The Leaving Certificate Examinations (), commonly referred to as the Leaving Cert (Irish: ''Ardteist'') is the final examination in the Irish secondary school system. It takes a minimum of two years preparation, but an optional Transition Year means that for those students it takes place three years after the Junior Certificate Examination. These years are referred to collectively as "The Senior Cycle." Most students taking the examination are aged 16–19; in excess of eighty percent of this group undertake the exam. The Examination is overseen by the State Examinations Commission.

Programmes

There are three distinct programmes that can be followed. While the outcomes of each programme are quite distinct, each is intended to reinforce the principles of secondary education; to prepare the student for education, society and work.

Established Leaving Certificate: The Established Leaving Certificate, introduced in 1924, is the most common programme taken. A minimum of six subjects are presented, including the compulsory Irish; most students take six or seven subjects. Most students also present in English and Mathematics. A modern European language is often studied by students as many courses in most universities require it.

Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme: The Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme, introduced in 1989, is similar to the established programme. The student takes at least five traditional subjects, one of which must be Irish. Two of the student's subjects must be part of one of a list of ''Vocational subject groupings''. They must also study a modern European language and two ''Link Modules'', Preparation for the World of Work and Enterprise Education. The programme is designed to help the student find their potential for self-directed learning, innovation and enterprise.

Leaving Certificate Applied: The Leaving Certificate Applied, introduced in 1995, is taken to prepare the student for adult and working life. It consists of three elements. These are ''General Education'', ''Vocational Education'' and ''Vocational Preparation''. It is designed to emphasize areas of achievement and excellence which are not catered for by traditional academic programmes.

Grading and available subjects

{| align=right class="wikitable" |Percentage Range|| Grade || bgcolor=#FFD1DC | Points for Higher || bgcolor=#FBEC5D| Points for Ordinary || bgcolor=#7FFF00 | Points for Foundation |- |90 – 100|| A1 || 100 || 60 || 20 |- |85 – 89.99|| A2 || 90 || 50 || 15 |- |80 – 84.99|| B1 || 85 || 45 || 10 |- |75 – 79.99|| B2 || 80 || 40 || 5 |- |70 – 74.99|| B3 || 75 || 35 || rowspan="10"|0 |- |65 – 69.99|| C1 || 70 || 30 |- |60 – 64.99|| C2 || 65 || 25 |- |55 – 59.99|| C3 || 60 || 20 |- |50 – 54.99|| D1 || 55 || 15 |- |45 – 49.99|| D2 || 50 || 10 |- |40 – 44.99|| D3 || 45 || 5 |- |25 – 39.99|| E || rowspan="3"|0 || rowspan="3"|0 |- |10 – 24.99|| F |- |0 – 9.99|| NG |} Below is the list of subjects available to Established Leaving Certificate students, though most schools only offer a limited number. There are three levels in the Irish exam system ''Higher'' (often referred to as Honours), ''Ordinary'' (often referred to as Pass), and ''Foundation''. Foundation Level may only be taken in two subjects: Irish and Mathematics. All other subjects may be sat in either Ordinary or Higher Levels. Percentage ranges are given on the table below, along with the points given for each grade. In general, a Higher Level grade is worth 40 points more than the equivalent Ordinary Level grade (e.g. a Higher C1 is 70, an Ordinary C1 is 30). However no points are awarded for a grade below D3 (below 40%). Thus if a student scores 40% on a Higher Level paper he/she will receive a D3, worth 45 points. But 39% on the same paper will score zero points.

The points allocations in the table below have been collectively agreed by the third-level institutions involved in the CAO scheme, and relativities that they imply have no official standing in the eyes of the State Examinations Commission or the Department of Education and Science.

L1, Modern languages

Irish ''(mandatory with exceptions)''

English

L2, Modern and Classical languages

Arabic

Bulgarian

Czech

Danish

Dutch

Estonian

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Ancient Greek†

Hebrew

Hungarian

Italian

Japanese

Latin†

Latvian

Lithuanian

Polish

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Slovak

Spanish

Swedish

Applied sciences

Technology

Engineering

Home Economics, Scientific and Social

Design and Communication Graphics

Construction Studies

Laboratory sciences

Physics

Chemistry

Biology

Agricultural Science

Physics with Chemistry

Applied Mathematics

Business Studies

Accounting

Agricultural Economics†

Business Organisation

Economics†

Arts and Humanities

Art

Classical Studies†

Geography

History

Music

Religious Education

Notes

†Subject exclusions - candidates may not take any of following subject combinations:

Agricultural Economics and Economics

Classical Studies and Ancient Greek

Classical Studies and Latin

"Physics and Chemistry" (combined) and either "Physics" (alone) or "Chemistry" (alone)

The Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme is an additional Link Module which may be taken along with the other optional subjects. Students wishing to sit the LCVP Link Modules Exam must meet certain requirement. They must take an extra language subject and must have one or more of the following subject combinations:

Specialist Groupings 1 Construction Studies or Engineering or Technical Drawing (any two) 2 Physics and Construction Studies or Engineering 3 Agricultural Science and Construction Studies or Engineering 4 Agricultural Science and Chemistry or Physics or Physics & Chemistry (combined subject) 5 Home Economics and Agricultural Science or Biology 6 Home Economics and Art 7 Accounting or Business or Economics (any two) 8 Physics and Chemistry 9 Biology and Agricultural Science 10 Biology and Chemistry or Physics or Physics & Chemistry (combined)

Services Groupings 11 Engineering and Business or Accounting or Economics 12 Construction Studies and Business or Accounting or Economics 13 Home Economics and Business or Accounting or Economics 11 Agricultural Science and Business or Accounting or Economics 15 Art and Business or Accounting or Economics 16 Music and Business or Accounting or Economics

{| align=left class="wikitable" |LCVP Grade || Percentage Range || Points awarded || Equal to |- |''Gradam'' / Distinction (GD)||80 – 100 || 70 || Higher C1 |- |''Fiúntas'' / Merit (FM)|| 65 – 79.99 || 50 ||Higher D2 / Ordinary A2 |- |''Pas'' / Pass (PP)||50 – 64.99 || 30 ||Ordinary C1 |- |''Gan Rath'' / Unsuccessful (U)||0 – 49.99 || 0 ||Fail |}

Exam format

Each subject is examined with at least one written paper (English, Mathematics, Irish and some of the optional courses contain two written papers). Some subjects such as Art and Technology involve a practical exam which is supervised by an external examiner. Language courses are examined through both oral and aural-known as 'tape'- methods, as well as the written. The oral exams take place some months before the written exams, and the aurals take place in the same weeks as the written. Some subjects, such as Chemistry, and Agricultural Science, involve the keeping of a 'book' by students, or the creation of a project. However, not every book or project is examined, with inspectors being sent to a small few, randomly selected schools each year, or simply examining a small selection of projects from each class to check the standard.

Variants

Each subjects paper at Leaving Certificate level may have as few as two variants, or as many as six. They are divided by level: Higher and Ordinary, and in the case of Irish and Mathematics, Foundation. Each subject level-variant will also have provisions for both English and Irish speakers, with the exception of English and Irish themselves (which are printed exclusively in the relevant language). Certain subjects are printed in a combined English/Irish format, such as French or German. This leaves such subjects with only two versions: a bilingual Higher, and a bilingual Ordinary. However Mathematics in contrast has a total of six: three levels: Higher, Ordinary and Foundation, each with both English and Irish versions.

Higher Level papers are printed on pink paper, while Ordinary Level papers are printed on powder blue paper. In the case of certain subjects, such as Geography, full-colour photographs need to be printed and as such, all pages but the cover are white.

2009 Leaving Certificate leak

On the first day of examinations on June 3, 2009, the second paper of the Leaving Certificate English examination, (initially scheduled for June 4), was accidentally distributed instead of Paper 1 at an examination centre in St. Oliver's Community College, Drogheda, Co. Louth. It was confirmed that a number of candidates had seen the paper before the mistake was acted upon. The examiner had failed to report the incident straight away and was immediately suspended. A State Examinations Commission official had visited the examination centre on the day in question as part of a routine inspection, and no report was made by the invigilator to the official. Due to the time at which the SEC was informed, it was unable to distribute the contingency paper in time for the following morning. Details of the leaked paper had circulated onto many messenger boards and social networking sites, many hours after the incident had taken place. The exam was rescheduled for Saturday 6 June, from 09:30 to 12:50. About 10 Jewish students, who could not sit the exam at the rescheduled time because it conflicted with Shabbat, were sent to an Orthodox household in Dublin, where they were sequestered from all electronic media (as is normal for Shabbat) and kept under supervision until they sat the exam on Sunday morning.

Matriculation to university using the Leaving Certificate

Ireland

Matriculation is administered by the Central Applications Office (CAO) following requirements laid down by the universities. Applicants must present English and usually Mathematics and Irish. Some courses require specific subjects to be taken at secondary level. For example, veterinary medicine applicants must present with a minimum grade of C3 in Chemistry at higher level. Most commonly, engineering and science programs require Mathematics and/or a physical science. Other courses, such as medicine, have similar matriculation requirements. The greatest score that can be achieved in the Leaving Certificate is 600 points, equivalent to six higher level A1's.

Generally, students will be required to have pass grades in English, Irish and Mathematics to gain entry to university in Ireland. Up until 1995, any candidate who failed any one of these subjects was deemed to have failed their leaving cert, and would not be awarded a certificate. This classification was removed in 1995, and now the concept of failing the leaving certificate is not applied. If demand exceeds supply for a course (which it usually does), the CAO will award candidates points based on their Leaving Certificate performance in six subjects. The majority of candidates take six to eight subjects, including English, Mathematics and Irish (exemptions available) and usually a foreign language, with the points from their six highest scoring subjects being considered. Once base criteria have been met, course places are offered to the applicants with the highest points.

Subjects taken at foundation level are rarely counted for matriculation to university.

The University of Limerick awards up to 40 bonus points for Mathematics (Higher Level) in an increasing scale of points starting at 5 bonus points for a C3 continuing up to 40 for an A1 grade. This is an attempt to correct the recent decline in demand for scientific subjects. In 2009, 16.2% of students attempted the higher level Mathematics paper. It also reflects a return to earlier times, pre 1982, when the points scored for mathematics were doubled. This bonus for achievement in mathematics was removed mid 1980s because of a populist reaction against bias being shown towards persons who were supposedly "naturally" talented at mathematics, and being unfair to persons who were not mathematically inclined. Recent Minister for Education, Batt O'Keeffe, acknowledged that he sat mathematics at ordinary level in the Leaving Certificate because he was aware of the extensive study that would be required by this subject.

Some universities require a foreign language and Irish. Exemptions are available for learning difficulties, birth outside of Ireland, not having taken Irish before the age of eleven years, and studying abroad for a period of at least two years after the age of eleven.

United Kingdom

Some Irish students go to university in the United Kingdom, particularly in Northern Ireland and larger British cities. Increasingly students from the Republic attend university in Northern Ireland, and vice-versa.

In recognition of this, the Established Leaving Certificate underwent a process with UCAS to gain entry to the UCAS Tariff for direct entry to United Kingdom universities. This introduced the examination directly onto the UCAS Tariff, allowing it to be compared more easily with other qualifications on the UCAS Tariff. On June 8, 2004 it was decided that a Leaving Certificate (higher) subject will be worth two-thirds of an A-level (UK, except Scotland). Leaving Certificate students undertake several more subjects (often a total of six to eight) than a typical A level student.

Dates

The exams begin on the first Wednesday after the June Bank Holiday every year, traditionally commencing with English Paper One, followed by Paper Two. The exams typically last two and a half weeks; the 2008 exams began on 4 June and ended on 20 June, with results released on 12 August, but for some students may last longer due to exams in uncommon subjects, such as Swedish, Polish, etc.

In 2008, the exam timetable was reorganised to reduce the intensity of exam period. Particular changes included the moving of English Paper Two to Thursday afternoon, as opposed to its usual time of Wednesday afternoon after English Paper One, to reduce the amount of writing candidates were required to do at the beginning of the exams.

The 2010 Leaving Certificate Examinations began on June 9, 2010 and finished on June 25, 2010.

The 2011 Leaving Certificate Examinations began on June 8, 2011 and finished on June 24, 2011.

International usage

Only one school outside Ireland offers the Leaving Certificate exam to their students. Since 1997 students at the ISM international school in Tripoli, Libya take the Leaving Cert, with Arabic being substituted for Irish. The School's principal said, "We have students from 42 countries studying at our school; the Irish Leaving Certificate programme offered us the kind of academic standard and subject spread that we were looking for".

See also

Central Applications Office

Education in the Republic of Ireland

Grinds

''How to Cheat in the Leaving Certificate'', an 1998 film directed by Graham Jones

Post Leaving Certificate

References

External links

Start writing wikibooks for leaving cert subjects @ State Examination Commission, Ireland

UCAS - The UCAS Tariff

CAO Degree & Diploma Points 2005

Official CAO Level 8 Points 2005

Official CAO Level 6/7 Points 2005

Leaving Certificate Applied Website

Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme Website

2011 Leaving Cert Exam Timetable

Category:School qualifications Category:Education in the Republic of Ireland

ga:Ardteistiméireacht simple:Leaving Certificate