Name	Hans Frank
Nationality	German
Caption	Hans Frank as a defendant before the International Military Tribunal.
Birth date	May 23, 1900
Birth place	Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany
Death date	October 16, 1946
Death place	Nuremberg, Germany
Party	National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
Spouse	Brigitte Herbst (married 1925)
Order	Governor-General of the General Government
Term start	October 26, 1939
Term end	January 1945

Hans Michael Frank (May 23, 1900 – October 16, 1946) was a German lawyer who worked for the Nazi party during the 1920s and 1930s and later became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany. He was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in perpetrating the Holocaust during his tenure as the Governor-General of that portion of occupied Poland that was not incorporated into the Reich, although administered by the Nazis, and known as the General Government. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on October 16, 1946.

Pre-war career

Frank was born in Karlsruhe, and his parents were Karl Frank, a lawyer, and his wife Magdalena (née Buchmaier). He had an elder brother, Karl Jr., and a younger sister, Elisabeth. He joined the German army in 1917, during World War I. After the war he served in the Freikorps under the command of Franz Ritter von Epp, and then joined the German Worker's Party (which soon evolved into NSDAP), in 1919, and was one of the party's earliest members.

He studied law, passing the final state examination in 1926, and rose to become Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser. In this capacity he was privy to personal details of Hitler's life. In his memoirs, written shortly before his execution, Frank made the sensational claim that he had investigated Hitler's family in 1930 after a "blackmail letter" had been received from Hitler's nephew, William Patrick Hitler, who allegedly threatened to reveal embarrassing facts about his uncle's ancestry. Frank claimed to have uncovered evidence that Maria Schicklgruber, Hitler's paternal grandmother, had been working as a cook in the household of a Jewish family named Leopold Frankenberger before she gave birth to Hitler's father, Alois, out of wedlock. According to Frank, Hitler told him that his grandmother had merely extorted money from Frankenberger by threatening to claim his paternity of her illegitimate child. Frank accepted this explanation, but added that it was still just possible that Hitler had some Jewish ancestry. Nevertheless, he thought it unlikely because, "from his entire demeanor, the fact that Adolf Hitler had no Jewish blood coursing through his veins seems so clearly evident that nothing more need be said on this." Recent DNA test indicate that this may be true , although there are those who claim otherwise.

As the Nazis rose to power, Frank served as the party's lawyer, representing it in over 2,400 cases, and spending over $10,000. This sometimes brought him into conflict with other lawyers, and one, a former teacher of Frank's appealed to him: "I beg you to leave these people alone! No good will come of it! Political movements that begin in the criminal courts will end in the criminal courts!"

He was elected to the Reichstag in 1930, and in 1933 he was made Minister of Justice for Bavaria. He was also the head of the National Socialist Jurists Association and President of the Academy of German Law from 1933. Frank objected to extrajudicial killings, both at the Dachau concentration camp and during the Night of the Long Knives.

However, Frank's view of what the judicial process required should not be exaggerated:

From 1934, Frank was Reich Minister Without Portfolio.

Wartime career

In September 1939 Frank was assigned as Chief of Administration to Gerd von Rundstedt in the General Government (GG). From October 26, 1939, following the invasion of Poland, Frank was the Governor-General of the occupied Polish territories (Generalgouverneur für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), controlling the area of Poland not directly incorporated into Germany (roughly 90,000 km² out of the 187,000 km² Germany had gained). He was granted the SS rank of Obergruppenführer.

One of his first operations was the AB Action, aimed at destroying Polish culture, and in which more than 30,000 Poles (intellectuals and the upper classes) were arrested and 7,000 were subsequently masacred. Frank oversaw the segregation of the Jews into ghettos and the use of Polish civilians as "forced and compulsory" labour. In 1942 he lost his positions of authority outside the GG after annoying Hitler with a series of speeches in Berlin, Vienna, Heidelberg, and Munich and also as part of a power struggle with Friedrich Wilhelm Krüger, the State Secretary for Security — head of the SS and the police in the GG. Krüger himself was ultimately replaced with Wilhelm Koppe.

An assassination attempt by Polish Secret State on January 29/30, 1944 (night preceding 11th anniversary of appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany) in Szarów near Krakow failed. Special train with Frank traveling to Lviv was derailed after an explosive device went off but no one was killed.

Frank later claimed that the extermination of Jews was entirely controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the SS and that he, Frank, was unaware of the extermination camps in the GG until early in 1944. During his testimony at Nuremberg, Frank claimed he submitted resignation requests to Hitler on 14 occasions, but Hitler would not allow him to resign. Frank fled GG in January 1945, in advance of the Soviet Army.

Chess

Hans Frank was extremely interested in [chess]. He not only possessed an extensive library of chess literature but was also a good player, and he even received the Ukrainian chess grandmaster Efim Bogoljubow at the Wawel castle. He was a patron of General Government chess tournaments (1940–1944). On 3 November 1940 he organized a chess congress in Krakow. Six months later he announced the establishment of a chess school under Bogoljubow and the World Chess Champion, Dr. Alexander Alekhine, and he visited a chess tournament in October 1942 at the "Literary Café" in Krakow.

Capture and trial

and Alfred Rosenberg]]Frank was captured by American troops on May 3, 1945, at Tegernsee in southern Bavaria. Upon his capture, he tried to cut his own throat; two days later, he lacerated his left arm while attempting to slit his wrists in a second unsuccessful suicide attempt. He was indicted for war crimes and tried before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. During the trial he renewed the faith of his childhood, Roman Catholicism, and claimed to have a series of religious experiences.

Frank voluntarily surrendered 43 volumes of his personal diaries to the Allies, which were then used against him as evidence of his guilt. Frank confessed to some of the charges put against him and viewed his own execution as a form of atonement for his sins. Although on the witness stand he expressed remorse, during the trial, he vacillated between penitence for his crimes and blaming the Allies, especially the Soviets, for an equal share of wartime atrocities. The former Governor-General of Poland was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity on October 1, 1946, and was sentenced to death by hanging. While awaiting execution, he wrote his memoirs. The sentence was carried out on October 16 by Master Sergeant John C. Woods. Journalist Howard K. Smith wrote of the execution:

He and Albert Speer were the only defendants to show any true remorse for their war crimes during World War II. "My conscience does not allow me simply to throw the responsibility simply on minor people... A thousand years will pass and still Germany's guilt will not have been erased."

He answered to his name quietly and when asked for any last statement, he replied "I am thankful for the kind treatment during my captivity and I ask God to accept me with mercy."

In 1987, Niklas Frank wrote a book about his father, Der Vater: Eine Abrechnung ("The Father: A Settling of Accounts"), which was published in English in 1991 as In the Shadow of the Reich. The book, which was serialized in the magazine Stern, resulted in controversy in Germany because of the scathing way in which the younger Frank depicted his father, referring to him as "a slime-hole of a Hitler fanatic" and questioning his remorse before his execution.

Quotations

In a 1940 interview in the Völkischer Beobachter:

About Polish partisans in Warsaw in 1943, he spoke from Kraków, stating: }}.

Portrayal in the media

Hans Frank has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions.

Hans Schwarz Jr. in the 1954 West German film Geld aus der Luft

Voja Miric in the 1971 Yugoslavian television production Nirnberski epilog

Jerzy Duszyński in the 1976 Polish film Ocalić miasto

John Bailey in the 1978 United States television production Holocaust

Robert Austin in the 1984 United States television production Pope John Paul II

Frank Moore in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production Nuremberg

Matt Craven in the 2005 Polish television production Karol, un uomo diventato Papa

Andreas Conrad in the 2005 German T.V. miniseries Speer und Er.

Harald Posch in the 2005 Italian/U.S./Polish television production Pope John Paul II

References

External links

Testimony of Frank at Nuremberg

Category:1900 births Category:1946 deaths Category:People from Karlsruhe Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel Category:German military personnel of World War I Category:German lawyers Category:Holocaust perpetrators Category:People executed by hanging Category:People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity Category:Executed German people Category:Executed Nazi leaders Category:The Holocaust in Ukraine Category:Thule Society members Category:Nazi Germany ministers

Name	Arnold Schwarzenegger
Caption	Schwarzenegger in June 2010.
Order	38th
Office	Governor of California
Lieutenant	Cruz BustamanteJohn GaramendiAbel Maldonado
Term start	November 17, 2003
Term end	January 3, 2011
Predecessor	Gray Davis
Successor	Jerry Brown
Birth date	July 30, 1947
Birth place	Thal, Austria
Party	Republican Party
Spouse	Maria Shriver (1986–present)
Children	Katherine (b. 1989)Christina (b. 1991)Patrick (b. 1993)Christopher (b. 1997)
Residence	Brentwood
Alma mater	Santa Monica CollegeUniversity of Wisconsin, Superior
Profession	BodybuilderActor
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature	Arnold Schwarzenegger Signature.svg
Website	Personal Website
Branch	Austrian Armed Forces
Serviceyears	1965

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (, ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, actor, model, businessman and politician who served as the 38th Governor of California.

Schwarzenegger began weight training at 15. He was awarded the title of Mr. Universe at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest a total of seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in the sport of bodybuilding and has written several books and numerous articles on the sport.

Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon, noted for his lead roles in such films as Conan the Barbarian, The Terminator and Commando. He was nicknamed the "Austrian Oak" and the "Styrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career and more recently the "Governator" (a portmanteau of "Governor" and "Terminator").

As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. Democrat Jerry Brown was elected to succeed him in 2010 and assumed the post in January 2011.

Early life

Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, a small village bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and was christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger. His parents were the local police chief Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907–1972) and Aurelia Jadrny (1922–1998). His father served in World War II with the German Army as a Hauptfeldwebel of the Feldgendarmerie and was discharged in 1943 after contracting malaria. They were married on October 20, 1945 – Gustav was 38, and Aurelia was a 23-year-old widow with a son named Meinhard. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: "Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared."

Gustav had a preference for Meinhard, the elder of the two sons. His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems... there was a wall; a real wall." In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of atrocities despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting." During a speech in 2001, he said, "My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school." Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. "I was inspired by individuals like Reg Park and Steve Reeves." In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz.

In 1971, his brother Meinhard died in a car accident. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.

Early adulthood

Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler "Superstar" Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s". Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: "Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life." Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. |weight = 250 pounds (113 kg) |firstproshow = NABBA Mr. Universe |firstproshowyear = 1968 |bestwin = IFBB Mr. Olympia |bestwinyear = 1970–1975, 1980, Seven Times |predecessor = Sergio Oliva ('69), Frank Zane ('79) |successor = Franco Columbu ('76, '81) |yesorretiredyear = Retired 1980 }}

Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.

For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. The magazine MuscleMag International has a monthly two-page article on him, and refers to him as "The King".

One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He has called the drugs for "tissue building."

In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.

Acting career

Other names	Arnold StrongArnie
Years active	1970–2006, 2009–present (acting)
Occupation	Actor, Director, Producer}}

Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name "Arnold Strong," his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980 he starred in a biopic of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.

Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video "Carnival in Rio".

In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the titular character and what some would say was the signature role in his acting career in director James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following The Terminator, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985, which "sank without a trace."

His film appearances after becoming Governor of California include a 3-second cameo appearance in The Rundown (a.k.a., Welcome to the Jungle) with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days, where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time. In 2005 he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 ("Valley Forge") of Liberty's Kids.

Schwarzenegger had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800 model, alongside Roland Kickinger. Schwarzenegger denied his involvement, but it was later revealed that although he would appear briefly he would not be shooting new footage, and his image would be inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie.

Schwarzenegger's most recent appearance was in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance alongside Stallone and Bruce Willis.

Political career

meets with Schwarzenegger for the first time at the White House.]]

Early politics

Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well-known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:

In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in Stop the Madness, an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 Presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.

Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993.

Between 1993 and 1994, Schwarzenegger was a Red Cross ambassador (a mostly ceremonial role fulfilled by celebrities), recording several television/radio public service announcements to give blood. A small amount of interest was garnered by his wearing of a white t-shirt with the Red Cross on it, while posing with a flexed arm; the image made it into several celebrity magazines.

In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside." The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. meets with Schwarzenegger after his successful election to the California Governorship]]

On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the first foreign-born governor of California since Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.

As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".

Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that "no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you".

Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.

Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, "[H]e's becoming a Democrat [... H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left".

It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.

comments on wildfires and firefighting efforts in California, October 2007]] in Chaika]] Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU. Still, Schwarzenegger has always identified with his American citizenship, and has shown great affinity for the state of California beyond his foreign birth.

Because of his personal wealth from his acting career, Schwarzenegger does not accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year.

Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the Presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, "It's Rudy's fault!" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.

In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.

Amendment of Three Strikes Law

Governor Schwarzenegger played a significant role in opposing Proposition 66, a proposed amendment of the Californian Three Strikes Law, in November 2004. This amendment would have required the third felony to be either violent or serious to mandate a 25-years-to-life sentence. In the last week before the ballot, Schwarzenegger launched an intensive campaign against Proposition 66. He stated that "it would release 26,000 dangerous criminals and rapists".

Electoral history

Environmental record

On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990's levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan is set to be in effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.

In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.

Business career

Schwarzenegger has also had a highly successful business career. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means "little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. He invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: "I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!"

Planet Hollywood

Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on "new US global business ventures" and his movie career. Over the years, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies and real estate holdings worldwide, so a more accurate estimation of his net worth is difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the USA and Europe. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream Jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, "Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million." Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.

Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last says he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a particular sex act. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, "[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me." His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke. A joint statement read: "The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled." She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Shriver Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles).

Schwarzenegger and his family currently live in their home in Brentwood. They used to own a home in the Pacific Palisades. The family owns vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.

On Sundays, the family attends Mass at St. Monica's Catholic Church.

Schwarzenegger has said he believes the secret of a good marriage is love and respect. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. More recently, before running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "[s]ettle this once and for all and find out how tall he is" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Arnold was 5'10" and that he wore risers in his boots. The debate on Schwarzenegger's height has spawned a website solely dedicated to the issue, and his page remains one of the most active on CelebHeights.com, a website which discusses the heights of celebrities. It is now officially titled UPC-Arena.

The Sun Valley Resort has a short ski trail called Arnold's Run, named after Schwarzenegger (It was named after him in 2001). The trail is categorized as a black diamond, or most difficult, for its terrain.

He bought the first Hummer manufactured for civilian use in 1992, a model so large, 6,300 lbs and wide, that it is classified as a large truck and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to it. During the Gubernatorial Recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.

People in Thal celebrated Schwarzenegger's 60th birthday by throwing a party. Officials proclaimed A Day for Arnold on July 30, 2007. Thal 145, the number of the house where Schwarzenegger was born, belonged to Schwarzenegger and no one will ever be assigned to that number.

On February 12, 2010, Schwarzenegger was the 18th runner on the 106th day of the Vancouver Olympic Torch relay. His leg was along the Stanley Park Seawall, and he exchanged a "torch kiss" with the next runner, Sebastian Coe.

Accidents and injuries

Schwarzenegger broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho with his family on December 23, 2006. He tripped over his ski pole on Lower Warm Springs run on Bald Mountain, an 'easy' or green level run. He is an expert level skier. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006. Schwarzenegger did not delay his second oath of office on January 5, 2007, although he was still on crutches at the time.

Schwarzenegger has twice crashed motorcycles on public highways, injuring himself in the process. On January 8, 2006, while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, forcing him to get 15 stitches. "No citations were issued", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger, who famously rode motorcycles in the Terminator movies, has never obtained an M-1 or M-2 endorsement on his California driver's license that would allow him to legally ride a motorcycle without a sidecar on the street. Previously, on December 9, 2001, he broke six ribs and was hospitalized for four days after a motorcycle crash in Los Angeles.

Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.

He saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore.

Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009 after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.

References

Bibliography

 –  –  –  –

Interviews

Interview in Oui magazine, August 1977 at thesmokinggun.com

Excerpts from Time Out (London) interview, 1977 at time.com

Schwarzenegger Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos

Film

"Arnold Schwarzenegger – Hollywood Hero" DVD ~ Todd Baker

"Pumping Iron" (25th Anniversary Special Edition) DVD ~ George Butler

External links

Arnold Schwarzenegger official constituency site

Complete text, audio, video of Governor Schwarzenegger's 2004 Republican National Convention Address AmericanRhetoric.com

Complete text and audio of Governor Schwarzenegger's Speech to the United Nations on Global Climate Change AmericanRhetoric.com, September 24, 2007

Archive of Correspondence pertaining to Governor Schwarzenegger and same-sex marriage AB 43 Project

;Business

Arnold Schwarzenegger's Official Website

|-

Category:1947 births Category:Actors from California Category:American actor-politicians Category:American athlete-politicians Category:American bodybuilders Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:American health activists Category:American philanthropists Category:American Roman Catholic politicians Category:American video game actors Category:Arnold Schwarzenegger Category:Austrian bodybuilders Category:Austrian film actors Category:Austrian immigrants to the United States Category:Austrian soldiers Category:American people of Austrian descent Category:California Republicans Category:Disability rights activists Category:Governors of California Category:Kennedy family Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners Category:Living people Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Graz Category:University of Wisconsin–Superior alumni Category:Professional bodybuilders Category:Shriver family Category:Sportspeople from California Category:University of California regents Category:Writers from California

Name	Eustace Mullins
Birthdate	October 30, 1923
Birthplace	Roanoke, Virginia, USA
Deathdate	February 02, 2010
Deathplace	Hockley, Texas
Occupation	Writer

Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010) was a populist American political writer, artist, and biographer. Along with Nesta Webster, he is generally regarded as one of the most influential authors in the genre of conspiracism.

Biography

Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. was born in Roanoke, Virginia, the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins (1899–1961) and his wife Jane Katherine Muse (1897–1971). His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store.

Eustace Mullins was educated at Washington and Lee University, New York University, the University of North Dakota and the Institute of Contemporary Arts (Washington, D.C.)

In December 1942, at Charlottesville, Virginia he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer. He was also a veteran of the United States Air Force, with thirty-eight months active service during World War II.

Mullins frequently visited poet Ezra Pound during his period of incarceration in St. Elizabeths Hospital for the Mentally Ill in Washington, D.C. between 1946 and 1959. Mullins opined that Pound was being held as a political prisoner on the behest of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Mullins was a researcher at the Library of Congress in 1950 and cooperated with Senator Joseph McCarthy in trying discover who financed the Communist Party. He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism". Shortly after his first book came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress.

In the 1950s, Mullins wrote for Conde McGinley’s newspaper Common Sense, which promoted the second edition of his book on the Federal Reserve, entitled The Federal Reserve Conspiracy (1954). Around this time, he also wrote for Lyrl Clark Van Hyning's Chicago-based newsletter, Women's Voice. In 1995, he was writing for Criminal Politics. Around the end of his life, he would write for Willis Carto's magazine Barnes Review.

Writings

In Mullins on the Federal Reserve (1952), updated in 1983 as Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins argued that there was a conspiracy among Paul Warburg, Edward Mandell House, Woodrow Wilson, J.P. Morgan, Benjamin Strong, Otto Kahn, the Rockefeller family, the Rothschild family, and other European and American bankers which resulted in the founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He argued that the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 defies Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 5 of the United States Constitution by creating a "central bank of issue" for the United States. Mullins goes on to claim that World War I, the Agricultural Depression of 1920, the Great Depression of 1929, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power were brought about by international banking interests in order to profit from conflict and economic instability. Mullins also cited Thomas Jefferson's staunch opposition to the establishment of a central bank in the United States.

In the 1983 edition of his book, he argued that Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and the House of Morgan were fronts for the Rothschilds. He also alleged that the Rothschilds were world monopolists. He furthermore claimed that most of the stock of member banks that owned stock in the Federal Reserve was owned by City of London bankers, since they owned much of the stock of the member banks. He attempted to trace stock ownership, as it changed hands via mergers and acquisitions, from the inception of the Federal Reserve in 1913 to the early 1980s.

In the last chapter of the book, he noted various Congressional investigations, and criticized the immense degree of power that these few banks who owned majority shares in the Federal Reserve possessed. He also criticized the Bilderberg Group, attacking it as an international consortium produced by the Rockefeller-Rothschild alliance. In an appendix to the book, he delved further into the City of London, and criticized the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, which he claimed helps to conduct psychological warfare on the citizens of Britain and the United States.

A central theme of Mullins' book is that the Federal Reserve allows bankers to monetize debt, creating it out of nothing by book entry, and thus they have enormous leverage over everyone else. Near the end of the book, he said of the Federal Reserve:

Eustace Mullins dedicated Secrets of the Federal Reserve to George Stimpson and Ezra Pound.

The following is a quote from the book's introduction by Ezra Pound: "Here are the simple facts of the great betrayal. Wilson and House knew that they were doing something momentous. One cannot fathom men's motives and this pair probably believed in what they were up to. What they did not believe in was representative government. They believed in government by an uncontrolled oligarchy whose acts would only become apparent after an interval so long that the electorate would be forever incapable of doing anything efficient to remedy depredations."

His work on the Federal Reserve was held in high esteem by many individuals who had views that were radically different from Mullins on other matters. In the introduction to the hard copy of Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins included facsimile reprints of the praise of prominent individuals who appreciated his previous work on the Fed. Among these were:

Congressman Wright Patman, who said, "your book is among the few books I have on my desk, Mr. Mullins, that I often refer to. It is a very fine book and has been very useful to me."

Senator Robert Taft, Jr. of Ohio, who said, "your book has been and I am sure will continue to be very useful to me. However, I would appreciate your not using my name in connection with it until appropriate legislation can be prepared to remedy some of the abuses of the Federal Reserve System."

Col. Robert R. McCormick, who said, "I am very grateful that your book called to my attention those long-ignored Congressional Hearings on the 1929 stock-market crash."

On pp. 521–523 of his The Lost Science of Money, the monetary historian Stephen Zarlenga said the following about Mullins' work:

Mullins wrote a follow up to his work on the Federal Reserve in 1985, in a book called The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism, updated in 1992 as The World Order: Our Secret Rulers. He argued that the Federal Reserve and other central banks were tools of a "Rothschild World system", centered in the City of London, which extended its power through organizations like the Royal Institute of International Affairs, various foundations, corporate conglomerates, intelligence agencies, etc. He proposed that Nations were not really governing powers, but rather, that the world was parasitically controlled by this interlock of banks, foundations, and corporations, which acted as a unified force, tending towards World monopoly. He furthermore proposed that this oligarchical apparatus was controlled by corrupt, dynastic families that had accumulated their wealth through trade in gold, slaves, and drugs. He claimed that as this consortium furthered its monopolistic ambitions, it would seek the establishment of a World Culture, eradicate nationalism, impoverish everyone except themselves, and progressively turn the world into a police state. He wrote on what he believed was the reasoning behind these oligarchical families:

In 1985, Mullins also wrote A Writ for Matyrs, in which he reproduced a large portion of his FBI file, which included a 1959 memo to J. Edgar Hoover from Alex Rosen, which suggested having Mullins forcibly committed for his political views. On this memo is a scribbled note from Hoover, saying the Mullins case was “top priority” and that FBI agents should “see that some action is taken.” It also produced facsimiles of his correspondence with the German and American governments regarding the burning of the German translation of his study of the Federal Reserve.

In 1988, Mullins wrote Murder by Injection, where he argued that much of the United States was controlled by the Rockefellers, and that the "medical monopoly" exercised a pernicious influence on American life, intentionally making people sick and deliberately introducing poisons, rather than healing people.

In 1989, Mullins wrote The Rape of Justice, where he argued that the United States legal system was fundamentally corrupt.

Antisemitism

Mullins was very good friends with individual Jews like Benjamin Freedman, for whom he worked in the 1950s and whom he called a "great Jewish scholar" in his autobiography A Writ for Martyrs, as well as Myron Fagan, who promoted his Federal Reserve book, and Gary Allen, who thought very highly of his work. However, many of his writings show a preoccupation with the idea that in general the Jews of the world are in a state of war with Christianity and Western civilization, and that Communism, Zionism, and International finance were Jewish tools to subjugate Gentile populations. He also believed that in general the interaction between Jews and gentiles was parasitic. He believed that Gentiles like the Rockefellers were also parasitic, but that ultimately the World Order was controlled by Jews and that the end goal of this Jewish oligarchy is "World Zionism." He said of the ruling class:

He believed that the French Revolution and the Congress of Vienna were key events in which Jews, via conspiratorial mechanations, overpowered Gentile governments. He wrote in The Curse of Canaan

In The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism, Mullins said:

He believed that other key moments in the establishment of Jewish power were the creation of the Federal Reserve, the Bolshevik Revolution, and the establishment of the state of Israel.

Like Pound, he had sympathy for Fascism, because of its apparent anti-Usury and anti-Communist measures, though he later withdrew that sympathy, as he came to believe that without the Nazis, Zionism would never have been a powerful force, and that the Nazis were puppets of Jewish bankers, specifically Max Warburg, who he claimed financed them to build up the Nazi war machine, as well as the leaders of the J. Henry Schroeder Bank, who were facilitated by the Dulles brothers, and that Nazi opposition to these bankers, insofar as it went beyond rhetoric, occurred only well after they had ascended to power. In his book Secrets of the Federal Reserve, he also claimed that World War One was contrived and managed by a triumvirate consisting of Paul Warburg, Bernard Baruch, Eugene Meyer, and to a lesser extent, the leaders of Morgan banks, in the United States, and men like Max Warburg in Germany, so that they might increase their profit and power. He also claimed that these individuals would play a key role in financing the Bolshevik Revolution.

His October, 1952 article "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation" was mentioned in a report by the House Un-American Activities Committee

In it, he stated that

Though Mullins would later relinquish his support of Nazism, he still defended the Romanov dynasty as if they were the saviors of mankind. His book The World Order frames them as the major force that stood in the way of the ambitions of the international finance oligarchs he spoke of:

In a tract called The Secret Holocaust, Mullins stated that the account of the Nazi extermination of the Jews is implausible, and that it is a cover story for the Soviet massacres of Christians, which he believed was led by a conspiracy of "international Jews" and instigated for the purpose of killing Gentiles. Introducing the text, he said:

On p. 11 of the June 1955 issue of Women’s Voice, in an article entitled "Jews Mass Poison American Children!", Mullins wrote

The March 1956 issue of Women's Voice, p. 12, reprints a letter by Mullins addressed to “Tax Collectors”:

In 1968, Mullins authored the tract, The Biological Jew, which he claimed was an "objective" analysis of the forces behind the "decline" of Western Culture. He claimed that the main influence that people were overlooking in their analysis of world affairs was "parasitism". He began by describing parasitism in the animal kingdom. He then commented on the work of the macro-historians Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee (who he said was a ripoff of Spengler and a "shabbez-goi historian"), and proposed that if we look at society as if it were an organism, then the Jews would be equivalent to parasites overtaking that organism. He states that Jews "instinctively" want to control the world, writing,

In the more extreme parts of the text, he said

He also said of Nazi antisemitism:

He spent the rest of the book attacking Americans for their supposed docility, ranting about America's "subservience" to the Jews, and predicting that America would be in total cultural decline by the 1980s.

In his pamphlet Sigmund Freud: Antichrist Devil, Mullins wrote:

In his book A New History of the Jews, Mullins said:

He also stated that

He also said

He also said

Mullins also was a devout Jeffersonian Constitutionalist, writing a defense of Constitutionalism called The Great Betrayal. He believed, during the time that he supported Hitler, that fascism was the only means of stopping the spread of Communism. He later rescinded his support of Hitler, and his later works show a critical position towards Nazism.

In some of his lectures, Mullins claimed that the Nazis were simply tools controlled by the leaders of "World Zionism", that without them, the Zionist movement would be very weak, and that Hitler, ostensibly against international bankers, was in reality under their control.

He somehow believed that he wasn't anti-Semitic, but that he was merely warning the world of a supposed Jewish "drive" towards World domination. He said in an interview before his death that "the Jewish people feel that the can be safe only if they control the entire world, because they have developed a mythology that no matter where a Jew goes, he's going to be killed by somebody". He also stated that "I have no reason to hate Jews .. they hate us because we stand in the way of their world power". He furthermore alleged that the leaders of "World Zionism" desired 3 world wars, that the first two had already occurred, but that by the end of the third, "the Jews would control the entire world". He claimed that Christians were being manipulated into fighting Muslims, and that Israelis desire to "exterminate the entire Arab-Muslim population".

In 1987, Mullins authored The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History, in which he set forth the theory that behind the oligarchical system he described in his other writings was a Judeo-Masonic "Satanic" conspiracy founded in ancient Babylon, evidence of which he found in the Bible, Masonic texts, and Talmudic and Kabbalistic literature. Updating the claims of the conspiracist Nesta Webster, he asserted that the French Revolution was a culmination of years of intrigue by occult personages, and that it marked the beginning of a program of world revolution that would later manifest in the Bolshevik Revolution and the Soviet Communist regime. He proposed that the purpose of these revolutions was to kill Gentiles, who he referred to as the "real Semites", as opposed to the "cursed Cannanites". He claimed that for thousands of years, Gentiles had been the victims of "anti-Semitic persecution".

Death

While on a speaking tour in Columbus, Ohio in January 2010, Mullins suffered a stroke. He died on February 2, 2010, aged 86, in Hockley, Texas.

Works

Books

The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History, Revelation Books, Staunton, Virginia, 1987, 242 pages, ISBN 0978651715 (2007)

The Federal Reserve Conspiracy, Common Sense, Union, New Jersey, 1954, 144 pages

Mullins' New History of the Jews, The International Institute of Jewish Studies, Staunton, Virginia, 1978, reprint of 1968 edition. Quoting from the introduction: "... throughout the history of civilization, one particular problem of mankind has remained constant. In all of the vast records of peace and wars and rumors of wars, one great empire after another has had to come to grips with the same dilemma ... the Jews."

Murder by Injection: The Medical Conspiracy Against America, The National Council for Medical Research, Staunton, Virginia, ISBN 0-88060-694-0

My Life in Christ, Faith and Service Books, Aryan League of America Staunton, Virginia, 1968, 90 pages

The Rape of Justice: America's Tribunals Exposed, Staunton, Virginia: National Commission for Judicial Reform, 1989

The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb

Secrets of the Federal Reserve, 1952. Reprinted John McLaughlin, 1983, 208 pages, ISBN 0-9656492-1-0

The Sedition Case, Sons Of Liberty, 1985, Metairie, Louisiana, 1985, Trade Paperback

This Difficult Individual Ezra Pound, Fleet Publishing Corporation, (1961) reprint, Noontide Press, ISBN 0-317-53248-0

This Difficult Individual: Ezra Pound, Angriff Press: Hollywood, California, 1961. With black & white photos of Ezra Pound taken while incarcerated, 388 pages, cloth reprint (exactly as Fleet Press edition; bootlegged?)

War! War! War!, Sons of Liberty, 1984, ISBN 0-89562-100-2

A Writ for Martyrs, OTU Christ Church, 1985, Soft Cover, 223 pages

The World Order: A Study the Hegemony of Parasitism, Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute, 1985, 217 pages

The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute, 1992, 294 pages

Pamphlets and other works

27 Billion Dollar Rip Off; The Power Brokers

America's New Robber Barons: Exclusive Report, pamphlet, 8 pages

American Patriotism Means Loyalty to Israel, Says Jack, pamphlet, reprint, 2 pages

Boycott: The Jewish Weapon

Canada: A Financial Report For 1992

The Celebration Of Rosh Hashanah

The Coup That Never Was

Criminals On Capitol Hill

The Danger Of International Merger Mania

The Day Is Here

Death To The Peacemakers

Easter

Education For Death

Education for Slavery

Every Man A King

FDR

Federal Reserve Notes: Shackles Of Slavery

General MacArthur The Man Who Refused to Lose

Genocide In America

George Sylvester Viereck: Roosevelt's Victim, pamphlet, 3 pages

The Glorious Revolution, corner-stapled report, 4 pages

The Hidden Hand Behind Televangelism

The Holocaust Explained

How The Media Is Manipulated

How To Become A United States Senator

Is There A New World Order?

Jesse Jackson And The Jews'', corner-stapled report, 7 pages

Jewish TV: Sick, Sick, Sick

Jewish War Against The Western World

Judges or Criminals?, pamphlet, 3 pages

Khatyn Or Katyn?, pamphlet, 2 pages

The Lindbergh Murders: Hauptman Was Innocent

Marching through Georgia, pamphlet

Murder

Murder by Injection: The Great Swine Flu Massacre

Murder On The Supreme Court

New Israel

New Look at Herzl, 2 pages, corner-stapled photocopied report. Reveals that Herzl's grandiose plans for Zionism resulted from VD.

The New World Order

None Dare Call Him Traitor: Larry Abraham The Israeli Connect, pamphlet, 8 pages

Operation Desert Shield, corner-stapled report, 4 pages

Our Identity

The Plagues Of Pharaoh

''The Power Brokers Of Canada'

Reagan's Final Surrender, corner-stapled report, 2 pages

The Scandal Unveiled

The Secret Holocaust, CPA Book Publishers, Boring, Oregon, small 34-page pamphlet

Sigmund Freud: Anti-Christ Devil

Supreme Court Burns Us Again

The Trilaterals Are Back In The White House

The Vietnam Wall

The War Against Christianity

There's A Gulag In Your Future

Trotsky: Where Are You Now?

The War Against Vietnam Veterans

War Is The Only Way Out

The Warburgs, An American Success Story, corner-stapled catalog, 7 pages.

Warning: The Department Of Justice Is Dangerous To Americans

Washington DC: City Of Fear

What Are We Fighting To Preserve?

What Made Sammy Run?: How Racial Hatred Creates Billion Dollar Fortunes, pamphlet, 10 pages

Who Owns the TV Networks ?

Why General Patton was Murdered, pamphlet, 4 pages

You Can Stop the Threatened Depression!, leaflet, USA: Liberty Free Press, USA

Resources

1900-1930 U.S. Federal Census

World War I Draft Registration Card of Eustace Mullins, Jr.'s father

World War II Military Enlistment Index

References

External links

Eustace Mullins Memorial at Find A Grave

Category:1923 births Category:2010 deaths Category:American pamphlet writers Category:Antisemitism Category:Blood libel Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:Deaths from stroke Category:People from Harris County, Texas Category:People from Roanoke, Virginia Category:Writers from Texas Category:Writers from Virginia Category:University of North Dakota alumni Category:Washington and Lee University alumni

Playername	Alexander Alekhine
Birthname	Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine
Country	Russia, France
Birth date	October 31, 1892
Birth place	Moscow, Russia
Death date	March 24, 1946
Death place	Estoril, Portugal
Worldchampion	1927–1935 & 1937–1946

Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (, ) (October 31, 1892 – March 24, 1946) was the fourth World Chess Champion. He is often considered one of the greatest chess players ever.

By the age of twenty-two, he was already among the strongest chess players in the world. During the 1920s, he won most of the tournaments in which he played. In 1927, he became the fourth World Chess Champion by defeating Capablanca, widely considered invincible, in what would stand as the longest chess championship match held until 1985.

In the early 1930s, Alekhine dominated tournament play and won two top-class tournaments by large margins. He also played first board for France in five Chess Olympiads, winning individual prizes in each (four medals and a brilliancy prize). His tournament record became more erratic from the mid-1930s onwards, and alcoholism is often blamed for his decline. Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same demanding terms that Capablanca had set for him, and negotiations dragged on for years without making much progress. Meanwhile, Alekhine defended his title with ease against Bogoljubov in 1929 and 1934. He was defeated by Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch. His tournament record, however, remained uneven, and rising young stars like Keres, Fine, and Botvinnik threatened his title. Negotiations for a title match with Keres or Botvinnik were halted by the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939.

Alekhine stayed in Nazi-occupied Europe during the war, where he played in tournaments which were organised by the Nazis. Anti-Semitic articles appeared under his name, although he later claimed they were forged by the Nazis. Alekhine had good relationships with several Jewish chess players, and his fourth wife was Jewish. After the war, Alekhine was ostracized by players and tournament organizers because of the anti-Semitic articles. Negotiations with Mikhail Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal, in unclear circumstances.

Alekhine is known for his fierce and imaginative attacking style, combined with great positional and endgame skill. He produced innovations in a wide range of chess openings. Statistical rating systems differ about his strength relative to other players, giving him rankings between fourth and eighteenth in their "all-time" lists. Although Alekhine was declared an "enemy of the Soviet Union" after making anti-Bolshevik statements in 1927, in the 1950s he was posthumously rehabilitated and acclaimed as one of the founders of the "Soviet School of Chess", which dominated the game after World War II. He is highly regarded as a chess writer and theoretician, giving his name to Alekhine's Defence and several other opening variations, and also composed a few endgame studies. There is strong evidence that Alekhine "improved" the published scores of some of his games, although in one case he may not have been responsible for the misrepresentation.

Biography

Early life

Alekhine was born into a wealthy family in Moscow, Russia on October 31, 1892. His father Alexander Ivanovich Alekhine was a landowner and Privy Councilor to the conservative legislative Fourth Duma. His mother, Anisya Ivanovna Alekhina (born Prokhorova), was the daughter of a rich industrialist. Alekhine was first introduced to chess by his mother, an older brother, Alexei, and an older sister, Varvara (Barbara).

Early chess career (1902–1914)

:The tables at the end of this article give details of Alekhine's results. Alekhine's first known game was from a correspondence chess tournament that began on December 3, 1902, when he was ten years old. He participated in several correspondence tournaments, sponsored by the chess magazine Shakhmatnoe Obozrenie, in 1902–1911. In 1907, Alexander played his first over-the-board tournament, the Moscow chess club's Spring Tournament. Later that year, Alexander tied for 11th–13th in the club's Autumn Tournament; his older brother, Alexei, tied for 4th–6th place. In 1908, Alexander won the club's Spring Tournament, at the age of fifteen. He played first board in two friendly team matches: St. Petersburg Chess Club vs. Moscow Chess Club in 1911 and Moscow vs. St. Petersburg in 1912 (both drew with Eugene Znosko-Borovsky). By the end of 1911, Alekhine moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Imperial Law School for Nobles. By 1912, he was the strongest chess player in the St. Petersburg Chess Society. In March 1912, he won the St. Petersburg Chess Club Winter Tournament. In April 1912, he won the 1st Category Tournament of the St. Petersburg Chess Club. In January 1914, Alekhine won his first major Russian tournament, when he tied for first place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the All-Russian Masters Tournament at St. Petersburg. Afterwards, they drew in a mini-match for first prize (they both won a game). Alekhine also played several matches in this period, and his results showed the same pattern: mixed at first but later consistently good.

Top-level grandmaster (1914–1927)

In April–May 1914, another major St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was held in the capital of the Russian Empire, in which Alekhine took third place behind Emanuel Lasker and Jose Raul Capablanca. By some accounts, Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of "Grandmaster of Chess" on each of the five finalists (Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch, and Marshall). Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940 issue of The New Yorker and Marshall's autobiography My 50 Years of Chess (1942). Alekhine's surprising success made him a serious contender for the World Chess Championship. In July 1914, Alekhine tied for first with Marshall in Paris.

World War I and post-revolutionary Russia

In July–August 1914, Alekhine was leading an international Mannheim tournament, the 19th DSB Congress (German Chess Federation Congress) in Mannheim, Germany, with nine wins, one draw and one loss, when World War I broke out. Alekhine's prize was 1,100 marks (worth about 11,000 euros in terms of purchasing power today). After the declaration of war against Russia, eleven "Russian" players (Alekhine, Bogoljubov, Bogatyrchuk, Flamberg, Koppelman, Maliutin, Rabinovich, Romanovsky, Saburov, Selezniev, Weinstein) were interned in Rastatt, Germany. On September 14, 17, and 29, 1914, four of them (Alekhine, Bogatyrchuk, Saburov, and Koppelman) were freed and allowed to return home. Alekhine made his way back to Russia (via Switzerland, Italy, London, Stockholm, and Finland) by the end of October 1914. A fifth player, Peter Romanovsky, was released in 1915, and a sixth, Flamberg, was allowed to return to Warsaw in 1916.

When Alekhine returned to Russia, he helped raise money to aid the Russian chess players who remained interned in Germany by giving simultaneous exhibitions. In December 1915, he won the Moscow Chess Club Championship. In April 1916 Alekhine won a mini-match against Alexander Evensohn with two wins and one loss at Kiev, and in summer he served in the Union of Cities (Red Cross) on the Austrian front. In September, he played five people in a blindfold display at a Russian military hospital at Tarnopol. In 1918, Alekhine won a "Triangular tournament" in Moscow. In June of the following year, Alekhine was briefly imprisoned in Odessa's death cell by the Odessa Cheka, suspected of being a spy. He was charged with links with White counter-intelligence, after the Russians liberated the Ukraine from German occupation. Rumors appeared in the West that Alekhine had been killed by the Bolsheviks. For a short time in 1920–1921, he worked as an interpreter for the Communist International (Comintern) and was appointed secretary to the Education Department. In this capacity, he met a Swiss journalist and Comintern delegate, Anneliese Rüegg (Annalisa Ruegg), who was thirteen years older than him, and they married on March 15, 1921. Shortly after, Alekhine was given permission to leave Russia for a visit to the West with his wife, from which he never returned. In June 1921, Alekhine abandoned his second wife in Paris and went to Berlin. In 1923, he won against André Muffang (+2 –0 =0) in Paris. Technically, Alekhine's play was mostly better than his competitors', even Capablanca's, but he lacked confidence when playing his major rivals.). Raising the money was Alekhine's preliminary objective; he even went on tour, playing simultaneous exhibitions for modest fees day after day. In New York on April 27, 1924, Alekhine broke the world record for blindfold play when he played twenty-six opponents (the previous record was twenty-five, set by Gyula Breyer), winning sixteen games, losing five, and drawing five after twelve hours of play. He broke his own world record on February 1, 1925 by playing twenty-eight games blindfold simultaneously in Paris, winning twenty-two, drawing three, and losing three.

In 1925, he became a French citizen and entered the Sorbonne Faculty of law. Although sources differ about whether he completed his studies there, he was known as "Dr. Alekhine" in the 1930s. His thesis was on the Chinese prison system. "He received a degree in law in Saint Petersburg in 1914 but never practiced."

In October 1926, he won in Buenos Aires. From December 1926 to January 1927, Alekhine beat Max Euwe 5½–4½ in a match. In 1927, he married his third wife, Nadiezda Vasiliev (née Fabritzky) (Nadejda Fabritzky, Nadezhda Vasilieff), another older woman, the widow of the Russian general V. Vasiliev (Vassilieff).

World Chess Champion, first reign (1927–35)

1927 title match

, from whom Alekhine won the World Chess Championship in 1927. Prolonged negotiations for a return match came to nothing. ]] In 1927, Alekhine's challenge to Capablanca was backed by a group of Argentinian businessmen and the president of Argentina, who guaranteed the funds, and organized by the Club Argentino de Ajedrez (Argentine Chess Club) in Buenos Aires. In the World Chess Championship match played from September to November 1927 at Buenos Aires, Alekhine won the title, scoring +6 -3 =25. Alekhine's victory surprised almost the entire chess world, since he had never previously won a single game from Capablanca. After Capablanca's death Alekhine expressed surprise at his own victory, since in 1927 he did not think he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca had been over-confident. Capablanca entered the match with no technical or physical preparation, while Alekhine got himself into good physical condition, According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely. Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.

Rematch offered, never finalized

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return match, on the same terms that Capablanca had required as champion — the challenger must provide a stake of US $10,000, of which more than half would go to the defending champion even if he was defeated.

Defeats Bogolyubov twice in title matches

(right); Emanuel Lasker (sitting, center) and others looking on.]] Although he never agreed terms for a rematch against Capablanca, Alekhine played two world title matches with Bogoljubow, an official "Challenger of FIDE", in 1929 and 1934, winning handily both times. The first was held at Wiesbaden, Heidelberg, Berlin, The Hague, and Amsterdam from September through November 1929. Alekhine retained his title, scoring +11 -5 =9.

Anti-Bolshevik statements, controversy

After the world championship match, Alekhine returned to Paris and spoke against Bolshevism. Afterwards, Nikolai Krylenko, president of the Soviet Chess Federation, published an official memorandum stating that Alekhine should be regarded as an enemy of the Soviets. The Soviet Chess Federation broke all contact with Alexander Alekhine until the end of the 1930s. His older brother Alexei, with whom Alexander Alekhine had had a very close relationship, publicly repudiated him and his anti-Soviet utterances shortly after, but Alexei may have had little choice about this decision. In August 1939, Alexei Alekhine was murdered in Russia.

Dominates rivals

Alexander Alekhine dominated chess into the mid-1930s.

From 1930 to 1935, Alekhine played on board one for France at four Chess Olympiads, winning: the first brilliancy prize at Hamburg in 1930; Shanghai, Hong Kong, and the Dutch East Indies. In July 1933, Alekhine played thirty-two people blindfold simultaneously (a new world record) in Chicago, winning nineteen, drawing nine and losing four games.

In 1934 Alekhine married his fourth wife, Grace Freeman (née Wishard), sixteen years his senior. She was the American-born widow of a British tea-planter in Ceylon, who retained her British citizenship to the end of her life and remained Alekhine's wife until his death. This was the first world championship match that officially had seconds: Alekhine had the services of Salo Landau, and Euwe had Géza Maróczy. Euwe's win was a major upset and is sometimes attributed to Alekhine's alcoholism. Flohr, who also assisted Euwe during the match, thought overconfidence caused more problems than alcohol for Alekhine in this match, and Alekhine himself had previously said he would win easily. Later World Champions Vasily Smyslov, Boris Spassky, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov analyzed the match for their own benefit and concluded that Euwe deserved to win and that the standard of play was worthy of a world championship.

In the eighteen months after losing the title, Alekhine played in ten tournaments, with uneven results: tied for first with Paul Keres at Bad Nauheim in May 1936; first place at Dresden in June 1936; second to Flohr at Poděbrady in July 1936; sixth, behind Capablanca, Mikhail Botvinnik, Reuben Fine, Samuel Reshevsky, and Euwe at Nottingham in August 1936; third, behind Euwe and Fine, at Amsterdam in October 1936; tied for first with Salo Landau at Amsterdam (Quadrangular), also in October 1936; in 1936/37 he won at the Hastings New Year tournament, ahead of Fine and Erich Eliskases; first place at Nice (Quadrangular) in March 1937; third, behind Keres and Fine, at Margate in April 1937; tied for fourth with Keres, behind Flohr, Reshevsky and Vladimirs Petrovs, at Kemeri in June–July 1937; tied for second with Bogoljubow, behind Euwe, at Bad Nauheim (Quadrangular) in July 1937.

World Chess Champion, second reign (1937–46)

1937–1939

Max Euwe was quick to arrange a return match with Alekhine, something José Raúl Capablanca had been unable to obtain after Alekhine won the world title in 1927. Alekhine regained the title from Euwe in December 1937 by a large margin (+10 –4 =11). In this match, held in the Netherlands, Euwe was seconded by Reuben Fine, and Alekhine by Erich Eliskases. The match was a real contest initially, but Euwe collapsed near the end, losing four of the last five games. Fine attributed the collapse to nervous tension, possibly aggravated by Euwe's attempts to maintain a calm appearance. Alekhine played no more title matches, and thus held the title until his death.

Keres, who had won the AVRO tournament on tiebreak over Fine, also challenged Alekhine to a world championship match. Negotiations were proceeding in 1939 when they were disrupted by World War II. During the war Keres' home country, Estonia, was invaded first by the USSR, then by Germany, then again by the USSR. At the end of the war, the Soviet government prevented Keres from continuing the negotiations, on the grounds that he had collaborated with the Germans during their occupation of Estonia.

Alekhine was representing France at first board in the 8th Chess Olympiad at Buenos Aires 1939 when World War II broke out in Europe. The assembly of all team captains, with leading roles played by Alekhine (France), Savielly Tartakower (Poland), and Albert Becker (Germany), plus the president of the Argentine Chess Federation, Augusto de Muro, decided to go on with the Olympiad.

Alekhine won the individual silver medal (nine wins, no losses, seven draws), behind Capablanca (only results from finals A and B - separately for both sections - counted for best individual scores). Supported by Latin-American financial pledges, José R. Capablanca challenged Alexander Alekhine to a world title match in November. Tentative plans not, however, actually backed by a deposit of the required purse ($10,000 in gold), led to a virtual agreement to play at Buenos Aires, Argentina beginning April 14, 1940.

World War II (1939–1945)

Unlike many participants in the 1939 Chess Olympiad, he enlisted in the French army as a sanitation officer. Alekhine took part in chess tournaments in Munich, Salzburg, Kraków/Warsaw, and Prague, organised by Ehrhardt Post, the Chief Executive of the Nazi-controlled Grossdeutscher Schachbund ("Greater Germany Chess Federation") - Keres, Bogoljubov, Gösta Stoltz, and several other strong masters in Nazi-occupied Europe also played in such events. In 1941, he tied for second-third with Erik Lundin in the Munich 1941 chess tournament (Europaturnier in September, won by Stoltz), shared first with Paul Felix Schmidt at Kraków/Warsaw (the 2nd General Government-ch, in October) and won in Madrid (in December). The following year he won in the Salzburg 1942 chess tournament (June 1942) and in Munich (September 1942; the Nazis named this the Europameisterschaft, which means "European Championship"). Later in 1942 he won at Warsaw/Lublin/Kraków (the 3rd GG-ch; October 1942) and tied for first with Klaus Junge in Prague (Duras Jubileé; December 1942). In 1943, he drew a mini-match (+1 –1) with Bogoljubov in Warsaw (March 1943), he won in Prague (April 1943) and tied for first with Keres in Salzburg (June 1943).

By late 1943, Alekhine was spending all his time in Spain and Portugal, as the German representative to chess events. This also allowed him to get away from the onrushing Soviet invasion into eastern Europe. In 1944, he narrowly won a match against Ramón Rey Ardid in Zaragoza (+1 –0 =3; April 1944) and won in Gijon (July 1944). The following year, he won at Madrid (March 1945), tied for second place with Antonio Medina at Gijón (July 1945; the event was won by Antonio Rico), won at Sabadell (August 1945), he tied for first with F. López Núñez in Almeria (August 1945), won in Melilla (September 1945) and took second in Caceres, behind Francisco Lupi (Autumn 1945). Alekhine's last match was with Lupi at Estoril near Lisbon, Portugal, in January 1946. Alekhine won two games, lost one, and drew one.

Alekhine took an interest in the development of the chess prodigy Arturo Pomar and devoted a section of his last book (¡Legado! 1946) to him. They played at Gijon 1944, when Pomar, aged twelve, achieved a creditable draw with the champion.

His final year

After World War II, Alekhine was not invited to chess tournaments outside the Iberian Peninsula, because of his alleged Nazi affiliation. His original invitation to the London 1946 tournament was withdrawn when the other competitors protested. Canadian Grandmaster Kevin Spraggett, who has lived in Portugal since the late 1980s, and who has thoroughly investigated Alekhine's death, favors this possibility. Spraggett makes a case for the manipulation of the crime scene and the autopsy by the Portuguese secret police PIDE. He believes that Alekhine was murdered outside his hotel room, probably by the Soviets.

Alekhine's burial was sponsored by FIDE, and the remains were transferred to the Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris, France in 1956.

Assessment

Playing strength and style

Statistical ranking systems differ sharply in their views of Alekhine. "Warriors of the Mind" rates him only the 18th strongest player of all time and comments that victories over players such as Bogoljubov and Euwe are not a strong basis for an "all time" ranking. But the website "Chessmetrics" ranks him between the fourth and eighth best of all time, depending on the lengths of the peak periods being compared, and concludes that at his absolute peak he was a little stronger than Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca, although a little weaker than Botvinnik. Jeff Sonas, the author of the website "Chessmetrics", rates Alekhine as the sixth highest peak strength, relative to other players of the same era, of all-time on the basis of comparable ratings. He also assesses Alekhine's victory at the tournament of San Remo in 1930 as the sixth best performance ever in tournaments.

Alekhine's peak period was in the early 1930s, when he won almost every tournament he played, sometimes by huge margins. Afterward, his play declined, and he never won a top-class tournament after 1934. After Alekhine regained his world title in 1937, there were several new contenders, all of whom would have been serious challengers. An explanation offered by Réti was, "he beats his opponents by analysing simple and apparently harmless sequences of moves in order to see whether at some time or another at the end of it an original possibility, and therefore one difficult to see, might be hidden." John Nunn commented that "Alekhine had a special ability to provoke complications without taking excessive risks", and Edward Winter called him "the supreme genius of the complicated position." and Harry Golombek went further, saying that "Alekhine was the most versatile of all chess geniuses, being equally at home in every style of play and in all phases of the game."

Alekhine's games have a higher percentage of wins than those of any other World Champion, and his drawn games are on average among the longest of all champions'. His desire to win extended beyond formal chess competition. When Fine beat him in some casual games in 1933, Alekhine demanded a match for a small stake. And in table tennis, which Alekhine played enthusiastically but badly, he would often crush the ball when he lost. Fischer, who was famous for the clarity of his play, wrote of Alekhine, "Alekhine has never been a hero of mine, and I've never cared for his style of play. There's nothing light or breezy about it; it worked for him, but it could scarcely work for anyone else. He played gigantic conceptions, full of outrageous and unprecedented ideas. ... [H]e had great imagination; he could see more deeply into a situation than any other player in chess history. ... It was in the most complicated positions that Alekhine found his grandest concepts."

Influence on the game

Several openings and opening variations are named after Alekhine. In addition to the well-known Alekhine's Defence (1.e4 Nf6) and the Albin-Chatard-Alekhine Attack in the "orthodox" Paulsen variation of the French Defense, there are Alekhine Variations in: the Budapest Gambit, the Vienna Game, the Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez, the Winawer Variation of the French Defense; the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defense, the Queen's Gambit Accepted, the Slav Defense, the Queen's Pawn Game, the Catalan Opening and the Dutch Defense (where three different lines bear his name). Irving Chernev commented, "The openings consist of Alekhine's games, with a few variations."

Alekhine also composed a few endgame studies, one of which is shown on the right, a miniature (a study with a maximum of seven pieces).

Alekhine wrote over twenty books on chess, mostly annotated editions of the games in a major match or tournament, plus collections of his best games between 1908 and 1937. His books appeal to expert players rather than beginners: led to a Soviet series of Alekhine Memorial tournaments. The first of these, at Moscow 1956, was won jointly by Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov. In their book The Soviet School of Chess Kotov and Yudovich devoted a chapter to Alekhine, called him "Russia's greatest player" and praised his capacity for seizing the initiative by concrete tactical play in the opening. Botvinnik wrote that the Soviet School of chess learned from Alekhine's fighting qualities, capacity for self-criticism and combinative vision. Alekhine had written that success in chess required "Firstly, self-knowledge; secondly, a firm comprehension of my opponent's strength and weakness; thirdly, a higher aim – ... artistic and scientific accomplishments which accord our chess equal rank with other arts."

Accusations of "improving" games

Samuel Reshevsky wrote that Alekhine "allegedly made up games against fictitious opponents in which he came out the victor and had these games published in various chess magazines." In a recent book Andy Soltis lists "Alekhine's 15 Improvements". The most famous example is his game with five queens in Moscow in 1915. In the actual game, Alekhine, playing as Black, beat Grigoriev in the Moscow 1915 tournament; but in one of his books he presented the "five Queens" variation (starting with a move he rejected as Black in the original game) as an actual game won by the White player in Moscow in 1915 (he did not say in who was who in this version, nor that it was in the tournament).

In the position of the diagram at right, which never arose in real play, Alekhine claimed that White wins by 24.Rh6, as after some complicated play Black is mated or goes into an endgame a Queen down. Some recent analyses suggest that this is not the case: if White plays 24.Rh6, black can play 24...Bg4+! and White has no mating attack. A later computer-assisted analysis concludes that White can force a win, but only by diverging from Alekhine's move sequence at move 20, while there are only three Queens.

Chess historian Edward Winter investigated a game Alekhine allegedly won in fifteen moves via a Queen sacrifice at Sabadell in 1945. Some photos of the game in progress were discovered that showed the players during the game and their chessboard. Based on the position that the chess pieces had taken on the chessboard in this photo, the game could never have taken the course that was stated in the published version. This raised suspicions that the published version was made up. Even if the published version is a fake, however, there is no doubt that Alekhine did defeat his opponent in the actual game, and there is no evidence that Alekhine was the source of the spectacular fifteen-move win whose authenticity is doubted.

Accusations of antisemitism

During World War II, Alekhine played in several tournaments held in Germany or German-occupied territory, as did many strong players in occupied and neutral countries. In March 1941, a series of articles appeared under Alekhine's name in the Pariser Zeitung, a German-language newspaper published in Paris by the occupying German forces. Among other things, these articles said that Jews had a great talent for exploiting chess but showed no signs of chess artistry; described the hypermodern theories of Nimzowitsch and Réti as "this cheap bluff, this shameless self-publicity", hyped by "the majority of Anglo-Jewish pseudo-intellectuals"; and described his 1937 match with Euwe as "a triumph against the Jewish conspiracy". Winter concludes: "Although, as things stand, it is difficult to construct much of a defence for Alekhine, only the discovery of the articles in his own handwriting will settle the matter beyond all doubt." Under current French copyright law, Alekhine's notebooks will not enter the public domain until January 1, 2017.

There is evidence that Alekhine was not antisemitic in his personal or chess relationships with Jews. In June 1919, he was arrested by the Cheka, imprisoned in Odessa and sentenced to death. Yakov Vilner, a Jewish master, saved him by sending a telegram to the chairman of the Ukrainian Council of People's Commissars, who knew of Alekhine and ordered his release. Alekhine accepted and apparently used chess analysis from Charles Jaffe in his World Championship match against Capablanca. Jaffe was a Jewish master who lived in New York, where Alekhine often visited, and upon his return to New York after defeating Capablanca, Alekhine played a short match as a favour to Jaffe, without financial remuneration. Alekhine's second for the 1935 match with Max Euwe was the master Salo Landau, a Dutch Jew. The American Jewish grandmaster Arnold Denker wrote that he found Alekhine very friendly in chess settings, taking part in consultation games and productive analysis sessions. Denker also wrote that Alekhine treated the younger and (at that time) virtually unproven Denker to dinner on many occasions in New York during the 1930s, when the economy was very weak because of the Great Depression. Denker added that Alekhine, during the early 1930s, opined that the American Jewish grandmaster Isaac Kashdan might be his next challenger (this did not in fact occur). Alekhine also married an American Jew, Grace Wishard, as his fourth wife. Mrs. Grace Alekhine was the women's champion of Paris in 1944.

Notable chess games

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Alekhine-Yates, London 1922, Queen's Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defense. Main Line (D64) 1-0 Alekhine conjures up an attack in the endgame, and his King joins the fray.

Efim Bogolyubov vs Alexander Alekhine, Hastings 1922, Dutch Defence, Classical Variation (A91), 0-1 This has been called one of the greatest games ever played, with some incredibly deep variations as Black prepares to queen a pawn.

Ernst Gruenfeld vs Alexander Alekhine, Karlsbad 1923, Queen's Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defense. Rubinstein Attack (D64), 0-1 Gruenfeld makes no obvious mistakes but his slow build-up lets Alekhine take the initiative and start squeezing him off the board. Gruenfeld desperately tries to free his position and is crushed by a series of sacrifices that forces the win of a piece or checkmate.

Richard Reti vs Alexander Alekhine, Baden Baden 1925, Hungarian Opening: Reversed Alekhine (A00), 0-1 A tactically complex game in which Alekhine unleashes a 12-move combination that wins a Knight.

Jose Raul Capablanca vs Alexander Alekhine, World Championship match, Buenos Aires 1927, Queen's Gambit Declined (D52), 0-1 The game ends in an interesting position with four queens on the board.

Alexander Alekhine vs Aron Nimzowitsch, San Remo 1930, French Defence, Winawer Variation (C17), 1-0 One of the shortest games ending in a zugzwang -- by the 26th move, Black is already strategically lost and has no good moves. This game also spawned the term 'Alekhine's gun' for the formation where the queen lines up behind the two rooks.

Gideon Stahlberg vs Alexander Alekhine, Hamburg 1930, 3rd Olympiad, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Spielmann Variation (E23), 0-1 1st best game prize.

Alexander Alekhine vs Emanuel Lasker, Zurich 1934, Queen's Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defense, Bd3 line (D67), 1-0 A short game ending with a queen sacrifice. After the tournament Lasker said: "Alekhine's attacking genius has no equal in the history of the game".

Max Euwe vs Alexander Alekhine, World Championship Match, game 4, The Hague 1935, Grunfeld Defence, Russian Variation (D81), 0-1 Alekhine sacrifices two rooks, but traps Euwe's King in the centre, wins the queen, then finishes elegantly.

Writings

Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess. Some of the best-known are: Originally published in two volumes as My Best Games of Chess 1908-1923 and My Best Games of Chess 1924-1937 Games analysis published after 1938 were edited by Edward Winter and published in 1980 in the book:

Summary of results in competitions

Tournament results

Here are Alekhine's placings and scores in tournaments:

Under Score, + games won, = games drawn, − games lost

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" ! Date !! Location !! Place !! class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Score !! class="unsortable"|Notes |- | 1907 || align=left|Moscow || 11–13 || 5½/15 || +5=1−9 | align=left |his brother Alexei Alekhine tied for 4-6th |- | 1908 || align=left|Moscow || 1st || ? || ? | align=left | Moscow Chess Club Spring Tournament. |- | 1908 || align=left|Düsseldorf || 3–4 || 9/13 || +8=2−3 | align=left | 16th DSB Congress, A Tournament |- | 1908/09 || align=left|Moscow || 1st || 6½/9 || +5=3−1 | align=left | Moscow Chess Club Autumn Tournament |- | 1909 || align=left| Saint Petersburg || 1st || 13/16 || +12=2−2 | align=left | All-Russian Amateur Tournament |- | 1910 || align=left|Hamburg || 7–8 || 8½/16 || +5=7−4 | align=left | 17th DSB Congress, Schlechter won |- | 1911 || align=left|Cologne || 1st || 3/3 || +3=0−0 | align=left|Quadrangular |- | 1911 || align=left|Carlsbad || 8–9 || 13½/25 || +11=5−9 | align=left |Teichmann won |- | 1912 || align=left|Saint Petersburg || 1–2 || 8/9 || +8=0-1 | align=left |First Winter Tournament, lost a game to Vasily Osipovich Smyslov |- | 1912 || align=left|Saint Petersburg || 1st || 7/9 || +6=2−1 ? | align=left |Second Winter Tournament, lost a game to Boris Koyalovich |- | 1912 || align=left|Stockholm || 1st || 8½/10 || +8=1−1 | align=left| 8th Nordic Championship, ahead of Spielmann |- | 1912 || align=left|Vilnius || 6–7 || 8½/18 || +7=3−8 | align=left | 7th Russian Championship (All-Russian Masters' Tournament), Rubinstein won |- | 1913 || align=left|Saint Petersburg || 1–2 || 2/3 || +2=0−1 | align=left | Quadrangular, tied with Levenfish |- | 1913 || align=left|Scheveningen || 1st || 11½/13 || +11=1−1 | align=left|ahead of Janowski |- | 1913/14 || align=left|Saint Petersburg || 1–2 || 13½/17 || +13=1−3 | align=left | 8th Russian Championship (All-Russian Masters' Tournament), tied with Nimzowitsch |- | 1914 || align=left|Saint Petersburg || 3rd || 10/18 || +6=8−4 | align=left | Lasker 13½, Capablanca 13, Alekhine 10, Tarrasch 8½, Marshall 8 |- | 1914 || align=left|Paris || 1–2|| 2½/3 || +2=1−0 | align=left|Cafe Continental Quadrangular, tied with Marshall, third Muffang, fourth Hallegua |- | 1914 || align=left|Mannheim || leading || 9½/11 || +9=1−1 | align=left | 19th DSB Congress, interrupted by the start of World War I |- | 1915 || align=left|Moscow || 1st || 10½/11 || +10=1−0 | align=left | Moscow Chess Club Championship |- | 1919/20 || align=left|Moscow || 1st || 11/11 || +11=0−0 | align=left | Moscow City Championship, not declared Moscow Champion because he was not a resident of Moscow |- | 1920 || align=left|Moscow || 1st || 12/15 || +9=6−0 | align=left|later recognised as the 1st USSR Championship |- | 1921 || align=left|Triberg || 1st || 7/8 || +6=2−0 | align=left|ahead of Bogoljubov |- | 1921 || align=left|Budapest || 1st || 8½/11 || +6=5−0 | align=left|ahead of Grünfeld |- | 1921 || align=left|The Hague || 1st || 8/9 || +7=2−0 | align=left|ahead of Tartakower |- | 1922 || align=left|Pistyan || 2–3 || 14½/18 || +12=5−1 | align=left|tied with Spielmann, behind Bogoljubov |- | 1922 || align=left|London || 2nd || 11½/15 || +8=7−0 | align=left|Capablanca 13, Alekhine 11½, Vidmar 11, Rubinstein 10½ |- | 1922 || align=left|Hastings || 1st || 7½/10 || +6=3−1 | align=left|Rubinstein 7, Bogoljubov and Thomas 4½, Tarrasch 4, Yates 2½ |- | 1922 || align=left|Vienna || 3–6 || 9/14 || +7=4−3 | align=left|Rubinstein won |- | 1923 || align=left|Margate || 2–5 || 4½/7 || +3=3−1 | align=left|Grünfeld won |- | 1923 || align=left|Carlsbad || 1–3 || 11½/17 || +9=5−3 | align=left|tied with Bogoljubov and Maróczy |- | 1923 || align=left|Portsmouth || 1st || 11½/12 || +11=1−0 | align=left|ahead of Vajda |- | 1924 || align=left|New York || 3rd || 12/20 || +6=12−2 | align=left|Lasker 16, Capablanca 14½, Alekhine 12, Marshall 11, Réti 10½. Maróczy 10, Bogoljubov 9½ |- | 1925 || align=left|Paris || 1st || 6½/8 || +5=3−0 | align=left|ahead of Tartakower |- | 1925 || align=left|Bern || 1st || 4/6 || +3=2−1 | align=left|Quadrangular |- | 1925 || align=left|Baden-Baden || 1st || 16/20 || +12=8−0 | align=left|ahead of Rubinstein |- | 1925/26 || align=left|Hastings || 1–2 || 8½/9 || +8=1−0 | align=left|tied with Vidmar |- | 1926 || align=left|Semmering || 2nd || 12½/17 || +11=3−3 | align=left|Spielmann won |- | 1926 || align=left|Dresden || 2nd || 7/9 || +5=4−0 | align=left|Nimzowitsch won |- | 1926 || align=left|Scarborough || 1st || 5½/6 || +5=1−0 | align=left|Alekhine won a play-off match against Colle 2-0 |- | 1926 || align=left|Birmingham || 1st || 5/5 || +5=0−0 | align=left|ahead of Znosko-Borovsky |- | 1926 || align=left|Buenos Aires || 1st || 10/10 || +10=0−0 | align=left|ahead of Villegas and Illa |- | 1927 || align=left|New York || 2nd || 11½/20 || +5=13−2 | align=left|Capablanca 14, Alekhine 11½, Nimzowitsch 10½, Vidmar 10, Spielmann 8, Marshall 6 |- | 1927 || align=left|Kecskemét || 1st || 12/16 || +8=8−0 | align=left|ahead of Nimzowitsch and Steiner |- | 1929 || align=left|Bradley Beach || 1st || 8½/9 || +8=1−0 | align=left|ahead of Lajos Steiner |- | 1930 || align=left|San Remo || 1st || 14/15 || +13=2−0 | align=left|Nimzowitsch 10½; Rubinstein 10; Bogoljubov 9½; Yates 9 |- | 1931 || align=left|Nice || 1st || 6/8 || +4=4−0 | align=left|consultation tournament |- | 1931 || align=left|Bled || 1st || 20½/26 || +15=11−0 | align=left|Bogoljubov 15; Nimzowitsch 14; Flohr, Kashdan, Stoltz and Vidmar 13½ |- | 1932 || align=left|Bern || 1–3 || 2/3 || +2=0−1 | align=left | Quadrangular, tied with Voellmy and Naegeli |- | 1932 || align=left|Bern || 1st || 12½/15 || +11=3−1 | align=left|Swiss Championship (title awarded to Hans Johner and Paul Johner) |- | 1932 || align=left|London || 1st || 9/11 || +7=4−0 | align=left|ahead of Flohr |- | 1932 || align=left|Pasadena || 1st || 8½/11 || +7=3−1 | align=left|ahead of Kashdan |- | 1932 || align=left|Mexico City || 1–2 || 8½/9 || +8=1−0 | align=left|tied with Kashdan |- | 1933 || align=left|Paris || 1st || 8/9 || +7=2−0 | align=left|ahead of Tartakower |- | 1933/34 || align=left|Hastings || 2nd || 6½/9 || +4=5−0 | align=left|Flohr 7, Alekhine and Andor Lilienthal 6½, C.H.O'D. Alexander and Eliskases 5 |- | 1934 || align=left|Rotterdam || 1st || 3/3 || +3=0−0 | align=left | Quadrangular |- | 1934 || align=left|Zürich || 1st || 13/15 || +12=2−1 | align=left|Swiss Championship (title awarded to Hans Johner) |- | 1935 || align=left|Örebro || 1st || 8½/9 || +8=1−0 | align=left|ahead of Lundin |- | 1936 || align=left|Bad Nauheim || 1–2 || 6½/9 || +4=5−0 | align=left|tied with Keres |- | 1936 || align=left|Dresden || 1st || 6½/9 || +5=3−1 | align=left|ahead of Engels |- | 1936 || align=left|Poděbrady || 2nd || 12½/17 || +8=9−0 | align=left|Flohr won |- | 1936 || align=left|Nottingham || 6th || 9/14 || +6=6−2 | align=left|Botvinnik and Capablanca 10; Euwe, Fine and Reshevsky 9½ |- | 1936 || align=left|Amsterdam || 3rd || 4½/7 || +3=3−1 | align=left|Euwe and Fine won |- | 1936 || align=left|Amsterdam || 1–2 || 2½/3 || +2=1−0 | align=left | Quadrangular, tied with Landau |- | 1936/37 || align=left|Hastings || 1st || 8/9 || +7=2−0 | align=left|Fine 7½, Eliskases 5½, Vidmar and Feigins 4½ |- | 1937 || align=left|Margate || 3rd || 6/9 || +6=0−3 | align=left|tied for 1–2 were Keres and Fine |- | 1937 || align=left|Kemeri || 4–5 || 11½/17 || +7=9−1 | align=left|tied for 1–3 were Flohr, Petrovs and Reshevsky |- | 1937 || align=left|Bad Nauheim || 2–3 || 3½/6 || +3=1−2 | align=left|Quadrangular, Euwe won, the other players were Bogoljubov and Sämisch |- | 1937 || align=left|Nice || 1st || 2½/3 || +2=1−0 | align=left|Quadrangular |- | 1938 || align=left|Montevideo || 1st || 13/15 || +11=4−0 | align=left|ahead of Guimard |- | 1938 || align=left|Margate || 1st || 7/9 || +6=2−1 | align=left|ahead of Spielmann |- | 1938 || align=left|Netherlands(ten cities) || 4–6 || 7/14 || +3=8−3 | align=left|AVRO tournament, Keres and Fine 8½; Botvinnik 7½; Alekhine, Euwe and Reshevsky 7; Capablanca 6 |- | 1939 || align=left|Montevideo || 1st || 7/7 || +7=0−0 | align=left|ahead of Golombek |- | 1939 || align=left|Caracas || 1st || 10/10 || +10=0−0 | |- | 1941 || align=left|Munich || 2–3 || 10½/15 || +8=5−2 | align=left|tied with Lundin, behind Stoltz |- | 1941 || align=left|Kraków, Warsaw || 1–2 || 8½/11 || +6=5−0 | align=left|tied with Schmidt |- | 1941 || align=left|Madrid || 1st || 5/5 || +5=0−0 | |- | 1942 || align=left|Salzburg || 1st || 7½/10 || +7=1−2 | align=left|ahead of Keres |- | 1942 || align=left|Munich || 1st || 8½/11 || +7=3−1 | align=left|1st European Championship, ahead of Keres |- | 1942 || align=left|Warsaw, Lublin, Kraków || 1st || 7½/11 || +6=3−1 | align=left|ahead of Junge |- | 1942 || align=left|Prague || 1–2 || 8½/11 || +6=5−0 | align=left|tied with Junge |- | 1943 || align=left|Prague || 1st || 17/19 || +15=4−0 | align=left|ahead of Keres |- | 1943 || align=left|Salzburg || 1–2 || 7½/10 || +5=5−0 | align=left|tied with Keres |- | 1944 || align=left|Gijón || 1st || 7½/8 || +7=1−0 | |- | 1945 || align=left|Madrid || 1st || 8½/9 || +8=1−0 | |- | 1945 || align=left|Gijón || 2–3 || 6½/9 || +6=1−2 | align=left |tied with Medina, behind Rico |- | 1945 || align=left|Sabadell || 1st || 7½/9 || +6=3−0 | |- | 1945 || align=left|Almeria || 1–2 || 5½/8 || +4=3−1 | align=left |tied with Lopez Nunez |- | 1945 || align=left|Melilla || 1st || 6½/7 || +6=1−0 | |- | 1945 || align=left|Caceres || 2nd || 3.5/5 || +3=1−1 | align=left |Lupi won |}

Match results

Here are Alekhine's results in matches:

Under Score, + games won, = games drawn, − games lost

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" ! Date !! Opponent !! Result !! class="unsortable" | Location !! class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Score !! class="unsortable"|Notes |- | 1908 || Curt von Bardeleben || Won || Düsseldorf || 4½/5 || +4=1−0 ||   |- | 1908 || Hans Fahrni || Drew || Munich || 1½/3 || +1=1−1 ||   |- | 1908 || Benjamin Blumenfeld || Won || Moscow || 4½/5 || +4=1−0 ||   |- | 1908 || Vladimir Nenarokov || Lost || Moscow || 0/3 || +0=0−3 ||   |- | 1913 || Stepan Levitsky || Won || Saint Petersburg || 7/10 || +7=0−3 ||   |- | 1913 || Edward Lasker || Won || Paris, London || 3/3 || +3=0−0 ||   |- | 1913 || José Raúl Capablanca || Lost || Saint Petersburg || 0/2 || +0=0−2 || exhibition match |- | 1914 || Aron Nimzowitsch || Drew || Saint Petersburg || 1/2 || +1=0−1 || play-off match |- | 1916 || Alexander Evensohn || Won || Kiev || 2/3 || +2=0−1 ||   |- | 1918 || Abram Rabinovich || Won || Moscow || 3½/4 || +3=1−0 ||   |- | 1918 || Boris Verlinsky || Won || Odessa || 6/6 || +6=0−0 ||   |- | 1920 || Nikolay Pavlov-Pianov || Drew || Moscow || 1/2 || +1=0−1 || training match |- | 1921 || Nikolay Grigoriev || Won || Moscow || 4½/7 || +2=5−0 || training match |- | 1921 || Efim Bogoljubow || Drew || Triberg || 2/4 || +1=2−1 || "secret" training match |- | 1921 || Richard Teichmann || Drew || Berlin || 3/6 || +2=2−2 ||   |- | 1921 || Friedrich Sämisch || Won || Berlin || 2/2 || +2=0−0 ||   |- | 1922 || Ossip Bernstein || Won || Paris || 1½/2 || +1=1−0 ||   |- | 1922 || Arnold Aurbach || Won || Paris || 1½/2 || +1=1−0 ||   |- | 1922 || Manuel Golmayo || Won || Madrid || 1½/2 || +1=1−0 ||   |- | 1923 || André Muffang || Won || Paris || 2/2 || +2=0−0 ||   |- | 1926 || Edgar Colle || Won || Scarborough || 2/2 || +2=0−0 || play-off match |- | 1926/7 || Max Euwe || Won || Amsterdam || 5½/10 || +3=5−2 ||   |- | 1927 || José Raúl Capablanca || Won || Buenos Aires || 18½/34 || +6=25−3 || Alekhine became world champion |- | 1927 || Charles Jaffe || Won || New York || 2/2 || +2=0−0 || exhibition match |- | 1929 || Efim Bogoljubow || Won || Wiesbaden, Berlin, Amsterdam || 15½/25 || +11=9−5 || retained world championship |- | 1933 || Rafael Cintron || Won || San Juan || 4/4 || +4=0−0 || exhibition match |- | 1933 || Ossip Bernstein || Drew || Paris || 2/4 || +1=2−1 || |- | 1934 || Efim Bogoljubow || Won || Baden-Baden, Villingen, Pforzheim, Bayreuth, Kissingen, Berlin || 15½/25 || +8=15−3 || retained world championship |- | 1935 || Max Euwe || Lost || Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht || 14½/30 || +8=13−9 || lost world championship |- | 1937 || Max Euwe || Won || Rotterdam, Haarlem, Leiden, Zwolle, Amsterdam, Delft, The Hague || 15½/25 || +10=11−4 || regained world championship |- | 1937 || Max Euwe || Lost || The Hague || 2/5 || +1=2−2 || exhibition match |- | 1941 || Lopez Esnaola || Won || Vitoria || 2/2 || +2=0−0 || |- | 1943 || Efim Bogoljubow || Drew || Warsaw || 1/2 || +1=0−1 || |- | 1944 || Ramón Rey Ardid || Won || Zaragoza || 2½/4 || +1=3−0 || |- | 1946 || Francisco Lupi || Won || Estoril || 2½/4 || +2=1−1 || |}

Chess Olympiad results

Here are Alekhine's results in Chess Olympiads. He played top board for France in all these events.

Under Score, + games won, = games drawn, − games lost

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" ! Date !! Location !! Number!! class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Score !! class="unsortable"|Notes |- | 1930 || Hamburg || 3 || 9/9 || +9=0−0 || align="left" | Alekhine won the brilliancy prize for his game against Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden). He did not win a medal because the medallists played 17 games each. |- | 1931 || Prague || 4 || 13½/18 || +10=7−1 || align="left" | Alekhine won the gold medal for 1st board. His loss to Hermanis Matisons (Latvia) was his first loss in a serious chess event since winning the world championship. |- | 1933 || Folkestone || 5 || 9½/12 || +8=3−1 || align="left" | Alekhine won the gold medal for 1st board. His loss to Savielly Tartakower (Poland) was his second and last loss in chess olympiads. |- | 1935 || Warsaw || 6 || 12/17 || +7=10−0 || align="left" | Alekhine won the silver medal for 1st board (Salo Flohr of Czechoslovakia took the gold by scoring 13/17). |- | 1939 || Buenos Aires || 8 || 7½/10 (12½/16) || +9=7−0 || align="left" | Alekhine won the silver medal for 1st board (José Raúl Capablanca of Cuba took the gold by scoring 8½/11). Only games in the final stage were counted for awarding the medals. The first score is for the final stage, the one in parentheses is Alekhine's total score. |}

See also

List of people who have beaten Alexander Alekhine in chess

World Chess Championship 1927

Other information

In the town of Cascais, Portugal, there is a street named after Alekhine: Rua Alexander Alekhine. Cascais is near Estoril, where Alekhine died.

Notes

References

This is a collection of games annotated by Alekhine, published long after his death. This 1985 reprint is a merge from two separate volumes published originally in 1929 and 1937.

Reinfeld, Fred, 1942, "The Immortal Games of Capablanca", Dover Publishers.

External links

Alekhine at www.chessgames.com

Alekhine rare interview (sound clip)

Hans Kmoch talks about Alekhine

Alekhine's death. An unresolved mystery

Edward Winter, List of Books About Capablanca and Alekhine

Category:World chess champions Category:French chess players Category:Russian chess players Category:Sportspeople from Moscow Category:Soviet immigrants to France Category:French people of Russian descent Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni Category:University of Paris alumni Category:Imperial School of Jurisprudence alumni Category:French chess writers Category:Russian chess writers Category:Chess Olympiad competitors Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Category:1892 births Category:1946 deaths