich, Bavaria.
photo: Creative Commons / Lukáš Hron
Olympiapark in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
photo: Public Domain / Benutzer:Donaulustig
Straubing is an independent city in Lower Bavaria, southern Germany.
photo: Creative Commons / Joseph Albert
Dining room, Neuschwanstein Castle, Upper Bavaria, Germany.
photo: Creative Commons / Joseph Albert
Throne room, Neuschwanstein Castle, Upper Bavaria, Germany.
photo: Creative Commons / Steschke
Johannisburg Castle in Aschaffenburg
photo: WN / LMD Music
Dennis Bax Para Papa Zuid Africa en de Bavaria Babes
photo: Creative Commons / Joseph Albert
Pictures of the Tristan story, bedroom, Neuschwanstein Castle, Upper Bavaria, Germany.
photo: Creative Commons / Poinciana
20 Aug 2011
A free-ranging cow named Yvonne in Zangberg near Muehldorf, southern German... A "cow whisperer," helicopters and infrared cameras: no effort is being spared to find Austrian runaway cow Yvonne, who...
photo: WN
15 Aug 2011
Emergency helicopters on Saturday rescued 20 people who had been trapped for 17 hours overnight on an alpine cable car near Germany's most famous castle. Helicopter crews lifted the cable car operator...
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Star Tribune
BERLIN - A runaway cow named Yvonne is on the loose in Germany and the manhunt — or moohunt — for the Bavarian bovine has captivated the country. The freedom-loving cow ran away from a little farm in Bavaria in May and has managed to hide successfully in the forests of southern Germany...
HISTORICAL PROFILE: Isabeau of Bavaria
14 Aug 2011
The Examiner
Isabeau of Bavaria was one of the most unpopular Queens of France. She got involved in politics and public affairs when her husband, King Charles VI of France was mentally incapable. That angered many who saw her as scheming for power. What else could she do though? Her...
20 rescued after night in cable car in Bavaria
13 Aug 2011
Exploring Bavaria's castles
12 Aug 2011
Bavaria woos Indian SMEs, trade tops €2 billion
10 Aug 2011
m&c;
Munich - Pretend you're a cow. Now pretend the authorities have issued a shoot-to-kill order against you. Wouldn't you make yourself scarce? That is the scenario in which Yvonne, an Austrian cow sold to a German farmer, finds herself today, in an unfolding drama that has captivated large parts of...
m&c;
Munich - The German city of Munich is gearing up for its legendary annual Oktoberfest festival, with preparations in full swing six weeks ahead of the opening beer barrel tap. Locals are exercising and watching their diets to trim their figures ahead of the festival, when the traditional Bavarian...
All Africa
The Bavarian State...
Bavaria
| Name | Free State of Bavaria |
|---|---|
| German name | Freistaat Bayern |
| State coa | Coat of arms of Bavaria.svg |
| Coa size | 110 |
| Map | Deutschland Lage von Bayern.svg |
| Flag | Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg |
| Flag2 | Flag of Bavaria (lozengy).svg |
| Flag link | Flag of Bavaria |
| Flag title | Lozengy variant |
| Capital | Munich |
| Area | 70549.44 |
| Key | 09 |
| Population | 12540000 |
| Pop ref | |
| Pop date | 2010-11 |
| Gdp | 429,86 |
| Gdp year | 2009 |
| Gdp ref | |
| Gdp per capita | 33200 |
| Gdp per capita year | 2006 |
| Ppp per capita | 32200 |
| Ppp per capita year | 2006 |
| Gdp percent | 18 |
| Website | bayern.de |
| Leader | Horst Seehofer |
| Leader party | CSU|Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria |
| Ruling party1 | CSU |
| Ruling party2 | FDP |
| Votes | 6 |
| Nuts | DE2 |
| Iso region | DE-BY |
| Date | November 2010}} |
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Bavaria is a predominantly Catholic state with a distinct culture. Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
History
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation, and even today, most of it is strongly Roman Catholic.From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.
Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600. Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.
After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hucbert.
At Hucbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organisation in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.
Middle Ages
Tassilo III (b. 741 - d. after 794) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the River Danube and colonising these lands. After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback (Pronounced Pippin), and the king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. Among them a mark called "Ostarrichi" which was elevated to a duchy out of own right and given to the Babenberger family. This event marks the birth of Austria. The last, and one of the most important, of these dukes was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich, de facto the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (aka "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German), which ruled from 1180 to 1918. The Electoral Palatinate by Rhine ("Kurpfalz" in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214.
The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268 also Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tirol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession the other parts of Bavaria were reunited and Munich became the sole capital.
17th and 18th centuries
In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative, the Count Palatine of the Rhine in the early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. The country became one of the Jesuit supported counter-reformation centers. During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (Spanish succession, election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburger). From 1777 onwards and after the old Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines.
Kingdom of Bavaria
When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and its area doubled. Tirol was temporarily united, Salzburg temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria. In return the Rhenish Palatinate and Franconia were annexed to Bavaria in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. In 1808 a first and in 1818 a more modern constitution (by the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords (Kammer der Reichsräte) and a House of Commons (Kammer der Abgeordneten). The constitution would last until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.
Bavaria as a part of the German Empire
After the rise of Prussia to prominence Bavaria managed to preserve its independence by playing off the rivalries of Prussia and Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and did not belong to the North German Federation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France attacked Prussia in 1870, the south German states Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871. Bavaria continued as a monarchy, and it even had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways and a postal service of its own).In the early-20th century Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other notable artists were drawn to Bavaria, notably to the Schwabing district of Munich, later devastated by World War II.
20th century
On November 12, 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly-formed republican government of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the house of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stewart claims. Family members are active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, HRH Duke Franz in Bavaria. They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by HRH's presence or absence.Eisner was assassinated in February 1919 ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short lived Bavarian Socialist Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Socialist Republic fell in May 1919. Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich. As a manufacturing center, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and occupied by U.S. troops. The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate.
Since World War II, Bavaria has been rehabilitated from a poor agrarian province into a prosperous industrial hub. A massive reconstruction effort restored much of Munich's and other places historic cores. The state capital hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and matches of the Football World Cups of 1974 and 2006 as well as European Track & Field championships. More recently, former state minister-president Edmund Stoiber was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor in the 2002 federal election which he lost, and native son Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.
Coat of arms
The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.
Geography
Bavaria shares international borders with Austria and the Czech Republic as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Neighbouring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia and Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state, the Danube (Donau) and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border with Austria, (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg) and within the range is the highest peak in Germany, the Zugspitze. The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia.The major cities in Bavaria are Munich (München), Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Augsburg, Regensburg, Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth and Erlangen.
Population and area
Major cities
{| class="wikitable sortable" |- bgcolor=#dddddd ! City ! Inhabitants 31 December 2000 ! Inhabitants 31 December 2005 ! Inhabitants 31 December 2008 |- |Munich | align="right" |1,210,223 | align="right" |1,259,677 | align="right" |1,326,807 |- |Nuremberg | align="right" |488,400 | align="right" |499,237 | align="right" |503,638 |- |Augsburg | align="right" |254,982 | align="right" |262,676 | align="right" |263,313 |- |Regensburg | align="right" |125,676 | align="right" |129,859 | align="right" |133,525 |- |Würzburg | align="right" |127,966 | align="right" |133,906 | align="right" |133,501 |- |Ingolstadt | align="right" |115,722 | align="right" |121,314 | align="right" |123,925 |- |Fürth | align="right" |110,477 | align="right" |113,422 | align="right" |114,071 |- |Erlangen | align="right" |100,778 | align="right" |103,197 | align="right" |104,980 |- |Bayreuth | align="right" |74,153 | align="right" |73,997 | align="right" |72,935 |- |Bamberg | align="right" |69,036 | align="right" |70,081 | align="right" |69,989 |- |Aschaffenburg | align="right" |67,592 | align="right" |68,642 | align="right" |68,747 |- |Landshut | align="right" |58,746 | align="right" |61,368 | align="right" |62,606 |- |Kempten (Allgäu) | align="right" |61,389 | align="right" |61,360 | align="right" |62,135 |- |Rosenheim | align="right" |58,908 | align="right" |60,226 | align="right" |60,711 |- |Neu-Ulm | align="right" |50,188 | align="right" |51,410 | align="right" |53,866 |- |Schweinfurt | align="right" |54,325 | align="right" |54,273 | align="right" |53,588 |- |Passau | align="right" |50,536 | align="right" |50,651 | align="right" |50,717 |- |Hof | align="right" |50,741 | align="right" |48,723 | align="right" |47,275 |- ||Freising | align="right" |44,167 | align="right" |45,827 | align="right" |45,654 |- ||Straubing | align="right" |44,014 | align="right" |44,633 | align="right" |44,496 |- |}
Administrative divisions
Regierungsbezirke (administrative districts)
Bavaria is divided into 7 administrative districts called Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk).
# Upper Franconia () # Middle Franconia () # Lower Franconia () # Swabia () # Upper Palatinate () # Upper Bavaria () # Lower Bavaria ()
These administrative regions consist of 71 administrative districts (called Landkreise, singular Landkreis) and 25 independent cities (kreisfreie Städte, singular kreisfreie Stadt)
Bezirke
Bezirke (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the Landkreise and the Gemeinden or Städte. In the larger states of Germany (including Bavaria) there are Regierungsbezirke which are only administrative divisions and not self-governing entities as the Bezirke in Bavaria. The Bezirke in Bavaria are territorially identical with the Regierungsbezirke (e.g. Regierung von Oberbayern), but are a different form of administration (having their own parliaments etc.).
Landkreise/kreisfreie Cities
Landkreise: {| |- | width="34%" valign="top" | # Aichach-Friedberg # Altötting # Amberg-Sulzbach # Ansbach # Aschaffenburg # Augsburg # Bad Kissingen # Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen # Bamberg # Bayreuth # Berchtesgadener Land # Cham # Coburg # Dachau # Deggendorf # Dillingen # Dingolfing-Landau # Donau-Ries # Ebersberg # Eichstätt # Erding # Erlangen-Höchstadt # Forchheim # Freising # Freyung-Grafenau # Fürstenfeldbruck # Fürth # Garmisch-Partenkirchen # Günzburg # Hassberge # Hof # Kelheim # Kitzingen # Kronach # Kulmbach | width="33%" valign="top" |- Landsberg
- Landshut
- Lichtenfels
- Lindau
- Main-Spessart
- Miesbach
- Miltenberg
- Mühldorf
- München (Landkreis München)
- Neuburg-Schrobenhausen
- Neumarkt
- Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
- Neustadt (Waldnaab)
- Neu-Ulm
- Nürnberger Land
- Oberallgäu
- Ostallgäu
- Passau
- Pfaffenhofen
- Regen
- Regensburg
- Rhön-Grabfeld
- Rosenheim
- Roth
- Rottal-Inn
- Schwandorf
- Schweinfurt
- Starnberg
- Straubing-Bogen
- Tirschenreuth
- Traunstein
- Unterallgäu
- Weilheim-Schongau
- Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen
- Wunsiedel
- Würzburg
Kreis-free Cities: {| |- | width="33%" valign="top" | # Amberg # Ansbach # Aschaffenburg # Augsburg # Bamberg # Bayreuth # Coburg # Erlangen # Fürth # Hof # Ingolstadt # Kaufbeuren # Kempten | width="33%" valign="top" |
- Landshut
- Memmingen
- Munich (München)
- Nuremberg (Nürnberg)
- Passau
- Regensburg
- Rosenheim
- Schwabach
- Schweinfurt
- Straubing
- Weiden
- Würzburg
Gemeinden (municipalities)
The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2031 municipalities (called Gemeinden, singular Gemeinde). Together with the 25 independent cities (which are in effect municipalities independent of Landkreis administrations), there are a total of 2056 municipalities in Bavaria.In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of January 1, 2005, called gemeindefreie Gebiete, singular gemeindefreies Gebiet), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (Chiemsee-without islands, Starnberger See-without island Roseninsel, Ammersee, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and Waginger See).
Politics
Bavaria has a multi-party system where the biggest parties are the conservative Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), which has dominated politics since 1945 and won every election since then, and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The German green party, Alliance '90/The Greens is represented in the parliament as well. Since 2008 Germany's liberal party, the Free Democratic Party and the Free Voters are represented in Bavaria's parliament as well. CSU and FDP agreed in October 2008 to form a coalition, while SPD, Free Voters and the Greens form the opposition.
Bavaria has a unicameral Landtag, or state parliament, elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished. The head of government is the Minister-President.
In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called Mehr Demokratie (More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court aggravated the regulations considerably (e.g. by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.
In the 2003 elections the CSU won more than two thirds of the seats in Landtag—something no party had ever achieved in post-war German history. In the following 2008 elections the CSU lost its absolute majority in the Landtag for the first time in 46 years.
This loss is probably attributed to its push for anti-smoking law, the most stringent in Germany, which became one of the most controversial laws ever enacted in Bavaria. As result, CSU changed its stance and weakened the anti-smoking law to allow some more loopholes. However, the citizens held a successful petition drive in November–December 2009 to call for a total smoking ban. CSU dismissed the petition and demands as unnecessary and frivilous, but the referendum proceeded and the voters overwhelmingly voted for the smoking ban.
Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945
German-Bavarian relations
The Bayernpartei (Bavaria Party) advocates Bavarian independence from Germany. Bavaria was the only state to reject the West German constitution in 1949, but this did not prevent its implementation. One of Germany's principal political parties, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), is replaced in Bavaria by the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), but in practice the two parties cooperate fully in the Bundestag. Bavaria had its own border police force, separate from the Federal Border Guard, until Austria's EU accession in 1995.
Furthermore, the people from the three northern districts of Bavaria known as Franconia (Mittelfranken, Oberfranken and Unterfranken), do not all consider themselves as Bavarian. They have their own history and celebrate their own identity, which is distinct from southern Bavaria, and symbolized by the Franconian rake (Fränkischer Rechen). The flag is often seen during local festivals. Some Franconians would also like to see their own Bundesland Franken "Federal State of Franconia".
Economy
Bavaria has long had one of the largest and healthiest economies of any region in Germany, or Europe for that matter. Its GDP in 2007 exceeded 434 billion Euros (about 600 bn US$). This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe and only 17 countries in the world have higher GDP. Some large companies headquarted in Bavaria include BMW, Siemens, Rohde & Schwarz, Audi, Munich Re, Allianz, Infineon, MAN, Wacker Chemie, Puma AG,and Adidas AG.
Company names
The motorcycle and automobile makers BMW (Bayerische Motoren-Werke, or Bavarian Motor Works) and Audi, Allianz, Grundig (consumer electronics), Siemens (electricity, telephones, informatics, medical instruments), Continental (Automotive Tire and Electronics), Adidas, Puma, HypoVereinsbank (UniCredit Group), Infineon and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have (or had) a Bavarian industrial base.Bavaria has also given its name to the largest Colombian brewery (Cervecería Bavaria) and a major Dutch brewery (Biermerk Bavaria).
Culture
Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to:
Religion
While 56.4% of the population adhere to the Catholic Church, 21% are affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria.Most of Bavaria is predominantly Roman Catholic, but the Evangelical Lutheran Church has a strong presence in large parts of Franconia. Only Saarland has a higher percentage of Catholics among the German states.
The current pope, Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger), was born in Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising.
Religion remains important to many in the region, as expressed by the typical Bavarian, Austrian and Swabian greeting: "Grüß Gott!" (Greet God!, originally "es grüße Dich Gott" - "God may bless you").
Traditions
Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's yellow pages, as figurettes on the pole represent the trades of the village), and the bagpipes in the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region.Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or full of citizens from other nations they continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their traditions alive. In New York the German American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others such as the Bavarian organizations, which represent a specific part of Germany. They proudly put forth a German Parade called Steuben Parade each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers.
Food and drink
Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example ("white sausage") or in some instances a great variety of nifty entrails. At folk festivals, beer is traditionally served by the litre (the so-called ). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional , or purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (e.g. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU struck it down recently as incompatible with the European common market. German breweries, however, cling to the principle. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 litres per person, figures are declining in recent years in favour of soft drinks.Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the Main River in Franconia. The region has produced wine for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.
Language and dialects
Three German dialects are spoken in Bavaria: Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (South-East and East), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (South West) and East Franconian German in Franconia (North).
Ethnography
Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food and only buy beer from the brewery that runs the beer garden.In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, and many "Bavarian villages", most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan and Leavenworth, Washington, have been founded. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme; it is also home to "one of the world's largest collections of nutcrackers" and an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.
Historical buildings
Neuschwanstein
Neuschwanstein was built for King Ludwig II, as a second home. It remains unfinished.
Famous people
There are many famous people who were born or lived in present-day Bavaria:
See also
References
External links
Category:States of Germany Category:States of the Weimar Republic Category:Boii
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