Lagash

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Lagash (Sumerian: Lagaš^ki; cuneiform logogram: , [NU₁₁.BUR].LA^KI or [ŠIR.BUR].LA^KI, "storehouse;" Akkadian: Nakamtu; modern Tell al-Hiba, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah. Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East. The ancient site of Surghul/Nina is around away. Nearby Girsu, about northwest of Al-Hiba, was the religious center of the Lagash state. Lagash's temple was E-Ninnu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu.

History

From inscriptions found at Girsu, it appears that Lagash was an important Sumerian city in the late 3rd millennium BC. It was at that time ruled by independent kings, Ur-Nanshe (24th century BC) and his successors, who were engaged in contests with the Elamites on the east and the kings of "Kienĝir" and Kish on the north. Some of the earlier works from before the Akkadian conquest are also extremely interesting, in particular Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures and Entemena's great silver vase ornamented with Ningirsu's sacred animal Anzu: a lion-headed eagle with wings outspread, grasping a lion in each talon. With the Akkadian conquest Lagash lost its independence, its ruler or ensi becoming a vassal of Sargon of Akkad and his successors; but Lagash continued to be a city of much importance and above all, a centre of artistic development.

After the collapse of Sargon's state, Lagash again thrived under its independent kings (ensis), Ur-Bau and Gudea, and had extensive commercial communications with distant realms. According to his own records, Gudea brought cedars from the Amanus and Lebanon mountains in Syria, diorite from eastern Arabia, copper and gold from central and southern Arabia, while his armies were engaged in battles with Elam on the east. His was especially the era of artistic development. We even have a fairly good idea of what Gudea looked like, since he placed in temples throughout his city numerous statues or idols depicting himself with lifelike realism, (Statues of Gudea). At the time of Gudea, the capital of Lagash was actually in Girsu. The kingdom covered an area of approximately . It contained 17 larger cities, eight district capitals, and numerous villages (about 40 known by name). According to one estimate, Lagash was the largest city in the world from ca. 2075 to 2030 BC.

Soon after the time of Gudea, Lagash was absorbed into the Ur III state as one of its prime provinces. There is some information about the area during the Old Babylonian period. After that it seems to have lost its importance; at least we know nothing more about it until the construction of the Seleucid fortress mentioned, when it seems to have become part of the Greek kingdom of Characene.

Dynasties of Lagash

These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, known as the rulers of Lagash. It recounts how after the flood mankind was having difficulty growing food for itself, being dependent solely on rainwater; it further relates that techniques of irrigation and cultivation of barley were then imparted by the gods. At the end of the list is the statement "Written in the school", suggesting this was a scribal school production. A few of the names from the Lagash rulers listed below may be made out, including Ur-Nanshe, "Ane-tum", En-entar-zid, Ur-Ningirsu, Ur-Bau, and Gudea.

First Dynasty of Lagash

{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#F6E6AE" ! Ruler !! Proposed reign !! Notes |- | Enhengal || || |- | Lugal-sha-engur (Lugal-Suggur) || || high priest or patesi |- | Ur-Nanshe (Ur-nina) || ca. 2500 BC || king |- | Akurgal || || |- | Eannatum || ca. 25th century BC || grandson of Ur-Nanshe, king, took Sumer away from Enshagkushana of Uruk and repulsed the armies of Kish, Elam and Mari |- | En-anna-tum I || ca. 25th century BC || brother to Eanatum, high priest, Ur-Luma and Illi of Umma, as well as Kug-Bau of Kish gained independence from him. |- | Entemena || ca. 25th century BC || son of Enanatum I, king, contemporary with Lugal-ure (or Lugalkinishedudu) of Uruk and defeated Illi of Umma |- | Enanatum II || || |- | Enentarzid || || |- | Lugalanda || || |- | Urukagina || ca. 2300 BC || king, defeated by Lugalzagesi of Uruk, issued a proclamation of social reformes. |}

Second Dynasty of Lagash (short chronology)

{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#F6E6AE" ! Ruler !! Proposed reign !! Notes |- | Lugalushumgal || || |- | Puzer-Mama || || |- | Ur-Utu || || |- | Ur-Mama || || |- | Lu-Baba || || |- | Lugula || || |- | Kaku or Kakug || || |- | Ur-Bau or Ur-baba || 2093 BC – 2080 BC || |- | Gudea || 2080 BC – 2060 BC || Son-in-law of Ur-baba |- | Ur-Ningirsu || 2060 BC – 2055 BC || Son of Gudea |- | Pirigme or Ugme || 2055 BC – 2053 BC || Grandson of Gudea |- | Ur-gar || 2053 BC – 2049 BC || |- | Nammahani || 2049 BC – 2046 BC || Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma |- |}

Archaeology

Lagash is one of the largest archaeological mounds in the region, measuring roughly . Estimates of its area range from . The site is divided by the bed of a canal/river, which runs diagonally through the mound. The site was first excavated, for six weeks, by Robert Koldewey in 1887. It was inspected during a survey of the area by Thorkild Jacobsen and Fuad Safar in 1953, finding the first evidence of its identification as Lagash. The major polity in the region of al-Hiba and Tello had formerly been identified as ŠIR.BUR.LA (Shirpurla). Tell Al-Hiba was again explored in five seasons of excavation between 1968 and 1976 by a team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University. The team was led by Vaughn E. Crawford, and included Donald P. Hansen and Robert D. Biggs. The primary focus was the excavation of the temple Ibgal of Inanna and the temple Bagara of Ningirsu, as well as an associated administrative area.

The team returned 12 years later in 1990 for a final season of excavation led by D. P. Hansen. The work primarily involved areas adjacent to an as yet unexcavated temple. The results of this season have apparently not yet been published.

See also

Cities of the ancient Near East

Short chronology timeline

Notes

References

Robert D. Biggs, Inscriptions from al-Hiba-Lagash : the first and second seasons, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. 3, Undena Publications, 1976, ISBN 0890030189

E. Carter, A surface survey of Lagash, al-Hiba, 1984, Sumer, vol. 46/1-2, , pp. 60–63, 1990

Donald P. Hansen, Royal building activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55 , pp. 206–11, 1992

Vaughn E. Crawford, Lagash, Iraq, vol. 36, no. 1/2, pp. 29–35, 1974

R. D. Biggs, Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no. 1/2, pp. 26-33, 1973

External links

Lagash excavation site photographs at the Oriental Institute

Lagash Digital Tablets at CDLI

Category:Sumerian cities Category:Archaeological sites in Iraq Category:Ancient cities Category:Dhi Qar Governorate Category:Former populated places in Iraq