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Aemilius Papinianus

Caracalla
Lucius Septimius Bassianus (April 4, 188 – April 8, 217), commonly known as Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 211 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until the latter's death in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious emperors."Caracalla" A Dictionary of British History. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press."Caracalla" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. British historian Edward Gibbon referred to him as "the common enemy of mankind" because of the massacres he authorized in various parts of the empire. Caracalla's reign was notable for the Constitutio Antoniniana, granting Roman citizenship to freemen throughout the Roman Empire, according to historian Cassius Dio in order to increase taxation. He debased the silver content in Roman coinage by 25 percent in order to increase the pay of the legions. He also ordered the construction of a large thermae outside Rome, the remains of which, known as the Baths of Caracalla, can still be seen today.
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Julia Domna
Julia Domna (170–217) was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. Empress and wife of Roman Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus and mother of Emperors Geta and Caracalla, Julia was among the most important women ever to exercise power behind the throne in the Roman Empire.
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Justinian
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Septimus Severus
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Theodosius II
Theodosius II (; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger, or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 408 to 450. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, and for the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism.
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Ulpian
Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus (c. 170 -died 223), anglicized as Ulpian, was a Roman jurist of Tyrian ancestry. The exact time and place of his birth are unknown, but the period of his literary activity was between AD 211 and 222. He made his first appearance in public life as assessor in the auditorium of Papinian and member of the council of Septimius Severus; under Caracalla he was master of the requests (magister libellorum). Elagabalus (also known as Heliogabalus) banished him from Rome, but on the accession of Alexander (222) he was reinstated, and finally became the emperor's chief adviser and praefectus praetorio. His curtailment of the privileges granted to the Praetorian Guard by Elagabalus provoked their enmity, and he narrowly escaped their vengeance; ultimately he was murdered in the palace, in the course of a riot between the soldiers and the mob.
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Aemilius Papinianus

Name	Aemilius Papinianus
Born	142
Died	212
Placeofbirth	Syria
Placeofdeath	Rome
Allegiance	Roman Empire
Serviceyears	205–212
Rank	Praetorian prefect
Unit	Praetorian Guard

Aemilius Papinianus (142–212), also known as Papinian, was a celebrated Roman jurist, magister libellorum and, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus in 205, praetorian prefect.

Life

Little is known about Papinianus. He was perhaps of Syrian birth, for he is said to have been a kinsman of Septimus Severus' second wife, Julia Domna. A dubious passage in the Augustan History claims that he studied law with Severus under Quintus Cervidius Scaevola.

Papinianus was an intimate friend of the emperor Severus and accompanied him to Britain. Before his death the emperor commended his two sons Caracalla and Geta into his charge. Papinian tried to keep peace between the brothers, but with no better result than to encourage the hatred of Caracalla to which he felt victim in the general slaughter of Geta's friends which followed the fratricide of 212. The author of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article states that the details of Papinianus' death "are variously related, and have undergone legendary embellishment."

Much of his output has been lost, as what we have is small compared to other jurists such as Ulpian or Paul. The principal works of Papinianus include: Quaestiones in 37 books (written before 198); Responsa (written sometime between 204 and his death); Definitiones; and De adulteriis.

Papinianus was one of the most revered of Roman Jurists by the Romans, as third year law students where given the title Papinianistae "they that are worthy to study Papinian.

Law

In the Law of Citations (426) he is classed with Gaius, Paulus, Modestinus and Ulpian as one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive. The former are cited also as primary sources of the Codex Civilis of Theodosius II and Justinian. His view was to prevail if the other four were not congruent.

References

Category:142 births Category:212 deaths Category:Ancient Roman jurists Category:Severan Dynasty Category:2nd-century Romans Category:3rd-century Romans Category:Praetorian prefects

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