Passivation is the process of making a material "passive", usually by the deposition of a layer of oxide on its surface. In air, passivation affects the properties of almost all metals–notable examples being
aluminium,
zinc,
titanium, and
silicon. In the context of
corrosion,
passivation is the spontaneous formation of a hard non-reactive surface film that inhibits further corrosion. This layer is usually an oxide or
nitride that is a few nanometers thick.
Mechanisms
The conditions necessary for passivation are recorded in Pourbaix diagrams. Some corrosion inhibitors help the formation of a passivation layer on the surface of the metals to which they are applied. Some compounds, dissolving in solutions (chromates, molybdates) form non-reactive and low solubility films on metal surfaces.
Specific materials
Silicon
In the area of microelectronics, the formation of a strongly adhering passivating oxide is important to the performance of silicon.
Aluminium
Pure
aluminium naturally forms a tough resistant oxide,
alumina, almost immediately that protects it from further oxidation in most environments.
Aluminium alloys, however, offer little protection against corrosion. There are three main ways to passivate these alloys:
alclading,
chromate conversion coating and
anodizing. Alclading is the process of metallurgically bonding a thin layer of pure aluminium to the aluminium alloy. Chromate conversion coating is a common way of passivating not only aluminum, but also
zinc,
cadmium,
copper,
silver,
magnesium, and
tin alloys. Anodizing forms a thick oxide coating. This finish is more robust than the other processes and also provides good
electrical insulation, which the other two processes do not.
For example, prior to storing hydrogen peroxide in an aluminium container, the container can be passivated by rinsing it with a dilute solution of nitric acid and peroxide alternating with deionized water. The nitric acid and peroxide oxidizes and dissolves any impurities on the inner surface of the container, and the deionized water rinses away the acid and oxidized impurities.
Ferrous materials
Ferrous materials, including steel, may be somewhat protected by promoting oxidation ("rust") and then converting the oxidation to a metalophosphate by using
phosphoric acid and further protected by surface coating. As the uncoated surface is water-soluble a preferred method is to form
manganese or zinc compounds by a process commonly known as
Parkerizing or
phosphate conversion. Older, less-effective but chemically-similar electrochemical conversion coatings included
black oxiding, historically known as
bluing or
browning. Ordinary
steel forms a passivating layer in
alkali environments, as
rebar does in
concrete.
A typical passivation process of cleaning stainless steel tanks involves cleaning with sodium hydroxide and citric acid followed by nitric acid (up to 20% at 120 °F) and a complete water rinse. This process will restore the film, remove metal particles, dirt, and welding-generated compounds (e.g. oxides).
Nickel
Nickel can be used for handling elemental
fluorine, owing to the formation of a passivation layer of
nickel fluoride.
See also
Pilling-Bedworth ratio
Rouging
References
Further reading
ASTM A967: Standard Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts
Chromate conversion coating (chemical film) per MIL-DTL-5541F for aluminium and aluminium alloy parts
A standard overview on black oxide coatings is provided in MIL-HDBK-205, Phosphate & Black Oxide Coating of Ferrous Metals. Many of the specifics of Black Oxide coatings may be found in MIL-DTL-13924 (formerly MIL-C-13924). This Mil-Spec document additionally identifies various classes of Black Oxide coatings, for use in a variety of purposes for protecting ferrous metals against rust.
Category:Corrosion prevention