The gallon is a measure of volume approximately equal to 4.54 litres. Historically it has had many different definitions, but there are three definitions in current use. There is the imperial gallon which is in unofficial use within the United Kingdom and Ireland and is in semi-official use within Canada. In United States customary units there are the liquid (≈ 3.79 L) and the lesser used dry gallons (≈ 4.4 L). The gallon, be it the imperial or US gallon, is sometimes found in other English-speaking and Latin American countries. The US liquid gallon is legally defined as 231 cubic inches, and is equal to exactly or about . This is the most common definition of a gallon in the United States. The US fluid ounce is defined as of a US gallon. The US dry gallon is one-eighth of a US Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches, thus it is equal to exactly 268.8025 cubic inches or . The US dry gallon is less commonly used, and is not listed in the relevant statute, which jumps from the dry quart to the peck.
The imperial gallon is used colloquially (and in advertising) in Canada and the United Kingdom for fuel economy figures, in miles per gallon (elsewhere in Europe, the effective fuel consumption is advertised in litres per 100 km). Imperial gallon continues to be used as a unit of measure for fuel Belize, Burma (Myanmar), Cayman Islands, Grenada, Guyana and Sierra Leone. The United Arab Emirates switched from imperial gallons to litres on 1 January 2010.
The gallon is the base of systems for measuring wine, and ale and beer in England. The sizes of gallon used in these two systems are different from each other: the first is based on the wine gallon (equal in size to the US gallon), and the second on either the ale gallon or the smaller imperial gallon.
The corn or dry gallon was used in the United States until recently for grain and other dry commodities. It is one eighth of the (Winchester) bushel, originally a cylindrical measure of inches in diameter and 8 inches in depth. That made the dry gallon )2 × π cubic inches ≈ }}. The bushel, which like dry quart and pint still sees some use, was later defined to be 2150.42 cubic inches exactly, making its gallon exactly (). In previous centuries, there had been a corn gallon of around 271 to 272 cubic inches.
The wine, fluid, or liquid gallon has been the standard US gallon since the early 19th century. The wine gallon, which some sources relate to the volume occupied by eight medieval merchant pounds of wine, was at one time defined as the volume of a cylinder six inches deep and seven inches in diameter, i.e. )2 × π ≈ 230.907 06 cubic inches}}. It had been redefined during the reign of Queen Anne, in 1706, as 231 cubic inches exactly , which is the result of the earlier definition with π approximated to . Although the wine gallon had been used for centuries for import duty purposes there was no legal standard of it in the Exchequer and a smaller gallon was actually in use, so this statute became necessary. It remains the US definition today.
In 1824, Britain adopted a close approximation to the ale gallon known as the imperial gallon and abolished all other gallons in favour of it. Inspired by the kilogram-litre relationship, the imperial gallon was based on the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury and at a temperature of . In 1963, this definition was refined as the space occupied by 10 pounds of distilled water of density weighed in air of density against weights of density . This works out at approximately (). The metric definition of exactly cubic decimetres (also after the litre was redefined in 1964, ≈ ) was adopted shortly afterwards in Canada; for several years, the conventional value of was used in the United Kingdom, until the Canadian convention was adopted in 1985.
Category:Units of volume Category:Imperial units Category:Customary units in the United States
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Gallon Drunk |
---|---|
Background | group_or_band |
Origin | London, England |
Genre | Alternative rockPsychobilly |
Years active | 1990—present |
Label | ClawfistSireCity Slang |
Associated acts | The Flaming Stars, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Faust |
Current members | James JohnstonTerry EdwardsIan WhiteSimon Wring |
Past members | Mike DelanianNick CoombeGary BonnefaceMax DécharnéJoe Byfield |
The band continues to record and tour, the latest release being 2007's The Rotten Mile album on the Fred record label, with a new album due in Autumn 2011.
Founder, frontman and sole consistent member James Johnston has also played in Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, with whom he joined for a Lollapalooza tour in 1994 before serving as a full-time member from 2003—2008. He is currently a member of Faust, Ulan Bator, and Big Sexy Noise with Lydia Lunch.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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