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Sesame Street: Cookie Monster Sings C is for Cookie
Sesame Street: Cookie Monster Sings C is for Cookie
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:34
  • Published: 06 Feb 2009
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: SesameStreet
New season of Sesame Street premiering Monday Sept 26th 2011! New episodes weekday mornings on PBS! (Check local listings.) Check out the Sesame Street Facebook App! www.facebook.com If you're watching videos with your preschooler and would like to do so in a safe, child-friendly environment, please join us at www.sesamestreet.org In this clip, Cookie Monster sings about the letter 'C'. Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs for children around the world.
http://wn.com/Sesame_Street_Cookie_Monster_Sings_C_is_for_Cookie
ZLATAN VS. C.RONALDO
ZLATAN VS. C.RONALDO
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:03
  • Published: 24 Dec 2005
  • Uploaded: 02 Sep 2011
  • Author: lopezronaldo
SWEEDISH GUY VS. PORTUGUESSE GUY ZLATAN VS. C.RONALDO
http://wn.com/ZLATAN_VS_CRONALDO
In C by Terry Riley - original recording - Part 1
In C by Terry Riley - original recording - Part 1
You can almost smell the pot coming out of the speakers. I think it's time for the second part: www.youtube.com You can see the score and performance guidlines here: www.flagmusic.com Purchase the complete work here: www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/In_C_by_Terry_Riley__original_recording__Part_1
c is for cookie
c is for cookie
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:33
  • Published: 20 Nov 2005
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: atomic
sesame street
http://wn.com/c_is_for_cookie
C For Cookie
C For Cookie
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:01
  • Published: 04 Apr 2006
  • Uploaded: 02 Sep 2011
  • Author: feistyheath
Movie Trailer Spoof of V for Vendetta. What happens in a futuristic world where the consumption of cookies is controlled by the government??
http://wn.com/C_For_Cookie
C. Ronaldo
C. Ronaldo
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:43
  • Published: 01 Apr 2006
  • Uploaded: 02 Sep 2011
  • Author: menge89
C. Ronaldo
http://wn.com/C_Ronaldo
SEPTEMBER CLUES C
SEPTEMBER CLUES C
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Published: 09 Aug 2008
  • Uploaded: 24 Aug 2011
  • Author: simonshack
The SEPTEMBER CLUES website: www.septemberclues.info The SEPTEMBER CLUES forum www.cluesforum.info On 9 the US TV networks used computer generated sceneries of Manhattan. Multiple techniques of image manipulation were employed to simulate "airplanes crashing into the World Trade Center". We now have conclusive evidence that the TV networks were proactively complicit in staging this false-flag operation needed to gather public consensus to wage immensely profitable, illegal wars. The forensic analysis of the live images leave no room for doubt : they do not depict authentic imagery nor real airplane crashes but turn out to be entirely doctored video sequences which effectively fooled the worldwide TV audience. Thus, the live broadcasts now stored in the major TV networks' archives, constitute the most solid, verifiable and repeatable proof to expose the falseness of the official version of the 9/11 tragedy. The subsequently released, so-called "amateur" videos were more sophisticated video composites yet all have now been exposed for what they are : total forgeries. Most likely, electromagnetic technology (commonly used in war zones (to jam electronic circuitries) prevented any private footage being recorded at the time of the tower strikes. Scores of testimonies confirm that cellphones or firefighters' walkie-talkies did not function properly in NYC that day. Most on-the-scene witnesses reported a SMALL aircraft of some sort : Arguably, what they saw was a winged missile <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/SEPTEMBER_CLUES_C
Tiësto vs Diplo - C'Mon
Tiësto vs Diplo - C'Mon
BUY NOW: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Tiësto_vs_Diplo__C'Mon
Cesarean (C-section) Birth
Cesarean (C-section) Birth
www.healthanimations.com FREE pregnancy and birth videos for your OB GYN practice. This 3D medical animation shows the common indications for a cesarean delivery, including dystocia, placenta previa, fetal distress and multiple births. A cesarean section (c-section) surgery to deliver a baby in frank breech (feet first) position is also shown. During the procedure, the surgeon (usually an obstetrician/gynecologist, ie ob/gyn) makes an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus in order to deliver the baby. The animation also includes information on what to expect before and after the surgery. See more 3D medical animations from Nucleus Medical Art at www.nucleusinc.com ANCE00177 فيديو توضيحي عن الولادة القيصرية
http://wn.com/Cesarean_C-section_Birth
C-Walk crip walk London 5 Way
C-Walk crip walk London 5 Way
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:09
  • Published: 19 Sep 2006
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: kennichi89
Official Facebook Page: www.facebook.com GoSu, Kynamite, Scrawer, Murkee and Rye reppin the capital of england SUBSCRIBE TO MY VIDEOS C-Walk crip walk London 5 Way Check out the HongKong videos by Me(GoSu) and Kynamite. Also one by me and and lilcrawler Contacts: GoSu: www.myspace.com/thebigchanges Kynamite: www.myspace.com/kynamite Murkee: private Rye: www.myspace.com/rye225 Scrawler: www.myspace.com/scrawler2006 #35 - Most Viewed (All Time) - United Kingdom #4 - Most Viewed (All Time) - People & Blogs - United Kingdom #43 - Most Viewed (All Time) - People & Blogs #96 - Top Rated (All Time) - United Kingdom #3 - Top Rated (All Time) - People & Blogs - United Kingdom #42 - Top Rated (All Time) - People & Blogs #39 - Most Discussed (All Time) - United Kingdom #2 - Most Discussed (All Time) - People & Blogs - United Kingdom #77 - Most Discussed (All Time) - People & Blogs #39 - Top Favorites (All Time) - United Kingdom #2 - Top Favorites (All Time) - People & Blogs - United Kingdom #21 - Top Favorites (All Time) - People & Blogs #20 - Most Linked (All Time) - People & Blogs - United Kingdom #67 - Most Responded (Today) - United Kingdom #76 - Most Responded (This Week) - United Kingdom #38 - Most Responded (This Month) - United Kingdom #54 - Most Responded (All Time) - United Kingdom
http://wn.com/C-Walk_crip_walk_London_5_Way
Mr. C The Slide Man - Cha-Cha Slide
Mr. C The Slide Man - Cha-Cha Slide
Music video by Mr. C The Slide Man performing Cha-Cha Slide. (C) 2000 Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Mr_C_The_Slide_Man__Cha-Cha_Slide
vitamin C - graduation (friends forever)
vitamin C - graduation (friends forever)
i love this song all the credit goes to vitamin c ! idid not make this video
http://wn.com/vitamin_C__graduation_friends_forever
Interpol - C'mere
Interpol - C'mere
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:15
  • Published: 16 Nov 2006
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: jontomgun
www.interpolonline.com More Interpol videos, photos, news & more interpolnyc.tk
http://wn.com/Interpol__C'mere
Terry Riley's In C with 124 musicians (Excerpt)
Terry Riley's In C with 124 musicians (Excerpt)
Terry Riley's In C Excerpt 2006-03-20 Los Angeles David Rosenboom conducting members of CalArts
http://wn.com/Terry_Riley's_In_C_with_124_musicians_Excerpt
C Programming Tutorial - 1 - Hello World
C Programming Tutorial - 1 - Hello World
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:09
  • Published: 28 Feb 2009
  • Uploaded: 02 Sep 2011
  • Author: thenewboston
Part 2 - www.youtube.com How to download compiler - www.youtube.com Introduction to C programming, check out my website thenewboston.com for info on all of my tutorials~
http://wn.com/C_Programming_Tutorial__1__Hello_World
In C (Part 1)
In C (Part 1)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:02
  • Published: 13 Apr 2008
  • Uploaded: 02 Sep 2011
  • Author: SeanPerrin
exscribition.blogspot.com The University of Calgary New Music Ensemble performs Terry Riley's In C
http://wn.com/In_C_Part_1
Melanie C - First Day Of My Life (Music Video) (HQ)
Melanie C - First Day Of My Life (Music Video) (HQ)
Music video of Melanie's European number 1 smash hit, taken from the album "Beautiful Intentions". For more Melanie C Music go to shop.melaniec.net www.melaniec.net facebook.com myspace.com/melaniecmusic twitter.com/melaniecmusic youtube.com/melaniecmusic
http://wn.com/Melanie_C__First_Day_Of_My_Life_Music_Video_HQ
Tiësto vs. Diplo ft. Busta Rhymes - C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise)
Tiësto vs. Diplo ft. Busta Rhymes - C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise)
http://wn.com/Tiësto_vs_Diplo_ft_Busta_Rhymes__C'mon_Catch_'Em_By_Surprise
B'z / C'mon
B'z / C'mon
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:25
  • Published: 09 Jul 2011
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: Bz
B'z「C'mon」 MUSIC VIDEO ペプシネックスTVCMタイアップソングB'z 18th Album 「C'mon」 2011.7.27 on sale B'z Official Website bz-vermillion.com
http://wn.com/B'z_/_C'mon
Roadfly.com - Jaguar XF C-XF Concept Car from Detroit NAIAS
Roadfly.com - Jaguar XF C-XF Concept Car from Detroit NAIAS
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:59
  • Published: 13 Jan 2007
  • Uploaded: 20 Aug 2011
  • Author: roadflytv
Jaguar XF Concept from the unveiling of the new Jaguar C-XF or CXF concept car in Detroit, at the 2007 North American International Auto Show. For car reviews, videos, and one of the oldest and largest car communities on the Internet visit Roadfly.com www.roadfly.com Follow us on Facebook! http
http://wn.com/Roadflycom__Jaguar_XF_C-XF_Concept_Car_from_Detroit_NAIAS
Canon in C - Johann Pachelbel - Full Speed
Canon in C - Johann Pachelbel - Full Speed
Enjoy! Download Synthesia: www.synthesiagame.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Canon_in_C__Johann_Pachelbel__Full_Speed
Ronaldinho , Ronaldo , C.Ronaldo , henry and robinho
Ronaldinho , Ronaldo , C.Ronaldo , henry and robinho
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:27
  • Published: 24 May 2006
  • Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
  • Author: dannnnn
Different player ...with one thing and common ,they have fun...when they play
http://wn.com/Ronaldinho_,_Ronaldo_,_CRonaldo_,_henry_and_robinho
Terry Riley in C performed live by Plastic Acid Ensemble
Terry Riley in C performed live by Plastic Acid Ensemble
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:12
  • Published: 02 Jan 2007
  • Uploaded: 02 Jul 2011
  • Author: jmv123
Plastic Acid Ensemble performs the work titled 'Terry Riley in C' on December 18, 2006 in Vancouver at the Caprice night club, a venue normally home to rock bands and dance music, this was an utterly unconventional performance. All in all, the show was very well received. For more, see www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Terry_Riley_in_C_performed_live_by_Plastic_Acid_Ensemble
New season of Sesame Street premiering Monday Sept 26th 2011! New episodes weekday mornings on PBS! (Check local listings.) Check out the Sesame Street Facebook App! www.facebook.com If you're watching videos with your preschooler and w...
Sesame Street: Cook­ie Mon­ster Sings C is for Cook­ie
1:34
ZLA­TAN VS. C.​RONALDO
3:03
In C by Terry Riley - orig­i­nal record­ing - Part 1
9:55
c is for cook­ie
1:33
C For Cook­ie
2:01
C. Ronal­do
4:43
SEPTEM­BER CLUES C
10:00
Tiësto vs Diplo - C'Mon
5:22
Ce­sare­an (C-sec­tion) Birth
3:30
C-Walk crip walk Lon­don 5 Way
2:09
Mr. C The Slide Man - Cha-Cha Slide
4:14
vi­ta­min C - grad­u­a­tion (friends for­ev­er)
4:52
In­ter­pol - C'mere
3:15
Terry Riley's In C with 124 mu­si­cians (Ex­cerpt)
8:25
C Pro­gram­ming Tu­to­ri­al - 1 - Hello World
9:09
In C (Part 1)
10:02
Melanie C - First Day Of My Life (Music Video) (HQ)
4:00
Tiësto vs. Diplo ft. Busta Rhymes - C'mon (Catch 'Em By Sur­prise)
3:41
B'z / C'mon
4:25
Roadfly.​com - Jaguar XF C-XF Con­cept Car from De­troit NAIAS
3:59
Canon in C - Jo­hann Pachel­bel - Full Speed
5:24
Ronald­in­ho , Ronal­do , C.​Ronaldo , henry and robin­ho
6:27
Terry Riley in C per­formed live by Plas­tic Acid En­sem­ble
6:12




Canada

Coordinates41°17′34″N174°0′21″N
Native nameCanada
Common nameCanada
Alt flagVertical triband (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre of the white
Alt coatA shield divided into four rectangles over a triangle. The first rectangle contains three lions passant guardant in gold on a red background; the second, a red lion rampant on a gold background; the third, a gold harp on a blue background; the fourth, three gold fleurs-de-lis on a blue background. The triangle contains three red maple leaves on a white background. A gold helmet sits on top of the shield, upon which is a crowned lion holding a red maple leaf, with a larger crown over its head. On the right is a lion rampant flying the Union Flag. On the left is a unicorn flying a blue flag with three fleurs-de-lis. Both animals hold a red ribbon that goes around the shield, which says "desiderantes meliorem patriam". Below is a blue scroll inscribed "A mari usque ad mare" on a wreath of flowers.
National motto(Latin)"From Sea to Sea"
National anthem"O Canada"
Royal anthem"God Save the Queen"
Alt mapProjection of North America with Canada in green
Map width220px
CapitalOttawa
Largest cityToronto
Official languagesEnglish and French
Regional languagesInuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, Cree, , Gwich’in, Inuvialuktun, Slavey and
DemonymCanadian
Government typeFederal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
Leader title1Monarch
Leader name1Elizabeth II
Leader title2Governor General
Leader name2David Johnston
Leader title3Prime Minister
Leader name3Stephen Harper
LegislatureParliament
Upper houseSenate
Lower houseHouse of Commons
Sovereignty typeEstablishment
Established event1British North America Acts
Established date1July 1, 1867
Established event2Statute of Westminster
Established date2December 11, 1931
Established event3Canada Act
Established date3April 17, 1982
Area km29,984,670
Area sq mi3,854,085
Area rank2nd
Area magnitude1 E12
Percent water8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2)
Population estimate }}
|population_estimate_year = 2011 |population_estimate_rank = 36th |population_census = 32,623,490 |population_census_year = 2006 |population_density_km2 = 3.41 |population_density_sq_mi = 8.3 |population_density_rank = 228th |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $1.330 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $39,057 |HDI_rank = 8th |HDI_category = very high |Gini = 32.1 |Gini_category = medium |Gini_year = 2005 |currency = Canadian dollar ($) |currency_code = CAD |time_zone = |utc_offset = −3.5 to −8 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7 |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) |drives_on = Right |cctld = .ca |calling_code = +1 |footnotes = }} Canada () is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.

The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.

Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and UN. With the eighth-highest Human Development Index globally, it has one of the highest standards of living in the world.

History

Etymology

The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word, kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement". In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.

In the 17th and early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were re-unified as the Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and Dominion (a term from Psalm 72:8) was conferred as the country's title. As Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.

Aboriginal peoples

Archaeological and genetic studies support a human presence in the northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the earliest archaeological sites of human (Paleo-Indians) habitation in Canada. Among the First Nations peoples, there are eight unique stories of creation and their adaptations. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been discovered through archaeological investigations.

The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000 with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health. Repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a forty to eighty percent aboriginal population decrease post-contact. Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. The Métis are a mixed blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.

European colonization

's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec in 1759]] Europeans first arrived when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000. No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England. Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. A series of four Intercolonial Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.

The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies and helped to fuel the American Revolution.

's Fathers of Confederation, an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences]]

The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815. Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).

Confederation and expansion

Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act, 1867 officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had united in 1866) and the colony of Prince Edward Island joined the Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative government established a National Policy of tariffs to protect nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. In 1898, after the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. Out of approximately 625,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objection of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain and, Canada declared war on Germany independently during the Second World War under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. The Canadian economy boomed as industry manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.

Modern times

, Governor General the Viscount Alexander of Tunis (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canada, March 31, 1949.]]

Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) joined Canada in 1949. Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, and official multiculturalism in 1971. There was also the founding of socially democratic programmes, such as universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions. Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970. The sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976 and organized an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West. A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation. the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students; and the Oka Crisis in 1990, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups. Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s. It sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.

Geography

prevail on the rocky Canadian Shield. Ice and tundra are prominent in the Arctic. Glaciers are visible in the Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains. Flat and fertile prairies facilitate agriculture. The Great Lakes feed the Saint Lawrence River (in the southeast), where lowlands host much of Canada's population.]]

Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing the land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area, Canada ranks fourth. but this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is Canadian Forces Station Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island—latitude 82.5°N—817 kilometres (450 nautical miles, 508 miles) from the North Pole. Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada also has the longest coastline in the world: . renowned both for its beauty and as a valuable source of hydroelectric power.]]

The population density, , is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.

Canada has an extensive coastline on its north, east, and west, and since the last glacial period it has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield. Canada has more lakes than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water. There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains.

Canada is also geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The volcanic eruption of Tseax Cone in 1775 caused a catastrophic disaster, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia; the eruption produced a lava flow, and according to legend of the Nisga'a people, it blocked the flow of the Nass River.

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary according to the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from , with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding .

Government and politics

in Canada's capital, Ottawa]] Canada has strong democratic traditions upheld through a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the monarchy of Canada is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper), the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. within the Centre Block on Parliament Hill]]

Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House. The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75. Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the New Democratic Party (the Official Opposition), the Liberal Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.

Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.

Law

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982) affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government—though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years. , bearing the effigy of Queen Victoria]]

Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. Combined with Canada's late economic development in many regions, this peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a relatively strong influence on the national culture while preserving their own identity. The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period. Numbered treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established. A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. These treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treaty rights". The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord. in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]

Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the first female Chief Justice) since 2000. Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels.

Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario and Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Foreign relations and military

Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner. Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the Iraq War. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie. Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, and the Dutch government traditionally gives tulips, a symbol of the Netherlands, to Canada each year in remembrance of the latter's contribution to its liberation. The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the army, navy, and air force.

Strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, the First World War, and the Second World War. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.

frigate HMCS Regina, a warship of the Canadian Navy]]

During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, The number of Canadian military personnel participating in peacekeeping missions has decreased greatly in the past two decades.

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).

during UNITAS Gold (April 25, 2009)]]

Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force. Canada has committed to withdraw from Kandahar Province by 2011, by which time it will have spent an estimated total of $11.3 billion on the mission. Canada and the U.S. continue to integrate state and provincial agencies to strengthen security along the Canada-United States border through the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative.

In February 2007, Canada, Italy, Britain, Norway, and Russia announced their funding commitments to launch a $1.5 billion project to help develop vaccines they said could save millions of lives in poor nations, and called on others to join them. In August 2007, Canadian sovereignty in Arctic waters was challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925. In July 2010 the largest purchase in Canadian military history, totaling C$9 billion for the acquisition of 65 F-35 fighters was announced by the federal government. Canada is one of several nations that assisted in the development of the F-35 and has invested over C$168 million into the program.

Provinces and territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories. The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as health care, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.

Economy

, depicting (top to bottom) Wilfrid Laurier, John A. Macdonald, Queen of Canada (Elizabeth II), William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Robert Borden]]

Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income. It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations. Canada is a mixed market, ranking above the U.S. and most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

In the past century, the growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to a more industrial and urban one. Like other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most important.

Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. Atlantic Canada has vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta has large oil and gas resources. The immense Athabasca Oil Sands give Canada the world's second-largest oil reserves, behind Saudi Arabia.

Canada is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important producers of wheat, canola, and other grains. Canada is the largest producer of zinc and uranium, and is a global source of many other natural resources, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.

in 1992]]

Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened the borders to trade in the auto manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).

In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "Investment Canada" in order to encourage foreign investment. The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in the 1990s. The 2008 global financial crisis caused a recession, which could increase the country's unemployment rate to 10 percent. In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion was from the United States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.

As of October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate was 8.6 percent. Provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador. Between October 2008, and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs. Canada's federal debt is estimated to be $566.7 billion for 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09. Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $40.6-billion to $193.8-billion in the first quarter of 2010.

Science and technology

Canada is an industrial nation with a highly developed science and technology sector. Nearly 1.88 percent of Canada's GDP is allocated to research & development (R&D;). The country has ten Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and medicine. Canada ranks twelfth in the world for Internet usage with 28.0 million users, 84.3 percent of the total population.

in action on the Space Shuttle Discovery during STS-116]]

The Canadian Space Agency conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and develops rockets and satellites. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-41-G. Canada was ranked third among 20 top countries in space sciences. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station and one of the world's pioneers in space robotics with the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre. Since the 1960s, Canada Aerospace Industries have designed and built 10 satellites, including RADARSAT-1, RADARSAT-2 and MOST. Canada also produced one of the most successful sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1000 have been launched since they were initially produced in 1961. Universities across Canada are working on the first domestic landing spacecraft: the Northern Light, designed to search for life on Mars and investigate Martian electromagnetic radiation environment and atmospheric properties. If the Northern Light is successful, Canada will be the third country to land on another planet.

Demographics

The Canada 2006 Census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of 5.4 percent since 2001. Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of Canada's population lives within of the United States border. A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta. In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age of the population was 39.5 years.

According to the 2006 census, the largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (32%), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%). There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 people.

Canada's Aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and 3.8 percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to non-aboriginal visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups in Canada are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent. As of 2007, almost one in five Canadians (19.8%) were foreign-born. Nearly 60 percent of new immigrants come from Asia (including the Middle East). The leading emigrating countries to Canada were China, Philippines and India. By 2031, one in three Canadians could belong to a visible minority group.

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2011, the same number of immigrants as in recent years. New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.

According to the 2001 census, 77.1 percent of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians). The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5% of Canadians), followed by the Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%). About 16.5 percent of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3 percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).

Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar, while reflecting regional history, culture and geography. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years, contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.

Language

Canada's two official languages are English and French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.

English and French are the mother tongues of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8% speak English only, 22.1% speak French only, and 17.4% speak both. English and French Official Language Communities, defined by First Official Language Spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.

The Charter of the French Language makes French the official language in Quebec. Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.

Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-official. There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, made up of more than 65 distinct dialects. Of these, only Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory.

Over six million people in Canada list a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345). and the languages most spoken at home by 68.3 percent and 22.3 percent of the population respectively.

Culture

Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures, and has constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec as distinguished from English Canadian culture; however, as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic—a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures. Government policies such as publicly-funded health care, higher taxation to distribute wealth, outlawing capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, stricter gun control, and legalization of same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differs from that of the United States. 's sculpture Raven and The First Men, showing part of a Haida creation myth. The Raven is a figure common to many mythologies in aboriginal culture.]] Historically Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their culture, language, art and music, aboriginals continue to influence the Canadian identity. Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural. Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified "North American" or global market. The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.

, by Tom Thomson, 1916; oil on canvas, in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada]]

Canadian visual art has been dominated by Tom Thomson — Canada's most famous painter — and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's brief career painting Canadian landscapes spanned just a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39. The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists — Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley — were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926. Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.

The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles. Canada's music broadcasting is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences administers Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which commenced in 1970. The national anthem of Canada O Canada adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.

in Vancouver seconds after Team Canada won gold in men's ice hockey]]

Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse. Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65 million participants in 2004.Canada's six largest metropolitan areas—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton—have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, cricket, volleyball, and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.

Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.

Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, on the penny, and on the Coat of Arms. Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada Goose, Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,

References

Further reading

; History ISBN 0802050166, ISBN 0802028012 ; Geography and climate ; Government and law ; Foreign relations and military ; Economy ; Demography and statistics ; Culture

External links

  • Official website of the Government of Canada
  • Official website of the Governor General of Canada
  • Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
  • Canada at UCB Libraries GovPubs
  • Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
  • Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada
  • Category:Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean Category:Countries bordering the Pacific Ocean Category:Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean Category:Constitutional monarchies Category:English-speaking countries and territories Category:Federal countries Category:Former British colonies Category:French-speaking countries Category:G8 nations Category:G20 nations Category:Liberal democracies Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Category:Member states of La Francophonie Category:Member states of NATO Category:Northern American countries Category:States and territories established in 1867 Category:Member states of the United Nations

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Ronaldo

    Coordinates41°17′34″N174°0′21″N
    PlayernameRonaldo
    CaptionRonaldo with Corinthians in 2009
    FullnameRonaldo Luís Nazário de Lima
    Height
    DateofbirthSeptember 18, 1976
    CityofbirthRio de Janeiro
    CountryofbirthBrazil
    PositionStriker
    Youthyears11986–1989 |youthclubs1 = Tennis Club Valqueire
    Youthyears21989–1990 |youthclubs2 = Social Ramos Club
    Youthyears31990–1993 |youthclubs3 = São Cristóvão
    Years11993–1994 |clubs1 = Cruzeiro |caps1 = 14 |goals1 = 12
    Years21994–1996 |clubs2 = PSV |caps2 = 46 |goals2 = 42
    Years31996–1997 |clubs3 = Barcelona |caps3 = 37 |goals3 = 34
    Years41997–2002 |clubs4 = Inter Milan |caps4 = 68 |goals4 = 49
    Years52002–2007 |clubs5 = Real Madrid |caps5 = 127 |goals5 = 83
    Years62007–2008 |clubs6 = AC Milan |caps6 = 20 |goals6 = 9
    Years72009–2011 |clubs7 = Corinthians |caps7 = 31 |goals7 = 18
    Totalcaps343
    Totalgoals247
    Nationalyears11994–2011 |nationalteam1 = Brazil |nationalcaps1 = 98 |nationalgoals1 = 62
    Medaltemplates}}
    }}

    Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima (; born 18 September 1976), commonly known as Ronaldo, is a retired Brazilian footballer who last played for Corinthians. Ronaldo was one of the most prolific scorers in the world in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. He won his first Ballon d'Or as the European Footballer of the Year in 1997 (aged only 21) and again won the award in 2002 (26 years old). Additionally, he is one of only two men to have won the FIFA Player of the Year award three times, along with French footballer Zinedine Zidane.

    In 2007, he was named as one of the best starting eleven of all-time by France Football and was named to the FIFA 100, a list of the greatest footballers compiled by fellow countryman Pelé. In 2010, he was voted Goal.com's "Player of the Decade" in an online poll, gathering 43.63 percent of all votes and was also included as centre forward in the "Team of the Decade." On 23 February 2010, Ronaldo announced that he will retire after the 2011 season, signing a two-year contract extension with the Corinthians at the same time. He is widely considered by experts and fans as one of the greatest players of all time.

    Ronaldo has played for Brazil in 97 international matches, amassing 62 goals. He was a part of the Brazilian squad that won the 1994 and 2002 World Cups. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ronaldo became the highest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup with his fifteenth goal, surpassing Gerd Müller's previous record of 14.

    Ronaldo retired on 14 February 2011, citing pain and hypothyroidism as the reasons for his premature retirement.

    Club career

    1993: Cruzeiro

    In 1993, Ronaldo began his football career playing for Cruzeiro which was already going on to become a successful club. In his first and only year with Cruzeiro, he amassed 12 goals in 14 appearances and led them to their first Copa do Brasil championship. Prior to this, he was turned down by his boyhood favourite team Flamengo, but Brazilian World Cup legend Jairzinho saw Ronaldo's potential and helped get him the move to Cruzeiro.

    1994–1996: PSV Eindhoven

    Ronaldo chose to join PSV after the 1994 World Cup, for he was selected despite being just 17, but did not play. It was Romário who advised Ronaldo to start his European career at PSV; Romário being a former striker of the team from 1988–1993. Ronaldo scored 30 league goals in his first season in Holland. His second season was marred by a knee injury which kept him out of most of the campaign, but he still averaged nearly a goal a game in the league, with 12 in his 13 appearances. With PSV, Ronaldo won the Dutch Cup in 1996 and he was Eredivisie top scorer in 1995.

    1996–1997: Barcelona

    During his spell at PSV, Ronaldo attracted the attention of notably Inter Milan and FC Barcelona. It was Barcelona that was willing to pay the then record fee of $17 million. During the 1996–97 season Ronaldo scored an incredible 47 goals in 49 games (in all competitions) for Barça, leading the Catalan side to UEFA Cup Winners' Cup triumph (where he capped the season with the winning goal in the cup final itself) and to Copa del Rey and Supercopa de España wins. He also won La Liga top scorer award in 1997 with 34 goals in 37 games. Until the 2008–09 season, Ronaldo remained the last player to score more than 30 goals in La Liga. At the age of 20, Ronaldo became the youngest player to win FIFA World Player of the Year in 1996. He also finished runner-up for the Ballon d'Or. against Paris Saint-Germain.]]

    1997–2002: Inter Milan

    Ronaldo's time at Barça was brief, as there were problems with the renegotiation of Ronaldo's contract. Ronaldo's unhappiness became evident and at the end of the season, by paying the buy out clause fee in his contract, Inter Milan signed him the following year for a then world record fee of £19 million. Ronaldo duly helped them repeat his former side's cup-winning run, this time in the UEFA Cup, in which he scored their third goal in the final itself.

    Ronaldo adapted to the Italian style of the game in his first season, finishing second on the league's scoring charts. Ronaldo started to develop into a complete forward. He began racking up assists, became first-choice penalty taker, taking and scoring freekicks, and captaining the team at the end of the season. During his time with Inter, he scored several goals against A.C. Milan in the Derby della Madonnina. He won FIFA World Player of the Year for the second time in 1997, and collected the Ballon d'Or the same year. The following year, after the FIFA World Cup, he finished second for FIFA player of the year, and third for European Footballer of the Year. At this point in his career, he was clearly and widely regarded as the best player in the world.

    On 21 November 1999, during a Serie A match against Lecce, Ronaldo felt his knee buckle and was forced to limp off the pitch. Medical exams after the match confirmed that the striker had ruptured a tendon in his knee and would require surgery. During his first comeback on 12 April 2000, he played only seven minutes during the first leg of the Coppa Italia final against Lazio before injuring his knee for a second time. After two operations and months of rehabilitation, Ronaldo came back for the 2002 World Cup, helping Brazil win their fifth World Cup title. Later in 2002, he won the World Player of the Year award for the third time, and transferred from Inter to Real Madrid. Ronaldo was given his most recognizable nickname, , by the Italian press while playing there. He was named the 20th top footballer of all time for Inter, according to Times Online, and only his injuries prevented a higher ranking. He played 99 games and scored 59 goals for Nerazzurri.

    2002–2007: Real Madrid

    , 21 December 2005.]] Having signed for Real Madrid C.F. for €39 million, his jersey sales broke all records on the first day, such was the obsession and hype surrounding him. He was sidelined through injury until October 2002 but the fans kept on chanting his name. Ronaldo scored twice in his debut for Real Madrid. He received a standing ovation at the Stadium Bernabéu. That same reception was observed on the night of the final game of the season against Athletic Bilbao, where Ronaldo scored again to seal his first season with 23 league goals and the La Liga Championship title for 2003, which Ronaldo had previously failed to win while with FC Barcelona. With Madrid, he also won an Intercontinental Cup in 2002 and Spanish Super Cup in 2003. , 2 March 2005]]In the second leg of Real Madrid's Champions League quarter-final, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick against Manchester United at Old Trafford, knocking the English team out of the competition. Madrid was on track to win the treble until Ronaldo was injured towards the end of the 2003–04 season; they subsequently lost the Copa del Rey final, were knocked out of the Champions league quarter-finals, and suffered a league form breakdown. That season, he finished as the league's top scorer with 24 goals and was awarded the Pichichi Trophy, despite Madrid losing the league title to Valencia CF. With the acquisition of Ruud van Nistelrooy in 2006, Ronaldo grew more and more out of favor with the manager Fabio Capello due to injuries and weight issues.

    2007–2008: AC Milan

    On 18 January 2007, it was reported that Ronaldo agreed terms with A.C. Milan for a transfer of €8.05 million. Ronaldo was forced to pay for the remaining period on his contract which tied him to Real Madrid, only because the latter did not agree to release him, while AC Milan were not ready to pay such a sum. On 25 January, Ronaldo flew from Madrid to AC Milan to watch AC Milan in a cup tie against Roma. Statements on the club's website said that Ronaldo was in AC Milan for a medical, and that a meeting had been arranged for Monday with Real Madrid officials to discuss and finalize his transfer to AC Milan. On 26 January, Ronaldo successfully completed his medical tests at the Milanello training complex under the supervision of club doctors, and the transfer completed on 30 January and got the squad number 99. He made his debut as a substitute on 11 February 2007, during the 2–1 victory over Livorno. The next game at Siena, on 17 February, Ronaldo scored twice and assisted on a third goal in his first start for AC Milan, as they won an exciting game 4–3. In his first season, Ronaldo scored seven goals in 14 appearances. He was released by AC Milan at the end of the season, as his contract expired and was not renewed.

    2009–2011: Corinthians

    Ronaldo trained with Flamengo during his recovery from knee surgery, and the club's board of directors said that the doors were open for him to join. On 9 December, however, Ronaldo signed a one-year deal with Flamengo's league rival Corinthians. The announcement received high publicity in the Brazilian press about his favouring Corinthians over Flamengo, since Ronaldo publicly declared himself a Flamengo lover and had promised to defend the club.

    Ronaldo played his first match for Corinthians on 4 March 2009, a Copa do Brasil match against Itumbiara at Estádio Juscelino Kubitschek, in which he came as a substitute for Jorge Henrique. Ronaldo scored his first goal for Corinthians on 8 March 2009 in a Campeonato Paulista match against Palmeiras. He helped Corinthians win the Campeonato Paulista with 10 goals in 14 games.

    Ronaldo helped Corinthians defeat Internacional with an aggregate score of 4–2 to help the club win its third Brazil Cup (the second of his career), thus earning a spot in the Copa Libertadores 2010. He returned on 20 September in a match against Goiás. On 27 September 2009, he scored for Corinthians in the 1–1 draw against São Paulo FC. He finished the Brazilian Serie A 2009 with 12 goals in 20 matches. In February 2010, Ronaldo signed a contract extension with Corinthians that would keep him with the club until the end of 2011, and said he would then retire.

    In February 2011, after Corinthians were eliminated from the 2011 Copa Libertadores, Ronaldo announced his retirement from football. In a press conference on 14 February 2011, he admitted his body had finally succumbed to the crippling litany of injuries that have blighted his career. "It's very hard to leave something that made me so happy. Mentally I wanted to continue but I have to acknowledge that I lost to my body," he stated.

    International career

    Ronaldo made his international debut for Brazil in 1994, in a friendly match in Recife against Argentina. He went to the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States as a 17-year-old, but did not play. He came to be known as Ronaldinho ("little Ronaldo" in Portuguese), because Ronaldo Rodrigues de Jesus, his older team-mate on the tournament, was also called Ronaldo and also nicknamed Ronaldão ("big Ronaldo") to further distinguish them. Another Brazilian player, Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, who is widely known as Ronaldinho, would come to be called Ronaldinho Gaúcho when he joined the Brazilian main national team in 1999.

    In the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Ronaldo played with the name Ronaldinho on his shirt, since centreback Ronaldo Guiaro, two years his senior, was one of his teammates. Brazil went on to win the bronze medal in Atlanta.

    1998 FIFA World Cup

    Voted the FIFA World Player of the Year in 1996 and 1997, he scored four goals and made three assists during the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The night before the final, he suffered a convulsive fit. At first, Ronaldo was removed from the starting lineup 72 minutes before the match, but he requested to play and was later reinstated by coach Mario Zagallo. Ronaldo did not perform well and he was injured in a collision with French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez. Brazil lost the final to hosts France 3–0. Adrian Williams, professor of clinical neurology at Birmingham University, said that Ronaldo should not have played, saying that he would have been feeling the after effects of the seizure and that "there is no way that he would have been able to perform to the best of his ability within 24 hours of his first fit – if it was his first fit."

    2002 FIFA World Cup

    During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Ronaldo again led the national team to their record fifth championship and won the Golden Shoe as top scorer with eight goals and was runner-up to the Golden Ball as most valuable player in the tournament. He also scored against every opponent in the tournament except in the quarter-finals against England. In the final match against Germany, Ronaldo scored his 11th and 12th goals to a round of applause and tied Pelé's Brazilian record of 12 career World Cup goals.

    2006 FIFA World Cup

    On 2 June 2004, Ronaldo scored an unusual hat-trick of penalties for Brazil against arch-rivals Argentina in a 2006 World Cup qualifying match.

    At the 2006 FIFA World Cup, although Brazil won their first two group games against Croatia and Australia, respectively, Ronaldo was repeatedly jeered for being overweight and slow. Nonetheless, coach Carlos Alberto Parreira kept him in the starting lineup in face of calls to have Ronaldo replaced. With his two goals against Japan in the third match, he became the 20th player ever to score in three different FIFA World Cups and also equalled the all-time World Cup finals scoring record of 14, held by Gerd Müller (Ronaldo scored at France 98, Korea/Japan 2002 and Germany 2006). and then broke Müller's record in the Round of 16 match against Ghana by scoring his 15th World Cup goal. He also equalled a much less talked about mark: with his third goal of the 2006 World Cup, Ronaldo became only the second player ever, after Jürgen Klinsmann, to score at least three goals in each of three World Cups. Brazil, however, were knocked out by France 1–0 in the quarter-finals.

    Ronaldo and Klinsmann's record of at least three goals in each of three World Cup finals has now been both equalled and bettered by the German Miroslav Klose, who now has a record of at least four goals in each of three tournaments, having netted five at both the 2002 and 2006 finals, and four at the 2010 tournament.

    Farewell match

    In February 2011 it was announced that Ronaldo will be given one last match for Brazil, a friendly against Romania was held in São Paulo on 7 June 2011. Despite it being almost unheard of in international football for players to be given farewell matches for their national side, CBF officials have stated that given the extraordinary career of Ronaldo, it is only fitting that his last hurrah should take place in Brazil while representing his nation. He played for 15 minutes in a match that ended with a Brazilian victory with a single goal from Fred at the 21st minute.

    World Cup goals

    {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:100%" |- ! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! World Cup !! Round |- | 1. || 16 June 1998 || Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes, France || || 1 – 0 || 3–0 || 1998 || Group stage |- | 2. || 27 June 1998 || Parc des Princes, Paris, France || || 3 – 0 || 4–1 || 1998 || Round of 16 |- | 3. || 27 June 1998 || Parc des Princes, Paris, France || || 4 – 1 || 4–1 || 1998 || Round of 16 |- | 4. || 7 July 1998 || Stade Vélodrome, Marseille, France || || 1 – 0 || 1–1 || 1998 || Semi-final |- | 5. || 3 June 2002 || Munsu Cup Stadium, Ulsan, Korea Republic || || 1 – 1 || 2–1 || 2002 || Group stage |- | 6. || 8 June 2002 || Jeju World Cup Stadium, Seogwipo, Korea Republic || || 4 – 0 || 4–0 || 2002 || Group stage |- | 7. || 13 June 2002 || Suwon World Cup Stadium, Suwon, Korea Republic || || 0 – 1 || 2–5 || 2002 || Group stage |- | 8. || 13 June 2002 || Suwon World Cup Stadium, Suwon, Korea Republic || || 0 – 2 || 2–5 || 2002 || Group stage |- | 9. || 17 June 2002 || Kobe Wing Stadium, Kobe, Japan || || 2 – 0 || 2–0 || 2002 || Round of 16 |- | 10. || 26 June 2002 || Saitama Stadium, Saitama, Japan || || 1 – 0 || 1–0 || 2002 || Semi-final |- | 11. || 30 June 2002 || International Stadium Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan || || 0 – 1 || 0–2 || 2002 || Final |- | 12. || 30 June 2002 || International Stadium Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan || || 0 – 2 || 0–2 || 2002 || Final |- | 13. || 22 June 2006 || Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Germany || || 1 – 1 || 1–4 || 2006 || Group stage |- | 14. || 22 June 2006 || Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Germany || || 1 – 4 || 1–4 || 2006 || Group stage |- | 15. || 27 June 2006 || Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Germany || || 1 – 0 || 3–0 || 2006 || Round of 16 |}

    Career statistics

    |- |1993||rowspan=2|Cruzeiro||rowspan=2|Série A||14||12||-||-||6||8||201||201 |- |1994||colspan=2|–||colspan=2|–||8||2||262||242 |- |1994–95||rowspan="2"|PSV||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||33||30||1||2||2||3||36||35 |- |1995–96||13||12||3||1||5||6||21||19 |- |1996–97||Barcelona||La Liga||37||34||5||8||7||5||49||47 |- |1997–98||rowspan="5"|Inter Milan||rowspan="5"|Serie A||32||25||4||3||11||6||47||34 |- |1998–99||19||14||3||0||6||1||28||15 |- |1999–00||7||3||1||0||0||0||8||3 |- |2000–01||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |2001–02||10||7||1||0||5||0||16||7 |- |2002–03||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||23||1||0||12||7||44||30 |- |2003–04||32||24||7||3||9||4||48||31 |- |2004–05||34||21||1||0||10||3||45||24 |- |2005–06||23||14||2||1||2||0||27||15 |- |2006–07||7||1||2||1||4||2||13||4 |- |2006–07||rowspan="2"|AC Milan||rowspan="2"|Serie A||14||7||0||0||0||0||14||7 |- |2007–08||6||2||0||0||0||0||6||2 |- |- |2009||rowspan="3"|Corinthians||rowspan="3"|Série A||20||12||8||3||—||—||383||233 |- |2010||11||6||—||—||7||3||274||124 |- |2011||—||—||—||—||2||—||45||—5 |- 45||30||8||3||21||13||1136||796 46||42||4||3||7||9||57||54 164||117||18||13||44||21||226||151 88||58||9||3||22||7||119||68 343||247||39||22||94||50||5176||3526 1 includes 1 matches and 0 goals in 1993 Campeonato Mineiro and a match played in 26 September against São Paulo FC valid at the same time for 1993 Campeonato Brasileiro and 1993 Recopa Sudamericana. 2 includes 18 matches and 22 goals in 1994 Campeonato Mineiro.
    3 includes 10 matches and 8 goals in 2009 Campeonato Paulista. 4 includes 9 matches and 3 goals in 2010 Campeonato Paulista. 5 includes 2 matches in 2011 Campeonato Paulista.

    |- |1994||4||1 |- |1995||6||3 |- |1996||4||5 |- |1997||20||15 |- |1998||10||5 |- |1999||10||7 |- |2000||0||0 |- |2001||0||0 |- |2002||12||11 |- |2003||8||3 |- |2004||11||6 |- |2005||5||1 |- |2006||7||5 |- |2007||0||0 |- |2008||0||0 |- |2009||0||0 |- |2010||0||0 |- |2011||1||0 |- !Total||98||62 |}

    Honours

    Cruzeiro
  • Campeonato Mineiro: 1994
  • Copa do Brasil: 1993
  • PSV

  • KNVB Cup: 1996
  • Johan Cruijff-schaal: 1996
  • Barcelona

  • Copa del Rey: 1997
  • UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997
  • Supercopa de España: 1996
  • Inter Milan

  • UEFA Cup: 1998
  • Real Madrid

  • La Liga: 2002–03, 2006–07
  • Intercontinental Cup: 2002
  • Supercopa de España: 2003
  • Corinthians

  • Campeonato Paulista: 2009
  • Copa do Brasil: 2009
  • National team

  • FIFA World Cup: 1994, 2002
  • Copa América: 1997, 1999
  • FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997
  • Individual

  • Supercopa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1993–94
  • Campeonato Mineiro Top Scorer: 1993–94
  • Campeonato Mineiro Team of The Year: 1994
  • Eredivisie Top Scorer: 1994–95
  • La Liga Top Scorer: 1996–97,2003–2004
  • European Golden Boot: 1996–97
  • Don Balón Award La Liga Foreign Player of the Year: 1996–97
  • Copa América Final Most Valuable Player: 1997
  • Copa América Most Valuable Player: 1997
  • Confederations Cup All-Star Team: 1997
  • Cup Winners Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 1997
  • Cup Winners Cup Top Goal Scorer: 1996–1997
  • IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year: 1997
  • UEFA Most Valuable Player: 1997–98
  • Serie A Footballer of the Year: 1997–98
  • Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 1997–98
  • UEFA Best Forward: 1997–98
  • Bravo Award : 1995, 1997, 1998
  • FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1998
  • UEFA Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 1998
  • Copa América Top Scorer: 1999
  • Copa América All-Star Team: 1997, 1999
  • FIFA World Player of the Year: 1996, 1997, 2002
  • Ballon D'or: 1997, 2002
  • World Soccer Magazine World Player of The Year: 1996,1997.2002
  • Onze d'Or: 1997, 2002
  • FIFA World Cup Silver Ball: 2002
  • FIFA 100
  • FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998, 2002
  • FIFA World Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 2002
  • FIFA World Cup Top Scorer: 2002
  • Intercontinental Cup Most Valuable Player: 2002
  • UEFA Team of The Year: 2002
  • Laureus Comeback of the Year: 2002
  • Strogaldo De Legendary Award 2002
  • BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality: 2002
  • La Liga South American Player of the Year: 1996–97, 2002–03
  • Golden Foot award: 2006
  • Brazilian National Hall of Fame: Class of 2006
  • Serie A Player of the Decade: 1997–2007
  • France Football Magazine: Starting eleven of all-time (2007)
  • FIFA World Cup: All-Time Leading Scorer
  • Campeonato Paulista: Best Player, 2009
  • Goal.com : Player of a decade: Winner 2000–2010

    Personal life

    Ronaldo is the third child of Nélio Nazário de Lima, Snr and Sônia dos Santos Barata, Ronaldo has a brother Nélio Jr.

    .]] During 1997, Ronaldo met the Brazilian model and actress Susana Werner on the set of Brazilian telenovela Malhação when they acted together in three episodes. Although never marrying, they began a long-term relationship and lived together in Milan until the beginning of 1999. In April 1999, Ronaldo married female Brazilian footballer Milene Domingues, at the time pregnant with the couple's first son, Ronald. The marriage lasted four years. The couple had a son, Ronald (born in Milan, on April 6, 2000). In 2005, Ronaldo became engaged to Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli, who became pregnant but suffered a miscarriage; the relationship lasted for only three months after their luxurious wedding at the Château de Chantilly. The ceremony reportedly cost €700,000 (£896,000).

    In April 2008, Ronaldo was involved in a scandal involving three transvestite prostitutes whom he met in a nightclub located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Upon discovering that they were men, Ronaldo offered them $600 to leave. One of the three, however, André Luís Ribeiro Albertini (better known as Andréia Albertini), demanded $30,000 and exposed the case to the media. According to the local police chief, "[Ronaldo] was very excited and wanted to go out and have fun, without the press knowing. Ronaldo said that he is not mentally stable and is having psychological problems because of his recent surgery. But he committed no crime at all, it was immoral at best." Ronaldo's engagement to Maria Beatriz Antony was cancelled immediately after the prostitution scandal but resumed a little later. Maria Beatriz Antony gave birth to their first daughter, named Maria Sophia, in Rio de Janeiro, on 24 December 2008. In April 2009, the whole family moved to a new penthouse in São Paulo. On 6 April 2010, Maria Beatriz Antony gave birth to their second daughter. The girl, born in São Paulo, was named Maria Alice. Coincidently, Maria Alice was born exactly 10 years after her older brother Ronald. In December 2010, Ronaldo and his family moved to a new mansion in São Paulo. Also in December, Ronaldo performed a parental testing and confirmed to be the father of a boy named Alexander (born in April 2005). The boy was born after a brief relationship between Ronaldo and Michele Umezu, a Brazilian waitress whom Ronaldo first met in Tokyo, in 2002. After the confirmation of his fourth child, the striker declared that four is enough, causing him to "close the factory". So, on 26 December 2010, he revealed his recent vasectomy.

    Since 2005, Ronaldo has been the co-owner of A1 Team Brazil, along with Brazilian motorsports legend Emerson Fittipaldi.

    References

    External links

    Top.10 players of Brasileiro 2009 Southamericanfutbol.com
  • ESPN Profile
  • }}

    Category:1976 births Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players Category:1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:A1 Grand Prix people Category:A.C. Milan players Category:Association football forwards Category:Brazil international footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Brazilian expatriates in Italy Category:Brazilian expatriates in Spain Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazilian people of Black African descent Category:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players Category:Eredivisie players Category:European Footballer of the Year winners Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands Category:FC Barcelona footballers Category:F.C. Internazionale Milano players Category:FIFA 100 Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:La Liga footballers Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners Category:Living people Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil Category:Olympic footballers of Brazil Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (state) Category:Pichichi Trophy winners Category:PSV Eindhoven players Category:Real Madrid C.F. players Category:Serie A footballers Category:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players Category:World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Terry Riley

    Coordinates41°17′34″N174°0′21″N
    NameTerry Riley
    Backgroundnon_performing_personnel
    Birth nameTerrence Mitchell Riley
    BornJune 24, 1935
    OriginColfax, California, U.S.
    InstrumentPiano, keyboards, saxophone
    GenreMinimalist
    OccupationComposer
    LabelCBS RecordsNew Albion Records
    Urlterryriley.net
    Notable instrumentsElectronic organPianoVoice

    Terrence Mitchell Riley, (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer, intrinsically associated with and a pioneer of the minimalist school of Western classical music.

    Life

    Born in Colfax, California, Riley studied at Shasta College, San Francisco State University, and the San Francisco Conservatory before earning an MA in composition at the University of California, Berkeley, studying with Seymour Shifrin and Robert Erickson. He was involved in the experimental San Francisco Tape Music Center working with Morton Subotnick, Steve Reich, Pauline Oliveros, and Ramon Sender. His most influential teacher, however, was Pandit Pran Nath (1918–1996), a master of Indian classical voice, who also taught La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela. Riley made numerous trips to India over the course of their association to study and to accompany him on tabla, tambura, and voice. Throughout the 1960s he traveled frequently around Europe as well, taking in musical influences and supporting himself by playing in piano bars, until he joined the Mills College faculty in 1971 to teach Indian classical music. Riley was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Music at Chapman University in 2007.

    Also during the 1960s were the famous "All-Night Concerts", during which Riley performed mostly improvised music from evening until sunrise, using an old organ harmonium ("with a vacuum cleaner motor blower blowing into the ballasts") and tape-delayed saxophone. When he finally wanted a break, after hours of playing, he played back looped saxophone fragments recorded throughout the evening. For several years he continued to put on these concerts, to which people came with sleeping bags, hammocks, and their whole families.

    Riley began his long-lasting association with the Kronos Quartet by meeting its founder, David Harrington, while at Mills. Over the course of his career, Riley composed 13 string quartets for the ensemble, in addition to other works. He wrote his first orchestral piece, Jade Palace, in 1991, and has continued to pursue that avenue, with several commissioned orchestral compositions following. Riley is also currently performing and teaching both as an Indian raga vocalist and as a solo pianist.

    He has a son named Gyan Riley, who is a guitarist. Riley still performs live. He has been chosen by Animal Collective to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that they will curate in May 2011.

    Techniques

    While his early endeavors were influenced by Stockhausen, Riley changed direction after first encountering La Monte Young, in whose Theater of Eternal Music he later performed in 1965-66. The String Quartet (1960) was Riley's first work in this new style; it was followed shortly after by a string trio, in which he first employed the repetitive short phrases for which he and minimalism are now known.

    His music is usually based on improvising through a series of modal figures of different lengths, such as in In C and the Keyboard Studies. In C (1964) is Riley's best-known work and one that brought the minimalist music movement to prominence. Its first performance was given by Steve Reich, Jon Gibson, Pauline Oliveros, and Morton Subotnick, among others, and it has influenced their work and that of many others, including John Adams, Roberto Carnevale, and Philip Glass. Its form was an innovation: the piece consists of 53 separate modules of roughly one measure apiece, each containing a different musical pattern but each, as the title implies, in the key of C. One performer beats a steady pulse of Cs on the piano to keep tempo. The others, in any number and on any instrument, perform these musical modules following a few loose guidelines, with the different musical modules interlocking in various ways as time goes on. The Keyboard Studies are similarly structured – a single-performer version of the same concept.

    In the 1950s he was already working with tape loops, a technology then in its infancy, and he has continued manipulating tapes to musical effect, both in the studio and in live performance, throughout his career. He has composed in just intonation as well as microtonal pieces.

    Riley's collaborators include the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Pauline Oliveros, the ARTE Quartett and, as mentioned, the Kronos Quartet.

    A Rainbow in Curved Air inspired Pete Townshend's synthesizer parts on the Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again" and "Baba O'Riley", the latter named in tribute to Riley as well as to Meher Baba.

    Discography

  • 1963: Music for The Gift
  • 1965: Reed Streams
  • 1968: In C
  • 1969: A Rainbow in Curved Air
  • 1970: Church of Anthrax, with John Cale
  • 1972: Persian Surgery Dervishes
  • 1975: Descending Moonshine Dervishes, Kuckucku Records
  • 1978: Shri Camel for solo electronic organ tuned in just intonation and modified by digital delay
  • 1984: , a collaboration with the Kronos Quartet
  • 1986: The Harp of New Albion, for piano tuned in just intonation
  • 1987: Chanting the Light of Foresight, with Rova Saxophone Quartet in just intonation
  • 1996: Poppy Nogood and the Phantom Band
  • 2002: Sun Rings for the Kronos Quartet
  • 2004: The Cusp of Magic, with the Kronos Quartet, composed for his seventieth birthday, an ode to the rite of Midsummer Eve
  • 2010: Two Early Works, the first-ever recordings of two of Riley's early compositions, performed by the Calder Quartet
  • Filmography

  • 1970 - Corridor. Film by Standish Lawder.
  • 1976 - Crossroads. Film by Bruce Conner.
  • 1976 - Lifespan. Film by Sandy Whitelaw. Soundtrack released as La Secret De La Vie.
  • 1976 - Music With Roots in the Aether: Opera for Television. Tape 6: Terry Riley. Produced and directed by Robert Ashley. New York, New York: Lovely Music.
  • 1986 - In Between the Notes...a Portrait of Pandit Pran Nath, Master Indian Musician. Produced by Other Minds, directed by William Farley.
  • 1995 - Musical Outsiders: An American Legacy - Harry Partch, Lou Harrison, and Terry Riley. Directed by Michael Blackwood.
  • 2008 - "A Rainbow In Curved Air" features in the in-game soundtrack of Grand Theft Auto IV. It can be found when listening to the fictional radio station, "The Journey".
  • Notes

    References

  • [Anonymous] (2002). Album notes for The Who: The Ultimate Collection by The Who, 12. MCA Records.
  • Potter, Keith (2000). ''Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge, UK; New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Edward Strickland, "Terry Riley". Grove Music Online (subscription access).
  • External links

  • Official home page
  • [ Terry Riley page on Allmusic]
  • Terry Riley page on Ubu Web (audio and video)
  • Davidson, Robert. “Short Biography of Terry Riley.” 1999.
  • Elision Fields, Riley’s management and CD label
  • Otherminds.org score of Riley’s In C (PDF)
  • A Concert in Honor of Terry Riley on his 50th Birthday, featuring the Kronos Quartet .
  • Epitonic.com: Terry Riley featuring tracks from The Book of Abbeyozzud and The Light of Foresight (with Rova)
  • Art of the States: Terry Riley In C (1964)
  • Golden, Barbara. “Conversation with Terry Riley.” eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.
  • Leopizzi, Marco. “Terry Riley — Il guru del minimalismo.” Interview from 1 June 2008. Musicaround.net.
  • Oteri, Frank J. “Terry Riley: Obsessed and Passionate About All Music.” Interview from 16 February 2001 (includes video). NewMusicBox — People & Ideas in Profile, 1 June 2001.
  • Interview with Terry Riley.
  • Category:American composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Living people Category:Minimalist composers Category:Microtonal musicians Category:1935 births Category:Postmodern composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:San Francisco State University alumni Category:Contemporary classical music performers Category:People from Placer County, California Category:BYG Actuel artists Category:Mills College faculty

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.





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