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How Modern Translations Attack The Doctrine of Salvation
How Modern Translations Attack The Doctrine of Salvation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 58:49
  • Published: 17 Apr 2010
  • Uploaded: 06 May 2011
  • Author: BereanBeacon
One Book Stands Alone Four Chapters on Line www.mccowenmills.com How Modern Translations Attack The Doctrine of Salvation - www.youtube.com How The Modern Translations Attack the Deity of Jesus Christ - www.youtube.com The Roman Catholic Influence Behind The Modern Bible Versions - www.youtube.com The New King James PerVersion - www.youtube.com Spiritual Malnutrition in Today's Churches - www.youtube.com Using the Law Lawfully - www.youtube.com McCowen Mills Publication www.bibledoug.com Dr. Doug Stauffer PO Box 1611 Millbrook, AL 36054 1-866-344-1611
Clossan on Bart Ehrman 1of2 Apologetics & textual criticism
Clossan on Bart Ehrman 1of2 Apologetics & textual criticism
Don Clossan of Probe examines Bart Ehrman
Calvinist Paul Washer Says...
Calvinist Paul Washer Says..."Your 18 month old baby Wants to SLAUGHTER You!!"
None of the other points of calvinism, like election, make sense if Jesus gift is unto all men. The catholic terms that are used are just that CATHOLICISM because "calvinism" is just REPACKAGED CATHOLICISM. JAMES WHITE the CHARLATAN LIAR and FRAUD has help from RUPERT MURDOCH who is RICK WARREN'S boss, and ALL the rest who want to get RID of God's ONE TRUE WORD which IS The authorized KING JAMES Version of 1611. "King James Only Controversy" and defends the new age bible versions written by Westcott and Hort "The new Greek testament and dictionary" who were necremansors and belonged to the "ghost society" and incorporated "mary worship" a catholic based theology and completely against God, he also rejects the Lord Jesus Christ' atonement for sin, and rejects the miracles in the Bible, while holds the Roman Catholic church in high esteem. www.aomin.org Can You Trust the Modern Translations? by James White Answering those who claim that only the King James Version is the Word of God, The King James Only Controversy examines allegations that modern translators conspired to corrupt Scripture and lead believers away from true Christian faith. "James White has given us a valuable resource that is understandable and dependable. Best of all, the book is spiritually edifying. That is especially refreshing, because much written on this subject is anything but edifying." - Dr. John MacArthur, Senior Pastor, Grace Community Church "Sober, scholarly, courteous, and convincing." - Dr <b>...</b>
Clossan on Bart Ehrman 2of2 Apologetics & textual criticism
Clossan on Bart Ehrman 2of2 Apologetics & textual criticism
Don Clossan of Probe examines Bart Ehrman here is a link to the free PROBE minsitries listening radio archive www.probe.org Here is a link to a 1 hour 20 min video by Dan wallace and Ben witherington critiquing Bart Ehrman. vids.myspace.com Here is a high quality video by Mike Licona crtiquing Bart Ehrman. www.4truth.net Here is a 2005 Book review of "Misqouting Jesus" by Ehrman on the Evangelical Textual Criticism blog, by a Cambridge proffesor of Textual crticism . evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com Heres an excllent audio critique of Bart Ehrman from peter williams at be thinking dot org www.bethinking.org Here are 2 new talks on reliability of text over at converse with scholars www.reclaimingthemind.org Here is a real scholar and expert on textual Criticism, the late Bruce Metzger at wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org here is the Ben witherington Blog , an expert on New testament. blog.beliefnet.com heres the Evangelical textual criticism Blog. evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com Here is my personal web page with many Apologetic links. www.freewebs.com Here is a 2 hour audio interview of James white critiquing Bart Ehrmans book "misquoting jesus" on Jan 13-2009 best critique I have heard so far. www.apologetics.com Also the Ehrman Vs. White debate is now availble on line to download as MP3 for only $ 6 dollars , its a great debate, do not try to upload to youtube like I tried or you will get nailed for a copyright violation . here is the link. www.aomin.org x
Calvinism: Rick Warren's DUMB book and indoctrination of HERITICAL beliefs in a Kabalist
Calvinism: Rick Warren's DUMB book and indoctrination of HERITICAL beliefs in a Kabalist
Thanks to: www.youtube.com None of the other points of calvinism, like election, make sense if Jesus gift is unto all men. The catholic terms that are used are just that CATHOLICISM because "calvinism" is just REPACKAGED CATHOLICISM. JAMES WHITE the CHARLATAN LIAR and FRAUD has help from RUPERT MURDOCH who is RICK WARREN'S boss, and ALL the rest who want to get RID of God's ONE TRUE WORD which IS The authorized KING JAMES Version of 1611. "King James Only Controversy" and defends the new age bible versions written by Westcott and Hort "The new Greek testament and dictionary" who were necremansors and belonged to the "ghost society" and incorporated "mary worship" a catholic based theology and completely against God, he also rejects the Lord Jesus Christ' atonement for sin, and rejects the miracles in the Bible, while holds the Roman Catholic church in high esteem. www.aomin.org Can You Trust the Modern Translations? by James White Answering those who claim that only the King James Version is the Word of God, The King James Only Controversy examines allegations that modern translators conspired to corrupt Scripture and lead believers away from true Christian faith. "James White has given us a valuable resource that is understandable and dependable. Best of all, the book is spiritually edifying. That is especially refreshing, because much written on this subject is anything but edifying." - Dr. John MacArthur, Senior Pastor, Grace Community Church "Sober, scholarly <b>...</b>
Calvinism: Reformed Theologist - Paul Washer Calls on his god satan to fullfill Bilbical Prophesy!
Calvinism: Reformed Theologist - Paul Washer Calls on his god satan to fullfill Bilbical Prophesy!
None of the other points of calvinism, like election, make sense if Jesus gift is unto all men. The catholic terms that are used are just that CATHOLICISM because "calvinism" is just REPACKAGED CATHOLICISM. JAMES WHITE the CHARLATAN LIAR and FRAUD has help from RUPERT MURDOCH who is RICK WARREN'S boss, and ALL the rest who want to get RID of God's ONE TRUE WORD which IS The authorized KING JAMES Version of 1611. "King James Only Controversy" and defends the new age bible versions written by Westcott and Hort "The new Greek testament and dictionary" who were necremansors and belonged to the "ghost society" and incorporated "mary worship" a catholic based theology and completely against God, he also rejects the Lord Jesus Christ' atonement for sin, and rejects the miracles in the Bible, while holds the Roman Catholic church in high esteem. www.aomin.org Can You Trust the Modern Translations? by James White Answering those who claim that only the King James Version is the Word of God, The King James Only Controversy examines allegations that modern translators conspired to corrupt Scripture and lead believers away from true Christian faith. "James White has given us a valuable resource that is understandable and dependable. Best of all, the book is spiritually edifying. That is especially refreshing, because much written on this subject is anything but edifying." - Dr. John MacArthur, Senior Pastor, Grace Community Church "Sober, scholarly, courteous, and convincing." - Dr <b>...</b>
The fact the Bible(1/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان
The fact the Bible(1/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:34
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Uploaded: 07 Apr 2011
  • Author: esmailtube
D. Bart Ehrmann is the world specialized in Alllahot a specialist in the early period of the Christian faith and received master's doctorate in philosophy and theology Astavepalm Princeton Theological Institute has been schooled by Professor Bruce Metzger He is currently working for the Dean of the Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chappell Hayel , A series of books, "Studies in the New Testament" Dedicate this work to all those seeking the truth د.بارت ايرمان هو عالم متخصص في علم الللاهوت وهو متخصص في الفترة المبكرة للدين المسيحي وحصل على درجتي الدكتوراه في علم الفلسفة و استاذيةعلم اللاهوت بمعهد برينستون اللاهوتي وقد تتلمذ على يد البروفيسور بروس ميتزجر وهو حاليا يعمل عميد لقسم الدراسات الدينية بجامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابيل هايل وهو صاحب سلسلة مؤلفات "دراسات في العهد الجديد" ................................... Excuse me !!! - Would you stop for a moment?! O...man...Haven't you thought-one day- about yourself ? Who has made it? Have you seen a design which hasn't a designer ?! Have you seen a wonderful,delicate work without a worker ?! It's you and the whole universe!.. Who has made them all ?!! You know who ?.. It's "ALLAH",prise be to him. Just think for a moment. How are you going to be after death ?! Can you believe that this exact system of the universe and all of these great creation will end in in nothing...just after death! Have you thought, for a second, How to save your soul from Allah's punishment?! Haven't you thought about what <b>...</b>
Calvinism, aka
Calvinism, aka "Reformed Theology" Refuted By ONE Verse. The "Church Father's" were ALL Alchemists.
Thanks to: www.youtube.com Romans 5:18 Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. None of the other points of calvinism, like election, make sense if Jesus gift is unto all men. The catholic terms that are used are just that CATHOLICISM because "calvinism" is just REPACKAGED CATHOLICISM. JAMES WHITE the CHARLATAN LIAR and FRAUD has help from RUPERT MURDOCH and ALL the rest who want to get RID of God's ONE TRUE WORD which IS The authorized KING JAMES Version of 1611. "King James Only Controversy" and defends the new age bible versions written by Westcott and Hort "The new Greek testament and dictionary" who were necremansors and belonged to the "ghost society" and incorporated "mary worship" a catholic based theology and completely against God, he also rejects the Lord Jesus Christ' atonement for sin, and rejects the miracles in the Bible, while holds the Roman Catholic church in high esteem. www.aomin.org Can You Trust the Modern Translations? by James White Answering those who claim that only the King James Version is the Word of God, The King James Only Controversy examines allegations that modern translators conspired to corrupt Scripture and lead believers away from true Christian faith. "James White has given us a valuable resource that is understandable and dependable. Best of all, the book is spiritually edifying. That is especially <b>...</b>
Bible scholar - Dr. Bart D Ehrman
Bible scholar - Dr. Bart D Ehrman
Ehrman received his Ph.D and M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary where he studied under Bruce Metzger. He currently serves as the chairman of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was the President of the Southeast Region of the Society of Biblical Literature, and worked closely as an editor on a number of the Society's publications. Currently, he co-edits the series New Testament Tools and Studies. Much of Ehrman's writing has concentrated on various aspects of Walter Bauer's thesis that Christianity was always diversified or at odds with itself. Ehrman is often considered a pioneer in connecting the history of the early church to textual variants within biblical manuscripts and in coining such terms as "Proto-orthodox Christianity." In his writings, Ehrman has turned around textual criticism. From the time of the Church Fathers, it was the heretics (Marcion, for example) that were charged with tampering with the biblical manuscripts. Ehrman theorizes that it was more often the Orthodox that "corrupted" the manuscripts, altering the text to promote particular viewpoints. He has authored or contributed to nineteen books. Ehrman became an Evangelical Christian as a teen. He attended Moody Bible Institute and Wheaton College (BA, 1978). His desire to know the original words of the Bible led him to textual criticism, which in turn undermined his faith in the Bible as the inerrant word of God. Ehrman now considers <b>...</b>
Paleography
Paleography
I apologize for the length of this video. I have just finished reading Bruce Metzger's "Manuscripts: An Introduction to Palaeography". www.amazon.com In this video I mention several facts you may find interesting (Especially about the Tetragrammaton). So if you have the patience, enjoy. Note (for research purposes): Paleography is sometimes spelled "Palaeography".
Understanding the Book of Revelation
Understanding the Book of Revelation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:44
  • Published: 18 Oct 2007
  • Uploaded: 17 Jan 2011
  • Author: PathofReason
My book recommendation for the month. I am sick of hearing people talk about of The "Left Behind" Books. Read Breaking the Code "Understanding the Book of Revelation" $9.00 on amazon!! astore.amazon.com
Protestant Popes using Textual Criticism 1
Protestant Popes using Textual Criticism 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 93:07
  • Published: 14 Mar 2010
  • Uploaded: 03 May 2011
  • Author: BereanBeacon
How to destroy a seminary student's faith in his Bible by using textual criticism. John Knox critiques a 16 page article written by a man who uses this technique. But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corrupt themselves. Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they feast with you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds they are without water, carried about of winds; trees whose fruit withereth, without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots; Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. Jude 10-13 Please feel free to contact us about the church or this ministry. If you are looking for someone with whom to argue your particular beliefs (as opposed to what The Bible says) or engage in theological nit-picking, please find a different forum. There are plenty of web forums for those who wish to do battle with other Christians, and you will likely find plenty of other folks there who love to argue. That's just not what we do here. www.jamesknox.com Email BibleBaptistChurch@gmail.com Mailing Address The Bible Baptist Church of DeLand 872 Glenwood Road DeLand, FL 32720 USA
The Bible is a Reliable Source: New Testament Contains Errors? - Pt 2
The Bible is a Reliable Source: New Testament Contains Errors? - Pt 2
The New Testament is 99.5-99.9 percent accurate! No other ancient book is so well authenticated. In my last video I mentioned that we've discovered nearly 25000 (24970) manuscripts in 15 different languages of the New Testament. Scholars use these thousands of manuscripts to help recontruct the New Testament back to its original form rather easily. Of course the more manuscripts we have, the easier it is to reconstruct back to its original form. It also allows an extremely accurate reconstruction even if errors were made during the copying. The vast majority of the "errors" are grammatical, and this most definitely does not change the message of the passage. Philip Schaff calcuates that: "...of the 150000 variants known in his day, only 400 changed the meaning of the passage, only 50 were of real significance, and not even one affected 'an article of faith of a precept of duty which is not abundantly sustained by other and undoubted passages, or by the whole tenor of Scripture teaching.'" Bruce Metzger--a New Testament scholar and Princeton professor--estimates that the Mahabarata of Hinduism is copied with only 90% accuracy, and Homer's Iliad with about 95% accuracy. By comparision he estimated that the New Testament is about 99.5% accurate. The 0.5 does not affect a single doctrine of the Christian faith. Fredric Kenyon states: "It cannot be too strongly asserted that in substance the text of the Bible is certain: Especially is this the case with the New Testament. The <b>...</b>
Jesus in the Book of Romans: man or both man and God? Response
Jesus in the Book of Romans: man or both man and God? Response
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:58
  • Published: 20 Mar 2010
  • Uploaded: 10 Apr 2011
  • Author: Bucklehairy
This is a video response to Yuratchka about Arianism. Did the apostle Paul, the writer of the epistle to the Romans, believe that Jesus was man or both man and God? Watch the video and judge it for yourself. For your benefit, the quote from Bruce M. Metzger: "(1) The interpretation that refers the passage to Christ suits the structure of the sentence, whereas the interpretation that takes the words as an asyndetic doxology to God the Father is awkward and unnatural. As Westcott observes, The juxtaposition of ὁ Χριστος κατα σαρκα and ὁ ὠν κ.τ.λ. seems to make a change of subject improbable. (2) If the clause ὁ ὠν κ.τ.λ. is an asyndetic doxology to God the Father, the word ὠν is superfluous, for he who is God over all is most simply represented by ὁ ἐπι παντων θεος. The presence of the participle suggests that the clause functions as a relative clause (not he who is but who is ), and thus describes ὁ Χριστος as being God over all." (BM Metzger, 1994. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, p. 460-461)
Ahmed Deedat on the Bible Part 1
Ahmed Deedat on the Bible Part 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:02
  • Published: 01 Feb 2009
  • Uploaded: 23 Apr 2011
  • Author: dameen78
www.abumalik.co.cc Detailed look at all the different bibles There is no such thing as one Bible. Christians should admit this undeniable fact rather than remain in their utter denial mode as it does not help them in anyway whatsoever. The number of books in the Bible depends upon the Church one is following. The Protestant Church (66 books) Roman Catholic Church (73 books) Anglican Church ["The Anglican church falls between the Catholic church and many Protestant denominations by accepting only the Jewish canon and the New Testament as authoritative, but also by accepting segments of the apocryphal writings in the lectionary and liturgy. At one time all copies of the Authorized or King James Version of 1611 included the Apocrypha between the Old and New Testaments." (Bruce M Metzger & Michael D Coogan (Ed.), Oxford Companion To The Bible, 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, pp. 79] Greek Orthodox Church: ["The Bible of the Greek Orthodox church comprises all of the books accepted by the Roman Catholic church, plus I Esdras, the Prayer of Manasseh, Psalm 151, and Maccabees. The Slavonic canon adds 2 Esdras, but designates I and 2 Esdras as 2 and 3 Esdras. Other Eastern churches have 4 Maccabees as well (ibid)] Coptic Church: ["Athanasius issued his Thirty-Ninth Festal Epistle not only in the Greek but also in Coptic, in a slightly different form - though the list of the twenty seven books of the New Testament is the same in both languages. How far, however <b>...</b>
The fact the Bible(2/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان
The fact the Bible(2/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:01
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Uploaded: 02 Feb 2011
  • Author: esmailtube
D. Bart Ehrmann is the world specialized in Alllahot a specialist in the early period of the Christian faith and received master's doctorate in philosophy and theology Astavepalm Princeton Theological Institute has been schooled by Professor Bruce Metzger He is currently working for the Dean of the Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chappell Hayel , A series of books, "Studies in the New Testament" Dedicate this work to all those seeking the truth د.بارت ايرمان هو عالم متخصص في علم الللاهوت وهو متخصص في الفترة المبكرة للدين المسيحي وحصل على درجتي الدكتوراه في علم الفلسفة و استاذيةعلم اللاهوت بمعهد برينستون اللاهوتي وقد تتلمذ على يد البروفيسور بروس ميتزجر وهو حاليا يعمل عميد لقسم الدراسات الدينية بجامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابيل هايل وهو صاحب سلسلة مؤلفات "دراسات في العهد الجديد" ................................... Excuse me !!! - Would you stop for a moment?! O...man...Haven't you thought-one day- about yourself ? Who has made it? Have you seen a design which hasn't a designer ?! Have you seen a wonderful,delicate work without a worker ?! It's you and the whole universe!.. Who has made them all ?!! You know who ?.. It's "ALLAH",prise be to him. Just think for a moment. How are you going to be after death ?! Can you believe that this exact system of the universe and all of these great creation will end in in nothing...just after death! Have you thought, for a second, How to save your soul from Allah's punishment?! Haven't you thought about what <b>...</b>
The fact the Bible(3/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان
The fact the Bible(3/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Uploaded: 02 Feb 2011
  • Author: esmailtube
D. Bart Ehrmann is the world specialized in Alllahot a specialist in the early period of the Christian faith and received master's doctorate in philosophy and theology Astavepalm Princeton Theological Institute has been schooled by Professor Bruce Metzger He is currently working for the Dean of the Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chappell Hayel , A series of books, "Studies in the New Testament" Dedicate this work to all those seeking the truth د.بارت ايرمان هو عالم متخصص في علم الللاهوت وهو متخصص في الفترة المبكرة للدين المسيحي وحصل على درجتي الدكتوراه في علم الفلسفة و استاذيةعلم اللاهوت بمعهد برينستون اللاهوتي وقد تتلمذ على يد البروفيسور بروس ميتزجر وهو حاليا يعمل عميد لقسم الدراسات الدينية بجامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابيل هايل وهو صاحب سلسلة مؤلفات "دراسات في العهد الجديد" ................................... Excuse me !!! - Would you stop for a moment?! O...man...Haven't you thought-one day- about yourself ? Who has made it? Have you seen a design which hasn't a designer ?! Have you seen a wonderful,delicate work without a worker ?! It's you and the whole universe!.. Who has made them all ?!! You know who ?.. It's "ALLAH",prise be to him. Just think for a moment. How are you going to be after death ?! Can you believe that this exact system of the universe and all of these great creation will end in in nothing...just after death! Have you thought, for a second, How to save your soul from Allah's punishment?! Haven't you thought about what <b>...</b>
The fact the Bible(4/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان
The fact the Bible(4/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:01
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Uploaded: 02 Feb 2011
  • Author: esmailtube
D. Bart Ehrmann is the world specialized in Alllahot a specialist in the early period of the Christian faith and received master's doctorate in philosophy and theology Astavepalm Princeton Theological Institute has been schooled by Professor Bruce Metzger He is currently working for the Dean of the Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chappell Hayel , A series of books, "Studies in the New Testament" Dedicate this work to all those seeking the truth د.بارت ايرمان هو عالم متخصص في علم الللاهوت وهو متخصص في الفترة المبكرة للدين المسيحي وحصل على درجتي الدكتوراه في علم الفلسفة و استاذيةعلم اللاهوت بمعهد برينستون اللاهوتي وقد تتلمذ على يد البروفيسور بروس ميتزجر وهو حاليا يعمل عميد لقسم الدراسات الدينية بجامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابيل هايل وهو صاحب سلسلة مؤلفات "دراسات في العهد الجديد" ................................... Excuse me !!! - Would you stop for a moment?! O...man...Haven't you thought-one day- about yourself ? Who has made it? Have you seen a design which hasn't a designer ?! Have you seen a wonderful,delicate work without a worker ?! It's you and the whole universe!.. Who has made them all ?!! You know who ?.. It's "ALLAH",prise be to him. Just think for a moment. How are you going to be after death ?! Can you believe that this exact system of the universe and all of these great creation will end in in nothing...just after death! Have you thought, for a second, How to save your soul from Allah's punishment?! Haven't you thought about what <b>...</b>
The fact the Bible(5/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان
The fact the Bible(5/6)Dr.Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Uploaded: 02 Feb 2011
  • Author: esmailtube
D. Bart Ehrmann is the world specialized in Alllahot a specialist in the early period of the Christian faith and received master's doctorate in philosophy and theology Astavepalm Princeton Theological Institute has been schooled by Professor Bruce Metzger He is currently working for the Dean of the Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chappell Hayel , A series of books, "Studies in the New Testament" Dedicate this work to all those seeking the truth د.بارت ايرمان هو عالم متخصص في علم الللاهوت وهو متخصص في الفترة المبكرة للدين المسيحي وحصل على درجتي الدكتوراه في علم الفلسفة و استاذيةعلم اللاهوت بمعهد برينستون اللاهوتي وقد تتلمذ على يد البروفيسور بروس ميتزجر وهو حاليا يعمل عميد لقسم الدراسات الدينية بجامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابيل هايل وهو صاحب سلسلة مؤلفات "دراسات في العهد الجديد" هذا العمل اهداء إلى كل الباحثين عن الحقيقة
Protestant Popes using Textual Criticism 2
Protestant Popes using Textual Criticism 2
  • Order:
  • Duration: 78:23
  • Published: 13 Mar 2010
  • Uploaded: 14 Feb 2011
  • Author: BereanBeacon
I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for thy lovingkindness and for thy truth: FOR THOU HAST MAGNIFIED THY WORD ABOVE THY NAME. Psalm 138:2 Please feel free to contact us about the church or this ministry. If you are looking for someone with whom to argue your particular beliefs (as opposed to what The Bible says) or engage in theological nit-picking, please find a different forum. There are plenty of web forums for those who wish to do battle with other Christians, and you will likely find plenty of other folks there who love to argue. That's just not what we do here. www.jamesknox.com Email BibleBaptistChurch@gmail.com Mailing Address The Bible Baptist Church of DeLand 872 Glenwood Road DeLand, FL 32720 USA
Book Recommendation and New book
Book Recommendation and New book
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:08
  • Published: 28 Sep 2008
  • Uploaded: 21 Aug 2010
  • Author: migkillertwo
book I am recommending: Jesus and the eye-witnesses by Ricahrd Bauckham I just finished his book on Monday, and overall it will benefit me greatly in my apologetics work here on youtube, but his case against Matthew being Levi the son of Alphaeus left me underwhelmed. His case against John the Son of Zebedee being the author of John was not totally convincing, but I will grant that it was more impressive than his argument against Matthew and Levi being the same person. Book which just arrived in the mail today: The Text of the New Testament: by Bruce Metzger and Bart Ehrman at the end I said "Cease this project", I probably should have said "postpone" this project because if something catastrophic doesn't happen in the next year, the defense of easter series WILL air on my channel.
"New Age Bible Versions" & the "King James Only" Controversy - A Refutation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 57:48
  • Published: 09 Feb 2011
  • Uploaded: 05 May 2011
  • Author: CAnswersTV
Larry Wessels, director of Christian Answers of Austin, Texas (see websites BibleQuery.org, HistoryCart.com & MuslimHope.com) interviews Christian author & apologist James White of Alpha & Omega Ministries (see website AOMin.org) about a book that King James Onlyites such as Texe Marrs of Flashpoint newsletter & "Living Truth Ministry" hold very dear. "New Age Bible Versions" by Gail Riplinger is supposedly a "scholarly" work revealing that modern Bible translations such as the New American Standard and the New International Version are "New Age" in philosophy & are therefore Satanic. Riplinger also claims that the translators of these versions as well as those who would dare to defend these versions are not just non-Christians but anti-Christians who are opposed to the work of God in this world (GA Riplinger claims these people want everyone to worship Lucifer). Conspiracy? Hardly; sensationalistic bogus sales hype by a non-scholar named Gail is the real story in this bizarre tale of Bible Translations. Those wishing more information on this issue can reference our website BIBLEQUERY ORG & once on the homepage click the "Experience" box in the middle upper left side. Once on the "Experience" page just scroll down to the newsletter section & look for the newsletter entitled, "The Unlearned Men, The True Genealogy & Genesis of King-James-Version-Onlyism." This newsletter contains an excerpt from James White's excellent booklet, "New Age Bible Versions Refuted" along with a <b>...</b>
Jordan Maxwell- The Naked Truth Refuted (3) Final Cut
Jordan Maxwell- The Naked Truth Refuted (3) Final Cut
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  • Published: 23 Oct 2010
  • Uploaded: 01 May 2011
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Intro music is Corey Red and Precise- Da Grind. Footnotes: 1) Walter Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults Cambridge Mass, (Harvard University Press. 1987),101 2) Lee Strobel, The Case for Christ, 166 3) TND Mettinger, The Riddle of the Resurrection: "Dying and Rising Gods" in the Ancient Near East, 2001. p.4 "From the 1930s...a consensus has developed to the effect that the dying and rising gods' died but did not return or rise to live again... Those who still think differently are looked upon as residual members of an almost extinct species." Ronand Nash, Gospel and the Greeks, 161-62; quoting Andre Boulanger, Orphee: Raports de l'orphisme et du christianisme (Paris, 1925), 102. "Which mystery gods actually experienced a resurrection from the dead? Certainly no early texts refer to any resurrection of Attis. Attempts to link the worship of Adonis to a resurrection are equally weak. Nor is the case for a resurrection of Osiris any stronger....And of course no claim can be made that Mithras was a dying and rising god. French scholar Andre Boulanger concluded: 'the conception that the god dies and is resurrected in order to lead his faithful to eternal life is represented in no Hellenistic mystery religion.'" Boyd/Eddy, The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition (Baker Academic, 2007),134136. "While the claim that aspects of the Christian view of Jesus parallel, even are indebted to, ancient pagan legends and myths has a long history <b>...</b>
One Book Stands Alone Four Chapters on Line www.mccowenmills.com How Modern Translations Attack The Doctrine of Salvation - www.youtube.com How The Modern Translations Attack the Deity of Jesus Christ - www.youtube.com The Roman Catholic In...
How Mod­ern Trans­la­tions At­tack The Doc­trine of Sal­va­tion
58:49
Clos­san on Bart Ehrman 1of2 Apolo­get­ics & tex­tu­al crit­i­cism
7:04
Calvin­ist Paul Wash­er Says..."Your 18 month old baby Wants to SLAUGH­TER You!!"
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Clos­san on Bart Ehrman 2of2 Apolo­get­ics & tex­tu­al crit­i­cism
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Calvin­ism: Rick War­ren's DUMB book and in­doc­tri­na­tion of HERIT­I­CAL be­liefs in a Ka­bal­ist
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Calvin­ism: Re­formed The­ol­o­gist - Paul Wash­er Calls on his god satan to full­fill Bil­bi­cal Proph­esy!
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The fact the Bible(1/6)Dr.​Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
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Calvin­ism, aka "Re­formed The­ol­o­gy" Re­fut­ed By ONE Verse. The "Church Fa­ther's" were ALL Al­chemists.
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Bible schol­ar - Dr. Bart D Ehrman
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Pa­le­og­ra­phy
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Un­der­stand­ing the Book of Rev­e­la­tion
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Protes­tant Popes using Tex­tu­al Crit­i­cism 1
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The Bible is a Re­li­able Source: New Tes­ta­ment Con­tains Er­rors? - Pt 2
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Jesus in the Book of Ro­mans: man or both man and God? Re­sponse
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remove add to playlist show more results video results for: bruce metzger
Ahmed Dee­dat on the Bible Part 1
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The fact the Bible(2/6)Dr.​Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
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The fact the Bible(3/6)Dr.​Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
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The fact the Bible(4/6)Dr.​Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
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The fact the Bible(5/6)Dr.​Bart ehrman د. بارت ايرمان "حقيقة الانجيل
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Protes­tant Popes using Tex­tu­al Crit­i­cism 2
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Book Rec­om­men­da­tion and New book
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"New Age Bible Ver­sions" & the "King James Only" Con­tro­ver­sy - A Refu­ta­tion
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Jor­dan Maxwell- The Naked Truth Re­fut­ed (3) Final Cut
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Sideboys render honors as Capt. Bruce Meneley, incoming commander of U.S. Naval Hospital and Joint Task Force (JTF) Joint Medical Group Guantanamo Bay, makes his way to the Bayview Club patio for the change of command ceremony.
photo: US Navy
Sideboys render honors as Capt. Bruce Meneley, incoming commander of U.S. Naval Hospital and Joint Task Force (JTF) Joint Medical Group Guantanamo Bay, makes his way to the Bayview Club patio for the change of command ceremony.
Commanding Officer, Naval Air Station Whidbey Island (NASWI), Captain Syd Abernethy, holds the giant scissors while, to his right, Navy Region Northwest Operations Director, Rick Metzger get ready to participate in a ribbon cutting ceremony. Sideboys render honors as Capt. Bruce Meneley, incoming commander of U.S. Naval Hospital and Joint Task Force (JTF) Joint Medical Group Guantanamo Bay, makes his way to the Bayview Club patio for the change of command ceremony. Capt. Bruce C. Meneley, center, relieves Capt. Ronald L. Sollock, left, as commander of U.S. Naval Hospital and Joint Task Force (JTF) Guantanamo Bay Joint Medical Group during a change of command ceremony at the Bayview Club.



Asbury Park Press DR. BRUCE L. METZGER, 65, of Morganville, MARLBORO, passed away Friday, June 8, at Riverview Medical Center, Red Bank. He was born and grew up in Brooklyn, N.Y. He obtained his bachelor's degree in history from Brooklyn College and received his D.D.S. from New York University Dental School. After graduating from dental school, he served as a captain in the U.S. Army and Chief...
The Independent Bruce Manning Metzger, biblical scholar: born Middletown, Pennsylvania 9 February 1914; ordained a minister of the United Presbyterian Church 1939; Teaching Fellow in New Testament Greek, Princeton Theological Seminary 1939-40, Instructor in New Testament 1940-44, Associate Professor 1948-54, Professor 1953-84, George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and...
Seattle Times Bruce Manning Metzger, a New Testament scholar and biblical translator who helped to edit several modern translations of the Bible, died Tuesday at a Princeton, N.J., hospital. He was 93. The cause was respiratory failure, his son, John, said Thursday. Starting in the mid-1970s, Mr. Metzger served as chairman of a committee of about 30 Christian and Jewish scholars who worked...
Seattle Times Bruce Manning Metzger, a New Testament scholar and biblical translator who helped to edit several modern translations of the Bible, died Tuesday at a Princeton, N.J., hospital. He was 93. The cause was respiratory failure, his son, John, said Thursday. Starting in the mid-1970s, Mr. Metzger served as chairman of a committee of about 30 Christian and Jewish scholars who worked...
The Los Angeles Times Bruce Manning Metzger, a New Testament scholar and biblical translator who helped to edit several modern translations of the Bible, died Tuesday at the University Medical Center at Princeton, N.J. He was 93. The cause was respiratory failure, his son John said Thursday. Starting in the mid-1970s, Metzger served as chairman of a committee of about 30 Christian and Jewish...
International Herald Tribune PRINCETON, New Jersey: Bruce Manning Metzger, professor emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary and an authority on Greek manuscripts of the Bible, has died. He was 93. Metzger died Tuesday of natural causes, according to The Mather-Hodge Funeral Home in Princeton. At the time of his death, he was the George L. Collord Professor...
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Bruce M. Metzger

Bruce Manning Metzger (9 February 1914 – 13 February 2007) was a professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the American Bible Society. He was a scholar of Greek, New Testament and Old Testament, and wrote prolifically on these subjects.

Biography

Metzger was born in Middletown, Pennsylvania, and earned his B.A. (1935) at Lebanon Valley College, and his Th.B. (1938) at Princeton Theological Seminary. He stayed at Princeton as a Teaching Fellow in New Testament Greek. On April 11, 1939, he was ordained in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. which after mergers is now known as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). In 1940, he earned his M.A. from Princeton University and became an Instructor in New Testament. Two years later, he earned his Ph.D. ("Studies in a Greek Gospel Lectionary (Greg. 303)"), also from Princeton.

In 1944, Metzger married Isobel Elizabeth Mackay, daughter of the third president of the Seminary, John A. Mackay. That same year, he was promoted to Assistant Professor. In 1948, he became Associate Professor, and full Professor in 1954. In 1964, Metzger was named the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and Literature. In 1971, he was elected president of both the Studiorum Novi Testimenti Societas and the International Society of Biblical Literature. The following year, he became president of the North American Patristic Society. Metzger was visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1974 and Wolfson College, Oxford in 1979. In 1978 he was elected corresponding fellow of the British Academy, the Academy's highest distinction for persons who are not residents in the United Kingdom. At the age of seventy, after teaching at Princeton Theological Seminary for a period of forty-six years, he retired as Professor Emeritus. In 1994, Bruce Metzger was honoured with the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies by the British Academy. He was awarded honorary doctorates from Lebanon Valley College, Findlay College, University of St Andrews, the University of Münster and Potchefstroom University.

Shortly after his 93rd birthday, Metzger died in Princeton, New Jersey. He was survived by his wife Isobel and their two sons, John Mackay Metzger and James Bruce Metzger.

Books and commentaries

Metzger edited and provided commentary for many Bible translations and wrote dozens of books. He was an editor of the United Bible Societies' standard Greek New Testament, the starting point for nearly all recent New Testament translations. In 1952, he became a contributor to the Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible, and was general editor of the Reader's Digest Bible (a condensed version of the RSV) in 1982. From 1977 to 1990, he chaired the Committee on Translators for the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of the Bible and was "largely responsible for ... seeing [the NRSV] through the press." He considered it a privilege to present the NRSV — which includes the books referred to as Apocrypha by Protestants, though Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider them deuterocanonical — to Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Demetrius I of Constantinople.

Metzger's commentaries often utilize historical criticism and higher criticism, which attempt to explain the literary and historical origins of the Bible and the biblical canon. For instance, Metzger argues that the early church which assembled the New Testament did not consider divine inspiration to be a sufficient criterion for a book to be placed in the canon. Metzger says that the early church, saw it as very important that a work describing Jesus' life be written by a follower of or an eyewitness to Jesus, and considered other works such as The Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistles of Clement to be inspired but not canonical. Because of such views, he was criticized by some Christian fundamentalists.

List of Books and Publications

  • "Apostolic Letters of Faith, Hope, and Love: Galatians, 1 Peter, and 1 John" (2006)
  • The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, And Restoration (1964). 2005 4th edition with Bart D. Ehrman, ISBN 0-19-516122-X
  • The New Testament: Its Background, Growth and Content (2003, James Clarke & Co., Cambridge; ISBN 9780227170250)
  • The Oxford Essential Guide to Ideas and Issues of the Bible (2002 with Michael D. Coogan)
  • The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible (2001 with Michael D. Coogan)
  • The Bible in Translation, Ancient and English Versions (2001)
  • Greek New Testament (2000 with B. Aland)
  • Breaking the Code: Understanding the Book of Revelation: Leader's Guide (1999)
  • Reminiscences of an Octogenarian (1997)
  • The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance (1997)
  • Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (1994)
  • The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1993 with Michael D. Coogan)
  • The Reader's Bible (1983)
  • Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek (1969)
  • List of Words Occuring Frequently in the Coptic New Testament (Sahidic Dialect) (1961) – note: "occuring" is misspelled in the published title
  • Introduction to the Apocrypha (1957)
  • The Oxford Concise Concordance to the Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible (with Isobel M. Metzger)
  • List of Translations

  • The NRSV Bible with the Apocrypha, Compact Edition (2003)
  • New Revised Standard Version (1989)
  • Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version (1977)
  • The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Revised Standard Version, Expanded Edition (1977 with Herbert G. May)
  • Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: The Apocrypha of the Old Testament (1977)
  • Festschriften

  • New Testament Textual Criticism: Its Significance for Exegesis: Essays in Honour of Bruce M. Metzger, ed. Eldon Jay Epp and Gordon D. Fee (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981)
  • A South African Perspective on the New Testament, Essays by South African New Testament Scholars Presented to Bruce Manning Metzger during His Visit to South Africa in 1985, ed. J.H. Petzer and P.J. Hartin (Leiden: Brill, 1986)
  • The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis, ed. Bart D. Ehrman and Michael W. Holmes, (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1989)
  • Selected Articles

  • “The Meaning of Christ’s Ascension,” Christianity Today, vol. 10, no. 17 (May 27, 1966): 3-4.
  • “Names for the Nameless in the New Testament: A Study in the Growth of Christian Tradition,” in Patrick Granfield & Josef A. Jungmann (eds.), Kyriakon: Festschrift Johannes Quasten, 2 vols. (Münster, Verlag Aschendorff, 1970) vol. 1: 79-99.
  • “Patristic Evidence and Textual Criticism of the New Testament,” New Testament Studies, vol. 18, pp. 379–400. Presidential Address, Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, delivered August 24, 1971 at Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
  • “Literary Forgeries and Canonical Pseudepigrapha,” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 91, pp. 3–24. (1972). Presidential address, Society of Biblical Literature, delivered October 29, 1971 in Atlanta, Georgia.
  • References

    External links

  • Obituary in the Trentonian
  • Obituary from Society of Biblical Literature
  • Tribute from Ben Witherington
  • Tribute from Daniel B. Wallace
  • Obituary in The Independent, (pub.22/02/07)
  • Category:Biblical scholars Category:1914 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Princeton Theological Seminary faculty Category:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni Category:American Christians Category:Lebanon Valley College alumni

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    Paul Washer

    Paul David Washer (born 1961) is Director of the HeartCry Missionary Society that supports indigenous missionary work. He is also a Southern Baptist itinerant preacher. Washer's sermons tend to have a particular focus on the Gospel and the doctrine of Assurance of salvation, and he frequently speaks out against practices such as Altar calls, the Sinner's prayer, and church growth. Washer has cited George Muller, John Piper, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Charles Spurgeon, Leonard Ravenhill, John Wesley and A.W. Tozer, among others, as influences. He has frequently appeared on Christian radio and television discussing the Gospel.

    Washer became a Christian while studying to become an oil and gas lawyer at the University of Texas. Upon graduation, he attended Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and achieved a Master of Divinity degree. He then moved to Peru to become a missionary for 10 years, after which he returned to the United States. Today, Washer resides in Radford, Virginia, where he lives with his wife and three children.

    Books written

  • The One True God
  • Truth About Man
  • References

    External links

  • Paul Washer's Missionary Organization: http://www.heartcrymissionary.com
  • Shocking Message Transcript: http://www.scribd.com/doc/789/The-Truth-About-Christianity
  • Regeneration vs. Idolatry of Decisional Evangelism: http://adidab.wordpress.com/2009/05/05/paul-washer-transcript-01-regeneration-v-the-idolatry-of-decisional-evangelism/
  • Ten indictments video & transcript: http://adidab.wordpress.com/2009/05/05/paul-washer-transcript-03-ten-indictments/
  • Truth About Man Workbook: http://www.heartcrymissionary.com/resources/online_books
  • Brief Washer Biography: http://www.hcmissions.org/about/staff/2
  • Paul Washer Bible Study Video Series Studies: http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=8872D3C0103E8568
  • Paul Washer Biography on Theopedia: http://www.theopedia.com/Paul_Washer
  • Paul Washer en Español: http://salvacioneterna.com/pwasher.html
  • Category:American clergy Category:American people of Croatian descent Category:Southern Baptists Category:Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni Category:1961 births Category:Living people

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    Bart D. Ehrman

    NameBart D. Ehrman
    Birth datec. 1955
    NationalityAmerican
    Known forNew Testament authentication, historical Jesus, lost gospels, early Christian writings, orthodox corruption of scripture.
    EducationBA (1978), MDiv (1981), PhD (1985)
    Alma materMoody Bible InstituteWheaton CollegePrinceton Theological Seminary
    EmployerThe Department of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
    SpouseSarah Beckwith
    ChildrenKelly and Derek
    Websitewww.bartdehrman.com

    Bart D. Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar, currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

    Ehrman writes about the early Christians, using the term "proto-orthodox" to describe the Christian traditions that would later be defined as orthodox. He describes first- and second-century Christians as not yet having a unified, orthodox tradition. His graduate studies, however, eventually convinced him that the Bible makes more sense when one acknowledges its contradictions than when one creates elaborate explanations to reconcile them. He remained a Christian for 15 years but later became an agnostic because of the problem of suffering, or theodicy. In his writings, Ehrman has turned around textual criticism. From the time of the Church Fathers, it was those denounced as heretics (Marcion, for example) who were charged with tampering with the biblical manuscripts. Ehrman theorizes that it was more often the orthodox that "corrupted" the manuscripts, altering the text to promote particular viewpoints.

    Ehrman became an Evangelical Christian as a teen. His desire to understand the original words of the Bible led him to the study of ancient languages and to textual criticism, to which he attributes the inspiration for an ongoing critical exploration of the basis of his own religious beliefs, which in turn gradually led to the questioning of his faith in the Bible as the inerrant, unchanging word of God. He now considers himself an agnostic. Nevertheless, Ehrman has kept ongoing dialogue with evangelicals. In March 2006, he joined theologian William Lane Craig in public debate on the question "Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus?" on the campus of the College of the Holy Cross. In April 2008, Ehrman and evangelical New Testament scholar Daniel B. Wallace participated in a public dialogue on the textual reliability of the New Testament. In January 2009, Dr. Ehrman debated Dr. James White, Director of Alpha and Omega Ministries, an Evangelical Reformed Baptist scholar on "Did the Bible Mis-Quote Jesus?"

    He has authored or contributed to more than twenty books. In 2006 and 2009 he appeared on The Colbert Report, as well as The Daily Show, to promote his books Misquoting Jesus, and Jesus, Interrupted (respectively).

    In 2007, he gave a speech at Stanford University in which he discussed the textual inconsistencies of the New Testament, and also took questions from the audience. He regularly conducts similar sessions through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Adventures in Ideas seminars. He has also made several guest appearances on National Public Radio (NPR) including the show Fresh Air in February 2008 to discuss his book God's Problem: How the Bible Fails to Answer Our Most Important Question-Why We Suffer and in March 2009 to discuss his book Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them).

    Professional awards received include the Students' Undergraduate Teaching Award, The Ruth and Philip Hettleman Prize for Artistic and Scholarly Achievement, and The Bowman and Gordon Gray Award for Excellence in Teaching.

    Works

    Ehrman has written widely on issues of New Testament and early Christianity at both an academic and popular level, with over twenty books including three New York Times bestsellers (Misquoting Jesus, God's Problem, and Jesus, Interrupted). Much of his work is on textual criticism and the New Testament. His first book was Didymus the Blind and the Text of the Gospels (1987) followed by several books published by the Oxford University Press, including The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, and a new edition and translation of The Apostolic Fathers in the Loeb Classical Library series published by Harvard University Press. In God's Problem Ehrman discusses the problem of evil and suffering, the issue which he claims lead him to become agnostic. His most recent book Jesus, Interrupted critically assesses the New Testament documents and early Christianity.

    In 1999 Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium was released as a study on the historical Jesus. Ehrman argues that the historical Jesus was an apocalyptic preacher, and that his apocalyptic beliefs are recorded in the earliest Christian documents: the Gospel of Mark and the authentic Pauline epistles. The earliest Christians believed Jesus would soon return, and their beliefs are echoed in the earliest Christian writings.

    Much of Ehrman's writing has concentrated on various aspects of Walter Bauer's thesis that Christianity was always diversified or at odds with itself. Ehrman is often considered a pioneer in connecting the history of the early church to textual variants within biblical manuscripts and in coining such terms as "Proto-orthodox Christianity." Ehrman brought this thesis, and textual criticism in general, to the lay public through his popular level work Misquoting Jesus.

    Evangelical commentators have been critical of Ehrman's thesis on textual criticism. Daniel B. Wallace, Executive Director of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, wrote, "Unfortunately, as careful a scholar as Ehrman is, his treatment of major theological changes in the text of the New Testament tends to fall under one of two criticisms: Either his textual decisions are wrong, or his interpretation is wrong." Wallace also wrote, "One almost gets the impression that he is encouraging the Chicken Littles in the Christian community to panic at data that they are simply not prepared to wrestle with." Wallace also wrote that "Most of the book (chs. 1–4) is basically a popular introduction to the field, and a very good one at that." Craig Blomberg, a conservative evangelical at Denver Seminary in Colorado, wrote that "Most of Misquoting Jesus is actually a very readable, accurate distillation of many of the most important facts about the nature and history of textual criticism, presented in a lively and interesting narrative that will keep scholarly and lay interest alike." On his blog, Ben Witherington III criticized the book's research writing "It is not sufficient to reply that Bart is writing for a popular audience and thus we would not expect much scholarly discussion even in the footnotes. Even in a work of this sort, we would expect some good up to date bibliography for those disposed to do further study, not merely copious cross-references to one’s other popular level books."

    Personal life

    Ehrman is married to Sarah Beckwith, Marcello Lotti Professor of English at Duke University, and has two children, a daughter, Kelly, and a son, Derek. He lives in Durham, North Carolina.

    Bibliography

    References

    External links

  • Ehrman's website
  • Faculty page, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  • Stanford lecture on "Misquoting Jesus"
  • Ehrman on The Colbert Report with Stephen Colbert
  • A Q&A; session with Bart
  • Interview with Bart Ehrman on "God's Problem" by ReadTheSpirit.com
  • Category:American academics Category:American agnostics Category:American religion academics Category:Biblical scholars Category:Moody Bible Institute Category:People from the Research Triangle, North Carolina Category:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni Category:Former Protestants Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:People from Lawrence, Kansas

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Rick Warren

    NameRick Warren
    Birth nameRichard Duane Warren
    Birth dateJanuary 28, 1954
    Birth placeSan Jose, California, United States
    NationalityAmerican
    OccupationPastor, Author
    ReligionSouthern Baptist, Evangelical
    SpouseKay Warren
    Websitewww.RickWarren.com

    Richard Duane "Rick" Warren (born January 28, 1954) is an American evangelical Christian minister and author. He is the founder and senior pastor of Saddleback Church, an evangelical megachurch located in Lake Forest, California, currently the eighth-largest church in the United States (this ranking includes multi-site churches). He is also a bestselling author of many Christian books, including his guide to church ministry and evangelism, The Purpose Driven Church, which has spawned a series of conferences on Christian ministry and evangelism. He is perhaps best known for the subsequent devotional, The Purpose Driven Life, which has sold over 30 million copies, making Warren a New York Times bestselling author.

    Warren holds conservative theological views and holds traditional evangelical views on social issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and stem-cell research. Warren has called on churches worldwide to also focus their efforts on fighting poverty and disease, expanding educational opportunities for the marginalized, and caring for the environment. During the 2008 United States presidential election, Warren hosted the Civil Forum on The Presidency at his church with both presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama. Obama later sparked controversy when he asked Warren to give the invocation at the presidential inauguration in January 2009.

    Biography

    Early life and education

    Warren was born in San Jose, California, the son of Jimmy and Dot Warren. His father was a Baptist minister, his mother a high school librarian. He was raised in Ukiah, California, and graduated from Ukiah High School in 1972, where he founded the first Christian club on the school's campus, The Fishers of Men Club. His sister Chaundel is married to Saddleback pastor Tom Holladay. His brother Jim C. Warren died in 2007.

    Warren received a Bachelor of Arts degree from California Baptist University in Riverside, California; a Master of Divinity degree from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (1979) in Fort Worth, Texas; and a Doctor of Ministry degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California.

    Career

    Warren says he was called to full-time ministry when he was a 19-year-old student at California Baptist University. In November 1973, he and a friend skipped classes and drove 350 miles to hear W.A. Criswell preach at the Jack Tar Hotel, in San Francisco. Warren waited afterwards to shake hands with Criswell who focused on Warren stating "I feel led to lay hands on you and pray for you!”

    In April 1980 Warren held Saddleback Church's first public service on Easter Sunday at the Laguna Hills High School Theater with 200 people in attendance. Warren's church growth methods led to rapid expansion with the church using nearly 80 different facilities in its 28-year history.

    Saddleback did not build its first permanent building until it had 10,000 weekly attenders. When the current Lake Forest campus was purchased in the early 1990s, a 2,300-seat plastic tent was used for worship services for several years, with four services each weekend. In 1995, the current Worship Center was completed with a seating capacity of 3,500. A multi-million dollar children's ministry building and a staff office building were completed over the next few years. In June 2008, a $20 million student ministry facility called the "Refinery", was completed housing the "Wildside" middle school and "HSM" high school ministries, consisting of 1,500 students. Saddleback Church averages nearly 20,000 people in attendance each week and is currently the eighth-largest church in the United States.

    Warren has been invited to speak at national and international forums including the United Nations, the World Economic Forum in Davos, the African Union, the Council on Foreign Relations, Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, TED, and Time’s Global Health Summit. He was an elected member of the Council on Foreign Relations between 2005 and 2006, and was named one of "America's Top 25 Leaders" in the October 31, 2005, issue of U.S. News and World Report. Warren was named by Time magazine as one of "15 World Leaders Who Mattered Most in 2004" and one of the "100 Most Influential People in the World" (2005). In 2006 Newsweek called him one of "15 People Who Make America Great".

    In August 2008, Warren drew greater national attention by hosting the Civil Forum on the Presidency that featured senators John McCain and Barack Obama at Saddleback Church. Warren said the goal of the forum was to “restore civility in our civil discourse.” The forum marked McCain and Obama's first joint appearance as the presumptive Republican and Democratic presidential nominees and was broadcast live on national television. During the two-hour event, each candidate took the stage separately for about an hour to respond to Warren’s questions about faith and moral issues including abortion and human rights.

    In December 2008, President-elect Obama chose Warren to give the invocation at his inauguration ceremony. The decision angered pro-choice and LGBT advocates and led to criticism of both Obama and Warren. Obama defended his choice of Warren, saying that although he disagreed with the minister's positions on abortion and same-sex marriage, there should be room for dialogue on such difficult social issues. More controversy ensued when it was announced that Warren would be the keynote speaker at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Annual Commemorative Service on January 19, 2009, the day prior to the inauguration. On Jan. 20, 2009, Warren delivered the Invocation, which was generally praised for its positive message.

    In January 2009, Warren and the Readers Digest Association partnered in the launch of the Purpose Driven Connection, a quarterly publication sold as part of a bundle of multimedia products. In November 2009, the partners announced that the magazine had not drawn enough paying members and would cease after publication of the fourth issue that month.

    Warren has been invited to speak at John Piper's Desiring God Conference 2010 in Minneapolis, MN.

    Ministries

    Warren and his wife are directors of the following non-profit organizations:
  • Acts of Mercy
  • RKW Legacy Partners
  • Equipping the Church
  • Purpose Driven

    Purpose Driven comes from the teaching of Warren, and came into use as a paradigm taught to pastors and other Christian leaders worldwide to help them be more effective in leading their churches. The teaching is embodied in Warren’s best-selling book, The Purpose Driven Church, first published in 1995. Over 400,000 pastors and church leaders from around the world have attended a seminar or conference led by Warren and other pastors who seek to be more effective in fulfilling the Biblical Great Commission and Great Commandment. Purpose Driven refers to these pastors' attempts to balance the five "purposes"; worship, fellowship, discipleship, ministry, and evangelism in their churches.

    Christian leaders in 162 countries have used materials which stem from this movement. Warren says his organizations have trained 400,000 pastors worldwide. Some 189,000 church leaders subscribe to Ministry Toolbox, the weekly newsletter.

    Others express concern over what is described as the divisive nature of Warren's techniques. Wall Street Journal writer Suzanne Sataline cited examples of congregations who have split over the growth strategies and congregations that have expelled members who fought changes. She wrote, "Warren acknowledges that splits occur in congregations that adopt his ideas, though he says he opposes efforts to expel church members."

    Political and social views

    , with Laura Bush at his side, with the International Medal of Peace at the Saddleback Civil Forum on Global Health in Washington, D.C.]]

    Warren has worked to shift the evangelical movement away from an exclusive focus on traditional evangelical social issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage (regarding the latter, he called divorce a greater threat to the American family), to broader social action. Warren's five-point plan for global action, the P.E.A.C.E. Plan , calls for church-led efforts to tackle global poverty and disease, including the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to support literacy and education efforts around the world. In February 2006, he signed a controversial statement backing a major initiative to combat global warming, thus breaking with other conservative, high-profile evangelical leaders, who had opposed such a move. This decision by Warren remains one of his most controversial and criticized moves.

    Warren's softer tone on political issues once central to U.S. evangelicals and his concern for issues more commonly associated with the political left have resulted in the characterization of Warren as one of a "new breed of evangelical leaders." But it has also been misunderstood by the media, according to Warren, as indicating a shift in position on traditional evangelical issues.

    In a conversation with atheist author Sam Harris in Newsweek magazine, Warren spoke out against evolution and in favor of creationism. He also said that brutal dictators such as Mao, Stalin, and Pol Pot were all atheists, when questioned on whether religion is beneficial to society. In 2005, during the Terri Schiavo controversy, Warren stated that withholding feeding to Schiavo, a woman in a persistent vegetative state, was "not a right to die issue". He then called Michael Schiavo's decision to remove her feeding tube, "an atrocity worthy of Nazism", and while speculating about Michael Schiavo's motives, put forward the idea that Schiavo wanted Terri to die because, if she regained consciousness, she might have "something to say that he didn‘t want said."

    Two weeks before the 2008 U.S. general election, Warren issued a statement to his congregation endorsing California Proposition 8, which would amend the California Constitution to say "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California," thereby eliminating the right of same-sex couples to marry. Warren's position was consistent with the official position of his church's denomination, the Southern Baptist Convention, and reflected his belief that this definition of marriage "has been supported by every single culture, and every single religion for 5,000 years." Warren stated that the measure was necessary because the Supreme Court of California "threw out the will of the people" in May 2008 when it found, in the In Re Marriage Cases decision, that the previous statutory ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.

    In an interview with Beliefnet in early December, Warren again sparked controversy by appearing to equate same-sex marriages to marriages of siblings, multiple partners, and adults and minors. He later released a video message saying that he does not equate gay relationships with incest or pedophilia, and that, as he had stated during the Beliefnet interview, he opposes the redefinition of marriage.

    Bibliography

  • The Purpose Driven Church (ISBN 0-310-20106-3)
  • The Purpose Driven Life (ISBN 0-310-20571-9)
  • Answers to Life's Difficult Questions (ISBN 0-9660895-2-9)
  • The Power to Change Your Life (ISBN 0-9660895-1-0)
  • What on Earth Am I Here For? Booklet (ISBN 0-310-26483-9)
  • Personal Bible Study Methods (ISBN 0-9660895-0-2)
  • The Purpose of Christmas (ISBN 978-1416559009)

    See also

  • Celebrate Recovery
  • References

    External links

  • Rick Warren's website
  • Saddleback Church website
  • Rick Warren's ministry podcast
  • Purpose Driven Connection
  • Interview about Rick Warren with Biographer Jeffrey Sheler on ReadTheSpirit.com
  • Category:American evangelicals Category:Baptist writers Category:Christian creationists Category:Christian religious leaders Category:Fuller Theological Seminary alumni Category:People from San Jose, California Category:People from Mendocino County, California Category:Southern Baptist ministers Category:1954 births Category:Living people

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Jesus

    NameJesus of Nazareth
    AltHalf-length portrait of younger man with shoulder-length hair and beard, with right hand raised over what appears to be a red flame. The upper background is gold. Around his head is a golden halo containing an equal-armed cross with three arms visible; the arms are decorated with ovals and squares.
    Caption20th-century stained glass work of Jesus at St. John the Baptist's Church in Ashfield, Australia.
    LanguageAramaic (perhaps some Hebrew, Koine Greek)
    Birth datec. 5 BC/BCE
    Birth placeBethlehem, Judea, Roman Empire (traditional); Nazareth, Galilee (modern critical scholarship)
    Death placeCalvary, Judea, Roman Empire (according to the New Testament, he rose on the third day after his death.)
    Death datec. 30 AD/CE (aged 33-35)
    Death causeCrucifixion
    Resting placeTraditionally and temporarily, a garden tomb in Jerusalem
    EthnicityJewish
    NationalityIsraelite
    Home townNazareth, Galilee, Roman Empire
    ParentsFather: (Christian view) God through virginal conception;(Islamic view) virginal conception;

    Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus, is the central figure of Christianity. Most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated and believe that he rose from the dead after being crucified.

    The principal sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels. Most critical scholars believe that other parts of the New Testament are also useful for reconstructing Jesus' life; some scholars believe apocryphal texts such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel according to the Hebrews are also relevant.

    Most critical historians agree that Jesus was a Jew who was regarded as a teacher and healer, that he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire. Critical Biblical scholars and historians have offered competing descriptions of Jesus as a self-described Messiah, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer, and as the founder of an independent religious movement. Most contemporary scholars of the Historical Jesus consider him to have been an independent, charismatic founder of a Jewish restoration movement, anticipating an imminent apocalypse.

    Christians traditionally believe that Jesus was born of a virgin, arguing that he fulfilled many Messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, one of three divine persons of a Trinity. A few Christian groups, however, reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, believing it to be non-scriptural.

    Judaism rejects assertions that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh. In Islam, Jesus (, commonly transliterated as ) is considered one of God's important prophets, a bringer of scripture, and the product of a virgin birth; but did not experience a crucifixion. Islam and the Baha'i Faith use the title "Messiah" for Jesus, but do not teach that he was God incarnate.

    Etymology

    "Jesus" () is a transliteration, occurring in a number of languages and based on the Latin Iesus, of the Greek (), itself a Hellenisation of the Hebrew (Yĕhōšuă‘, Joshua) or Hebrew-Aramaic (Yēšûă‘), meaning "Yahweh delivers (or rescues)". "Christ" () is a title derived from the Greek (), meaning the "Anointed One", a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Messiah).

    A "Messiah," in this context, is a king anointed at God's direction or with God's approval, and Christians identify Jesus as the one foretold by Hebrew prophets.

    Chronology

    , 1640]]

    Possible year of birth

    There is no contemporary historical evidence demonstrating the date of Jesus' birth. The common Gregorian calendar method for numbering years, in which the current year is , is based on an early medieval attempt to count the years from a point of reference — namely, Jesus' birth — which Dionysius Exiguus placed, either mistakenly or intentionally, sometime between 2 BC/BCE and 1 AD/CE. The Gospel of Matthew states Jesus' birth occurred during the reign of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BC/BCE, but also with the intimation that Jesus may have been as much as two years old when Herod ordered the Massacre of the Innocents, and therefore that he may have been even older at the time of Herod's death. The Gospel of Luke similarly points to Jesus' birth as having occurred during the reign of Herod the Great (i.e., sometime between 37 and 4 BC/BCE), but the author of Luke also describes the birth as taking place during the first census of the Roman provinces of Syria and Iudaea, which is generally believed to have occurred in 6 AD/CE. Most scholars generally assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC/BCE. Other scholars assume that Jesus was born sometime between 7—2 BC/BCE and died sometime between 26—36 AD/CE. Additional evidence uncovered in 1923 by archeologists digging in the ruins of a Roman Temple near Ankara, Turkey points to 8 BC based on descriptions of three empire-wide censuses, one of which occurred in 8 BC.

    Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday observed mostly on December 25 to commemorate the birth of Jesus. The earliest evidence of celebration of Jesus' birth comes from Clement of Alexandria, who describes Egyptian Christians as celebrating it on May 20, although other early sources have Christians celebrating the event in March, April, or January. According to Epiphaneus, Christians in the East had largely settled on January 6 by the 4th century. The wide-spread affiliation of Christmas with the Roman festival of Sol Invictus is disputable: there is no evidence that the feast of Sol Invictus was affixed by Aurelian to December 25. The celebration of Sol Invictus feast on December 25 is not mentioned until the calendar of 354 and, subsequently, in 362 by Julian the Apostate in his Oration to King Helios. However, there is no month of the year to which respectable authorities have not assigned Jesus' birth.

    Ministry

    Jesus' ministry, which according to the Gospel of Luke began when Jesus was "about 30 years of age", followed that of John the Baptist, whose ministry is said to have begun "in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar", which would be about 28 or 29 AD/CE. According to the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus' ministry lasted approximately one year, whereas the Gospel of John implies that his ministry may have lasted approximately three years. Thus, the earliest generally accepted date for the crucifixion is 29 AD/CE (i.e., the 15th year of Tiberius' reign plus one year for Jesus' ministry), and the latest is 36 AD/CE (i.e., the final year of Pontius Pilate's prefecture).

    Possible year of death

    All four canonical Gospels report that Jesus was crucified during the prefecture of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect who governed Judaea from 26 to 36 AD/CE. The late 1st century Jewish historian Josephus, writing in The Antiquities of the Jews (c. 93 AD/CE), and the early 2nd century Roman historian Tacitus, writing in The Annals (c. 116 AD/CE), also state that Pilate ordered the execution of Jesus, though each writer incorrectly gives him the title of "procurator" instead of prefect.

    Most Christians commemorate the crucifixion on Good Friday and celebrate the resurrection on Easter Sunday.

    Life and teachings as told in the Gospels

    The four canonical gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, are the main sources for the biography of Jesus' life; nevertheless, these Gospels were written with the intention of glorifying Jesus and are not strictly biographical in nature. For example, the Gospels primarily characterize Jesus as the Messiah: he performs miracles and is often described as having a very close relationship to the Jewish God — the phrase "Son of God" is attributed to Jesus at least once in each Gospel. The Gospels (especially Matthew) present Jesus' birth, life, death and resurrection as fulfillment of prophecies found in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., the virgin birth, the flight into Egypt, Immanuel from , and the suffering servant). However, critical scholars find historical information about Jesus' life and ministry in the synoptic gospels, while interpreting the miraculous and theological content in light of what is known of Jewish beliefs at the time.

    Similarities and differences among the Gospels

    Three of the four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are known as the synoptic Gospels because they display a high degree of similarity in content, narrative arrangement, language, and sentence and paragraph structures. These Gospels are also considered to share the same point of view. The fourth canonical Gospel, John, differs greatly from these three, as do the Apocryphal gospels.

    According to the two-source hypothesis, Mark was a source for Matthew and Luke, both of whom also independently used a now lost sayings source called the Q Gospel. Mark defined the sequence of events from Jesus' baptism to the empty tomb and included parables of the Kingdom of God.

    Character of Jesus

    Each gospel portrays Jesus' life and its meaning with different emphasis. The gospel of John is not a biography of Jesus but a theological presentation of him as the divine Logos. One modern scholar writes that to combine these four stories into one story is tantamount to creating a fifth story, one different from each original. The author describes the Logos in relation to God and the created order, declares that he "became flesh", and identifies him as Jesus Christ. According to the Fourth Gospel, Jesus Christ is God active in creation, in revelation (Light), and in redemption (Life). Jesus' earthly life was the Logos incarnate. The accounts in the two gospels are substantially different. Several explanations have been suggested (see Genealogy of Jesus). The earliest recorded explanation is in the 3rd century by Africanus, who argued that the discrepancy arose from a levirate marriage in Jesus' ancentry. Such a marriage could have resulted in one ancestor having two "fathers", one legal and the other physical, and so making two branches in the genealogy. However, it has been traditional to assume that Luke's genealogy traces through Mary and Matthew's through Joseph since at least 1490.

    Some contemporary scholars generally view the genealogies as theological constructs. More specifically, some have suggested that the author of Matthew wants to underscore the birth of a Messianic child of royal lineage. (Solomon is included in the list); whereas, in this interpretation, Luke's genealogy is priestly (e.g., it mentions Levi). Mary is mentioned in passing in the genealogy given by Matthew, but not in Luke's, while Matthew gives Jacob as Joseph's father and Luke says Joseph was the son of Heli. Both accounts, when read at face value, trace Jesus' line though his human father Joseph back to King David and from there to Abraham. These lists are identical between Abraham and David (except for one), but they differ almost completely between David and Joseph (having only Zerubbabel and Shealtiel in common).

    Joseph, husband of Mary, appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood. No mention, however, is made of Joseph during the ministry of Jesus. The New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, and Galatians tell of Jesus' relatives, including words sometimes translated as "brothers" and "sisters". Luke also mentions that Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, was a "cousin" or "relative" of Mary, which would make John a distant cousin of Jesus.

    Nativity and early life

    , 17th century]] While there are documents outside of the New Testament which are more or less contemporary with the Historical Jesus, many shed no light on the more biographical aspects of his life. The main sources of Jesus himself that are available to modern scholars are the gospels.

    Of the four Gospels, the Nativity (birth) is mentioned only in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. According to these accounts, Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary, his betrothed, in Bethlehem. Both support the doctrine of the Virgin Birth in which Jesus was miraculously conceived in his mother's womb by the Holy Spirit, when his mother was still a virgin.

    In Luke, the angel Gabriel visits Mary to tell her that she was chosen to bear the Son of God. An order of Caesar Augustus had forced Mary and Joseph to leave their homes in Nazareth and travel to Bethlehem, the home of Joseph's ancestors, the house of David, for the Census of Quirinius. After Jesus' birth, the couple was forced to use a manger in place of a crib because of a shortage of accommodation. An angel announced Jesus' birth to shepherds who left their flocks to see the newborn child and who subsequently publicized what they had witnessed throughout the area (see The First Noël).

    In Matthew, the "Wise Men" or "Magi" bring gifts to the young Jesus after following a star which they believe was a sign that the King of the Jews had been born. King Herod hears of Jesus' birth from the Wise Men and tries to kill him by massacring all the male children in Bethlehem under the age of two (the "massacre of the innocents"). The family flees to Egypt and remains there until Herod's death, whereupon they settle in Nazareth to avoid living under the authority of Herod's son and successor Archelaus.

    Jesus' childhood home is identified as the town of Nazareth in Galilee. Except for Matthew's "flight into Egypt", and a short trip to Tyre and Sidon (in what is now Lebanon), the Gospels place all other events in Jesus' life in ancient Israel. However, infancy gospels began to appear around the beginning of the 2nd century.

    In Mark, Jesus is called a tekton, usually understood to mean carpenter. Matthew says he was the son of a tekton.

    Baptism and temptation

    by Francesco Trevisani]] , 1854]] All the gospels report that he had become known as a religious teacher by the time he had reached his 30's. Luke says Jesus was "about thirty years of age" when he was baptized. All three synoptic Gospels describe the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, an event which Biblical scholars describe as the beginning of Jesus' public ministry. According to these accounts, Jesus came to the Jordan River where John the Baptist had been preaching and baptizing people in the crowd. After Jesus was baptized and rose from the water, Mark states Jesus "saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit descending on him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven, 'You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased.'"

    Mark starts his narration with Jesus' baptism, specifying that it is a token of repentance and for forgiveness of sins. Matthew describes John as initially hesitant to comply with Jesus' request for John to baptize him, stating that it was Jesus who should baptize him. Jesus persisted, "It is proper for us to do this to fulfill all righteousness". In Matthew, God's public dedication informs the reader that Jesus has become God's anointed ("Christ").

    The Gospel of John does not describe Jesus' baptism, or the subsequent Temptation, but it does attest that Jesus is the very one about whom John the Baptist had been preaching—the Son of God. The Baptist twice declares Jesus to be the "Lamb of God", a term found nowhere else in the Gospels. John also emphasizes Jesus' superiority over John the Baptist. In the synoptics, Jesus speaks in parables and aphorisms, exorcises demons, champions the poor and oppressed, and teaches mainly about the Kingdom of God. In John, Jesus speaks in long discourses, with himself as the theme of his teaching. The Synoptic Gospels suggest a span of only one year. In the synoptics, Jesus' ministry takes place mainly in Galilee, until he travels to Jerusalem, where he cleanses the Temple and is executed. In John, his ministry in and around Jerusalem is more prominently described, cleansing the temple at his ministry's beginning.

    In Mark, the disciples are strangely obtuse, failing to understand Jesus' deeds and parables. In Matthew, Jesus directs the apostles' mission only to those of the house of Israel, Luke places a special emphasis on the women who followed Jesus, such as Mary Magdalene.

    Teachings and preachings

    ,illustration by Carl Heinrich Bloch, 19th c.]] In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus speaks primarily about the Kingdom of God.

    Some of Jesus' most famous teachings come from the Sermon on the Mount, which contains the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer. It is one of five collections of teachings in Matthew. During his sermons, he preached about service and humility, the forgiveness of sin, faith, turning the other cheek, love for one's enemies as well as friends, and the need to follow the spirit of the law in addition to the letter.

    In the Synoptics, Jesus relays an apocalyptic vision of the end of days. He preaches that the end of the current world will come unexpectedly, and that he will return to judge the world, especially according to how they treated the vulnerable. He calls on his followers to be ever alert and faithful. In Mark, the Kingdom of God is a divine government that will appear by force within the lifetimes of his followers. The Transfiguration is a turning point in Jesus ministry.

    In Mark, Jesus' identity as the Messiah is obscured (see Messianic secret). Mark states that "this generation" will be given no sign, while Matthew and Luke say they will be given no sign but the sign of Jonah. In John, and not in the synoptics, Jesus is outspoken about his divine identity and mission. Here Jesus uses the phrase "I am" in talking of himself in ways that designate God in the Hebrew Bible, a statement taken by some writers as claiming identity with God.

    Arrest, trial, and death

    , 1626.]]

    In Jerusalem

    According to the Synoptics, Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival where a large crowd came to meet him, shouting, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Blessed is the King of Israel!" Following his triumphal entry, Jesus created a disturbance at Herod's Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers who set up shop there, and claiming that they had made the Temple a "den of robbers". Later that week, Jesus celebrated the Passover meal with his disciples — an event subsequently known as the Last Supper — in which he prophesied that he would be betrayed by one of his disciples, and would then be executed. In this ritual he took bread and wine in hand, saying: "this is my body which is given for you" and "this cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood", and instructed them to "do this in remembrance of me." Following the supper, Jesus and his disciples went to pray in the Garden of Gethsemane.

    In Mark and Matthew, Jesus is anguished in the face of his fate. He prays and accepts God's will, but his chosen disciples repeatedly fall asleep on the watch.

    In John, Jesus has already cleansed the temple a few years before and has been preaching in Jerusalem. He raises Lazarus on the Sabbath, the act that finally gets Jewish leaders to plan his death.

    (Behold the Man!) Pontius Pilate presents a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to onlookers. Illustration by Antonio Ciseri, 19th c.]]

    Betrayal and arrest

    While in the Garden, Jesus is arrested by temple guards on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the high priest, Caiaphas. The arrest takes place clandestinely at night to avoid a riot, as Jesus is popular with the people at large. Judas Iscariot, one of his apostles, betrays Jesus by identifying him to the guards with a kiss. Simon Peter, another one of Jesus' apostles, uses a sword to attack one of Jesus' captors, cutting off his ear, which, according to Luke, Jesus immediately heals miraculously. Jesus rebukes the apostle, stating "all they that take the sword shall perish by the sword". After his arrest, Jesus' apostles go into hiding; Judas, distraught by his betrayal of Jesus, commits suicide shortly after.

    Trials before the Sanhedrin and Pilate

    , painting by D. Velázquez, 17th c.]] Jesus affirms that he is the Messiah before the Sanhedrin,. The Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate for execution, but Pilate is reluctant to execute Jesus. He asks God to forgive those who are crucifying him, possibly the Romans and possibly the Jews.

    Resurrection and ascension

    , illustration by Matthias Grünewald, 16th c.]] The Gospels state that Jesus rose from the dead on Sunday. All the Gospels portray Jesus' empty tomb. In Matthew, an angel appears near the tomb of Jesus and announces his resurrection to Mary Magdalene and "another Mary" who had arrived to anoint the body. Jewish elders bribe the soldiers who had guarded the tomb to spread the rumor that Jesus' disciples took his body. In Luke, there are two angels and in Mark the angel appears as a youth dressed in white. The "longer ending" to Mark, which is known as the Markan Appendix and which did not form part of the original manuscripts, states that on the morning of his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene. John states that when Mary looked into the tomb, two angels asked her why she was crying; and as she turned round she initially failed to recognize Jesus until he spoke her name.

    The Gospels all record appearances by Jesus, including an appearance to the eleven apostles. In Mark, Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene, to two disciples in the country, and to the eleven, at which point Jesus commissions them to announce the gospel, baptize, and work miracles.

    In Mark and Luke, Jesus ascends to the heavens; after these appearances. In Luke, Jesus ascends on Easter Sunday evening when he is with his disciples. The name "Jesus" comes from an alternate spelling of the Latin (Iēsus) which in turn comes from the Greek name Iesous (). In the Septuagint, is used as the Greek version of the Hebrew name Yehoshua (, "God delivers" from YehoYahweh [is] shua` — deliverance/rescue) in the Biblical book of the same name, usually Romanized as Joshua. Some scholars believe that one of these was likely the name that Jesus was known by during his lifetime by his peers. Thus, the name has been translated into English as "Joshua".

    Christ (which started as a title, and has often been used as a name for Jesus) is an Anglicization of the Greek term χριστός, christos. In the Septuagint, this term is used as the translation of the , "Anointed One" in reference to priests, and kings and King Cyrus. In Isaiah and Jeremiah the word began to be applied to a future ideal king. The New Testament has some 500 uses of the word χριστός applied to Jesus, used either generically or in an absolute sense, namely as the Anointed One (the Messiah, the Christ). The Gospel of Mark has as its central point of its narrative Peter's confession of Jesus as the Messiah.

    indicates that the strong belief that Jesus was the Messiah predates the letters of Paul the Apostle. These letters also show that the Messiah title was already beginning to be used as a name.

    Some have suggested that other titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament had meanings in the 1st century quite different from those meanings ascribed today. Géza Vermes has argued that "Son of man" was not a title but rather the polite way in which people referred to themselves, i.e. a pronominal phrase. However, a number of New Testament scholars argue that Jesus himself made no claims to being God. Most Christians identified Jesus as divine from a very early period, although holding a variety of views as to what exactly this implied.

    Other names and titles

    "Son of David" is found elsewhere in Jewish tradition to refer to the heir to the throne. Over the past two hundred years, these scholars have constructed a Jesus different in ways from the image found in the gospels. Scholars of the "historical Jesus" distinguish their concept from the "Jesus Christ" of Christianity. Other scholars, however, hold that the figure presented in the gospels is the real Jesus and that his life and influence only make sense if the gospel stories are accurate.

    The principal sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four gospels. Scholars conclude the authors of the gospels wrote a few decades after Jesus' crucifixion (between 60-100AD), in some cases using sources (the author of Luke-Acts references this explicitly). A great majority of biblical scholars accept the historical existence of Jesus.

    The English title of Albert Schweitzer's 1906 book, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, is a label for the post-Enlightenment effort to describe Jesus using critical historical methods. Since the end of the 18th century, scholars have examined the gospels and tried to formulate historical biographies of Jesus. The historical outlook on Jesus relies on critical analysis of the Bible, especially the gospels. Many Biblical scholars have sought to reconstruct Jesus' life in terms of the political, cultural, and religious crises and movements in late 2nd Temple Judaism and in Roman-occupied Palestine, including differences between Galilee and Judea, and between different sects such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes and Zealots, and in terms of conflicts among Jews in the context of Roman occupation.

    Descriptions

    Historians of Christianity generally describe Jesus as a healer who preached the restoration of God's kingdom and agree he was baptized by John the Baptist and crucified by the Romans.

    Baptism by John the Baptist

    John the Baptist led a large apocalyptic movement. He demanded repentance and baptism. Jesus was baptized and later began his ministry. After John was executed, some of his followers apparently took Jesus as their new leader. Historians are nearly unanimous in accepting Jesus' baptism as a historical event.

    Arrival of the Kingdom – Jesus taught about the Kingdom of God. He said that the age of the Kingdom had in some sense arrived, starting with the activity of John the Baptist. Scholars commonly surmise that Jesus' eschatology was apocalyptic, like John's.

    Parables – Jesus taught in pithy parables and with striking images. His teaching was marked by hyperbole and unusual twists of phrase. that have great effects. Significantly, he never described the Kingdom in military terms. Associated with this main theme, Jesus taught that one should rely on prayer and expect prayer to be effective.

    The Gospels report that Jesus foretold his own Passion, but the actions of the disciples suggest that it came as a surprise to them.

    Jewish religious movements in Jesus' day

    Scholars refer to the religious background of the early 1st century to better reconstruct Jesus' life. Some scholars identify him with one or another group.

    Pharisees were a powerful force in 1st-century Judea. Early Christians shared several beliefs of the Pharisees, such as resurrection, retribution in the next world, angels, human freedom, and Divine Providence. After the fall of the Temple, the Pharisee outlook was established in Rabbinic Judaism. Some scholars speculate that Jesus was himself a Pharisee. In Jesus' day, the two main schools of thought among the Pharisees were the House of Hillel, which had been founded by the eminent Tanna, Hillel the Elder, and the House of Shammai. Jesus' assertion of hypocrisy may have been directed against the stricter members of the House of Shammai, although he also agreed with their teachings on divorce. Jesus also commented on the House of Hillel's teachings (Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 31a) concerning the greatest commandment and the Golden Rule. Historians do not know whether there were Pharisees in Galilee during Jesus' life, or what they would have been like.

    Essenes were apocalyptic ascetics, one of the three (or four) major Jewish schools of the time, though they were not mentioned in the New Testament. Some scholars theorize that Jesus was an Essene, or close to them. Among these scholars is Pope Benedict XVI, who supposes in his book on Jesus that "it appears that not only John the Baptist, but possibly Jesus and his family as well, were close to the Qumran community."

    Zealots were a revolutionary party opposed to Roman rule, one of those parties that, according to Josephus inspired the fanatical stand in Jerusalem that led to its destruction in the year 70 AD/CE. Luke identifies Simon, a disciple, as a "zealot", which might mean a member of the Zealot party (which would therefore have been already in existence in the lifetime of Jesus) or a zealous person.

    Higher criticism and Christian scripture

    Contemporary historians of Christianity use the historical-critical method (or higher criticism) to examine scripture for clues about the historical Jesus. They sort out sayings and events that are more likely to be genuine and use those to construct their portraits of Jesus. They use standard historical methods to discern who wrote each book, where and when they were written, what sources the authors used, what the authors' agendas were.

    Biblical scholars hold that the works describing Jesus were initially communicated by oral tradition, and were not committed to writing until several decades after Jesus' crucifixion. After the original oral stories were written down in Greek, they were transcribed, and later translated into other languages. The books of the New Testament had mostly been written by 100 AD/CE, making them, at least the synoptic gospels, historically relevant. The Gospel tradition certainly preserves several fragments of Jesus' teaching. The Gospel of Mark is believed to have been written c. 70 AD/CE. Matthew is placed at being sometime after this date and Luke is thought to have been written between 70 and 100 AD/CE. According to the majority viewpoint, the gospels were written not by the evangelists identified by tradition but by non-eyewitnesses who worked with second-hand sources and who modified their accounts to suit their religious agendas. Sayings attributed to Jesus are deemed more likely to reflect his character when they are distinctive, vivid, paradoxical, surprising, and contrary to social and religious expectations, such as "Blessed are the poor". Short, memorable parables and aphorisms capable of being transmitted orally are also thought more likely to be authentic.

    A minority of prominent scholars, such as J. A. T. Robinson, have maintained that the writers of the gospels of Matthew, Mark and John were either apostles and eyewitness to Jesus' ministry and death, or were close to those who had been. a few scholars have questioned the existence of Jesus as an actual historical figure. Among the proponents of non-historicity was Bruno Bauer in the 19th century. Non-historicity was somewhat influential in biblical studies during the early 20th century. The views of scholars who entirely rejected Jesus' historicity then were based on a suggested lack of eyewitnesses, a lack of direct archaeological evidence, the failure of certain ancient works to mention Jesus, and similarities early Christianity shared with then-contemporary religion and mythology.

    More recently, arguments for non-historicity have been discussed by authors such as George Albert Wells and Robert M. Price, Earl Doherty, Timothy Freke, and Peter Gandy.

    Classicist Michael Grant stated that standard historical criteria prevent one from rejecting the existence of a historical Jesus. Professor of Divinity James Dunn describes the mythical Jesus theory as a 'thoroughly dead thesis'.

    Religious perspectives

    By and large, the Jews of Jesus' day rejected his claim to be the Messiah, as do Jews today. For their part, Christian Church Fathers, Ecumenical Councils, Reformers, and others have written extensively about Jesus over the centuries. Christian sects and schisms have often been defined or characterized by competing descriptions of Jesus. Meanwhile, Gnostics, Mandaeans, Manichaeans, Muslims, Baha'is, and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their own religious accounts.

    Christian views

    Though Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to describe a general majority Christian view by examining the similarities between specific Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and many Protestant doctrines found in their catechetical or confessional texts. Almost all Christian groups regard Jesus as the "Savior and Redeemer", as the Messiah (Greek: Christos; English: Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament, who, through his life, death, and resurrection, restored humanity's communion with God in the blood of the New Covenant. His death on a cross is understood as the redemptive sacrifice: the source of humanity's salvation and the atonement for sin, which had entered human history through the sin of Adam. Christians profess that Jesus suffered death by crucifixion, and rose bodily from the dead in the definitive miracle that foreshadows the resurrection of humanity at the end of time, when Christ will come again to judge the living and the dead, resulting in either entrance into heaven or damnation.

    Christians profess Jesus to be the only Son of God, the Lord, and the eternal Word (which is a translation of the Greek Logos), who became man in the incarnation, so that those who believe in him might have eternal life. They further hold that he was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit in an event described as the miraculous virgin birth or incarnation.

    A nearly universal belief within Christianity is that the Godhead is triune ("Trinity"). As the ancient Athanasian Creed is worded, the Trinity is "one God" and "three persons... and yet they are not three Gods, but one God." The doctrine of the Trinity has been rejected by many non-Christians throughout its history. They teach that Jesus is a separate and distinct being from God the Father and the Holy Spirit, and that Biblical references to the Father and the Son being one do not indicate a unity of being. While most of these groups refer to themselves as Christian, they are not generally accepted by Mainline Protestants and more conservative denominations because of the extra-biblical and unorthodox teachings of these groups. Some religious groups that do not accept the doctrine of the Trinity include The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Unitarianism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Oneness Pentecostals, Sabbatarian Churches of God and the Christadelphians. (See also Nontrinitarianism)

    Benedict XVI, in his book, Jesus of Nazareth, readily and gratefully acknowledges that, thanks to historical-critical scholarship, we know much more, today, about the different literary genres of the Bible; about the ways in which a Gospel writer's intent affected his portrait of Jesus; about the theological struggles within early Christianity that shaped a particular Christian community's memory of its Lord. The difficulty, according to Benedict XVI, is that, "amidst all the knowledge gained in the biblical dissecting room, the Jesus of the Gospels has tended to disappear, to be replaced by a given scholar's reconstruction from the bits and pieces left on the dissecting room floor." And that makes what Benedict calls "intimate friendship with Jesus" much more difficult, not just for scholars, but for everyone.

    Jewish views

    Judaism, including Orthodox Judaism, Hareidi Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Conservative Judaism, holds the view Jesus is not the Messiah, arguing that he had not fulfilled the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah. According to Jewish tradition, there were no more prophets after Malachi, who lived centuries before Jesus and delivered his prophesies about 420 BC/BCE. Judaism states that Jesus did not fulfill the requirements set by the Torah to prove that he was a prophet. Even if Jesus had produced such a sign that Judaism recognized, Judaism states that no prophet or dreamer can contradict the laws already stated in the Torah, which Jesus did.

    The Babylonian Talmud and Toledot Yeshu include stories of Yeshu . This name is etymologically unconnected to the Hebrew or Aramaic words for Joshua, and many religious Jews read it as the acronym for Yimakh sh'mo u'shem zikhro (meaning "be his name and memory erased"), an expression used to describe deceased enemies. Historians agree that these narratives do not refer to a historical Jesus. Historians disagree as to whether these stories represent a Jewish comment on and reaction against the Christian Jesus, or refer to someone unconnected to Jesus.

    The Mishneh Torah (an authoritative work of Jewish law) states in Hilkhot Melakhim 11:10–12 that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God". Because, is there a greater stumbling-block than this one? So that all of the prophets spoke that the Messiah redeems Israel, and saves them, and gathers their banished ones, and strengthens their commandments. And this one caused (nations) to destroy Israel by sword, and to scatter their remnant, and to humiliate them, and to exchange the Torah, and to make the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God. However, the thoughts of the Creator of the world — there is no force in a human to attain them because our ways are not God's ways, and our thoughts not God's thoughts. And all these things of Jesus the Nazarene, and of (Muhammad) the Ishmaelite who stood after him — there is no (purpose) but to straighten out the way for the King Messiah, and to restore all the world to serve God together. So that it is said, "Because then I will turn toward the nations (giving them) a clear lip, to call all of them in the name of God and to serve God (shoulder to shoulder as) one shoulder." Look how all the world already becomes full of the things of the Messiah, and the things of the Torah, and the things of the commandments! And these things spread among the far islands and among the many nations uncircumcised of heart.}}

    According to Conservative Judaism, Jews who believe Jesus is the Messiah have "crossed the line out of the Jewish community". Reform Judaism, the modern progressive movement, states "For us in the Jewish community anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and is an apostate".

    According to Geza Vermes, the historical Jesus was a Jew in good standing. Modern Jews, he says, would find the historical Jesus an appealing figure, one quite different from the Christ of the Gospels.

    Islamic views

    Mainstream Islam considers Jesus an ordinary man who, like other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message. Jesus is seen in Islam as a precursor to Muhammad, and is believed by Muslims to have foretold the latter's coming. According to the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be God's final revelation, Jesus was born to Mary (Arabic: Maryam) as the result of virginal conception, and was given the ability to perform miracles. However, Islam rejects historians assertions that Jesus was crucified by the Romans, instead claiming that he had been raised alive up to heaven. Islamic traditions narrate that he will return to earth near the day of judgement to restore justice and defeat al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl (lit. "the false Messiah", also known as the Antichrist) and the enemies of Islam. As a just ruler, Jesus will then die.

    Ahmadiyya views

    The Ahmadiyya Movement considers Jesus a mortal man who died a natural death. According to the early 20th century writings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement) , Jesus survived his ordeal on the cross, and after his apparent death and resurrection, he fled Palestine and migrated eastwards to further teach the gospels. Jesus eventually died a natural death of old age in India – Kashmir - and is believed to be buried at Roza Bal.

    Although the view of Jesus having migrated to India has also been researched in the publications of independent historians with no affiliation to the movement, the Ahmadiyya Movement are the only religious organization to adopt these views as a characteristic of their faith. The general notion of Jesus in India is older than the foundation of the movement, and is discussed at length by Grönbold and Klatt.

    The movement also interprets the second coming of Christ prophesied in various religious texts would be that of a person "similar to Jesus" (mathīl-i ʿIsā). Thus, Ahmadi's consider that the founder of the movement and his prophetical character and teachings were representative of Jesus and subsequently a fulfillment of this prophecy.

    Bahá'í views

    The Bahá'í Faith, founded in 19th-century Persia, considers Jesus, along with Muhammad, the Buddha, Krishna, and Zoroaster, and other messengers of the great religions of the world to be Manifestations of God (or prophets), with both human and divine stations.

    God is one and has manifested himself to humanity through several historic Messengers. Bahá'ís refer to this concept as Progressive Revelation, which means that God's will is revealed to mankind progressively as mankind matures and is better able to comprehend the purpose of God in creating humanity. In this view, God's word is revealed through a series of messengers: Moses, Jesus, Mohammed, Bahá'u'lláh (the founder of the Bahá'í Faith) among them. In the Book of Certitude, Bahá'u'lláh claims that these messengers have a two natures: divine and human. Examining their divine nature, they are more or less the same being. However, when examining their human nature, they are individual, with distinct personality. For example, when Jesus says "I and my Father are one", Bahá'ís take this quite literally, but specifically with respect to his nature as a Manifestation. When Jesus conversely stated "...And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me", Bahá'ís see this as a simple reference to the individuality of Jesus. This divine nature, according to Bahá'u'lláh, means that any Manifestation of God can be said to be the return of a previous Manifestation, though Bahá'ís also believe that some Manifestations with specific missions return with a "new name". and a different, or expanded purpose. Bahá'ís believe that Bahá'u'lláh is, in both respects, the return of Jesus.

    Buddhist views

    Buddhists' views of Jesus differ. Some Buddhists, including Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama regard Jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of human beings. The 14th century Zen master Gasan Jōseki indicated that the sayings of Jesus in the Gospels were written by an enlightened man.

    Other views

    Mandaeanism, a very small Mideastern, Gnostic sect that reveres John the Baptist as God's greatest prophet, regards Jesus as a false prophet of the false Jewish god of the Old Testament, Adonai, and likewise rejects Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad.

    Manichaeism accepted Jesus as a prophet, along with Gautama Buddha and Zoroaster.

    The New Age movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus. The creators of A Course In Miracles claim to trance-channel his spirit. However, the New Age movement generally teaches that Christhood is something that all may attain. Theosophists, from whom many New Age teachings originated (a Theosophist named Alice A. Bailey invented the term New Age), refer to Jesus of Nazareth as the Master Jesus and believe he had previous incarnations.

    Many writers emphasize Jesus' moral teachings. Garry Wills argues that Jesus' ethics are distinct from those usually taught by Christianity. The Jesus Seminar portrays Jesus as an itinerant preacher who taught peace and love, rights for women and respect for children, and who spoke out against the hypocrisy of religious leaders and the rich. Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a deist, created the Jefferson Bible entitled "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" that included only Jesus' ethical teachings because he did not believe in Jesus' divinity or any of the other supernatural aspects of the Bible.

    See also

  • New Testament Jesus
  • * Biblical Jesus
  • * Christian views about women
  • * Christian views of Jesus
  • * Crucifixion of Jesus and Resurrection of Jesus
  • * Miracles of Jesus
  • * Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
  • * King of kings
  • * Race of Jesus
  • * Sermon on the Mount
  • Jesus and history
  • * Apostolic Succession of Jesus
  • * Christian apologetics
  • * Genealogy of Jesus
  • * Gospel Harmony
  • * Historicity of Jesus
  • * Historicity of the Gospels
  • * Jesus and comparative mythology
  • * New Testament view on Jesus' life
  • General topics
  • * Christian mythology
  • * INRI (stands for "Jesus the Nazarene, the King of the Jews")
  • * Nazarene
  • Views on Jesus
  • * Apocrypha
  • * Christology
  • * Pauline Christianity
  • * Religious perspectives on Jesus
  • * Sexuality of Jesus
  • Related lists
  • * List of books about Jesus
  • * List of founders of major religions
  • * List of Messiah claimants
  • * List of people who have been considered deities
  • * List of people who have claimed to be Jesus
  • Notes

    References

  • The Bible
  • Allison, Dale. Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999. ISBN 0-8006-3144-7
  • Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-24767-2
  • Cohen, Shaye J.D.. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-664-21911-6
  • Cohen, Shaye J.D. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 0-520-22693-3
  • Crossan, John Dominic.
  • * The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993. ISBN 0-06-061629-6
  • * Who Killed Jesus?: exposing the roots of anti-semitism in the Gospel story of the death of Jesus. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995. ISBN 978-0-06-061671-7
  • Davenport, Guy; and Urrutia, Benjamin (trans.) The Logia of Yeshua: The sayings of Jesus. Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1996. ISBN 978-1-887178-70-9
  • De La Potterie, Ignace. The hour of Jesus: The passion and the resurrection of Jesus according to John. New York: Alba House, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8189-0575-9
  • Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. ISBN 0-671-11500-6
  • Ehrman, Bart. The Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-514183-0
  • Ehrman, Bart. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515462-2
  • Fredriksen, Paula. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. New York: Vintage, 2000. ISBN 0-679-76746-0
  • Fredriksen, Paula. From Jesus to Christ: The origins of the New Testament images of Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-300-08457-3
  • Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology, revised ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-56563-143-9
  • Fuller, Reginald H., The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners, 1965. ISBN 0-227-17075-X
  • Meier, John P., , New York: Anchor Doubleday,
  • : V. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991. ISBN 0-385-26425-9 : V. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994. ISBN 0-385-46992-6 : V. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001. ISBN 0-385-46993-4
  • O'Collins, Gerald. Interpreting Jesus. "Introducing Catholic theology". London: G. Chapman; Ramsey, NJ: Paulist Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-8091-2572-2
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07987-7
  • Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001 (original 1977). ISBN 1-57910-527-0.
  • Sanders, E.P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Allen Lane Penguin Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-7139-9059-1
  • Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8006-2061-5
  • Vermes, Géza. Jesus in his Jewish Context. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0-8006-3623-6
  • Vermes, Géza. Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981. ISBN 0-8006-1443-7
  • Vermes, Géza. The Religion of Jesus the Jew. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1993. ISBN 0-8006-2797-0
  • Wilson, A.N. Jesus. London: Pimlico, 2003. ISBN 0-7126-0697-1
  • Wright, N.T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1997. ISBN 0-8006-2682-6
  • Wright, N.T. The Resurrection of the Son of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0-8006-2679-6
  • External links

  • Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ In Parallel Latin & English
  • "Jesus Christ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Nov. 2009
  • From Jesus to Christ: The First ChristiansFrontline documentary about Jesus' life and the early Church.
  • The Jewish Roman World of Jesus
  • Category:0s BC births Category:1st-century deaths Category:1st-century executions Category:Apocalypticists Category:Carpenters Category:Christian mythology Category:Christian religious leaders Category:Creator gods Category:Deified people Category:Founders of religions Category:God in Christianity Category:Islamic mythology Category:Jewish Messiah claimants Category:Life-death-rebirth gods Category:Messianism Category:New Testament people Category:People executed by crucifixion Category:People executed by the Roman Empire Category:People from Bethlehem Category:People from Nazareth Category:Prophets in Christianity Category:Prophets of Islam Category:Rabbis of the Land of Israel Category:Roman era Jews Category:Savior gods Category:Self-declared messiahs

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    Ahmed Deedat

    NameAhmed Deedat
    Birth nameAhmed Hussein Deedat
    Birth dateJuly 01, 1918
    Birth placeSurat, Gujarat, India
    Death dateAugust 08, 2005
    Death placeVerulam, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
    EthnicityIndian
    OccupationMissionary, orator, public speaker, furniture salesman
    Years active1942–1996
    ReligionSunni Islam
    AwardsKing Faisal International Prize (1986)
    Websiteahmed-deedat.net
    InfluencedDr. Zakir Naik

    Ahmed Hussein Deedat (July 1, 1918 – August 8, 2005) (Urdu: احمد حسين ديدات) was a Muslim apologist, writer and public speaker of Indian South African descent. He was best known for his numerous inter-religious public debates with evangelical Christians, as well as pioneering video lectures, most of which centered around Islam, Christianity and the Bible. He also established the IPCI, an international Islamic missionary organization, and wrote several booklets on Islam and Christianity which were widely distributed by the organization. He was awarded the prestigious King Faisal Award in 1986 for his 50 years of missionary work. One focus of his work was providing Muslims with theological tools for defending themselves against active Proselytizing by Christian missionaries. He used English to get his message across to Muslims and the non-Muslims in the western world.

    Biography

    Early Years 1918–1942

    Ahmed Deedat was born in the town of Tadkeshwar, Surat District, Gujarat, India in 1918. His father had emigrated to South Africa shortly after the birth of Ahmed Deedat. At the age of 9, Deedat left India to join his father in what is now known as Kwazulu-Natal. His mother died only a few months after his departure. Arriving in South Africa, Deedat applied himself with diligence to his studies, overcoming the language barrier and excelling in school, even getting promoted until he completed standard 6. However, due to financial circumstances, he had to quit school and start working by the time he was the age of 16.

    In 1936, while working as a furniture salesman, he came across a group of missionaries at a Christian seminary on the Natal South Coast. The missionaries in their efforts to convert people of Muslim faith, would often accuse the Islamic Prophet Muhammad of having "used the sword" to bring people to Islam. Such accusations seemed to offend Deedat and were to form a major influence on Deedat's subsequent interest in comparative religion.

    Deedat took a more active interest in religious debate after he came across a book entitled "Izhar ul-Huqq" (Truth Revealed), written by Rahmatullah Kairanawi, found while he was rummaging for reading material in his employer's basement. This book chronicled the efforts of Christian missionaries in India from a century earlier. The book had a profound effect on Deedat and led to the purchase of his first Bible and holding of debates and discussions with trainee missionaries, whose questions he had previously been unable to answer. Over time, Deedat's popularity as a public speaker grew in Durban, to the point that he was invited to speak in other cities in South Africa. A decade later he was filling City halls with audiences numbering in the thousands in cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town.

    A major vehicle of Deedat's early missionary activity was the 'Guided Tours' of the Jumma Mosque in Durban. The vast ornamental Jumma Mosque was a landmark site in the tourist friendly city of Durban. A sophisticated program of luncheons, speeches and free hand-outs was created to give an increasingly large number of international tourists often their first look at Islam. Deedat himself featured as one of the guides, hosting tourists and giving succinct introductions to the Islamic Religion and the relationship between Islam and Christianity.

    IPCI and as-Salaam 1956–1986

    By 1956, missionary work in the form of frequent public speaking engagements and the popular guided tours of the Jumma Masjid had begun to pay dividends. Enquiries about Islam from the general public in South Africa had started to pour in at an increasing rate. Soon it became apparent that working from the mosque office was not going to be sufficient to handle the demand for literature and to facilitate an increasing number of people showing more than simply tourist level interest in Islam.

    Among Deedat's close friends were Goolam Hoosein Vanker and Taahir Rasool, whom many refer to as 'the unsung heroes of Deedat's career'. In 1957, Deedat, together with Vanker and Rasool, founded the Islamic Propagation Centre International (IPCI) with the aim to print a variety of books on Islam and offer classes to new Muslims converts.

    Deedat was a Sunni Bohra and a devote Ahle Sunnah (Sufi Hanafi) scholar who openly supported Milad-un-Nabi. He had a special friendship with Shaikh Mir Asedullah Quadri and Dr.Tahir-ul-Qadri. He also praised Maulana Abdul Aleem Siddiqi who was a student of Allama Hazrat Ahmad Raza Khan.

    In 1958, Deedat established an Islamic seminary called As-Salaam Educational Institute on a donated piece of land located in Braemar in the south of Natal province.

    With these newly founded missionary organizations as his backbone, Deedat engaged into a broader range of activities over the next three decades. He conducted classes on Biblical Theology and conducted numerous lectures. Da`wah (inviting people towards Islam) became the dominant factor of his life, with audiences at his lectures often reaching in excess of forty thousand. He also wrote a large number of booklets, distributing millions of copies of these and other free literature across the world.

    International Fame 1985–1995

    By the early 1980s, Ahmed Deedat's work was beginning to be known outside his native South Africa. In 1985, for instance, he twice rented the prestigious Royal Albert Hall in London to debate Christian contemporaries in front of a packed audience. His international profile was significantly boosted, when in 1986 he was awarded the King Faisal Award for his services to Islam in the field of Dawah (Islamic missionary activity). The award squarely brought Deedat into the international limelight and the attention of the Muslim communities worldwide. As a result, at the ripe old age of 66, Deedat began a new phase in his lifetime mission of empowering Muslims to preach to Christians, a ten-year long period of international speaking tours around the world. He travelled far and wide to Muslim communities from Australia at one end to North America at the other end. Some of his known tours include:

  • Saudi Arabia and Egypt (on several occasions)
  • United Kingdom (on several occasions between 1985 and 1988, including Switzerland in 1987)
  • Pakistan, where Deedat met Zia al-Haq,
  • UAE and Maldives Islands (Nov–Dec 1987), where Deedat was honored by President Gayhoom. He was flown to King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, where he was reported to be fully alert and hence taught to communicate through a series of eye-movements via a chart whereby he would form words by acknowledging individual alphabets read out to him; this way he would form complete sentences. Hawa Deedat died on Monday August 28, 2006 at the age of 85, just one year after her husband at Deedat’s home.

    Debates

    Deedat's first well-known debate occurred in August 1981 when he debated well-known Christian apologist Josh McDowell in Durban, South Africa. Many of his debates were later broadcast online on Youtube, among other sites.

    Debates with Anis Shorrosh

    Deedat's memorable tussles with Palestinian-American missionary Dr. Anis Shorrosh first came to public attention when Shorrosh appeared among the audience during the Q&A; sessions on two separate occasions during Deedat's summer 1985 tour of the UK (where he debated Dr. Floyd E. Clark in what is now considered another one of his early international works). Deedat then traveled to Denmark where he debated Pastor Eric Bock in Copenhagen in a debate entitled Is Jesus God?

    His Writings and Speeches

    Deedat published and mass produced over one dozen palm-sized booklets focusing on the following major themes. Most of Deedat's numerous lectures, as well as most of his debates in fact, focus on and around these same themes. Often the same theme has several video lectures to its credit, having been delivered at different times and different places.

    Is the Bible God's Word?

  • What The Bible Says About Muhammad
  • Crucifixion or Cruci-Fiction?
  • * several smaller spin-off titles on specific aspects of Crucifixion
  • Muhammad: The Natural Successor to Christ
  • Christ in Islam
  • Muhammad The Greatest
  • Al-Qur'an the Miracle of Miracles

    Capitalizing on his popularity in the Middle East following his receipt of the King Faisal Award, Deedat secured a grant to print a collated volume of four of his popular booklets. 10,000 copies of this book titled The Choice: Islam and Christianity were initially printed on April 1993 in a very high quality HB 'silk paper' edition with a striking burgundy cover with gold embossed title. This book was very popular in the 1990s, often available for free at missionary outlets across North America. Subsequently, several printing houses offered to print more and within two years, by June 1995, another 250,000 copies had been printed in several print runs across the Middle East.

    Later, a second volume in plain PB entitled The Choice: Volume Two featuring six more of Deedat's booklets collated together was also published. Deedat also widely promoted a South African printing of The Holy Qur'an translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali with commentary and detailed index. This was widely made available at subsidized costs to the general public and is often mentioned in Deedat's speeches.

    Deedat also produced a booklet entitled "Al-Qur'an: the Ultimate Miracle" featuring the theory of 'the Number 19' that was popularized by Arizona-based Egyptian computer analyst Dr. Rashad Khalifa. However, this booklet was later withdrawn from circulation after Dr. Khalifa publicly disclosed some controversial beliefs including his rejection of the entire Hadith literature of Islam.

    Criticism

    Deedat's debates and writings have been labelled a form of apologetics:
    Deedat's multitude of anti-Christian, anti-Jewish and anti-Hindu videotapes have told us all that there is to be told about the other, and we are comfortable with that. There are times, of course, when questions surface about the importance of correct dogma, about the importance of labels to a God whom we believe sees beyond labels and looks at the hearts of people. Instead of pursuing these questions, we hasten back and seek refuge in "the known." We order another of those Deedat tapes. In France, his books have been forbidden for sale and distribution since 1994, alleging it to be violently anti-western, antisemitic and inciting to racial hate.

    Following his 1981 debate with Deedat, Josh McDowell released a book which included criticism of a number of Deedat's arguments, from a Christian perspective. Deedat responded to part of McDowell's book in chapters 17 and 19 of "Crucifixion or Cruci-fiction".

    In his last tour to Australia, the publicity resulting from the presence of Deedat caused Franca Arena, member of the Legislative Council of the government of New South Wales to comment in her speech concerning racism:

    External sources

  • A List of Deedat's online books
  • Islamic Propagation Center International
  • High quality video collection of Sheikh Ahmed Deedat's debates and lectures in Windows Media-format
  • Full set of Ahmad Deedat DVDs
  • Video collection of Sheikh Ahmed Deedat's debates and lectures in RealMedia-format
  • See also

  • Dawah
  • Islamic view of Jesus' death
  • Swoon hypothesis
  • Yusuf Estes
  • Zakir Naik
  • Correct Islamic Faith International Association
  • References

    Category:Muslim scholars Category:Indian Muslims Category:South African Muslims Category:South African people of Indian descent Category:1918 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Muslim apologists

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