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Magnoliid

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Magnoliids

Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae) are a group of about 9,000 species of flowering plants, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, and many others. They are characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.

Classification

Traditionally, Magnoliidae is the botanical name of a subclass. The of a subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used. The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae. More recently, the group has been redefined under the PhyloCode as a node-based clade comprising the Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales.

APG system

The APG III (2009) and its predecessor systems do not use formal botanical names above the rank of order. Under these systems, larger clades are usually referred to by informal names, such as "magnoliids" (plural, not capitalized) or "magnoliid complex". The APG III recognizes a clade within the angiosperms for the magnoliids. The circumscription is:

{| align="left" style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef" |- | style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |clade magnoliids : order Canellales : order Laurales : order Magnoliales : order Piperales | |2= }} }} }} |2= }} }} }} |-style="font-size:90%;" | colspan=2 | The current phylogeny and composition of the magnoliids. |}

The clade includes most of the basal groups of the angiosperms. This clade was formally named Magnoliidae in 2007 under provisions of the PhyloCode.

Cronquist system

, showing multiple petals, stamens, and pistils.]] The Cronquist system (1981) used the name Magnoliidae for one of six subclasses (within class Magnoliopsida = dicotyledons). In the original version of this system the circumscription was:

subclass Magnoliidae :

: order Magnoliales

: order Laurales

: order Piperales

: order Aristolochiales

: order Illiciales

: order Nymphaeales

: order Ranunculales

: order Papaverales

Dahlgren and Thorne systems

Both Dahlgren and Thorne classified the magnoliids (sensu APG) in superorder Magnolianae, rather than as a subclass.magnoliids !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | Cronquist systemMagnolianae !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | Thorne system (1992)Magnolianae !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | Thorne system (2000)Magnolianae |- |- | Laurales | Laurales | Laurales | rowspan=9 | Magnoliales | rowspan=9 | Magnoliales |- | rowspan=2 | Magnoliales | rowspan=4 | Magnoliales | Magnoliales |- | Annonales |- | Canellales | Winterales |- | rowspan=3 | Piperales | Lactoridales |- | Aristolochiales | Aristolochiales |- | rowspan=2 | Piperales | Piperales in Nymphaeanae |- | rowspan=5 | unplaced or in basal clades | Chloranthales |- | Illiciales | Illiciales |- | in Rosidae | Rafflesiales | in Rafflesianae | in Rafflesianae |- | rowspan=3 | Nymphaeales | rowspan=2 | in Nymphaeanae | in Nymphaeanae | in Nymphaeanae |- | Ceratophyllales | rowspan=5 | in Ranunculidae |- | rowspan=4 | placed in eudicot clade | Nelumbonales | Nelumbonales |- | Ranunculales | rowspan=2 | in Ranunculanae | rowspan=2 | Berberidales |- | Papaverales |- | in Dilleniidae | in Theanae | Paeoniales |}

Economic uses

The magnoliids is a large group of plants, with many species that are economically important as food, drugs, perfumes, timber, and as ornamentals, among many other uses.

has been cultivated in the Americas for thousands of years.]] One widely cultivated magnoliid fruit is the avocado (Persea americana), which is believed to have been cultivated in Mexico and Central America for nearly 10,000 years. Now grown throughout the American tropics, it probably originates from the Chiapas region of Mexico or Guatemala, where "wild" avocados may still be found. The soft pulp of the fruit is eaten fresh or mashed into guacamole. The ancient peoples of Central America were also the first to cultivate several fruit-bearing species of Annona.

Some members of the magnoliids have served as important food additives. Oil of sassafras was formerly used as a key flavoring in both root beer and in sarsaparilla. The primary ingredient responsible for the oil's flavor is safrole, but it is no longer used in either the United States or Canada. Both nations banned the use of safrole as a food additive in 1960 as a result of studies that demonstrated safrole promoted liver damage and tumors in mice. Consumption of more than a minute quantity of the oil causes nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and shallow rapid breathing. It is very toxic, and can severely damage the kidneys. In addition to its former use as a food additive, safrole from either Sassafras or Ocotea cymbarum is also the primary precursor for synthesis of MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly known as the drug ecstasy.

fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin.]] Other magnoliids also are known for their narcotic, hallucinogenic, or paralytic properties. The Polynesian beverage kava is fermented from the pulverized roots of Piper methysticum, and has both sedative and narcotic properties. As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days. A more severe reaction comes from poisoning by rodiasine and demethylrodiasine, the active ingredients in fruit extract from Chlorocardium venenosum. These chemicals paralyze muscles and nerves, resulting in tetanus-like reactions in animals. The Cofán peoples of westernmost Amazon in Colombia and Ecuador use the compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting.

Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the magnoliids are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use Winter's Bark from the South American tree Drimys winteri to ward off the vitamin-deficieny of scurvy. Drugs extracted from the bark of Magnolia have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific investigation of magnolol and honokiol have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for bad breath and dental caries. Several members of the family Annonaceae are also under investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called acetogenins. The first acetogenin discovered was uvaricin, which has anti-leukemic properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins have been discovered with anti-malarial and anti-tumor properties, and some even inhibit HIV replication in laboratory studies.

Many magnoliid species produce essential oils in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree Virola surinamensis (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains trimyristin, which is extracted in the form of a fat and used in soaps and candles, as well as in shortenings. Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted from Aniba rosaeodora (bois-de-rose oil), Cinnamomum porrectum, Cinnamomum cassia, and Litsea odorifera for scenting soaps. Perfumes also are made from some of these oils; ylang-ylang comes from the flowers of Cananga odorata, and is used by Arab and Swahili women. A compound called nutmeg butter is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a lubricant rather than as a food.

Magnoliids are also important sources of spices and herbs used to flavor food, including the spices black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and the herb bay laurel.

See also

References

External links

Tree of Life Magnoliids

* Category:Plant taxonomy

This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.