The Simpsons - Homer Evolution
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- Duration: 1:30
- Published: 24 May 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
Homer evolves from a single cell organism into a couch potato.
Homer
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Achaeans (Homer)
The Achaeans (Greek: , Akhaioí) is the name of the Greeks located in mainland Greece in Homer's Iliad (used 598 times) and Odyssey. The other names are the Danaans (, Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad) and the Argives (, used 29 times in the Iliad).
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Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: , Achilleus) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
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Alan Wace
Alan John Bayard Wace (13 July 1879 in Cambridge, England – 9 November 1957, in Athens, Greece) was an English archaeologist.
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Albert Lord
Albert Bates Lord (1912–1991) was a professor of Slavic and comparative literature at Harvard University who, after the death of Milman Parry, carried on that scholar's research into epic literature. Lord authored the book The Singer of Tales, first published in 1960. It was reissued in a 40th anniversary edition, with an audio compact disc to aid in the understanding of the recorded renditions discussed in the text. His wife Mary Louise Lord completed and edited his manuscript of a posthumous sequel The Singer Resumes the Tale (published 1995) which further supports and extends Lord's initial conclusions.
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Andrew Dalby
Andrew Dalby (b. 1947 in Liverpool) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, Classical texts, and Wikipedia.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
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Arsinoe III
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Barry B. Powell
Barry B. Powell is the Halls-Bascom Professor of Classics Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, author of the widely used textbook Classical Myth and many other books. He is a specialist in Homer and in the history of writing. He has also taught Egyptian philology for many years and courses in Egyptian civilization.
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David Binning Monro
David Binning Monro (16 November 1836 – 22 August 1905) was a Scottish Homeric scholar.
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Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: ), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about Diodorus' life and doings beyond what is to be found in his own work, Bibliotheca historica. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the year of Abraham 1968 (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". His English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (I.G. XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius".
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Ephorus
Ephorus or Ephoros (Ancient Greek: , c. 400–330 BC), of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Minor, was an ancient Greek historian. Information on his biography is limited; he was the father of Demophilus, who followed in his footsteps as a historian, and to Plutarch's claim that Ephorus declined Alexander the Great's offer to join him on his Persian campaign as the official historiographer. Together with the historian Theopompus, he was a pupil of Isocrates, in whose school he attended two courses of rhetoric. But he does not seem to have made much progress in the art, and it is said to have been at the suggestion of Isocrates himself that he took up literary composition and the study of history.
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G. S. Kirk
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Galaton
Galaton (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Greek painter, whose picture representing Homer vomiting, and other poets gathering up what fell from him, is mentioned by Aelian ( V. H. xiii. 22) and by a scholiast to Lucian (i. p. 499, ed. Wetstein), who calls the painter Gelaton. He probably lived under the Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-205 BC), and his picture was no doubt intended to ridicule the Alexandrian epic poets.
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Geoffrey Kirk
Geoffrey Stephen Kirk DSC, FBA (3 December 1921 – 10 March 2003) was a British classical scholar, known for his books on Ancient Greek literature and mythology.
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Gilbert Murray
George Gilbert Aimé Murray (2 January 1866 – 20 May 1957) was an Australian born British classical scholar and public intellectual, with connections in many spheres. He was an outstanding scholar of the language and culture of Ancient Greece, perhaps the leading authority in the first half of the twentieth century. He is the basis for the character of Adolphus Cusins in his friend Shaw's play Major Barbara, and also appears as the chorus figure in Tony Harrison's play Fram.
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Gregory Nagy
Gregory Nagy (in Hungarian: Nagy Gergely) (pronounced /nadj;/), born in Budapest Hungary in 1942 , is an American professor of Classics at Harvard University, specializing in Homer and archaic Greek poetry. Nagy is known for extending Milman Parry and Albert Lord's theories about the oral composition-in-performance of the Iliad and Odyssey. Since 2000, he has been the director of the Center for Hellenic Studies, a Harvard school in Washington DC. He is the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard, and continues to teach half-time at the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Chair of the Classics Department at Harvard University. He was Chair of Harvard's undergraduate Literature Concentration from 1989 to 1994. He served as the president of the American Philological Association in the academic year 1990-91.
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Hadrian
Publius Aelius Hadrianus (24 January 76 – 10 July 138), commonly known as Hadrian and after his apotheosis Divus Hadrianus, was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best-known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian is also a notable Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. A member of the gens Aelia, Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.
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Heinrich Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann (; (January 6, 1822 – December 26, 1890) was a German businessman and archaeologist, and an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. Schliemann was an important archaeological excavator of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His successes lent material weight to the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflect actual historical events.
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Henry Liddell
Henry George Liddell (; 6 February 1811 – 18 January 1898) was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, dean (1855-91) of Christ Church, Oxford, headmaster (1846–55) of Westminster School (where a house is now named after him), author of A History of Rome (1857), and co-author (with Robert Scott) of the monumental work A Greek-English Lexicon, which is still used by students of Greek. Lewis Carroll wrote ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' for Henry Liddell's daughter Alice.
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Henry Stuart-Jones
Sir Henry Stuart Jones (15 May 1867 – 29 June 1939) was a British academic and fellow of Trinity College, University of Oxford, where he held an appointment from 1920 to 1927 as Camden Professor of Ancient History.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Greek: Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( – ). He was born in Caria, Halicarnassus (modern day Bodrum, Turkey). He is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. He is exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his "inquiry" (or historía, a word that passed into Latin and took on its modern meaning of history) into the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars which occurred in 490 and 480-479 BC—especially since he includes a narrative account of that period, which would otherwise be poorly documented; and many long digressions concerning the various places and people he encountered during wide-ranging travels around the lands of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him.
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Hesiod
Hesiod (Greek: Hēsíodos) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active around 700 BC. No date before 750 BC or later than 650 BC fits the evidence. Since at least Herodotus's time (Histories, 2.53), Hesiod and Homer have generally been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived, and they are often paired. Scholars disagree about who lived first, and the fourth-century BC sophist Alcidamas' Mouseion even brought them together in an imagined poetic agon, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. Aristarchus first argued for Homer's priority, a claim that was generally accepted by later antiquity.
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Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Venusia, December 8, 65 BC – Rome, November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.
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Ioannis Kakridis
Ioannis Kakridis () (1901-1992) was a Greek classical scholar.
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Joachim Latacz
Joachim Latacz (born 4 April 1934, Katowice, Poland, at that time: Autonomous District of Upper Silesia) is a German classical philologist.
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John Milton
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost.
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Karl Lachmann
Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann (March 4, 1793 - March 13, 1851) was a German philologist and critic.
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Karl Otfried Müller
Karl Otfried Müller (August 28, 1797–August 1, 1840), was a German scholar and Philodorian, or admirer of ancient Sparta, who introduced the modern study of Greek mythology.
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Lionel Trilling
Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordecai Trilling, 4 July 1905 – 5 November 1975) was an American literary critic, author, and teacher. With wife Diana Trilling, he was a member of The New York Intellectuals and contributor to the Partisan Review; although he did not establish a school of literary criticism, he is one of the great U.S. critics of the twentieth century in tracing the contemporary cultural, social, and political implications of literature, and has been a subject of continued interest, unlike many of his contemporaries.
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Lycophron
Lycophron was a Hellenistic Greek tragic poet, grammarian, and commentator on comedy, to whom the poem Alexandra is attributed (perhaps falsely).
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Martin P. Nilsson
Martin Persson Nilsson (Stoby, Kristianstad County 12 July 1874 — Lund 7 April 1967) was a Swedish philologist, mythographer, and a scholar of the Greek, Hellenistic and Roman religious systems. In his prolific studies he combined the literary evidence with the archaeological evidence, linking historic and prehistoric evidence for the evolution of the Greek mythological cycles.
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Matthew Arnold
:See also, Matthew Arnold School (Staines)
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Michael Ventris
Michael George Francis Ventris (12 July 1922 – 6 September 1956) was an English architect and classical scholar who, along with John Chadwick, was responsible for the decipherment of Linear B.
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Milman Parry
Milman Parry (1902 -December 3, 1935) was a scholar of epic poetry and the founder of the discipline of oral tradition.
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Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of erotic poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria. He is also well known for the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem, the Fasti, about the Roman calendar, and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
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Richard Bentley
Richard Bentley (January 27, 1662 – July 14, 1742) was an English theologian, classical scholar and critic.
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Robert Fitzgerald
Robert Stuart Fitzgerald (12 October 1910 – 16 January 1985) was a poet, critic and translator whose renderings of the Greek classics "became standard works for a generation of scholars and students." He was best known as a translator of ancient Greek and Latin. In addition, he also composed several books of his own poetry.
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Robert Graves
:For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves (rugby)
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Saracens
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Semonides
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Shakespeare
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Stanley Lombardo
Stanley F. Lombardo (born 1943) is an American professor of Classics at the University of Kansas. He is best known for his translations of the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid (published by the Hackett Publishing Company and notable for their anachronistic cover artwork). The style of his translations is a more vernacular one, emphasizing conversational English rather than the formal tone of some older American English translations of classical verse. Lombardo designs his translations to be performed orally, as they were in ancient Greece. He also performs the poems, and has recorded them as audio books. In performance he also likes to play the drums, much like Ezra Pound and Dr. Worm.
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Strabo
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
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Thucidides
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Thucydides
Thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC) (Greek Θουκυδίδης, Thoukydídēs) was a Greek historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.
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Trojan Battle Order
The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is a section of the second book of the Iliad listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there.
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Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
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Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) (October 15, 70 BCE – September 21, 19 BCE) was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire (), was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every literary form including plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
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Walter Leaf
Walter Leaf (26 November 1852, Norwood, Middlesex – 8 March 1927, Torquay) was an English banker and scholar.
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Zenodotus
Zenodotus (), was a Greek grammarian, literary critic, and Homeric scholar. A native of Ephesus and a pupil of Philitas of Cos, he was the first librarian of the Library of Alexandria. He lived during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, and was at the height of his reputation about 280 BC.
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Alexandria
Alexandria (Arabic: al-Iskandariyya; Coptic: ; ; ; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه ), with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. Alexandria extends about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in north-central Egypt. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library). It is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez, another city in Egypt.
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. As of the 2000 Census, the city had a population of 114,024, of which 36,892 (32%) were university students. The 2009 Census Bureau Estimate places the population at 112,852, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The city is part of the Detroit – Ann Arbor – Flint, MI CSA. As such, it is also part of Greater Metropolitan Detroit/Windsor, the world's third-largest international metropolitan area.
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Asia Minor
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Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
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Cambridge
The city of Cambridge ( ()) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north-by-east of London. Cambridge is also at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city.
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Cayster River
Cayster River (or Küçük Menderes, "Little Maeander") is located south of İzmir, Turkey. The Cayster generally flows westward and arrive into the Aegean Sea at Pamucak beach near Selçuk, İzmir. The ancient city of Ephesus was once an important port on the Cayster, but with overgrazing and climate change over the centuries, sedimentation gradually filled in the inlet around the city. The coastlines moved seaward and the ruins of Ephesus are now some 5 miles inland from the coast.
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Cyclades
The Cyclades (, ) is a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and an administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around (κυκλάς) the sacred island of Delos. The Cyclades is where the native Greek breed of cat (the Aegean cat) first came from.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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Ephesus
Ephesus (Ancient Greek , Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, it was for many years the second largest city of the Roman Empire; ranking behind Rome, the empire's capital. Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it the second largest city in the world.
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Ischia
Ischia () is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. The roughly trapezoidal island lies about 30 km from Naples and measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south with a coastline and a surface area of . It is almost entirely mountainous, with the highest peak being Mount Epomeo at 788 meters.. The island has a population of over 60,000 people.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Ithaca
Ithaca or Ithaka (Greek: Ιθάκη, Ithakē) is an island located in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of and a little more than three thousand inhabitants. It is an independent municipality of the Kefallinia Prefecture, and lies off the northeast coast of Kefalonia. The municipality of Ithaca includes some smaller islands as well.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Mycenae
Mycenae (Greek Mykēnai or Mykēnē), is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north. From the hill on which the palace was located one can see across the Argolid to the Saronic Gulf.
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Mykonos
Mykonos () is a Greek island and a top tourist destination, renowned for its cosmopolitan character which attract large numbers of tourists. The island is part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. It spans an area of and rises at an elevation of at its highest point. The island is composed primarily of granite. It has little natural fresh water and relies on the desalination of sea water in order to meet its needs. There are 9,320 inhabitants (2001) most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, also known as Chora (i.e. the Town in Greek, a common denomination in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town), which lies on the west coast.
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Naples
Naples ( , , Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Italy; it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Situated on the west coast of Italy by the Gulf of Naples, the city is located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus (; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula (technically an island since the 1893 construction of the Corinth Canal) and region in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. During the late Middle Ages and the Ottoman era, the peninsula was known as the Morea (, colloq. Μωριάς), a name still in colloquial use.
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Richard Bentley
Richard Bentley (January 27, 1662 – July 14, 1742) was an English theologian, classical scholar and critic.
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Samos
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Smyrna
Smyrna () was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern Izmir, Turkey. While the first site, likely to have started as a native foundation, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia, the second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions especially during the period of the Roman Empire, from which time and particularly from after a 2nd century AD earthquake, most of the present-day remains date.
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Troy
Troy (Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa; Greek: , Ilion, and , Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium; Turkish: Truva and Troia) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
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Zeus
In Greek mythology Zeus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men", according to Hesiod's Theogony, who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."(Iliad, book 1.503;533) For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the Ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
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The Simpsons - No Tv and No Beer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 31 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
All TV and No Beer make Homer go crazy. S6:Ep6. Halloween Treehouse of Horror V.
The Simpsons - Voices: Bart, Homer, Lisa, Moe, Mr. Burns
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 16 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: maxpettersson
here is some of the voices from the simpsons! bart, lisa, homer, moe with more. *WiiiEE*
The Simpsons - Donut Hell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 08 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
Homer sells his soul to the devil for a donut and is sent to the ironic punishment lab to suffer. S5 E5.
The Simpsons - Space Chips
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Published: 03 May 2008
- Uploaded: 02 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
Homer rips open a bag of chips in the spaceship.
Medal of Homer
Medal of Homer, only in The Simpsons Game. In stores November 1st. Go to www.ea.com/simpsons
HOMER IS PERFECT! (HANNAH MONTANA PARODY!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 16 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: TomsterMusic
Mix THE SIMPSONS with HANNAH MONTANA?! This is what I got out of it! New lyrics and ALL VOCALS: ToM! All music played by: ToM! HOMER and APU'S VOICE: StiLL ToM! _______________________ "HOMER IS PERFECT!" Everybody thinks he's GREAT! (They Do? ..Do do do do do do do do doo!) Homer's got what it takes! ONE TWO THREE FOUR! (RAP) Everybody thinks he's GREAT! Homer's got what it takes! (Aw yeah!) Everybody knows who... Who I'm talkin bout Homer is just that way! (That's right!) Everybody thinks he's GREAT! (Uh huh!) I could watch him all day! Everbody knows who... who I'm talkin bout Homer is just that way! (Yeah!) (1ST VERSE) Homer's a funny man Works at a power plant He might be lazy I like him anyway! Maybe he's kind of LARGE His wife's name is Marge He hangs out at MO's When he gets mad he says "D'oH!" Some people don't treat him well! But they can all go to.. SPRINGFIELD!! (1ST CHORUS) Homer is PERFECT!! He really WORKS it (I work it!) When I watch the SIMPSONS every night! (That's right!) I really GO NUTS! When he eats DOUGHNUTS! He might be slow but that's alright (Hey!) Homer is PERFECT! (2ND VERSE) And when he starts to DROOL I think it's REALLY COOL His stomach might be big He did the spider pig! Maybe he's not too smart He tries to strangle Bart (Bart!) Might have a low IQ He buys beer from APU! He might not have too much hair! (Yeah yeah yeah!) But I just don't really care! (2ND CHORUS) Homer is PERFECT (Perfect!) He really works it! (Work it!) Sometimes he might <b>...</b>
Homer Simpson Best Moments
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 07 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: TheSimpsonsFan999
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Homer Simpson is Darth Vader
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 07 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Aug 2011
- Author: brokenscience
Thanks to various soundboards. Sorry I missed the opportunity to go with "WHY YOU LITTLE!"
The Simpsons - Gun Shop
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Published: 14 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
Homer tries to buy a gun. Season 9: Episode 5
Le Televengeur - Homer Simson
Dan Castellaneta explains Homer Simpson's "D'oh!" - EMMYTVLEGENDS
- http://wn.com/Dan_Castellaneta_explains_Homer_Simpson's_D'oh!__EMMYTVLEGENDS
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Full interview at www.emmytvlegends.org
HOmer Miau
HOmer Miaru
Usher ripped off OMG from The Simpsons?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 18 May 2010
- Uploaded: 02 Aug 2011
- Author: youtimdotcom
The Y101 Morning Showgram noticed that Usher's new song OMG sounds exactly like the Christmas carol Homer tries to write at the beginning of the Simpsons episode "Dude, Where's My Ranch?" We think you'll agree. Ball's in your court, Usher.
Spore - Homer Simpson's Head
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 26 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: XikazeSpore
...D'oh! EDIT: ...wow. NOTHING is an original concept in Spore. man.
Homer Thompson English
Finally this thing shows up in English. I have no Idea where it came from.
The Simpsons - I Am So Smart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Published: 29 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: huluDotCom
Homer finally gets accepted to college and celebrates by lighting his high-school diploma on fire.
Homer & Jethro - The Battle of Kookamonga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 30 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: pappyredux
Just getting around to re-posting this..our boys in living color!
Homer Simpson Spins On His Shoulder For Ten Minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Published: 10 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 02 Aug 2011
- Author: DanRocks5150
Homer Simpson, just having won his deal with Mr. Burns, decides to celebrate for a very long time.
Voice of Homer Simpson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: 999metalme
Dan Castanellea Does Simpson Character Voices in Interview
![Homer Simpson - URUGUAY [ English, HQ ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110827014719im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/MLVJm7QW3dA/0.jpg "Homer Simpson - URUGUAY [ English, HQ ]")
Homer Simpson - URUGUAY [ English, HQ ]
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Forza 3 Beginners Livery Tutorial: Homer Simpson
A quick design of Homer Simpson. This video tutorial was made for people who are beginners to Forza's livery. My first video tutorial of hopefully many to come :) Subscribe for more tutorials coming down the line. Also Thanks for all the kind words! #16 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Germany #43 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Australia #18 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - United Kingdom #63 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Ireland #51 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - New Zealand #58 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming #27 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Spain #6 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - France #21 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Italy #42 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Netherlands #51 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Taiwan #98 - Most Viewed (Today) - Gaming - Sweden
The Simpsons Sing the Blues: Born Under a Bad Sign by Homer Simpson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 28 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: anthonyjaysimpson
- http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_Sing_the_Blues_Born_Under_a_Bad_Sign_by_Homer_Simpson
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This is the third track on The Simpsons Sing the Blues. ℗ This song belongs to its owners, not me. I put this up for entertainment reasons only. Homer: Born under a bad sign, Been down since I began to crawl. If it wasn't for bad luck, You know, I wouldn't have no luck at all. Hard luck and trouble, Been my only friend. I been on my own, Ever since I was ten. Born under a bad sign, I been down since I began to crawl. If it wasn't for bad luck, You know, I wouldn't have no luck at all. I don't like to read, I can hardly write, My whole life has been One big fight. Born under a bad sign, I been down since I began to crawl. If it wasn't for bad luck, I said I wouldn't have no luck at all. And that ain't no lie. (Guitar solo) You know, if it wasn't for bad luck, I wouldn't have no kind of luck. If it wasn't for real bad luck, I wouldn't have no luck at all. You know fear of falling Is all I crave. A big bag of pork rinds Gonna carry me to my grave. Born under a bad sign, I been down since I began to crawl. If it wasn't for bad luck, I tell ya I wouldn't have no luck at all. Good take boys, yeah. I think now that I'm a blues singer, I should have some kind of name. How 'bout Muddy Simpson. No. Big Homer. T-Bone Homer. Blind Lemon Simpson. Blind Lemon-lime Homer. Blind Grapefruit Homer. Blind Strawberry Alarm Clock Homer. No that's... they used that.
photo: Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
United States Post Office in Homer, New York
photo: US Navy / Journalist 1st Class Andrea J. Leahy
The guided missile cruiser USS Lake Champlain (CG 57) sits at the end of Homer Spit 4.5 miles into Kachemak bay in Homer, Alaska.
photo: Public Domain / Thebrid
Homer and His Guide, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905).
photo: US Coastguard
HOMER, Alaska (May 31)--Bob Ward displays the Coast Guard Five Star Safety pennant he received from the Coast Guard officials during ceremonies here in Homer. U.S. COAST GUARD PHOTO (117090) ( FIVE STAR SAFETY PENNANT PRESENTATION (FOR RELEASE) )
photo: US Coastguard
KODIAK, Alaska (Aug 5)-- A Coast Guard helicopter medevacs an ailing man from the charter boat Sea Witch near Homer Aug. 5. The man was flown to Homer where an ambulance was waiting to take him to the hospital. U.S. Coast Guard photo (117784) ( CHARTER BOAT SEA WITCH (FOR RELEASE) )
photo: US Coastguard
KODIAK, Alaska (Aug 5)-- A Coast Guard helicopter medevacs an ailing man from the charter boat Sea Witch near Homer Aug. 5. The man was flown to Homer where an ambulance was waiting to take him to the hospital. U.S. Coast Guard photo (117787) ( CHARTER BOAT SEA WITCH (FOR RELEASE) )
photo: US Coastguard / USCGC Hickory) FOR RELEASE
HOMER, Alaska -- (Oct. 29, 2007) Crewmembers from the Coast Guard Cutter Hickory deliver canned goods to the Homer Community Food Pantry. The canned goods were collected as admission to the Hickory's Haunted Cutter event. (photo by USCGC Hickory) FOR RELEASE (263988) ( Hutto3 )
photo: US Navy
040531-N-7951L-014 Homer, Alaska (May 31, 2004) The guided missile cruiser USS Lake Champlain (CG 57) sits at the end of Homer Spit 4.5 miles into Kachemak bay in Homer, Alaska. Lake Champlain is in the Gulf of Alaska participating in the annual Northe
photo: Alaska Image Library
Homer, Shorebird Environmental Education
photo: creative commons / Benimoto
A white saddle homer
photo: Alaska Image Library
Homer, Shorebird watching in Kachemak Bay
photo: Alaska Image Library
Homer, Shorebird environmental education
photo: Alaska Image Library
Homer Seaweek at Bishops Beach
photo: Alaska Image Library
Homer, Shorebird Environmental Education in Kachemak Bay, Alaska
photo: Historic Image Library
Jim Rearden Holding Ducks at Homer
photo: WN / betty
Apotheosis Of Homer, Salvador Dali
photo: Alaska Image Library
Kachemak Bay Shorebird Festival,Shorebird Viewers in Homer, Alaska
photo: Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Homer, Louisiana
photo: Public Domain / Jastrow
Odysseus
photo: Creative Commons / Wknight94
Homer Bailey
photo: Creative Commons / Winslow Homer
Winslow Homer, After the Hurricane, 1899
photo: Creative Commons / Magnus Manske
Fishing hole in Homer.jpg
photo: Creative Commons
Head of Helios, middle hellenistic period, archaeological museum of Rhodes, Greece
photo: Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Downtown Homer is centered about the Claiborne Parish Courthouse, constructed in 1860.
photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss
The sign depicting the northern terminus of NY 41 in Skaneateles at US 20. Just over 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of the Homer village limits in the town of Homer, NY 41 intersects with NY 41A, its only suffixed route.
photo: Creative Commons / Finizio
Ancient bronze bust, the so-called Pseudo-Seneca, now conjectured to be an imaginative portrait of Hesiod
photo: AP / Chris Carlson
Albert Pujols hit a two-run homer to lift St. Louis to a 5-1 victory over the San Diego Padres.
photo: Public Domain / NuckGhostriderTPB
Mount Hosmer (British Columbia)
photo: Creative Commons / Rémi Kaupp
Skate park constructed in 2010 in Flushing Meadow Corona Park, in Queens New York. Flushing Meadows is referenced in the 9th-season episode of The Simpson's entitled "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson".
photo: Creative Commons / Krscal
The Blue Boat. by Winslow Homer 1892. Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States during middle 19th century; the American Society of Painters in Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society) was founded in 1866.
photo: Creative Commons / andertho
11 Aug 2011
SAN FRANCISCO - The Pirates showed up in San Francisco mired in a 10-game losing streak with little going right. In two weeks, they'd fallen from first place to 10 games out. Winning two from the...
photo: AP / Lawrence Jackson
11 Aug 2011
LOS ANGELES - Vance Worley has provided quite a pick-me-up for the Philadelphia Phillies this season. On Wednesday, they returned the favor for their rookie pitcher. Ryan Howard and Hunter Pence...
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BARNES-HOMER SET FOR DALE BOW
26 Aug 2011
Sporting Life
Rochdale are expected to include new signing Matthew Barnes-Homer in their squad for the home game against Hartlepool. The 25-year-old arrived this week on loan from Luton until January and could make his debut. Goalkeeper Jake Kean is expected to return to the starting line-up against his...
DALE SEAL BARNES-HOMER DEAL
26 Aug 2011
Sporting Life
Striker Matthew Barnes-Homer has completed a loan deal to Rochdale from Luton until January next year.The...
The Daily Telegraph Australia
EMERGENCY services workers are trying to free a child stuck in a lolly vending machine. The child’s arm became stuck in a Homer...
Star Tribune
SAN FRANCISCO - Jordan Schafer homered and scored three times, Henry Sosa pitched six strong innings against his former club to earn his first career victory and the Houston Astros beat the San Francisco Giants 3-1 on Thursday night to end a four-game losing streak. J.D. Martinez doubled twice and...
The Daily Telegraph Australia
EMERGENCY services workers are trying to free a child stuck in a...
Orlando Sentinel
ST. LOUIS (AP) — David Freese had a go-ahead two-run single in the fifth and Matt Holliday hit a three-run homer, leading the St. Louis Cardinals to an 8-4 win over...
Star Tribune
ARLINGTON, Texas - Adrian Gonzalez homered twice to give him five in four games, Andrew Miller pitched three-hit ball in a spot start and the Boston Red Sox beat the Texas Rangers 6-0 on Thursday night. Miller threw 6 1-3 impressive innings and the Red Sox took the final three matchups in a...
Star Tribune
TORONTO - Jeff Francis pitched six-plus innings to win for the first time since July 29, Melky Cabrera homered and the Kansas City Royals beat the Toronto Blue Jays 9-6 on Thursday night. Billy Butler went 4 for 5 with two RBIs and scored twice as the Royals won their first series since taking two...
Homer
In the Western classical tradition Homer (; Ancient Greek: , Hómēros), is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics are at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is controversial. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th Century BC.
For modern scholars "the date of Homer" refers not to an individual, but to the period when the epics were created. The consensus is that "the Iliad and the Odyssey date from around the 8th century BC, the Iliad being composed before the Odyssey, perhaps by some decades," i.e. earlier than Hesiod, the Iliad being the oldest work of Western literature. Over the past few decades, some scholars have argued for a 7th-century date. Some of those who argue that the Homeric poems developed gradually over a long period of time give an even later date for composition of the poems; according to Gregory Nagy for example, they only became fixed texts in the 6th century. The question of the historicity of Homer the individual is known as the "Homeric question"; there is no reliable biographical information handed down from classical antiquity. The poems are generally seen as the culmination of many generations of oral story-telling, in a tradition with a well-developed formulaic system of poetic composition. Some scholars, such as Martin West, claim that "Homer" is "not the name of a historical poet, but a fictitious or constructed name."
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece.
Life and legends
(1825–1905). The scene portrays Homer on Mount Ida, beset by dogs and guided by the goatherder Glaucus. (The tale is told in Pseudo-Herodotus).]]"Homer" is a Greek name, attested in Aeolic-speaking areas, and although nothing definite is known about him, traditions arose purporting to give details of his birthplace and background. The satirist Lucian, in his True History, describes him as a Babylonian called Tigranes, who assumed the name Homer when taken "hostage" (homeros) by the Greeks. When the Emperor Hadrian asked the Oracle at Delphi about Homer, the Pythia proclaimed that he was Ithacan, the son of Epikaste and Telemachus, from the Odyssey. These stories were incorporated into the various Lives of Homer compiled from the Alexandrian period onwards. Homer is most frequently said to be born in the Ionian region of Asia Minor, at Smyrna, or on the island of Chios, dying on the Cycladic island of Ios. A connection with Smyrna seems to be alluded to in a legend that his original name was Melesigenes ("born of Meles", a river which flowed by that city), with his mother the nymph Kretheis. Internal evidence from the poems gives evidence of familiarity with the topography and place-names of this area of Asia Minor, for example Homer refers to meadow birds at the mouth of the Caystros (Iliad 2.459ff.), a storm in the Icarian sea (Iliad 2.144ff.), and mentions that women in Maeonia and Caria stain ivory with scarlet (Iliad 4.142).
The association with Chios dates back to at least Semonides of Amorgos, who cited a famous line in the Iliad (6.146) as by "the man of Chios". An eponymous bardic guild, known as the Homeridae (sons of Homer), or Homeristae ('Homerizers') appears to have existed there, tracing descent from an ancestor of that name, or upholding their function as rhapsodes or "lay-stitchers" specialising in the recitation of Homeric poetry. Wilhelm Dörpfeld suggests that Homer had visited many of the places and regions which he describes in his epics, such as Mycenae, Troy, the palace of Odysseus at Ithaca and more. According to Diodorus Siculus, Homer had even visited Egypt.
The poet's name is homophonous with ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety"), which is interpreted as meaning "he who accompanies; he who is forced to follow", or, in some dialects, "blind". This led to many tales that he was a hostage or a blind man. Traditions which assert that he was blind may have arisen from the meaning of the word in both Ionic, where the verbal form ὁμηρεύω (homēreúō) has the specialized meaning of "guide the blind", and the Aeolian dialect of Cyme, where ὅμηρος (hómēros) is synonymous with the standard Greek τυφλός (typhlós), meaning 'blind'. The characterization of Homer as a blind bard goes back to some verses in the Delian Hymn to Apollo, the third of the Homeric Hymns, verses later cited to support this notion by Thucydides. The Cumean historian Ephorus held the same view, and the idea gained support in antiquity on the strength of a false etymology which derived his name from ho mḕ horṓn (ὁ μὴ ὁρῶν: "he who does not see"). Critics have long taken as self-referential a passage in the Odyssey describing a blind bard, Demodocus, in the court of the Phaeacian king, who recounts stories of Troy to the shipwrecked Odysseus.
Many scholars take the name of the poet to be indicative of a generic function. Gregory Nagy takes it to mean "he who fits (the Song) together". ὁμηρέω (homēréō), another related verb, besides signifying "meet", can mean "(sing) in accord/tune". Some argue that "Homer" may have meant "he who puts the voice in tune" with dancing. Marcello Durante links "Homeros" to an epithet of Zeus as "god of the assemblies" and argues that behind the name lies the echo of an archaic word for "reunion", similar to the later Panegyris, denoting a formal assembly of competing minstrels.
Some Ancient Lives depict Homer as a wandering minstrel, like Thamyris or Hesiod, who walked as far as Chalkis to sing at the funeral games of Amphidamas. We are given the image of a "blind, begging singer who hangs around with little people: shoemakers, fisherman, potters, sailors, elderly men in the gathering places of harbour towns". The poems give us evidence of singers at the courts of the nobility. Scholars are divided as to which category, if any, the court singer or the wandering minstrel, the historic "Homer" belonged.
Works attributed to Homer
The Greeks of the sixth and early fifth centuries understood by "Homer", generally, "the whole body of heroic tradition as embodied in hexameter verse". Thus, in addition to the Iliad and the Odyssey, there are "exceptional" epics which organize their respective themes on a "massive scale". Many other works were credited to Homer in antiquity, including the entire Epic Cycle. The genre included further poems on the Trojan War, such as the Little Iliad, the Nostoi, the Cypria, and the Epigoni, as well as the Theban poems about Oedipus and his sons. Other works, such as the corpus of Homeric Hymns, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), and the Margites were also attributed to him, but this is now believed to be unlikely. Two other poems, the Capture of Oechalia and the Phocais'' were also assigned Homeric authorship, but the question of the identities of the authors of these various texts is even more problematic than that of the authorship of the two major epics.
Problems of authorship
The idea that Homer was responsible for just the two outstanding epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, did not win consensus until 350 BC. While many find it unlikely that both epics were composed by the same person, others argue that the stylistic similarities are too consistent to support the theory of multiple authorship. One view which attempts to bridge the differences holds that the Iliad was composed by "Homer" in his maturity, while the Odyssey was a work of his old age. The Batrachomyomachia, Homeric Hymns and cyclic epics are generally agreed to be later than the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Most scholars agree that the Iliad and Odyssey underwent a process of standardisation and refinement out of older material beginning in the 8th century BC. An important role in this standardisation appears to have been played by the Athenian tyrant Hipparchus, who reformed the recitation of Homeric poetry at the Panathenaic festival. Many classicists hold that this reform must have involved the production of a canonical written text.
Other scholars still support the idea that Homer was a real person. Since nothing is known about the life of this Homer, the common joke—also recycled with regard to Shakespeare—has it that the poems "were not written by Homer, but by another man of the same name." Samuel Butler argues, based on literary observations, that a young Sicilian woman wrote the Odyssey (but not the Iliad), an idea further pursued by Robert Graves in his novel Homer's Daughter and Andrew Dalby in Rediscovering Homer.
Independent of the question of single authorship is the near-universal agreement, after the work of Milman Parry, that the Homeric poems are dependent on an oral tradition, a generations-old technique that was the collective inheritance of many singer-poets (aoidoi). An analysis of the structure and vocabulary of the Iliad and Odyssey shows that the poems contain many formulaic phrases typical of extempore epic traditions; even entire verses are at times repeated. Parry and his student Albert Lord pointed out that such elaborate oral tradition, foreign to today's literate cultures, is typical of epic poetry in a predominantly oral cultural milieu, the key words being "oral" and "traditional". Parry started with "traditional": the repetitive chunks of language, he said, were inherited by the singer-poet from his predecessors, and were useful to him in composition. Parry called these repetitive chunks "formulas".
Exactly when these poems would have taken on a fixed written form is subject to debate. The traditional solution is the "transcription hypothesis", wherein a non-literate "Homer" dictates his poem to a literate scribe between the 8th and 6th centuries. The Greek alphabet was introduced in the early 8th century, so it is possible that Homer himself was of the first generation of authors who were also literate. The classicist Barry B. Powell suggests that the Greek Alphabet was invented c. 800 BC by one man, probably Homer, in order to write down oral epic poetry. More radical Homerists like Gregory Nagy contend that a canonical text of the Homeric poems as "scripture" did not exist until the Hellenistic period (3rd to 1st century BCE).
Homeric studies
The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. The aims and achievements of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. In the last few centuries, they have revolved around the process by which the Homeric poems came into existence and were transmitted over time to us, first orally and later in writing.
Some of the main trends in modern Homeric scholarship have been, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Analysis and Unitarianism (see Homeric Question), schools of thought which emphasized on the one hand the inconsistencies in, and on the other the artistic unity of, Homer; and in the 20th century and later Oral Theory, the study of the mechanisms and effects of oral transmission, and Neoanalysis, the study of the relationship between Homer and other early epic material.
Homeric dialect
The language used by Homer is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter.
Homeric style
Aristotle remarks in his Poetics that Homer was unique among the poets of his time, focusing on a single unified theme or action in the epic cycle.The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer are well articulated by Matthew Arnold:
[T]he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author:—that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and finally, that he is eminently noble.
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The peculiar rapidity of Homer is due in great measure to his use of hexameter verse. It is characteristic of early literature that the evolution of the thought, or the grammatical form of the sentence, is guided by the structure of the verse; and the correspondence which consequently obtains between the rhythm and the syntax—the thought being given out in lengths, as it were, and these again divided by tolerably uniform pauses—produces a swift flowing movement such as is rarely found when periods are constructed without direct reference to the metre. That Homer possesses this rapidity without falling into the corresponding faults, that is, without becoming either fluctuant or monotonous, is perhaps the best proof of his unequalled poetic skill. The plainness and directness of both thought and expression which characterise him were doubtless qualities of his age, but the author of the Iliad (similar to Voltaire, to whom Arnold happily compares him) must have possessed this gift in a surpassing degree. The Odyssey is in this respect perceptibly below the level of the Iliad.
Rapidity or ease of movement, plainness of expression, and plainness of thought are not distinguishing qualities of the great epic poets Virgil, Dante, and Milton. On the contrary, they belong rather to the humbler epico-lyrical school for which Homer has been so often claimed. The proof that Homer does not belong to that school—and that his poetry is not in any true sense ballad poetry—is furnished by the higher artistic structure of his poems and, as regards style, by the fourth of the qualities distinguished by Arnold: the quality of nobleness. It is his noble and powerful style, sustained through every change of idea and subject, that finally separates Homer from all forms of ballad-poetry and popular epic.
Like the French epics, such as the Chanson de Roland, Homeric poetry is indigenous and, by the ease of movement and its resultant simplicity, distinguishable from the works of Dante, Milton and Virgil. It is also distinguished from the works of these artists by the comparative absence of underlying motives or sentiment. In Virgil's poetry, a sense of the greatness of Rome and Italy is the leading motive of a passionate rhetoric, partly veiled by the considered delicacy of his language. Dante and Milton are still more faithful exponents of the religion and politics of their time. Even the French epics display sentiments of fear and hatred of the Saracens; but, in Homer's works, the interest is purely dramatic. There is no strong antipathy of race or religion; the war turns on no political events; the capture of Troy lies outside the range of the Iliad; and even the protagonists are not comparable to the chief national heroes of Greece. So far as can be seen, the chief interest in Homer's works is that of human feeling and emotion, and of drama; indeed, his works are often referred to as "dramas".
History and the Iliad
The excavations of Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik in the late 19th century provided initial evidence to scholars that there was a historical basis for the Trojan War. Research into oral epics in Serbo-Croatian and Turkic languages, pioneered by the aforementioned Parry and Lord, began convincing scholars that long poems could be preserved with consistency by oral cultures until they are written down. The epic weaves brilliantly the (scattered remains) of these distinct tribal narratives, exchanged among clan bards, into a monumental tale in which Greeks join collectively to do battle on the distant plains of Troy.
Hero cult
, by Archelaus of Priene. Marble relief, possibly of the 3rd century BC, now in the British Museum.]]In the Hellenistic period, Homer was the subject of a hero cult in several cities. A shrine, the Homereion, was devoted to him in Alexandria by Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC. This shrine is described in Aelian's 3rd century work Varia Historia. He tells how Ptolemy "placed in a circle around the statue [of Homer] all the cities who laid claim to Homer" and mentions a painting of the poet by the artist Galaton, which apparently depicted Homer in the aspect of Oceanus as the source of all poetry.
A marble relief, found in Italy but thought to have been sculpted in Egypt, depicts the apotheosis of Homer. It shows Ptolemy and his wife or sister Arsinoe III standing beside a seated poet, flanked by figures from the Odyssey and Iliad, with the nine Muses standing above them and a procession of worshippers approaching an altar, believed to represent the Alexandrine Homereion. Apollo, the god of music and poetry, also appears, along with a female figure tentatively identified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses. Zeus, the king of the gods, presides over the proceedings. The relief demonstrates vividly that the Greeks considered Homer not merely a great poet but the divinely inspired reservoir of all literature.
Homereia also stood at Chios, Ephesus, and Smyrna, which were among the city-states that claimed to be his birthplace. Strabo (14.1.37) records a Homeric temple in Smyrna with an ancient xoanon or cult statue of the poet. He also mentions sacrifices carried out to Homer by the inhabitants of Argos, presumably at another Homereion.
Transmission and publication
Though evincing many features characteristic of oral poetry, the Iliad and Odyssey were at some point committed to writing. The Greek script, adapted from a Phoenician syllabary around 800 BCE, made possible the notation of the complex rhythms and vowel clusters that make up hexameter verse. Homer's poems appear to have been recorded shortly after the alphabet's invention: an inscription from Ischia in the Bay of Naples, ca. 740 BCE, appears to refer to a text of the Iliad; likewise, illustrations seemingly inspired by the Polyphemus episode in the Odyssey are found on Samos, Mykonos and in Italy dating from the first quarter of the seventh century BCE. We have little information about the early condition of the Homeric poems, but in the second century BCE, Alexandrian editors stabilized this text from which all modern texts descend.In late antiquity, knowledge of Greek declined in Latin-speaking western Europe and, along with it, knowledge of Homer's poems. It was not until the fifteenth century AD that Homer's work began to be read once more in Italy. By contrast it was continually read and taught in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire where the majority of the classics also survived. The first printed edition appeared in 1488.
See also
Topics
Modern scholars
Notes
Selected bibliography
Editions
(texts in Homeric Greek)
Interlinear translations
English translations
This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
General works on Homer
Influential readings and interpretations
Commentaries
Trends in Homeric scholarship
;"Classical" analysis;Neoanalysis
;Homer and oral tradition
Dating the Homeric poems
External links
Category:Oral epic poets Category:Epic poets Category:Blind people * Category:Mythography Homer Homer Category:8th-century BC poets Category:Mycenaean Greece Category:Greek historical hero cult Category:Greek culture heroes Category:Ancient Chians Category:Ancient Smyrnaeans Category:Deified people
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