A playground or play area is a place with a specific design for children be able to play there. It may be indoors but is typically outdoors (where it may be called a tot lot in some regions.)
Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the see-saw, merry-go-round, swingset, slide, jungle gym, chin-up bars, sandbox, spring rider, monkey bars, overhead ladder, trapeze rings, playhouses, and mazes, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength, and flexibility, as well as providing recreation and enjoyment. Common in modern playgrounds are "play structures" that link many different pieces of equipment.
Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing informal games of adult sports, such as a baseball, adiamond, a skating arena, a basketball court, or a tether ball.
"Public" playground equipment refers to equipment intended for use in the play areas of parks, schools, child care facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.
A type of playground called a playscape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting.
Recognizing the need for such, former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907:
:City streets are unsatisfactory playgrounds for children because of the danger, because most good games are against the law, because they are too hot in summer, and because in crowded sections of the city they are apt to be schools of crime. Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet the needs of any but the very small children. Older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them; and, since play is a fundamental need, playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools. This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be within walking distance of every boy and girl, as most children can not afford to pay carfare.
History and development
Professionals recognize that the
social skills that children develop on the playground become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Most forms of play are essential for healthy development, but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play.
The relationship between playground activity and the promotion of children’s self-esteem.
There is a general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self-esteem.
This consensus is reflected in the Chief Medical Officer’s report (Department of Health, 2004), which stated that a review of available research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are predominantly seen in the amelioration of risk factors for disease, avoidance of weight gain, achieving a peak bone mass and mental well-being.
How might playgrounds reduce the risk of psychological problems in children and promote self-esteem?
Evidence suggests that children who participate in physical activity improve their self-esteem. Indeed, Ekeland, Heian and Hagan (2005) and Gruber (as cited in Biddle and Mutrie, 2001, p186) found that exercise programmes had a significant positive effect on children's self-esteem.
Moreover, commentators argue that the quality of a child’s exercise experience can affect their self-esteem. Ajzen TPB (1991) promotes the notion that children’s self-esteem is enhanced through the encouragement of physical mastery and self-development. It can be seen that playgrounds provide an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills, such as learning to swing, balance and climb. Personal development may be gained through the enhancement of skills, such as playing, communicating and cooperating with other children and adults in the playground.
It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as a preventative health measure amongst young people because they promote physical activity at a stage in children’s lives when they are active and not yet at risk from opting out of physical activity.
An important message Playscapes Design companies take from this research is that children’s self-esteem may be enhanced through early positive exercise experiences that contain challenge, fun and excitement. Playscapes Design companies would argue that the best place for children to gain positive exercise experiences is a well designed playground or play area in the community or back garden.
References:
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Biddle, S. J., & Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions. Abingdon: Routledge.
Ekeland, E., Heian, F., & Hagen, K.B. (2005). Can exercise improve self-esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792-798.
Department of Health (2004). The benefits of regular physical activity. A report from the Chief Medical Officer. At least five days a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. Retrieved September 25, 2006 from http://www.dh.gov/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=40809948chk=1Ft1Of.
Children have devised many playground games and pastimes. But because playgrounds are usually subject to adult supervision and oversight, young children's street culture often struggles to fully thrive there. Research by Robin Moore (Childhood's Domain: Play and Place, 1986) has clearly shown that playgrounds need to be balanced with marginal areas that (to adults) appear to be derelict or wasteground but to children they are area's that they can claim for themselves, ideally a wooded area or field.
Playgrounds originated in Germany. They were created as organized and instructional play areas for the use of teaching children the proper ways to play. Over time, organized playing areas have been adopted by other countries of the world and have become commonplace. The widespread adoption of playgrounds led to the Germanisation of some aspects of childhood development.
A type of playground called a playscape can provide children with the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above. Playscapes can also provide parents with the assurance of their child's safety and wellbeing, which may not be prevalent in an open field or wooded area.
Playgrounds can be
Built by collaborative support of corporate and community resources to achieve an immediate and visible "win" for their neighborhood.
Public, free of charge, like at most rural elementary schools
A business with an entrance fee
Connected to a business, for customers only, e.g., at McDonald's and IKEA.
Elaborate indoor mazes, like those at the (now defunct) Discovery Zone, Zoom Zoom's Indoor Playground in Ancaster, Ontario, Jungle Jam Indoor Playground and Chuck E. Cheese's
Playground safety
Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators. Over at least the last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards safer equipment built with modern materials. For example, an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from steel bars, while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel framework while providing a web of
nylon ropes for children to climb on. Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use
mulch on the ground to help cushion the impact.
In the United States, approximately 200,000 emergency room visits occur each year because of accidents on commercial and residential playgrounds.
In the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the American National Standards Institute have created a Standardized Document and Training System for certification of Playground Safety Inspectors. These regulations are nationwide and provide a basis for safe playground installation and maintenance practices. ASTM F1487-07 deals with specific requirements regarding issues such as play ground layout, use zones, and various test criteria for determining play ground safety. ASTM F2373 covers public use play equipment for children 6–24 months old. This information can be applied effectively only by a trained C.P.S.I. A National Listing of Trained Playground Safety Inspectors is available for many states. A Certified Playground Safety Inspector (CPSI) is a career that was developed by the National Playground Safety Institute (NPSI) and is recognized nationally by the National Recreation and Park Association or N.R.P.A. (Some information sources offer interactive examples of playground equipment that violates CPSC guidelines.)
In Australia, Standards Australia is responsible for the publication of the playground safety Standards AS/NS4422, AS/NZS4486.1 and AS4685 Parts 1 to 6. The University of Technology Sydney is responsible for the training and accreditation of playground inspectors. The Register of Playground Inspectors Australia lists all the individuals who have been certified to inspector playgrounds within Australia.
European Standards EN 1177 specifies the requirements for surfaces used in playgrounds. For each material type and height of equipment it specifies a minimum depth of material required. EN 1176 covers playground equipment standards. In the UK, playground inspectors can sit the examinations of the Register of Play Inspectors International at the three required levels - routine, operational and annual. Annual inspectors are able to undertake the post-installation inspections recommended by EN 1176.
The risk aversion of prioritising safety above other factors, such as cost or developmental benefit to the users, is often forgotten. It is important that children gradually develop the skill of risk assessment, and a completely safe environment does not allow that. A playscape or forest kindergarten are steps towards a balanced approach to risk.
Prevention strategies
Because the majority of playground injuries are due to falls from equipment, prevention efforts should be directed at reducing the risk of falls and their impact. This reduction may be accomplished by the following.
Reduce the maximum fall height of equipment
* Ensure that you have playgrounds to reduce the fall height to a maximum of 1.5 m (5 ft) for preschool-aged children and 2.3 m (7 ft) for school-aged children
* Use innovative designs for new equipment with lower heights
* Use age-appropriate equipment
Reduce the likelihood of falling from equipment
* Use protective barriers and guardrails
* Use vertical rather than horizontal bars as this discourages climbing
* Use peaked or curved surfaces for guardrails as this discourages use as a play surface
* Ensure that adults are actively supervising
Improve the protective surfacing under and around play equipment
* Use loose fill, such as coarse sand or pea gravel (smooth, round, pea-sized stones)
* Use wood chips
* Use synthetic surfaces.
Depth recommendations for loose fill: minimum of 15 cm (6 inches) for preschool equipment; minimum of 30 cm (12 inches) for full-sized equipment.
There are recommended guidelines for public playgrounds. These standards were first issued in 1990 (9) and were revised in 1998 (10). These standards are intended to improve playground safety and reduce the frequency and severity of playground injuries. Many Indian playgrounds do not comply with these standards, which if done will surely be effective in reducing the risk of injury and enhance child safety.
Playground injury
Each year in the United States, emergency departments treat more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger for playground-related injuries. Approximately 156,040 (75.8 %) of the 1999 injuries occurred on equipment designed for public use; 46,930 (22.8 %) occurred on equipment designed for home use; and 2,880 (1.4 %) occurred on homemade playground equipment (primarily rope swings).
Percentage of injuries involving public equipment
About 46% occurred in schools.
About 31% occurred in public parks.
About 10% occurred in commercial childcare centers.
About 3% occurred in home childcare.
About 3% occurred in apartment complexes.
About 2% occurred in fast food restaurants.
About 9% occurred in other locations.
From January 1990 to August 2000, CPSC received reports of 147 deaths to children younger than 15 that involved playground equipment.
70% of those deaths occurred in home
30% of those deaths occurred in public use
Girls were involved in a slightly higher percentage of injuries (55%) than were boys (45%).
Injuries to the head and face accounted for 49% of injuries to children 0-4, while injuries to the arm and hand accounted for 49% of injuries to children ages 5–14.
For children ages 0–4, climbers (40%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by slides (33%).
For children ages 5–14, climbing equipment (56%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by swings (24%).
Approximately 15% of the injuries were classified as severe, with 3% requiring hospitalization.
The most prevalent diagnoses were fractures (39%), lacerations (22%), contusions/abrasions (20%), strains/sprains (11%).
Falls to the surface was a contributing factor in 79% of all injuries. On home equipment, 81% were associated with falls.
Most injuries on public playground equipment were associated with climbing equipment (53%), swings (19%), and slides (17%).
Based on these statistics and other research, the National Program for Playground Safety advocates that:
Adults actively supervise the children in the play environment.
Adults choose appropriate developmental equipment for the play environment.
Adults provide safe surfacing both in the public use areas and at home for playground equipment.
Adults insure that all equipment and surfacing located in the children's play areas be maintained on a regular basis.
However, risk management is an important life skill, and risk aversion in playgrounds is unhelpful in the long term. Experts studying child development such as Tim Gill have written about the over-protective bias in provision for children, particularly with playgrounds. Mr Gill observes that when playgrounds are made from padded materials, children often take more risk.
Instead of a constructed playground, allowing children to play in a natural environment such as open land or a park is sometimes recommended; children gain a better sense of balance playing on uneven ground, and learn to interpret the complexity and signals of nature more effectively.
Costs
In 1995, playground-related injuries among children ages 14 and younger cost an estimated $1.2 billion.
Risk Factors
On public playgrounds, more injuries occur on climbers than on any other equipment.
Playgrounds in the Soviet Union
Playgrounds were an integral part of
urban culture in the
USSR. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities. Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country; most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts, and were manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions were the
carousel, sphere,
seesaw,
rocket, bridge, etc.
In the 1990s, after the breakup of the USSR, many items of playground apparatus in post-Soviet states were stolen by metal-thieves, while relatively few new playgrounds were built. However, there were so many Soviet playgrounds that many of them still exist and are in a relatively good state, especially those that were repainted.
Inclusive Playground
Universally designed playgrounds are created to be accessible to all children. There are three components to a higher level of Inclusive Play: physical accessibility; age and developmental appropriateness; and sensory-stimulating activity. Play is the most integral part of the childhood experience. It's where children get to explore, discover, create and imagine—while expanding their knowledge of the world around them. However, not every child develops or experiences play in the same way. Children on the autism spectrum, for example, face the most severe challenges in play—from interacting with other children to communication to developing imagination, and even by being over-stimulated or over-enticed on the playground. Inclusive playgrounds are therefore designed for children of all abilities.
Natural playground
"Natural playgrounds" are play environments that blend natural materials, features, and indigenous vegetation with creative landforms to create purposely complex interplays of natural, environmental objects in ways that challenge and fascinate children and teach them about the wonders and intricacies of the natural world while they play within it.
Play components may include earth shapes (sculptures), environmental art, indigenous vegetation (trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, lichens, mosses), boulders or other rock structures, dirt and sand, natural fences (stone, willow, wooden), textured pathways, and natural water features.
See also
Empower playgrounds
Rubber Mulch
Friendship bench
Obstacle course
Playground game
Playground song
Playground Surfacing
Playscape
Playwork
Recess
Ropes course
Children Youth and Environments Journal
References
External links
IPEMA International Playground Equipment Manufacturer's Association
NPCAI International Playground Contractors Association — a non-profit trade association of commercial playground builders and associated organizations
National Program for Playground Safety — serves as a recognized national U.S. clearinghouse for playground safety information
UK examination body for playground inspectors
Australian examination body for playground inspectors
The Playground Rocking Horse Trust— a not-for-profit site dedicated to locating, documenting and preserving old playground rocking horses
Category:Play
Category:Outdoor recreation
Category:Parks
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