Michael Mcintyre Live at the Apollo Part 1
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- Duration: 9:45
- Published: 03 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 04 Aug 2011
- Author: tabbycameron
Michael Mcintyre Live at The Apollo Part 1
Apollo
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Achaeans (Homer)
The Achaeans (Greek: , Akhaioí) is the name of the Greeks located in mainland Greece in Homer's Iliad (used 598 times) and Odyssey. The other names are the Danaans (, Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad) and the Argives (, used 29 times in the Iliad).
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Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: , Achilleus) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
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Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (Greek: , Aineías, derived from Greek Αἰνή meaning "to praise"; in English) was a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite. His father was also the second cousin of King Priam of Troy. The journey of Aeneas from Troy (with help from Aphrodite), which led to the founding of the city Rome, is recounted in Virgil's Aeneid. He is considered an important figure in Greek and Roman legend and history. Aeneas is a character in Homer's Iliad, Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica, and Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
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Aeschylus
Aeschylus ( ; , Aiskhulos; c. 524/525 BC – c. 455/456 BC) was the first of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived, the others being Sophocles and Euripides, and is often recognized as the father of tragedy. His name derives from the Greek word aiskhos (αισχος), meaning "shame". According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict among them; previously, characters interacted only with the chorus. Only seven of an estimated seventy to ninety plays by Aeschylus have survived into modern times; there is an ongoing debate about the authorship of one of these plays, Prometheus Bound.
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Agamemnon
In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (Ancient Greek: ; modern Greek: Αγαμέμνονας, "leader of the assembly") is the son of King Atreus of Mycenae and Queen Aerope; the brother of Menelaus and the husband of Clytemnestra; different mythological versions make him the king either of Mycenae or of Argos (he was most probably the overlord of both). When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was abducted by Paris of Troy, Agamemnon was the commander of the Achaeans in the ensuing Trojan War.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (, Mégas Aléxandros), was a Greek king of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history.
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Apollonius of Rhodes
Apollonius Rhodius, also known as Apollonius of Rhodes (Latin; Greek Apollṓnios Rhódios), early 3rd century BCE - after 246 BCE, was a librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He is best known for his epic poem the Argonautica, which told the mythological story of Jason and the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece, and which is one of the chief works in the history of epic poetry.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Augustus
:For other uses of Octavius, see Octavius (disambiguation). For other uses of Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). For other uses of Augustus, see Augustus (disambiguation).
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Callimachus
Callimachus (Greek: , Kallimachos; 310/305–240 BC) was a native of the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya. He was a noted poet, critic and scholar of the Library of Alexandria and enjoyed the patronage of ancient Egyptian Greek Pharaohs Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Ptolemy III Euergetes. Although he was never made chief librarian, he was responsible for producing the catalogue of all the volumes contained in the Library. His Pinakes (tables), 120 volumes long, provided the complete and chronologically arranged catalogue of the Library, laying the foundation for later work on the history of Greek literature. As one of the earliest critic-poets, he typifies Hellenistic scholarship.
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Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps one of the most well known pioneers in the field of dream analysis. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts.
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Cassandra
In Greek mythology, Cassandra (, "she who entangles men", also known as Alexandra) was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy. In an alternative version, she spent a night at Apollo's temple, at which time the temple snakes licked her ears clean so that she was able to hear the future. This is a recurring theme in Greek mythology, though sometimes it brings an ability to understand the language of animals rather than an ability to know the future. However, when she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions. She is a figure both of the epic tradition and of tragedy, where her combination of deep understanding and powerlessness exemplify the tragic condition of humankind.
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Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are territories in North-West Europe in which that area's own Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived. The term "nation" is used in this context to mean a generally defined region that is associated with a common identity, language or culture. It is not synonymous with "sovereign state", but rather with traditional territories or "countries".
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Ceos
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Chryseis
In Greek mythology, Chryseis () was a Trojan woman, the daughter of Chryses. Chryseis, her apparent name in the Iliad, means simply "Chryses' daughter"; later writers give her real name as Astynome.
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Chryses
In Greek mythology, Chryses (English: /'krai si:z/; Greek: Χρύσης - Khrúsēs) was a priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy.
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Cratylus
Cratylus (ancient Greek: , Kratylos) was an ancient Athenian philosopher from late 5th century BC, mostly known through his portrayal in Plato's dialogue Cratylus. Little is known of Cratylus or his mentor Heraclitus (of Ephesus, Asia Minor). According to Cratylus at 402a, Heraclitus proclaimed that one cannot step twice into the same stream. According to Aristotle (Metaphysics, 4.5 1010a10-15), his disciple Cratylus went a step further to proclaim that it cannot even be done once. Such was his thorough-going skepticism.
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Croesus
Croesus (, CREE-sus; ) (595 BC – c. 547? BC) was the king of Lydia from 560 to 546 BC until his defeat by the Persians in about 547 BC. The fall of Croesus made a profound impact on the Hellenes, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least," J.A.S. Evans remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology." Croesus was renowned for his wealth—Herodotus and Pausanias noted his gifts preserved at Delphi.
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Cycnus
:The butterfly genus Cycnus is now synonymized with Panthiades.
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Diomedes
Diomedes or Diomed (; English translation: "God-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus") is a hero in Greek mythology, mostly known for his participation in the Trojan War. He was born to Tydeus and Deipyle and later became King of Argos, succeeding his maternal grandfather, Adrastus. In Homer's 'Iliad' Diomedes is regarded alongside Ajax as one of the second-best warriors of all the Achaeans. His paternal uncle Heracles and his close companion Odysseus are the favoured heroes of Athena. In Virgil's 'Aeneid' he is one of the warriors who entered the Trojan Horse shortly before the sack of Troy.
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Emil Forrer
Emil Orcitirix Gustav Forrer (1894–1986) was a Swiss Assyriologist and Hittitologist.
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Euripides
Euripides (Ancient Greek: ) (ca. 480 BC – 406 BC) was the last
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flaying
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Hecuba
:''This page is about the mythological figure; for other uses, see Hecuba (disambiguation)
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Greek: Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( – ). He was born in Caria, Halicarnassus (modern day Bodrum, Turkey). He is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. He is exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his "inquiry" (or historía, a word that passed into Latin and took on its modern meaning of history) into the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars which occurred in 490 and 480-479 BC—especially since he includes a narrative account of that period, which would otherwise be poorly documented; and many long digressions concerning the various places and people he encountered during wide-ranging travels around the lands of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him.
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Hesiod
Hesiod (Greek: Hēsíodos) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active around 700 BC. No date before 750 BC or later than 650 BC fits the evidence. Since at least Herodotus's time (Histories, 2.53), Hesiod and Homer have generally been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived, and they are often paired. Scholars disagree about who lived first, and the fourth-century BC sophist Alcidamas' Mouseion even brought them together in an imagined poetic agon, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. Aristarchus first argued for Homer's priority, a claim that was generally accepted by later antiquity.
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Hittites
The "Hittites" were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite ) in north-central Anatolia (on the Central Anatolian plateau) ca. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height ca. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (a territory known as Amqu), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. After ca. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.
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Homer
Homer (Ancient Greek: , Hómēros)
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Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky () ( – 6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor.
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James George Frazer
Sir James George Frazer (1 January 1854, Glasgow, Scotland – 7 May 1941, Cambridge), was a Scottish social anthropologist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion.
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Julian the Apostate
Flavius Claudius Julianus (331/332 – 26 June 363), commonly known as Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 355 to 363. He is also a noted philosopher and Greek writer. A member of the Constantinian dynasty, he was made Caesar by Constantius II in 355 and took command of the western provinces. During his reign he campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks. Most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni in 357 at the Battle of Argentoratum - despite being outnumbered. In 360 he was acclaimed Augustus by his soldiers, sparking a civil war between Julian and Constantius. However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, naming Julian as his rightful successor. In 363, Julian embarked on an ambitious campaign against the Sassanid Empire. Though initially successful, Julian was mortally wounded in battle and died shortly after.
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Karl Kerenyi
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Laodocus
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Lapiths
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Leucippus
Leucippus or Leukippos (Greek: , first half of 5th century BC) was one of the earliest Greeks to develop the theory of atomism — the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms — which was elaborated in far greater detail by his pupil and successor, Democritus. Another possible earlier candidate for atomism is Moschus of Sidon, from the Trojan War era(13th or 12th century BCE)
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Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
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Lycophron
Lycophron was a Hellenistic Greek tragic poet, grammarian, and commentator on comedy, to whom the poem Alexandra is attributed (perhaps falsely).
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Lydia
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Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of erotic poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria. He is also well known for the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem, the Fasti, about the Roman calendar, and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
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Paris (mythology)
Paris (Greek: ; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c.f. Alaksandu of Wilusa), the son of Priam, king of Troy, appears in a number of Greek legends. Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War. Later in the war, he fatally wounds Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as foretold by Achilles's mother, Thetis.
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Paul Kretschmer
Paul Kretschmer (2 May 1866 – 9 March 1956) was a German linguist who studied the earliest history and interrelations of the Indo-European languages and showed how they were influenced by non-Indo-European languages, such as Etruscan.
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Photius
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Pindar
Pindar (, Pindaros; Latin: Pindarus) (ca. 522–443 BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved. Quintilian described him as "by far the greatest of the nine lyric poets, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence".
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Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
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Plutarch
Plutarch, born Plutarchos (Greek: Πλούταρχος) then, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Μέστριος Πλούταρχος), c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He was born to a prominent family in Chaeronea, Boeotia, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi.
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Polypoetes
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Praxiteles
Praxiteles (; Ancient Greek: Πραξιτέλης) of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue. While no indubitably attributable sculpture by Praxiteles is extant, numerous copies of his works have survived; contemporary authors, including Pliny the Elder, wrote of his oeuvres; and coins engraved with silhouettes of his various famous statuary types from the period still exist.
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Priam
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Priam (Greek Πρίαμος Priamos) was the king of Troy during the Trojan War and youngest son of Laomedon. Modern scholars derive his name from the Luwian compound Priimuua, which means "exceptionally courageous".
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Robert Graves
:For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves (rugby)
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Sophocles
Sophocles ( Sophoklēs, his name was very likely pronounced ; (c. 497/6 BCE - winter 406/5 BCE) was the second of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus and earlier than those of Euripides. According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, Trachinian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most-feted playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. Sophocles competed in around 30 competitions; he won perhaps 24 and was never judged lower than second place; in comparison, Aeschylus won 14 competitions and was defeated by Sophocles at times, while Euripides won only 4 competitions.
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Strabo
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
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Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca. 69/75 – after 130), was a Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order in the early Imperial era. He is important to Christians because of his reference to the Historicity of Jesus.
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Tarquinius Superbus
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Tenes
In Greek mythology, Tenes was the eponymous hero of the island of Tenedos. He was the son either of Apollo or of King Cycnus of Colonae by Proclia, daughter or granddaughter of Laomedon. Cycnus' second wife falsely accused Tenes of rape, and Cycnus tried to kill Tenes and his sister Hemithea by placing them both in a chest, which was set into the ocean. However, the chest landed at Tenedos and the two survived. Cycnus later learned the truth and tried to reconcile with his children, but Tenes rejected his overture; when Cycnus' ship landed at Tenedos, Tenes took an axe and cut the moorings.
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Troilus
Troilus (also Troilos, Troylus) (Ancient Greek: Τρωΐλος, Troïlos, Latin: Troilus) is a legendary character associated with the story of the Trojan War. The first surviving reference to him is in Homer's Iliad which is believed to have been composed by bards and sung in the late 9th or 8th century BC.
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Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) (October 15, 70 BCE – September 21, 19 BCE) was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him.
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Abae
Abae (Ancient Greek: Ἄβαι, Abai), is an ancient town in the northeastern corner of Phocis, in Greece. It was famous in antiquity for its oracle of Apollo Abaeus, one of those consulted by Croesus, king of Lydia, and Mardonius, among others.
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Actium
Actium (Greek: Ἄκτιον) was the ancient name of a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Sinus Ambracius (Gulf of Arta) opposite Nicopolis, built by Augustus on the north side of the strait.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (, from Greek '; also Asia Minor, from , ') is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia is one of the archeologically richest areas in the world.
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Arcadia
Arcadia, Arkadía () is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. It takes its name from the mythological character Arcas.
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Asia Minor
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Bassae
Bassae (Latin) or Bassai, Vassai or Vasses (Greek, Modern: Βάσσες, Ancient: Βάσσαι), meaning "little vale in the rocks", is an archaeological site in the northeastern part of Messinia Prefecture that was a part of Arcadia in ancient times. Bassae lies near the village of Skliros, northeast of Figaleia, south of Andritsaina and west of Megalopolis. It is famous for the well-preserved mid- to late-5th century BCE Temple of Apollo Epicurius.
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battle of Actium
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Boeotia
Boeotia, also spelled Beotia and Bœotia (, ), formerly Cadmeis, was a region of ancient Greece, north of the eastern part of the Gulf of Corinth. It was bounded on the south by Megaris and the Kithairon mountain range that forms a natural barrier with Attica, on the north by Opuntian Locris and the Euripus Strait at the Gulf of Euboea, and on the west by Phocis. Lake Copais was a large lake in the center of Boeotia.
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Bourgogne
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Castalian Spring
The Castalian Spring, in the ravine between the Phaedriades at Delphi, is where all visitors to Delphi — the contestants in the Pythian Games, and especially suppliants who came to consult the Delphic Oracle — stopped to wash their hair; and where Roman poets came to receive poetic inspiration. This is also where Apollo killed the monster, Python, and that is why it was considered to be sacred.
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Crete
Crete (, Kriti or occasionally Krētē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at . Crete is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece and covers the same area as the Greek region of Crete from before the 1987 administrative reform. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece; while it retains its own local cultural traits (such as its own music and dialect), Cretans identify themselves as Greeks. Heraklion is the largest city and capital of Crete.
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Cynthus
Mount Cynthus (Greek: Κύνθος, Kýnthos) is located on the isle of Delos, part of the Greek Cyclades.
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Didyma
Didyma (Greek: [http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=didyma&submit;=Submit Δίδυμα]) was an ancient Ionian sanctuary, the modern Didim, Turkey, containing a temple and oracle of Apollo, the Didymaion. In Greek didyma means "twin", but the Greeks who sought a "twin" at Didyma ignored the Carian origin of the name. Next to Delphi, Didyma was the most renowned oracle of the Hellenic world, first mentioned among the Greeks in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, but an establishment preceding literacy and even the Hellenic colonization of Ionia. Mythic genealogies of the origins of the Branchidae line of priests, designed to capture the origins of Didyma as a Hellenic tradition, date to the Hellenistic period.
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Dodona
Dodona (from Doric Greek Δωδώνα, Ionic Greek: Δωδώνη, Dōdònē) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric oracle devoted to a Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione and later, in historical times also devoted to the Greek god Zeus. Zeus displaced the Mother goddess in the Bronze Age and assimilated her as Aphrodite.
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El Djem
El Djem (Arabic: قصر الجمّ; Latin Thysdrus) is a town in Mahdia Governorate, Tunisia, population 18,302 (2004 census). It is home to some of the most impressive Roman remains in Africa.
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Hadrumentum
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Hamaxitus
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Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie ( Arpitan : Savouè d’Amont / Hiôta-Savouè) is a French department, named for its location in the Alps mountain range. The region is famous for the entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel to Italy, and is also home to Chamonix where the first Winter Olympic Games were held from to , in addition to other notable ski resorts.
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Indre
Indre is a department in the center of France named after the Indre River. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
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Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.
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Manbij
Manbij or Hierapolis Bambyce (, is an ancient city in the Aleppo Governorate, Syria.
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Mari, Syria
Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syria. It is thought to have been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, although it flourished with series of superimposed palaces that spans a thousand years, from 2900 BC until 1759 BC, when it was sacked by Hammurabi.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Ortygia
Ortygia is a little island and it is the historical centre of the city of Syracuse, Sicily. The island, also known as Città Vecchia (Old City), contains many historical landmarks.
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Patara
Patara (Lycian: Pttara), later renamed Arsinoe (Greek: ), was a flourishing maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near the modern small town of Gelemiş, in Antalya Province. It is the birth place of St. Nicholas, who lived most of his life in the nearby town of Myra (Demre).
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Paximadia (islands)
http://wn.com/Paximadia_(islands) -
Pella
Pella (), an ancient city located in Pella Prefecture of Macedonia in Greece, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia.
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Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus (; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula (technically an island since the 1893 construction of the Corinth Canal) and region in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. During the late Middle Ages and the Ottoman era, the peninsula was known as the Morea (, colloq. Μωριάς), a name still in colloquial use.
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Pherae
Pherae (Greek: Φεραί) was an ancient Greek town in southeastern Thessaly.Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. “Pherae.” Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 9th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1985. ISBN 0-87779-508-8, ISBN 0-87779-509-6 (indexed), and ISBN 0-87779-510-X (deluxe). In mythology, it was the home of King Admetus, whose wife, Alcestis, Heracles went into Hades to rescue. In history, it was more famous as the home of the fourth-century B.C. tyrants Jason and Alexander of Pherae, who took control of much of Thessaly before their defeat by the Thebans.
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Phocis
Phocis (Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα, , Ancient/Katharevousa: Φωκίς, ) modern prefecture of Greece, located in Central Greece, stretching from the western mountainsides of Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Vardousia on the west, upon the Gulf of Corinth. It is named after the ancient region of Phocis, but the modern prefecture also includes parts of ancient Locris and Doris.
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Pisa
Pisa (; ) is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the River Arno on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its Leaning Tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 87,500 residents contains more than 20 other historic churches, several palaces and various bridges across the River Arno. The city is also home of the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century.
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Pythian Games
The Pythian Games (Delphic Games) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, a forerunner of the modern Olympic Games, held every four years at the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi.
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Roman Kingdom
The Roman Kingdom () was the monarchical government of the city of Rome and its territories. Little is certain about the history of the Roman Kingdom, as no written records from that time survive, and the histories about it were written during the Republic and Empire and are largely based on legend. However, the history of the Roman Kingdom began with the city's founding, traditionally dated to 753 BC, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic in about 509 BC.
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Sardis
Sardis, also Sardes (Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σάρδεις, Persian: سارد Sārd), modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times. As one of the Seven churches of Asia, it was addressed by the author of the Book of Revelation in terms which seem to imply that its population was notoriously soft and fainthearted. Its importance was due, first to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway leading from the interior to the Aegean coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the Hermus.
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Segesta
Segesta () was the political center of the Elymian people, located in the northwestern part of Sicily, in what are now the province of Trapani and the comune of Calatafimi-Segesta.
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Sicyon
:For the modern municipality, see Sikyona.
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Sousse
Sousse (Arabic سوسة Sousa) is a city in Tunisia. Located 140 km south of the capital Tunis, the city has 173,047 inhabitants (2004). Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf of Hammamet, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The name may be of Berber origin: similar names are found in Libya and in the south of Morocco (Bilād al-Sūs). The city is the capital of Sousse Governorate with 540,000 inhabitants (2005 estimate). Its economy is based on transport equipment, processed food, olive oil, textiles and tourism. It is home to the Université de Sousse.
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Sparta
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Spartē) or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
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Swiss
http://wn.com/Swiss -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Troy
Troy (Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa; Greek: , Ilion, and , Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium; Turkish: Truva and Troia) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
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Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums (), in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are among the greatest museums in the world, since they display works from the immense collection built up by the Roman Catholic Church throughout the centuries.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( or , formerly ; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers . The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
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Zeus
In Greek mythology Zeus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men", according to Hesiod's Theogony, who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."(Iliad, book 1.503;533) For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the Ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
http://wn.com/Zeus
- Abae
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- Anatolia
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- Andromache (play)
- Anius
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- Apaliunas
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- Discus throw
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- dolphin
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- Doric Greek
- Dryope
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- El Djem
- Elatus
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- Elis
- Emil Forrer
- epithet
- eponym
- Erginus
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- Essarois
- etiology
- Etruria
- Etruscan mythology
- Etymologicum Magnum
- Euripides
- Evadne
- Fabulae
- flaying
- flute
- folk etymology
- fruit trees
- Gaia (mythology)
- Gaul
- gluttony
- Greek drachma
- Greek mythology
- griffin
- Gryne
- Hades
- Hadrumentum
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- hawk
- healing
- Hecate
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- Helios
- Hellenic neopaganism
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- Hittite
- Hittite language
- Hittites
- Homer
- Homeric Greek
- Homeric Hymn
- Homeric hymns
- hubris
- Hurrian
- Hyacinth (mythology)
- hyacinth (plant)
- Hyacinthia
- Hyginus
- Hymenaios
- Hyperborea
- Hyperboreans
- Hypsipyle
- Ialemus
- Iamus
- Iapis
- Idas
- Ideal (ethics)
- Idmon
- Igor Stravinsky
- Iliad
- Ilias
- Ilithyia
- Illuyankas
- Indre
- Ion (mythology)
- Ion (play)
- Ionic Greek
- Iphigenia
- Ischys
- Issa
- James George Frazer
- Jublains
- Julian the Apostate
- Jungian archetypes
- Karl Kerenyi
- Khyrse
- King Agamemnon
- kithara
- kouros
- Kretschmer
- labrys
- labyrinth
- Laodocus
- Lapithes (hero)
- Lapiths
- Late Bronze Age
- Latin literature
- Latinus
- laurel wreath
- Lemnos
- Leochares
- Leto
- Leucippus
- Leuconoe
- Leucothea
- Leviathan
- Libanius
- Linus
- List of Celtic gods
- Livy
- Louvre
- LSJ
- Lucian
- Ludi Apollinares
- lunar deity
- Luwian
- Luwian language
- Lycaon
- Lycia
- Lycomedes
- Lycophron
- Lycorus
- Lydia
- Lyre
- Maia (mythology)
- Maine-et-Loire
- Manbij
- Manto (mythology)
- Maponus
- Marathon
- marble
- Mari, Syria
- Marpessa
- Marsyas
- Marsyas (river)
- matricide
- Mauvières
- Melaina
- Melaneus
- Melia
- Metageitnia
- Metamorphoses
- mice
- Midas
- Miletus (mythology)
- Minoan
- Minoan civilization
- moderation
- Moirae
- monotheism
- Mopsus
- Moralia
- Mount Kyllini
- Mount Olympus
- Mt. Parnassos
- Muse
- Musei Capitolini
- Muwatalli II
- Mycenaean Greece
- Mycenean Greece
- NASA
- Naturalis Historia
- Naxos
- Neopaganism
- Nergal
- Niobe
- Niobids
- Noricum
- Nova Roma
- nudity
- nymph
- Obverse and reverse
- Oddysey
- Oicles
- Oileus
- Olympia, Greece
- Omphalos
- oracle
- oracular
- Orchamus
- Oresteia
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- Orpheus
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- paean
- Paean (god)
- Palaephatus
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- Pallini
- palm tree
- Pan (mythology)
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- pastiche
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- Paul Kretschmer
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- Pausanias
- Paximadia (islands)
- Pelias
- Pella
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- Phemonoe
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- Pisa
- Plague (disease)
- Plato
- plectrum
- Pliny the Elder
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- poetry
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- roe deer
- Roman Empire
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- Roman mythology
- Roman temple
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- sacrificial tripod
- Sardis
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- sculpture
- Scylla
- Sea and river deity
- sea monster
- Second Punic War
- Secular Games
- Segesta
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- solar deity
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- swan
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- Vatican Museums
- Vedic
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- Virgil
- virtue
- vulture
- Walter Burkert
- Wiltshire
- Wilusa
- wolf
- Xuthus
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- Zeus
![Reginald D Hunter - Live At The Apollo [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110805041111im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/tuq8ZU2Uf_0/0.jpg "Reginald D Hunter - Live At The Apollo [HQ]")
Reginald D Hunter - Live At The Apollo [HQ]
Bodybuilding Tips: www.musclechronicle.com . . . . Copyright BBC 2010.
Russell Howard - Live At The Apollo - Part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Published: 01 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: maroonedsorrow
Opening song: Smile Like You Mean It by the Killers Russell Howard on Live At The Apollo Series 3 Episode 1 Broadcast 12th Nov 2007
Apollo 8 Launch
Edited footage of the Apollo 8 launch, several camera views compiled. Runs from T-00:25 through T+03:25. See the mighty Saturn V launch vehicle in action, carrying humans for the first time. Watch out for an excellent shot of the staging sequence at the 3 minute mark in the video. For information on how to obtain high quality footage like this visit www.spacecraftfilms.com
The Incredible Journey of Apollo 12
It's the ultimate buddy movie. Forty years ago, on November 19, 1969, astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean landed on the moon in one of the most important of the Apollo flights. This video shows them making a pinpoint landing on a treacherous lunar surface, finding rocks, and generally having a blast. The program features an interview with Pete Conrad, filmed a year before he died in a tragic motorcycle accident in 1999. Credit Space.com with editorial assistance. Earth.... November 14th, 1969. Three astronauts... with spacesuits, food, water, and a battery of scientific and communications equipment... were bound for the moon. Thousands gathered at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, including President and Mrs. Richard Nixon, to witness the historic launch. The Saturn V rocket that would carry them into space was theoretically designed to launch in any weather... and on this day it was raining. The mission's commander, astronaut Pete Conrad, would say later: "The flight was extremely normal, for the first 36 seconds." Audio: 10, 9, 8, ignition sequence start, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, all engines running... liftoff. The five engines of the Saturn 5's huge first stage burned through 5 million pounds of liquid oxygen in just two and a half minutes, boosting the spacecraft 42 miles up... and 58 miles out over the Atlantic. Racing through the stormy environment, the rocket generated a lightning bolt that traveled down its highly conductive exhaust trail. Another bolt hit 16 <b>...</b>
Apollo 11 40th anniversary
A video edit commemorating the 40th anniversary of the first walk on the moon. The lift off was July 16, 1969. The moon landing and first walk took place July 20, 1969. Astronauts on the flight Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins, and Buss Aldrin. (All footage of the Apollo 11 mission supplied by NASA / Editing by Leslie Smith, Jr. / USA TODAY)
As You Remember It: The Lift-Off of APOLLO 11
In July of 1969, America sent the first humans to the moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins were aboard the mission named Apollo 11. The launch vehicle they rode, the Saturn 5 rocket, is still the most powerful machine ever built. It generated almost 8 million pounds of thrust and even after nearly 40 years, it is the only vehicle that has carried men beyond earth's gravity. Watch it now, as you would have seen it on July 16, 1969, at 9:26 AM EDT. T-minus 00:5:59 and counting.
Lee Mack - Live At The Apollo - 12/09/05 - Part 1 of 3
Lee Mack on BBC1's Jack Dee Live At The Apollo 12th september 2005
![Apollo 18 - Official Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110805041111im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0F6DU6gx7-w/0.jpg "Apollo 18 - Official Trailer [HD]")
Apollo 18 - Official Trailer [HD]
Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 26 August 2011 Genre: Horror | Sci-Fi | Thriller Cast: N/A MPAA Rating: N/A Director: Gonzalo López-Gallego Writer: Brian Miller, Cory Goodman Studio: The Weinstein Company Plot: Officially, Apollo 17, launched December 17th, 1972, was the last manned mission to the moon. But a year later, in December of 1973, two American astronauts were sent on a secret mission to the moon funded by the US Department of Defense. What you are about to see is the actual footage which the astronauts captured on that mission. While NASA denies its authenticity, others say it's the real reason we've never gone back to the moon. Subscribe Now: www.youtube.com
Alan Parsons - Apollo
Dedicated to people who lost their lives exploring the space. It's a track from On Air by Alan Parsons.
Gallery of the Gods: Apollo
Troy DVD's profile of the God.
1971: Apollo 14 (NASA)
Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo programme and the third mission to land on the Moon, touching down on 5 February 1971. The crew were Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr, Stuart A. Roosa (Command Module Pilot) and Edgar D. Mitchell (Lunar Module Pilot). After landing at the destination for Apollo 13 - Shepard and Mitchell took two moon walks, adding new seismic studies to the by now familiar Apollo experiment package, and using a "lunar rickshaw" pull cart to carry their equipment. Roosa, meanwhile, took pictures from on board command module Kitty Hawk in lunar orbit. Shepard and Mitchell collected almost 45 kg of lunar samples for return to Earth. The Apollo 14 astronauts were the last lunar explorers to be quarantined on their return from the Moon. Shepard and Mitchell named their landing site Fra Mauro Base, and this designation is recognized by the International Astronomical Union.
Dara O Briain Live at the Apollo - i love videogames ( 09/12/2010 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Published: 09 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: YOUgotbeatbyagirl
- http://wn.com/Dara_O_Briain_Live_at_the_Apollo__i_love_videogames__09/12/2010_
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all credit to the BBC comedian Dara O Briain talks about his videogameing skills...or lack of
Rich Hall - Live at the Apollo 10/10/2005 (Part 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Published: 18 May 2007
- Uploaded: 02 Aug 2011
- Author: PaulandoUK
Rich Hall performing on Jack Dee's 'Live at the Apollo'
Apollo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 16 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Aug 2011
- Author: ROCKETBOOM
Apollo 11 en.wikipedia.org Mission Commander Neil Alden Armstrong en.wikipedia.org Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. en.wikipedia.org Michael Collins, Command Module Pilot en.wikipedia.org Jethro Tull en.wikipedia.org Benefit (album) en.wikipedia.org Beef Posters chrissherron.net Know Your Meme: Vince Shlomi (ShamWow, Slap Chop) (2008) knowyourmeme.com My Sunshine by Nikola Uzunovski www.nikolauzunovski.net Space Station Is Near Completion, Maybe the End www.washingtonpost.com Save The Space Station www.savethespacestation.com Join us at Rocketboom.com for an ad free experience.
We Plants Are Happy Plants - Apollo (Full version!)
Brilliant song, there just had to be a full version of it on Youtube.
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin Recounts Apollo 11 UFO Encounter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 10 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 05 Aug 2011
- Author: iwanttobelievexfiles
- http://wn.com/Astronaut_Buzz_Aldrin_Recounts_Apollo_11_UFO_Encounter
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Buzz Aldrin talks about the 'UFO' which the Apollo 11 crew saw on their way to the moon.
Apollo 13- Original Theatrical Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 29 May 2007
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: chazzwozer
The original theatrical trailer for the 1995 film "Apollo 13," courtesy of the website www.movie-list.com
'Apollo 11: Remastered' - An Orbiter Film
July 16, 1969 - Apollo 11 lifts off for the moon. This film is a remake of my orginial Apollo 11 release featuring Orbiter Space Flight Simulator and AMSO Apollo addon. *Update - June 4, 2011* First, thank you to everyone for your comments! Its already been 3 years and approaching 200000 views. Thanks for all your support! Second, I removed any and all comments debating the moon hoax conspiracy. Any new comments made on this subject will be removed and the user blocked.
Apollo 11 on the Sea of Tranquility
Breathtaking ultra high resolution photos of mankind's historic first steps on the Moon... on the lunar Sea of Tranquility. Monday July 20th is the 40th anniversary of this first moonwalk. Music is Chopin's Trois Nouvelles Etudes, 2nd in A flat major.
![Apollo 18 (2011) - Official Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110805041111im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4RGhKzUUaME/0.jpg "Apollo 18 (2011) - Official Trailer [HD]")
Apollo 18 (2011) - Official Trailer [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 23 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Aug 2011
- Author: horrornymphs
The new hyped "found footage" movie, but this time a grand production. The film is about the real mission to space in the 1970's that was canceled by NASA, or as the tagline says "There's a Reason We've Never Gone Back to the Moon"... Officially, Apollo 17, launched December 17th, 1972 was the last manned mission to the moon. But a year later, in December of 1973, two American astronauts were sent on a secret mission to the moon funded by the US Department of Defense. What you are about to see is the actual footage which the astronauts captured on that mission. While NASA denies its authenticity, others say it's the real reason we've never gone back to the moon. Just don't make it vampires again... Check out the websites: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Coming to theatres on April 22, 2011 Starring: ???
George Balanchine's Apollo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 24 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 03 Aug 2011
- Author: houstonballet
This ballet depicts Apollo, the young god of music, who is visited and instructed by three Muses: Calliope, Muse of poetry, whose symbol is a tablet; Polyhymnia, Muse of mime, whose symbol is a mask that represents the power of gesture; and Terpsichore, Muse of dance and song, whose symbol is a lyre. Apollo Choreography by George Balanchine © The George Balanchine Trust Performed by Houston Ballet. Dancers: Andrew Murphy, Mireille Hassenboehler, Kelly Myernick, and Bridgett Zehr. www.houstonballet.org
Apollo 11 launch w/ altitude and velocity data
TV footage of the Apollo 11 launch with simulated altitude and velocity data overlaid for reference. In metric system units, naturally. The simulated figures should correlate pretty well with actual flight data with maybe the exception of the first few seconds when the hold-down arms slowly release the vehicle and the actual acceleration might have built up a bit slower than in the simulation. Watch those numbers build up...
photo: Creative Commons
Apollo with his lyre.Statue from Berlin.Pergamon Museum
photo: Creative Commons
Apollo
photo: Creative Commons
Apollo and Daphne by Bernini in the Galleria Borghese
photo: Creative Commons
Apollo
photo: Creative Commons / Mathiasrex
Apollo with a radiant halo in a Roman floor mosaic, El Djem, Tunisia, late 2nd century
photo: Creative Commons
Marble torso of Apollo. A marble torso of Apollo. This is a copy of the original statue of "Parnopios Apollo" created by Pheidias (its type is known as the "Kassel Apollo").
photo: Public Domain / Bibi Saint-Pol
Apollo Barberini.
photo: Creative Commons
Detail.Head of Apollo Belvedere (Pythian Apollo).Vatican Museum
photo: Public Domain / Craigboy
Apollo/Skylab A7L.
photo: Creative Commons / Johantheghost
The Apollo program exhibit aboard Hornet. The successful use of the carriers as recovery ships continued into the Apollo program. On 26 February 1966, Boxer recovered the command module from AS-201, the first unmanned flight of a production Apollo Command and Service Module.
photo: Creative Commons
Apollo Citharoedus ("Apollo with a kithara"), Musei Capitolini, Rome
photo: Creative Commons
Head of Apollo. Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani
photo: Creative Commons
A Saturn V carrying Apollo 15 rolls out to Pad 39A in 1971 on Mobile Launch Platform 1.
photo: Creative Commons / Wenkbrauwalbatros
Apollo (butterfly)
photo: Public Domain / Marie-Lan Nguyen
Apollo Belvedere.
photo: Creative Commons / Aljawad
Hasselblad 500EL/M, used in Apollo Project, first Hasselblad with a motor drive
photo: Creative Commons / COPYRIGHT, 2007
Delo's lions
photo: PDPhoto.com
Apollo XVI - Pictures and Photos - Free to Use
photo: Public Domain / MM
Temple of Apollo Sosianus.
photo: Creative Commons / 350z33
Apollo Command/Service Module CSM-119, on display at the Apollo/Saturn V Center in Florida.
photo: NASA / Jhf
The Apollo 15 Service Module as viewed from the Apollo Lunar Module. Image has been cropped and rotated.
photo: Creative Commons
Head of Apollo. Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani
photo: Creative Commons
Ancient Roman religion
photo: Creative Commons / Public Domain
The Apollo theater, Harlem, in 1947
photo: Public Domain / File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)
Apollo Lunar Module.
photo: Creative Commons / 350z33
LC39B with lightning masts installed, LC39A with STS-128. The first use of LC39 came in 1967 with the first Saturn V launch, carrying the unmanned Apollo 4 spacecraft. The second unmanned launch, Apollo 6, also used LC39A.
photo: Creative Commons
Gold stater of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (reigned 281-261 BCE) showing on the reverse a nude Apollo holding his key attributes: two arrows and leaning on a bow.
photo: Creative Commons
Polaroid PDC 4350
photo: Creative Commons
The Omphalos in the Museum of Delphi
photo: NASA / NASA
The Apollo 8 Saturn V being rolled out to Pad 39A The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo 8 was designated SA-503, or the "03rd" model of the Saturn V ("5") Rocket to be used in the Saturn-Apollo ("SA") program.
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
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Apollo
| Caption | The Louvre Apollo Sauroctonos by Praxiteles 4th century BC |
|---|---|
| Name | Apollo |
| God of | God of music, poetry, plague, oracles, sun, medicine, light and knowledge |
| Abode | Mount Olympus |
| Symbol | Lyre, laurel wreath, python, raven, bow and arrows |
| Parents | Zeus and Leto |
| Siblings | Artemis |
| Children | Asclepius, Troilus, Aristaeus, Orpheus |
| Roman equivalent | Apollo |
Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (gen.: Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; ) is one of the most important and diverse of the Olympian deities in Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, medicine, healing, plague, music, poetry, arts and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. Apollo was worshiped in both ancient Greek and Roman religion, and in the modern Greco–Roman Neopaganism.
As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing were associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (Apollon Musegetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans.
In Hellenistic times, especially during the 3rd century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, Titan god of the sun, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene, Titan goddess of the moon. In Latin texts, on the other hand, Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century, not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in Aeneid XII (161–215). Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE.
Etymology
The etymology of Apollo is uncertain. The spelling Ἀπόλλων had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Απέλλων is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Απέλjων. The name is certainly cognate with the Doric month name Απέλλαιος and the Doric festival απελλαι.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), "to destroy". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with (apolysis), "redeem", with (apolousis), "purification", and with (aploun), "simple", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, , and finally with (aeiballon), "ever-shooting". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric απέλλα (apella), which means "assembly", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), "fold", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds.
Following the tradition of these Ancient Greek folk etymologies, in the Doric dialect the word originally meant wall, fence from animals and later assembly within the agora. In the Ancient Macedonian language (pella) means stone, and some toponyms are derived from this word: (Pella:capital of Ancient Macedonia), (Pellini-Pallini).
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name,The form Apaliunas () is attested as a god of Wilusa in a treaty between Alaksandu of Wilusa and the Hittite great king Muwatalli II ca 1280 BCE.Alaksandu could be Paris-Alexander of Ilion",whose name is Greek. The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot Απειλων with Doric Απελλων. A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo "The One of Entrapment", perhaps in the sense of "Hunter".
Among the proposed etymologies is the Hurrian and Hittite divinity, Aplu, who was widely invoked during the "plague years". Aplu, it is suggested, comes from the Akkadian Aplu Enlil, meaning "the son of Enlil", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun.
Greco-Roman epithets
''' type,with Python.Roman copy of a Greek original.Louvre]]Apollo, like other Greek deities, had a number of epithets applied to him, reflecting the variety of roles, duties, and aspects ascribed to the god. However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally "radiant"), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.
As sun-god and god of light, Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes ( ; Αἰγλήτης, Aiglētēs, from αἴγλη, "light of the sun"), Helius ( ; Ἥλιος, Helios, literally "sun"), Phanaeus ( ; Φαναῖος, Phanaios, literally "giving or bringing light"), and Lyceus ( ; Λύκειος, Lukeios, from Proto-Greek *λύκη, "light"). The meaning of the epithet "Lyceus" later became associated Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddes of Lycia (Λυκία) and who was identified with the wolf (λύκος), earning him the epithets Lycegenes ( ; Λυκηγενής, Lukēgenēs, literally "born of a wolf" or "born of Lycia") and Lycoctonus ( ; Λυκοκτόνος, Lukoktonos, from λύκος, "wolf", and κτείνειν, "to kill"). As god of the sun, the Romans referred to Apollo as Sol ( ; literally "sun" in Latin).
In association with his birthplace, Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos, Apollo was called Cynthius ( ; Κύνθιος, Kunthios, literally "Cynthian"), Cynthogenes ( ; Κύνθογενης, Kunthogenēs, literally "born of Cynthus"), and Delius ( ; Δήλιος, Delios, literally "Delian"). As Artemis's twin, Apollo had the epithet Didymaeus ( ; Διδυμαιος, Didumaios, from δίδυμος, "twin").
in southern Greece]] Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus ( ; Ἄκτιακός, Aktiakos, literally "Actian"), Delphinius ( ; Δελφίνιος, Delphinios, literally "Delphic"), and Pythius ( ; Πύθιος, Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pūthō, the area around Delphi), after Actium (Ἄκτιον) and Delphi (Δελφοί) respectively, two of his principal places of worship. An etiology in the Homeric hymns associated the epithet "Delphinius" with dolphins. He was worshipped as Acraephius ( ; Ἀκραιφιος, Akraiphios, literally "Acraephian") or Acraephiaeus ( ; Ἀκραιφιαίος, Akraiphiaios, literally "Acraephian") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia (Ἀκραιφία), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus; and as Smintheus ( ; Σμινθεύς, Smintheus, "Sminthian"—that is, "of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus. The epithet "Smintheus" has historically been confused with σμίνθος, "mouse", in association with Apollo's role as a god of disease. For this he was also known as Parnopius ( ; Παρνόπιος, Parnopios, from πάρνοψ, "locust") and to the Romans as Culicarius ( ; from Latin culicārius, "of midges").
,dedicated to Apollo (478 BC).19th century pen-and-wash restoration]] ,Turkey]] In Apollo's role as a healer, his appellations included Acesius ( ; Ἀκέσιος, Akesios, from ἄκεσις, "healing"), Acestor ( ; Ἀκέστωρ, Akestōr, literally "healer"), Paean ( ; Παιάν, Paiān, from παίειν, "to touch"), and Iatrus ( ; Ἰατρός, Iātros, literally "physician"). Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora. The Romans referred to Apollo as Medicus ( ; literally "physician" in Latin) in this respect. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.
As a protector and founder, Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus ( ; Ἀλεξίκακος, Alexikakos, literally "warding off evil"), Apotropaeus ( ; Ἀποτρόπαιος, Apotropaios, from ὰποτρέπειν, "to avert"), and Epicurius ( ; Ἐπικούριος, Epikourios, from ἐπικουρέειν, "to aid"), or Musegetes ( ; Μουσηγέτης, Mousēgetēs, from Μούσα, "Muse", and ἡγέτης, "leader").
As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor ( ; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ὰφίημι, "to let loose") or Aphetorus ( ; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus ( ; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argurotoxos, literally "with silver bow"), Hecaërgus ( ; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally "far-shooting"), and Hecebolus ( ; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally "far-shooting"). The Romans referred to Apollo as Articenens ( ; "bow-carrying"). Apollo was called Ismenius ( ; Ἰσμηνιός, Ismēnios, literally "of Ismenus") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.
Celtic epithets and cult titles
Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire. In the traditionally Celtic lands he was most often seen as a healing and sun god. He was often equated with Celtic gods of similar character.Apollo Atepomarus ("the great horseman" or "possessing a great horse"). Apollo was worshipped at Mauvières (Indre). Horses were, in the Celtic world, closely linked to the sun.
Apollo Belenus ('bright' or 'brilliant'). This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul, Northern Italy and Noricum (part of modern Austria). Apollo Belenus was a healing and sun god.
Apollo Cunomaglus ('hound lord'). A title given to Apollo at a shrine in Wiltshire. Apollo Cunomaglus may have been a god of healing. Cunomaglus himself may originally have been an independent healing god.
Apollo Grannus. Grannus was a healing spring god, later equated with Apollo.
Apollo Moritasgus ('masses of sea water'). An epithet for Apollo at Alesia, where he was worshipped as god of healing and, possibly, of physicians.
Apollo Vindonnus ('clear light'). Apollo Vindonnus had a temple at Essarois, near Châtillon-sur-Seine in Burgundy. He was a god of healing, especially of the eyes.
Origins
The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE. The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis, Apollo's twin sister. At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho. For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods. In archaic Greece he was the "prophet", the oracular god who in older times was connected with "healing". In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil.Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed "a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component."
Healer god-Protector from the evil
The function of Apollo as a "healer" is connected with Paean (Παιών-Παιήων) the physician of the Gods in Iliad,who seems to come from a more primitive religion.Paeοn is probably connected with the Mycenean Pa-ja-wo,but the etymology is the only evidence.He did not have a separate cult,but he was the personification of the holy magic-song sang by the magicians that was supposed to cure the diseases.Later the Greeks knew the original meaning of the relevant song "paeαn" (παιάν).The magicians were also called "seer-doctors" (ιατρομάντεις) and they used an exstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles. In Ilias Apollo is the healer under the gods,but he is also the bringer of the diseases and of death with his arrows,in a similar way with the function of the Vedic terrible god of diseases Rudra. He sends a terrible plague (λοιμός) to the Achaeans.The god who sends a disease can also prevent from it, therefore when it stops they make a purifying ceremony and they offer him an "hecatomb" to keep away the evil. When the oath of his priest appeases, they pray and with a song they call their own god,the beautiful Paean. Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are "paion"(παιών:touching), "epikourios" (επικουρώ:help), "oulios" (ουλή:cured wound) and "loimios" (λοiμός:plague). In classical times his srong function in popular religion was to keep away the evil, therefore he was called "apotropaios" (αποτρέπω:to divert) and "alexikakos" (αλέξω-κακό:defend,throw away the evil) In later writers, the word, usually spelled "Paean", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing,Homer illustrated Paeon the god, and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph. Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo, and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won
Dorian origin
The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word "pella" (Pella), stone. The stones played an important part in the cult of the god,especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos).The "Homeric hymn" represents Apollo as a Northern intruder. His arrival must have occurred during the "dark ages" that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization and his conflict with Gaia (mother earth) was represented under the legend of his slaying of her daughter, the serpent Python.The earth deity had power over the ghostly world and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle. The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated. A female dragon named Delphyne (δελφύς:womb) who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios and a male serpent Typhon (τύφειν:smoke), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python. Python was the good daemon (αγαθός δαίμων) of the temble as it appears in Minoan religion, but she was represented as a dragon as it often happens in Northern European folklore and also in the East.
Minoan origin
labrys]] It seems that an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden,"the double axe-men" which indicates Minoan origin.The double-axe (λάβρυς:labrys) was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth and it was probably the symbol of the beginning of the creation (Mater-Arche). In the Homeric hymn is added that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests in Delphi,where they evidently transferred they religious practices.Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshipped in Crete and in the islands and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne (womb).The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration -prophecy existed in the temple.This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a constant procedure through many centuries,according to the local tradition.In that regard the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin with her exstatic art,looks unrelated with the oracle itself.However the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves which seem to be confirmed by recent studies. Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona like frenzied-women,obsessed by "mania" (μανία:frenzy),a Greek word connected with "mantis" (μάντις:prophet).Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near-East as Mari in the second milemnium BC. Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC, there is not any evidence that the exstatic prophetic-art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages.It is more possible that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular-cult which was local in Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.
Anatolian origin
A non-Greek origin of the name of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship.The stones which were found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo.The Greeks gave to him the name αγυιεύς agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil and his symbol was a tapered stone or column.However while usually the greek fests were celebrated at full-moon,all the fests of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day and the emphasis given to that day of the month (sibutu),indicates Babylonian origin.The Late Bronze Age (from 1700–1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu, was a god of plagues,who was invoked during the plague years.Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it.Aplu (the son of) was a title given to the god Nergal who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash. In Ilias his priest is praying to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse-god who keeps an older agricultural function as the protector from the field-rats. All these functions including the function of the healer-god Paean who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.
Oracular cult
Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites, including Didyma and Clarus in Asia Minor. A notable group of oracular pronouncements from Didyma and Clarus, the so-called "theological oracles", date to the 2nd and 3rd century CE. In these, Apollo proclaims that there is only one highest god, of whom the gods of polytheistic religions are mere manifestations or servants. In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate in the 4th century tried to revive the oracle at Delphi, but failed.Oracles were also given by sons of Apollo.
Mythology
Birth
.Brygos (potter signed),Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup ca.470 BC,Louvre]] When Zeus' wife Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant and that he was the father, she banned Leto from giving birth on "terra firma". In her wanderings, Leto found the newly created floating island of Delos, which was neither mainland nor a real island, so she gave birth there, where she was accepted by the people, offering them her promise that her son will be always favourable toward the city. Afterwards, Zeus secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean. This island later became sacred to Apollo.It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Ilithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace, nine yards (8 m) long, of amber. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day () of the month Thargelion —according to Delian tradition—or of the month Bysios—according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.
Youth
Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.Hera then sent the giant Tityos to kill Leto. This time Apollo was aided by his sister Artemis in protecting their mother. During the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus. There he was pegged to the rock floor, covering an area of , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver.
Trojan War
Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment during the Trojan War in retribution for Agamemnon's insult to Chryses, a priest of Apollo whose daughter Chryseis had been captured. He demanded her return, and the Achaeans complied, indirectly causing the anger of Achilles, which is the theme of the Iliad.In the Iliad, when Diomedes injured Aeneas, Apollo rescued him. First, Aphrodite tried to rescue Aeneas but Diomedes injured her as well. Aeneas was then enveloped in a cloud by Apollo, who took him to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Troy.
Apollo aided Paris in the killing of Achilles by guiding the arrow of his bow into Achilles' heel. One interpretation of his motive is that it was in revenge for Achilles' sacrilege in murdering Troilus, the god's own son by Hecuba, on the very altar of the god's own temple.
Admetus
When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor as punishment, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.Apollo helped Admetus win Alcestis, the daughter of King Pelias and later convinced the Fates to let Admetus live past his time, if another took his place. But when it came time for Admetus to die, his parents, whom he had assumed would gladly die for him, refused to cooperate. Instead, Alcestis took his place, but Heracles managed to "persuade" Thanatos, the god of death, to return her to the world of the living.
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Niobe
Niobe, the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion, boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children (Niobids), seven male and seven female, while Leto had only two. Apollo killed her sons as they practiced athletics, with the last begging for his life, and Artemis her daughters. Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them, though according to some versions of the myth, a number of the Niobids were spared (Chloris, usually). Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge. A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in Asia Minor and turned into stone as she wept. Her tears formed the river Achelous. Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death, when the gods themselves entombed them.
Consorts and children
Love affairs ascribed to Apollo are a late development in Greek mythology. Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made favorites some of them of painters since the Renaissance, so that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination.
Female lovers
in the Galleria Borghese]] In explanation of the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi, it is told that Apollo chased a nymph, Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned him. In Ovid's telling for a Roman audience, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.
Apollo had an affair with a human princess named Leucothea, daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia. Leucothea loved Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, either heliotrope or sunflower, which follows the sun every day.
Marpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well. Zeus made her choose between them, and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo, being immortal, would tire of her when she grew old.
Castalia was a nymph whom Apollo loved. She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi, at the base of Mt. Parnassos, which was then named after her. Water from this spring was sacred; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire poets.
By Cyrene, Apollo had a son named Aristaeus, who became the patron god of cattle, fruit trees, hunting, husbandry and bee-keeping. He was also a culture-hero and taught humanity dairy skills, the use of nets and traps in hunting, and how to cultivate olives.
With Hecuba, wife of King Priam of Troy, Apollo had a son named Troilus. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive. He was ambushed and killed by Achilles.
Apollo also fell in love with Cassandra, daughter of Hecuba and Priam, and Troilus' half-sister. He promised Cassandra the gift of prophecy to seduce her, but she rejected him afterwards. Enraged, Apollo indeed gifted her with the ability to know the future, with a curse that she could only see the future tragedies and that no one would ever believe her.
Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths, was another of Apollo's liaisons. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.
In Euripides' play Ion, Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa, wife of Xuthus. Creusa left Ion to die in the wild, but Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi, where he was raised by a priestess.
One of his other liaisons was with Acantha, the spirit of the acanthus tree. Upon her death, Apollo transformed her into a sun-loving herb.
According to the Biblioteca, the "library" of mythology mis-attributed to Apollodorus, he fathered the Corybantes on the Muse Thalia.
Male lovers
Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief: out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with άί άί, meaning alas. The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta.Another male lover was Cyparissus, a descendant of Heracles. Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth. Cyparissus asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever. Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him, which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk.
Apollo's lyre
.Statue from Berlin]] Hermes was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. The story is told in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. His mother, Maia, had been secretly impregnated by Zeus. Maia wrapped the infant in blankets but Hermes escaped while she was asleep. Hermes ran to Thessaly, where Apollo was grazing his cattle. The infant Hermes stole a number of his cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos, covering their tracks. In the cave, he found a tortoise and killed it, then removed the insides. He used one of the cow's intestines and the tortoise shell and made the first lyre. Apollo complained to Maia that her son had stolen his cattle, but Hermes had already replaced himself in the blankets she had wrapped him in, so Maia refused to believe Apollo's claim. Zeus intervened and, claiming to have seen the events, sided with Apollo. Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented. Apollo, a god of music, fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange of the cattle for the lyre. Hence, Apollo then became a master of the lyre.
Apollo in the Oresteia
In Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war, and Cassandra, a prophetess of Apollo. Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover. Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes (Furies, female personifications of vengeance). Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules with Apollo.
Other stories
Apollo killed the Aloadae when they attempted to storm Mt. Olympus.Callimachus sang that Apollo rode on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months.
Apollo turned Cephissus into a sea monster.
Another contender for the birthplace of Apollo is the Cretan islands of Paximadia.
Musical contests
Pan
Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the kithara, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented, and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.
Marsyas
Apollo has ominous aspects aside from his plague-bringing, death-dealing arrows: Marsyas was a satyr who challenged Apollo to a contest of music. He had found an aulos on the ground, tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy. The contest was judged by the Muses. After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then nailed Marsyas' shaggy skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas.
Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument (the lyre) upside down. Marsyas could not do this with his instrument (the flute), and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive.
Cinyras
Apollo also had a lyre-playing contest with Cinyras, his son, who committed suicide when he lost.
Roman Apollo
The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks. As a quintessentially Greek god, Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent, although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus. There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares ("Apollonian Games") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome. After the battle of Actium, which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo, Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple, dedicated a portion of the spoils to him, and instituted quinquennial games in his honour. He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill. Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games, held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era.
Festivals
The chief Apollonian festivals were the Boedromia, Carneia, Carpiae, Daphnephoria, Delia, Hyacinthia, Metageitnia, Pyanepsia, Pythia and Thargelia.
Attributes and symbols
king Antiochus I Soter (reigned 281-261 BCE) showing on the reverse a nude Apollo holding his key attributes: two arrows and leaning on a bow.]] Apollo's most common attributes were the bow and arrow. Other attributes of his included the kithara (an advanced version of the common lyre), the plectrum and the sword. Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod, representing his prophetic powers. The Pythian Games were held in Apollo's honor every four years at Delphi. The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games. The palm was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos. Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas (symbolizing music and song), hawks, ravens, crows, snakes (referencing Apollo's function as the god of prophecy), mice and griffins, mythical eagle–lion hybrids of Eastern origin.("Apollo with a kithara"), Musei Capitolini, Rome]] As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750–550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as "born in Lycia", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).
In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason—characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder. The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian. However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus. This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.
Apollo is often associated with the Golden Mean. This is the Greek ideal of moderation and a virtue that opposes gluttony.
Apollo in the arts
.Archaeological Museum of Athens]]In art, Apollo is depicted as a handsome beardless young man, often with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types). He was the ideal of the Kouros,the modern term given to those representations of male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece.These free standing statues were usually marble.He is often depicted with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types).The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century. The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.
)]] The lifesize so-called "Adonis" found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle and now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars. It was probably never intended as a cult object, but was a pastiche of several 4th-century and later Hellenistic model types, intended to please a Roman connoisseur of the 2nd century CE, and to be displayed in his villa.In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem, Roman Thysdrus, he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo, though now even a god's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak, a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire.
Another haloed Apollo in mosaic, from Hadrumentum, is in the museum at Sousse. The conventions of this representation, head tilted, lips slightly parted, large-eyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great (Bieber 1964, Yalouris 1980). Some time after this mosaic was executed, the earliest depictions of Christ would also be beardless and haloed. Apollo).Vatican Museum]]
Modern reception
Apollo has often featured in postclassical art and literature. Percy Bysshe Shelley composed a "Hymn of Apollo" (1820), and the god's instruction of the Muses formed the subject of Igor Stravinsky's Apollon musagète (1927–1928). The name Apollo was given to NASA's Apollo Lunar program in the 1960s.The statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (currently in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia) was depicted on the obverse of the Greek 1000 drachmas banknote of 1987–2001.
In Archetypal psychology, the Apollo archetype is one of the Jungian archetypes, which according to Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung are the innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic symbols or representations of unconscious experience emerge.
Consorts and children
### Naxos, eponym of the island Naxos ### Phylacides ### Phylander # Acantha # Aethusa ## Eleuther # Agathippe ## Chios # Amphissa / Issa, daughter of Macareus # Anchiale ## Oaxes # Astycome, nymph ## Eumolpus (possibly) # Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus ## Asclepius (possibly) ## Eriopis # Babylo ## Arabus # Bolina # Calliope, Muse ## Orpheus (possibly) ## Linus (possibly) ## Ialemus # Cassandra # Castalia # Celaeno, daughter of Hyamus / Melaina / Thyia ## Delphus # Chione / Philonis / Leuconoe ## Philammon # Chrysorthe ## Coronus # Chrysothemis ## Parthenos # Coronis ## Asclepius # Coryceia ## Lycorus (Lycoreus) # Creusa ## Ion # Cyrene ## Aristaeus ## Idmon (possibly) ## Autuchus # Danais, Cretan nymph ## The Curetes # Daphne # Dia, daughter of Lycaon ## Dryops # Dryope ## Amphissus # Euboea (daughter of Macareus) ## Agreus # Evadne, daughter of Poseidon ## Iamus # Gryne # Hecate ## Scylla (possibly) # Hecuba ## Troilus ## Hector (possibly) # Hestia (wooed her unsuccessfully) #Hypermnestra, wife of Oicles ## Amphiaraus (possibly) # Hypsipyle #Hyria (Thyria) ## Cycnus # Lycia, nymph or daughter of Xanthus ## Eicadius ## Patarus # Manto ## Mopsus # Marpessa # Melia ## Ismenus ## Tenerus # Othreis ## Phager #Parnethia, nymph ## Cynnes # Parthenope ## Lycomedes #Phthia ## Dorus ## Laodocus ## Polypoetes # Prothoe # Procleia ## Tenes (possibly) # Psamathe ## Linus, not the same as the singer Linus # Rhoeo ## Anius # Rhodoessa, nymph ## Ceos, eponym of the island Ceos # Rhodope ## Cicon, eponym of the tribe Cicones #Sinope ## Syrus # Stilbe ## Centaurus ## Lapithes ## Aineus # Syllis / Hyllis ## Zeuxippus # Thaleia, Muse, Rhetia, nymph ## The Corybantes # Themisto, daughter of Zabius of Hyperborea ##Galeotes ##Telmessus (?) # Thero ## Chaeron # Urania, Muse ## Linus (possibly) # Urea, daughter of Poseidon ##Oileus # Wife of Erginus ## Trophonius (possibly) # Unknown consorts ## Acraepheus, eponym of the city Acraephia ## Chariclo (possibly) ## Erymanthus ## Marathus, eponym of Marathon ## Megarus ## Melaneus ## Oncius ## Phemonoe ## Pisus, founder of Pisa in Etruria ## Younger Muses ### Cephisso ### Apollonis ### Borysthenis
Male lovers
# Admetus # Branchus (alternately, a son of Apollo) # Carnus # Cyparissus # Hippolytus of Sicyon (not the same as Hippolytus) # Hymenaios # Hyacinthus # Iapis # Leucates, who threw himself off a rock when Apollo attempted to carry him off
See also
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Notes
References
Primary sources
Secondary sources
External links
Category:Arts gods Category:Deities in the Iliad Category:Greek gods Category:Greek mythology Category:Health gods Category:Knowledge gods Category:Muses Category:Mythological Greek archers Category:Offspring of Zeus Category:Oracular gods Category:Pederastic heroes and deities Category:Roman gods Category:Solar gods Category:Twelve Olympians
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