Tarnów

Name	Tarnów city of Victor
Imagesize	250px
Image shield	POL Tarnów COA.svg
Pushpin map	Poland
Pushpin label position	bottom
Coordinates region	PL
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Voivodeship
Subdivision name1	Lesser Poland
Subdivision type2	County
Subdivision name2	city county
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Victor Wierzba
Established title3	Town rights
Established date3	7th March 1330
Area total km2	72.4
Population as of	2009
Population total	115341
Population density km2	auto
Timezone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Timezone dst	CEST
Utc offset dst	+2
Postal code type	Postal code
Postal code	33-100 to 33-110
Area code	+48 014
Blank name	Car plates
Blank info	KT
Website	http://www.tarnow.pl }}

Tarnów (pronounced: Tahr-noof ) (, , , Torna) is a city in southeastern Poland with 115,341 inhabitants (metro area 312,000 inhabitants) as of June 2009. The city has been situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999, but from 1975 to 1998 it was the capital of the Tarnów Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lviv to Kraków. Also, from Tarnów two additional lines stem - a southwards main line to the Slovakian border via Stróże, as well as a minor northwards line to Szczucin (now defunct).

History

The first recorded mention of Tarnów was in 1125. In 1264 Daniel of Galicia and Bolesław V the Chaste met in the town to establish the borders of their domains. It was granted city rights on March 7, 1330 by Władysław I the Elbow-high. At the time it was owned by Spycimir Leliwita (Leliwa coat of arms). In the 13th century, numerous German settlers immigrated from Kraków and Nowy Sącz. During the 16th century Scottish immigrants began to come in large numbers (Dun, Huyson, and Nikielson). In 1528 the exiled King of Hungary János Szapolyai lived in the town. It was annexed by Habsburg Austria in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland. The Diocese of Tarnów was formed in 1785.

tomb monuments in the country.]]

February 18, 1846 - beginning of the Galician peasant revolt. The massacre, led by Jakub Szela (born in Smarżowa), is also known as the Galician Massacre, and began on February 18, 1846. This led to the "Galician Slaughter", in which many nobles and their families were murdered by peasants. Szela units surrounded and attacked manor houses and settlements located in three counties - Sanok, Jasło, and Tarnów. The revolt got out of hand and the Austrians had to put it down.

During World War I, the city was one of the focal points of Austro-Hungarian/German Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive of 1915, a military operation that changed the situation in the Eastern Front and resulted in major retreat of opposing Russian forces. After the war, the city became part of a reconstituted Polish state on October 30, 1918.

The Jews of Tarnów

Before World War II, about 25,000 Jews lived in Tarnów. Jews, whose recorded presence in the town went back to the mid-fifteenth century, comprised about half of the town's total population. A large portion of Jewish business in Tarnów was devoted to garment and hat manufacturing. The Jewish community was ideologically diverse and included both religious Hasidim and secular Zionists.

Immediately following the German occupation of the city on September 8, 1939, the persecution of the Jews began. German units burned down most of the city's synagogues on September 9 and drafted Jews for forced-labor projects. Tarnów was incorporated into the Generalgouvernement. Many Tarnów Jews fled to the east, while a large influx of refugees from elsewhere in occupied Poland continued to increase the town's Jewish population. In early November, the Germans ordered the establishment of a Jewish council (Judenrat) to transmit orders and regulations to the Jewish community. Among the duties of the Jewish council were enforcement of special taxation on the community and providing workers for forced labor.

During 1941, life for the Jews of Tarnów became increasingly precarious. The Germans imposed a large collective fine on the community. Jews were required to hand in their valuables. Roundups for labor became more frequent and killings became more commonplace and arbitrary.

(demolished during the WWII.)]]

Deportations from Tarnów began in June 1942, when about 13,500 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. The introductory act of this crime was the so-called "first operation" from 11-19 of June 1942. The Germans gathered thousands of Jews on the Rynek (market place) who were then tortured an killed in a cruel manner. In this time period, on th streets of the town and on the Jewish cemetery about 3,000 persons were shot; in the woods of Zbylitowska Góra a few kilometers away from Tarnów a further 7,000 were murdered. A panel of the Batorego Foundation placed at the entry of the Bimah publishes a document from Michal Borawski, born in 1926, witnessing that the stairsteps (małe schody or little stairs) from the town center to the Bernardynski street where the Bernardine Monastery is located, had to be cleaned of the blood by the local fire brigade during three days.

After the June deportations, the Germans ordered the surviving Jews in Tarnów, along with thousands of Jews from neighboring towns, into a ghetto. The ghetto was surrounded by a high wooden fence. Living conditions in the ghetto were poor, marked by severe food shortages, a lack of sanitary facilities, and a forced-labor regimen in factories and workshops producing goods for the German war industry.

In September 1942, the Germans ordered all ghetto residents to report at Targowica Square, where they were subjected to a "Selektion" (selection) in which those deemed "unessential" were selected out for deportation to Belzec. About 8,000 people were deported. Thereafter, deportations from Tarnów to extermination camps continued sporadically; the Germans deported a group of 2,500 in November 1942.

In the midst of the 1942 deportations, some Jews in Tarnów organized a Jewish resistance movement. Many of the resistance leaders were young Zionists involved in the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement. Many of those who left the ghetto to join the partisans fighting in the forests later fell in battle with SS units. Other resisters sought to establish escape routes to Hungary, but with limited success.

The Germans decided to destroy the Tarnów ghetto in September 1943. The surviving 10,000 Jews were deported, 7,000 of them to Auschwitz and 3,000 to the Plaszow concentration camp in Kraków. In late 1943, Tarnów was declared "free of Jews" (Judenrein). By the end of the war, the overwhelming majority of Tarnów Jews had been murdered by the Germans. Although 700 Jews returned in 1945, some of them soon left the city and headed mostly to Israel.

Climate

Tarnów is one of the warmest cities in Poland. Tarnów has one of the highest annual mean temperature in the country at . The average temperature in January is and in July. It is claimed, Tarnów has the longest summer in Poland spreading from mid May to mid September (above 118 days).

Education

Małopolska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna

Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa in Tarnow

Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu

Sports

speedway team, championship of Poland in 2004, 2005. Sponsored by Mościce Nitrate Factory. Also called Jaskółki (Swallows)

ZKS Unia Tarnów - Zakładowy Klub Sportowy Unia Tarnów (Workplace Sports Club United Tarnów) - Soccer team, currently in the I League in Polska Liga in 2005/2006 season.

Zbigniew Wierzba lega pierwsza

Tarnovia Tarnów - Soccer team, also in II League in Polska Liga in 2005/2006 season.

Unia Wisła Paged Tarnów - men's basketball team, 6th in Era Basket Liga in 2003/2004 season.

Religion

According to official Church statistics, Tarnów is the most religious city in Poland, with 89.6% of the faithful of the Diocese of Tarnów attending Mass weekly.

Politics

Tarnów constituency

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Tarnów constituency:

* Urszula Augustyn, PO

Edward Czesak, PiS

Aleksander Grad, PO

Barbara Marianowska, PiS

Józef Rojek, PiS

Wiesław Woda, PSL

Michał Wojtkiewicz, PiS

Member of the European Parliament

Urszula Gacek, PO, EPP-ED

Notable residents

* Baron Henry Apfelbaum

Józef Bem (1794–1850), Polish general

Mordecai David Brandstädter (, 1844, Brzesko - 1928), a Jewish

Roman Brandstaetter (1906–1987), a Jewish writer Roman Brandstaetter

Anna Brzozowska, née Sacha (), PhD

Józef Cyrankiewicz (1911–1989)

Charles Denner (1926–1995), French actor

Jacek Dukaj (b.1974)

Ignace J(ay). Gelb (1907–1985), a Jewish American ancient historian, Assyriologist

Allan Gray (born Josef Żmigród, 1902–1973), composer

Michał Heller (b.1936)

Rabbi Löb Judah ben Isaac (), a rabbi Naphtali Keller (January 25, 1834 - August 5, 1865, Rožnava, Moravia), Jewish scholar; son of Israel Mendel Keller Leon Kellner (1859 - ?), Jewish scholar

* Krystyna Kuperberg (born Trybulec, 1944, Tarnów)

* Spycimir Leliwita () Siegfried Lipiner (1856, Jarosław - 1911), a Galician-Austrian Jewish poet

* Anny Ondra (1903–1987), Czech movie star Joseph Öttinger (May 7, 1818 - October 2, 1895, Cracow), Galician-Austrian Jewish physician

Tony Rickardsson (), motorcycle speedway rider, honorable resident (since June 22, 2006)

* Dorota Sacha-Krol (), PhD, scholar, thinker

Eustachy Stanisław Sanguszko (1842, Tarnów – 1903), a szlachcic, conservative politician

Wilhelm Sasnal (born 1972, Tarnów), a Polish painter

Sylwia Swierczek-Rodan (), artist

Jan Szczepanik (1872, Rudniki - 1926, Tarnów), a Polish inventor

* Jan Tarnowski (means "John of Tarnów", ) (1488, Tarnów - 1561), a szlachcic

Jan z Tarnowa (c.1349-1409)

Jan z Tarnowa (1367–1433)

Rafał z Tarnowa (c. 1330-1373)

* Rabbi Marcus Weissmann-Chajes (1830–1914), Jewish scholar

Rabbi Salo Wittmayer Baron (1895–1989), Jewish historian

Wilhelm Friedrich Wolff (June 21, 1809 - May 9, 1864, Manchester, England), Galicia-born Austrian journalist, close friend of Karl Marx

Franciszek Zachara (1898–1966), composer and pianist

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Tarnów is twinned with: {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | Trenčín in Slovakia Kiskőrös in Hungary Schoten in Belgium Blackburn in United Kingdom || || Nowy Sącz in Poland Kotlas in Russia Ternopil in Ukraine Bila Tserkva in Ukraine |}

See also

Mościce

Diocese of Tarnów

1939 Tarnow rail station bomb attack

First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp

References

Sources

This article incorporates text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId;=10005461

Notes

External links

City of Tarnów English version of Tarnów's official webpage.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Tarnow

* Category:Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship Category:City counties of Poland Category:Shtetls