The
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, or
UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption of
Security Council Resolution 425 and
426 on 19 March 1978, to confirm
Israeli withdrawal from
Lebanon which Israel had
invaded five days prior, restore international peace and security, and help the
Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.
The first UNIFIL troops were deployed in the area on 23 March 1978; these troops were reassigned from other UN peacekeeping operations in the area (namely the United Nations Emergency Force and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone).
Mandate
UNIFIL is tasked with achieving the following objectives:
Confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon
Restore international peace and security
Assist the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area
Mandating resolutions by the United Nations:
31 January 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1655
31 July 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1697
11 August 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
Lebanese civil war (until 1990)
personnel in a hotel in the Israeli town of
Metula.]]
Prior to the 1982
Lebanon War on 2 January 1982, in which two Ghanaian soldiers guarding a UNIFIL position were attacked by unidentified persons and one of the soldiers was shot and subsequently died. During the
1982 Lebanon War, UN positions were overrun, primarily by the
SLA forces under
Saad Haddad. This was the Lebanese paramilitary force supported by the
IDF in Southern Lebanon.
Beginning in 1985, Israel scaled back its permanent positions in Lebanon, although this process was punctuated by brief invasions and bombings, as in
Operation Accountability in 1993 and
Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996. In 1999, Israel undertook a withdrawal, which concluded in 2000 and enabled UNIFIL to resume its military tasks.
Post-2006 war operations
UNIFIL is currently deployed in
Southern Lebanon (south of the
Litani River) and primarily along the United Nations-drawn
Blue Line, which is the border between
Israel and
Lebanon. The force's activities have centered around monitoring military activity between
Hezbollah and the
Israeli Defense Forces with the aim of reducing tensions and allaying tension along the border. UNIFIL has also played an important role in clearing landmines, assisting displaced persons and providing humanitarian assistance to civilians in the underdeveloped region of
Southern Lebanon. Under
UN Security Council Resolution 1701, which passed as a result of the
2006 Lebanon War, its mandate and rules of engagement changed. The mandate changed to allow up to 15,000 personnel in order to assist the
Lebanese Armed Forces in deploying in
Southern Lebanon to implement the Lebanese government's sovereignty. The rules of engagement changed to allow the troops to open fire in certain cases: mostly in cases of self-defense but also in order to protect civilians, UN personnel and facilities. The new resolution states that UNIFIL can “take all the necessary action in areas of deployment of its forces, and as it deems with its capabilities, to ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of any kind.”
On 27 August 2006,
United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that UNIFIL would not intercept arms shipments from
Syria, unless requested to do so by Lebanon.
Maritime Task Force
After the
2006 Lebanon War, the UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (MTF) was established to assist the Lebanese Naval Forces in preventing the smuggling of illegal shipments in general and armament shipments in particular. With its establishment in October 2006, the force was led by the
German Navy which was also the major contributor to the force. The Germans lead the MTF up until 29 February 2008 when they passed control over to
EUROMARFOR - a force made up of ships from Portugal, Spain, Italy and France (of which the latter three countries sent vessels to the force in Lebanon). As of May 2008, the German Navy is still the biggest contributor to the UNIFIL MTF sending four vessels. These four vessels are complemented by two Italian, two Greek, one French, one Spanish, one
Bulgarian and one
Turkish vessel to comprise the 12-vessel UNIFIL Maritime Task Force. and it is headed by Spanish Force Commander
Major-General Alberto Asarta.
To date UNIFIL has suffered 272 fatalities: 261 troops, two military observers, five international civilian staff, and four local staff.
Prior to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict of July 2006, Israel had been lobbying for UNIFIL to either take a more active role vis-a-vis Hezbollah (for example, preventing Hezbollah from stationing near UNIFIL posts to fire at the IDF and into northern Israel) or to step out of the region (thereby voiding the Lebanese government’s excuse for not deploying Lebanese Armed Forces along the border).
UNIFIL also came under criticism during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict for broadcasting detailed reports of Israeli troop movements, numbers, and positions on their website which "could have exposed Israeli soldiers to grave danger", while making no such reports about Hezbollah.
Israel was concerned when it was reported that Indonesia was being considered to replace Italy as commander of UNIFIL's naval force. As Indonesia does not recognize Israel, and the two countries have no diplomatic or military relations, Israel expressed concerned that cooperation with the IDF, especially the Israeli Navy, could deteriorate.
Hezbollah concerns
Hezbollah supporters have accused UNIFIL of siding with Israel, especially since the passage of Resolution 1701 which they view as one-sided. On 16 October 2006
Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah declared that the UN force had “come to protect Israel, not Lebanon”.
Conflict in 2006
According to UNIFIL press releases, there have been dozens of such incidents of UN posts coming under fire during the
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. In his 21 July 2006 report about the UNIFIL activities 21 January-18 July 2006, the UN Secretary-General stated that "Some Hezbollah positions remained in close proximity to United Nations positions, especially in the Hula area, posing a significant security risk to United Nations personnel and equipment."
in UNIFIL ]]
Combat-related incidents
On 17 July, a UNIFIL international staff member and his wife were killed when Israeli aircraft bombed the Hosh District of Tyre, Lebanon.
On 23 July, Hezbollah fire wounded an Italian observer.
On 25 July, Hezbollah opened small arms fire at a UNIFIL convoy, forcing it to retreat.
On 25 July, four soldiers from the Ghanaian battalion were lightly injured after an Israeli tank shell hit a UNIFIL position during fighting in Southern Lebanon on 24 July 2006.
Shrapnel from tank shells fired by the IDF seriously wounded an Indian soldier on 16 July 2006
On 25 July 2006 four
UNTSO observers from Austria, Canada, China and Finland were killed by Israeli strikes on an
OGL patrol base near
Khiam in southern Lebanon. According to the UN, the Israelis claimed to be responding to "Hezbollah fire from that vicinity" and the four had taken shelter in a bunker under the post. The area around the site was hit by a precision guided bomb from an Israeli jet and shelled a total of 14 times by Israeli artillery throughout the day despite warning calls made by UN personnel to the IDF. However, General
Alain Pellegrini, then commander of UNIFIL, claims that he attempted to call Israeli officials "five or six times", but never got past their secretaries. Later, Israeli artillery shelling resumed as a rescue team tried to clear the rubble.
On 29 July, two Indian soldiers were wounded when their post was damaged during an Israeli airstrike in Southern Lebanon.
On 6 August, a Hezbollah rocket hit the headquarters of the Chinese UNIFIL contingent, wounding three Chinese soldiers.
On 12 August, a Ghanaian soldier was wounded when Israeli artillery shelled the area near the village of Haris.
On 14 August, Israeli aircraft fired two missiles onto a Palestinian faction in Saida, killing UN staff member Abdel Sagir.
Reinforcements
Following the cease-fire, the UNIFIL will receive vast reinforcement, up to 15 000 men, and heavy equipment. France is committed to increase her complement from 400 to 2,000 men and send
Leclerc heavy tanks and
AMX 30 AuF1 self-propelled artillery, in addition to the forces deployed in
Opération Baliste. Italy will send 3,000 troops.
Qatar will send between 200 and 300 troops.
A naval component of UNIFIL is being set up to assist the Lebanese Navy preventing arms proliferation to Hezbollah. This force is under the command of a German admiral with the majority of vessels being provided by the German Navy.
Indonesian contingent has received 12 VAB(Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) on 17 February 2007, as the part of the second wave of shipment from the agreement between the French and Indonesian governments. Amongst the equipments sent with the second wave of VABs are 10 tool boxes (pioneering equipment), 10 armored vehicle radio communications unit, HMG (Heavy Machine Gun) shooter shield, and 40 water jerrycans.
On 16 March 2009 KRI Diponegoro, a Sigma class corvette join UNIFIL Naval Task Force.
On 13 April 2010 Indonesian Contingent has reveived 13 Pindad APS-3 known as the Anoa APC, designated as Mechanized Unit at UNIFIL Headquarter in Naqoura.
Incidents involving Israeli planes
On 3 October 2006, an Israeli fighter penetrated the defence perimeter of the French frigate
Courbet, triggering a diplomatic incident. Israel apologised after official protests from the French government.
On 24 October, six Israeli F-16s flew over a German vessel patrolling off Israel's coast just south of the Lebanese border. The German Defence Ministry said that the planes had given off infrared decoys and one of the aircraft had fired two shots into the air, which had not been specifically aimed. The Israeli military said that a German helicopter took off from the vessel without having coordinated this with Israel, and denied vehemently having fired any shots at the vessel and said "as of now" it also had no knowledge of the jets launching flares over it. Israeli Defence Minister Amir Peretz telephoned his German counterpart Franz Josef Jung to clarify that 'Israel has no intention to carry out any aggressive actions' against the German peacekeeping forces in Lebanon, who are there as part of UNIFIL to enforce an arms embargo against Hezbollah. Germany confirmed the consultations, and that both sides were interested in maintaining good cooperation.
On 31 October 2006, eight Israeli F-15s flew over many areas of Lebanon, including Beirut. The IAF jets also flew over a French peacekeeper position in Lebanon. According to the French Defense Minister Michele Alliot-Marie, the planes came in at what was interpreted as an attack formation, and the peacekeepers were "seconds away" from firing at the jets with an anti aircraft missile.
In a report to the Security Council, Annan reported that there were no serious incidents or confrontations, but that peacekeepers reported Israeli flyovers "almost on a daily basis". Israel claimed that the flyovers were to prevent Hezbollah from receiving arms shipments from Syria or Iran.
UNIFIL commander Alain Pellegrini and the United Nations claimed that Israeli flyovers violated the cease-fire and Lebanese sovereignty. General Pellegrini and French officials warned that if the diplomatic efforts to stop the overflights failed, Israeli jets may suffer attacks by French peacekeepers. In 2007, the Lebanese Army fired on an Israeli UAV with small arms south of Tyre.
Post-conflict situation
On 24 June 2007, six UNIFIL soldiers (three
Colombians and three Spanish) were killed after their vehicle was hit by an explosive device; two others (both Spanish) were injured in the incident. No group has yet admitted responsibility. The Israeli military believed the attack to be the work of
al-Qaeda/
Global Jihad members.
The Israeli Ambassador to the UN, Ambassador Dan Carmon, met with UNIFIL commander, Maj.-Gen. Claudio Graziano, on 15 August 2008, after Israel was accused of unilaterally violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 by the almost daily overflights of Lebanese airspace, the continued occupation of the village of Ghajar and Israel's refusal to submit maps of areas on which it dropped cluster munitions during the 2006 Lebanese war.
Following the war, British military historian John Keegan predicted that Israel would in the future invade Lebanon and continue attacking until Hezbollah's system of tunnels and bunkers was completely destroyed, as Israel would not tolerate a "zone of invulnerability" occupied by a sworn enemy, or a double threat posed by Hezbollah and Hamas rockets, and that Israel might first attack the Gaza Strip. Keegan noted that any IDF entry into Southern Lebanon would risk provoking a clash with UNIFIL, but that it is unlikely to deter Israel, as the Jewish state tends to behave with "extreme ruthlessness" when national survival is at skate.
In 2010, a series of standoffs and clashes erupted between UNIFIL troops and Lebanese villagers in the border region. Villagers accused French peacekeepers of provocative and intrusive patrols, and of taking pictures of people inside their homes. People of Aitaroun town, Marjayoun, accused the French regiments of driving their heavy vehicles through their two-month old tobacco fields, which support many families. UNIFIL was also accused of having stepped up its patrols and of failing to coordinate with the Lebanese Army. In July 2010, the most serious incident occurred when the French regiments decided to carry out exercises unilaterally, without Lebanese units or other regiments. When they went into narrow alleys of Lebanese villages some residents first tried to redirect them out of their private areas. The French fired against the civilians, also arrested a youth driving a motorcycle and destroyed the vehicle. When other civilians saw that, they surrounded and attacked the UNIFIL French troops and without any weapons. The vehicles windows were also smashed by stones from dozens of civilians of all ages, and the French commander was wounded. The French troops were forcibly disarmed by the villagers, and weapons were then handed over to the Lebanese Army. The French unit could not explain why they behaved unilaterally. Their ambassador to the UN said the civilian attack 'was not spontaneous'. Many troops, including the Finnish, Irish, Qataris and Indonesians pulled out of the UNIFIL back in 2007-2008. One reason quoted as some were there for over 30 years (the Irish and Finnish) because of fear of change of the rules of engagement by the NATO forces joining after August 2006 and because of German and French high level statements expressing unlimited support to the Israeli side.
At the request of the United Nations, 7,000 additional Lebanese soldiers were deployed to South Lebanon as approved by the Lebanese Cabinet.
Countries involved
The following countries have either committed troops, are currently active in UNIFIL, or have offered support to UNIFIL in some way. Countries in bold were part of the original UNIFIL force.
{| cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Committed Forces (estimated*) !! Support Roles
|-
|
|394
|
de-miners, medical and reconstruction teams
|-
|
|160
|1
Wielingen Class Frigate
|-
|
People’s Republic of China
|1,000
|200 engineers currently in Lebanon clearing mines and unexploded ordnance, medical team, peacekeeping troops.
|2 patrol boats as
force protection for German contingent and 144 logistic soldiers, and 10 firefighters from the Danish Emergency Management Agency
|-
|
|-
|
|250
|reconstructing roads, bridges and other infrastructure destroyed
|-
|
France
|2,000
|ground troops including 13 French
Leclerc tanks; in charge of UNIFIL ground forces until February 2007.
In addition,
French Navy ships with 1,700 men are deployed off Lebanon in
Opération Baliste, and assisting in UNIFIL operations.
|-
|
|2,400
|
naval ships to secure the Lebanese coast and prevent arms smuggling
|-
|
India
|850
||01 x Standard Infantry Battalion of the Indian Army (Regulars), along with support components from the Corps of Engineers (Sappers), Corps of Signals and other logistic Arms and Services.
|-
|
|1,136
|850 men in mechanized infantry battalion, 75 men in military police unit, 200 men in force protection company, 11 men UNIFIL staff, 111 men aboard KRI Diponegoro (
Sigma class corvette of the
Indonesian Navy)
|-
|
Ireland
|150
|perimeter protection for Finnish troops
|ground troops; assumed charge of UNIFIL ground forces in February 2007
|-
|
|350
| Infantry units and medical team. Security task in
Tyre area and associated supply mission. Medical aid for local people.
|-
|
|360
|Administrative(200) and patrol/quick reaction team (160; including commandos and special forces);
|-
|
|850
|infantry battalion
|1
Karel Doorman class frigate
|
naval ships to secure the Lebanese coast and prevent arms smuggling
|
|-
|
|140
|engineering unit
|-
|
|400
|engineers
|de-mining and beach cleaning,mechanized infantry battalion(1 infantry platoon from El Salvador), cavalry squadron, combat engineers , helicopter unit
|-
|
|40
|1
Göteborg class corvette
|-
|
|495
|engineering unit to help rebuild damaged bridges and roads; Turkish naval frigate patrolling off the Lebanese coast
|-
|
|?
|Following the war, Bangladesh offered to send Infantry Battalions to Lebanon. Despite opposition from Israel, Bangladeshi and
Nepali troops were the first peacekeepers to arrive in South Lebanon. Immediately after other peacekeepers arrived, Bangladeshi forces had to leave immediately, as they were not considered to be neutral due to Bagladesh's refusal to recognize Israel, and a comment made by Bangladeshi Foreign Minister
Morshed Khan who described Israel's attacks as
State terrorism.
|-
|
Total
|
13,817
!
|}
* Because the troop figures come from second hand sources, the exact numbers can not be accurately verified. In most cases the sources round and/or estimate the figures to the closet proximity.
UNIFIL leadership
Personal representatives of the Secretary-General for Southern Lebanon
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Start Date
! End Date
! Name
! Country
|-
| March 1978
|
|
Jean Cuq
|
|-
| 2000
| 15 January 2001
|
Rolf Goran Knutsson
|
|-
| 15 January 2001
| April 2005
|
Staffan de Mistura
|
|-
| April 2005
|
Present
|
Geir Pedersen
|
|}
Commanders of the force
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Start Date
! End Date
! Name
! Country
|-
| March 1978
| February 1981
|
Emmanuel A. Erskine
|
|-
| February 1981
| May 1986
|
William O'Callaghan
|
|-
| June 1986
| June 1988
|
Gustav Hägglund
|
|-
| July 1988
| February 1993
|
Lars-Eric Wahlgren
|
|-
| February 1993
| February 1995
|
Trond Furuhovde
|
|-
| April 1995
| 1 October 1997
|
Stanislaw Franciszek Wozniak
|
|-
| February 1997
| September 1999
|
Jioje Konousi Koronte
|
|-
| 30 September 1999
| 1 December 1999
|
James Sreenan
|
|-
| 16 November 1999
| 15 May 2001
|
Seth Kofi Obeng
|
|-
| 15 May
| 17 August 2001
|
Ganesan Athmanathan
|
|-
| 17 August 2001
| 17 February 2004
|
Lalit Mohan Tewari
|
|-
| 17 February 2004
| 2 February 2007
|
Alain Pellegrini
|
|-
| 2 February 2007
| 28 January 2010
|
Claudio Graziano
|
|-
| 28 January 2010
|
Present
|
Alberto Asarta Cuevas
|
|}
Commanders of the Maritime Task Force
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Start Date
! End Date
! Name
! Country
|-
| September 2006
| 16 October 2006
|
Giuseppe De Giorgi
|
|-
| 16 October 2006
| March 2007
|
Andreas Krause
|
|-
| March 2007
| September 2007
|
Karl-Wilhelm Bollow
|
|-
| September 2007
| February 2008
|
Christian Luther
|
|-
| February 2008
| August 2008
|
Ruggiero di Biase
|
|-
| September 2008
| February 2009
|
Jean-Louis Kerignard
|
|-
| March 2009
| May 2009
|
Jean-Thierry Pynoo
|
|-
| August 2009
| August 2009
|
Ruggiero Di Biase
|
|-
| September 2009
| November 2009
|
Jürgen Mannhardt
|
|-
| December 2009
|
present
|
Paolo Sandalli
Fatalities by nationality include
Belgium: 4,
Fiji: 35,
Finland: 11,
France: 30,
Ghana: 29,
India: 2,
Iran: 1,
Ireland: 47,
Italy: 6,
Lebanon: 6,
Malaysia: 1,
Nepal: 25,
Netherlands: 9,
Nigeria: 10,
Norway: 21,
Philippines: 1,
Poland: 7,
Senegal: 16,
Spain: 7,
Sweden: 7,
United Kingdom: 3.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:150px;"| Date ||Incident
|- valign="top"
|31 May 1999: ||An Irish soldier, Pte. William Kedian was killed when IDF/DFF mortar fire hit a UNIFIL position.
|- valign="top"
|July-August 2006: ||A total of five UN peacekeepers and staff members are killed by Israeli air and artillery strikes targeting Hezbollah fighters.
|- valign="top"
|25 September 2006:|| A French engineer officer was killed in a road accident near the town of Sofar.
|- valign="top"
|24 June 2007: ||Three Colombian and three Spanish soldiers were killed in a bomb blast between Marjayoun and Khiam.
|- valign="top"
|25 July 2007: ||A French soldier was killed near the village of Shama while clearing unexploded munitions.
|- valign="top"
|11 October 2007: ||A British man, Craig Appleby (36) was killed while clearing munitions near Bint Jbeil.
|- valign="top"
|12 November 2007: ||Two French soldiers were wounded as a result of the accidental discharge of a weapon. One of the wounded men subsequently died while being evacuated to Hospital.
|- valign="top"
|15 June 2008: ||A Spanish soldier was killed and two injured in a road accident.
|- valign="top"
|3 September 2008:||A Belgian soldier was killed near the village of Aitaroun while clearing munitions left over from the 2006 conflict.
|}
== Quotes ==
" UNIFIL came here in 1978. We were, because at that time there was no Hezbollah here, accused of being sympathetic to Palestinians. A peacekeeping force does not come here with pre-set enemies. There is no enemy [inaudible] in a peacekeeping force. UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force. It's not an Israeli combat force or an anti-terror force, as they would like it to be. As long as we don't serve their direct interests, they are going to denigrate it as much as they can." Timur Goksel, former spokesman of the UNIFIL, 26 July 2006
Criticism
A former Israeli ambassador,
Itamar Rabinovich, cricised the efficacy of the force saying "UNIFIL, I'm afraid, is a joke. They’ve been there for 26 years and since then, there have been so many skirmishes [along the border]." Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert also said "We didn’t like very much UNIFIL which was very useless and very helpless. Look what happened. Did you hear of any particular efforts of the United Nations UNIFIL force in the south of Lebanon to prevent the attacks against Israel in the first place. So they were not useful and that is why we were unhappy with them."
Both Israel and Hezbollah have accused UNIFIL of bias. Israel again accused them of failing to prevent, and even collaborating with, Hezbollah in its replenishment of military power. Hezbollah, in turn, said "certain contingents" of UNIFIL are spying for, if not assisting, Israel.
Notes
See also
Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28716-6
Mattelaer, Alexander (2009). ,
Egmont Paper 34, www.egmontinstitute.be .
Operation Litani
Lebanese Civil War
South Lebanon conflict
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
1996 shelling of Qana
Sources
GlobalSecurity.org Lebanon
External links
UNIFIL - UN official mandate
UNIFIL Deployment Map
UNIFIL site with Pictures & Stories from Irelands Involvement with UNIFIL.
Category:History of Lebanon
Category:Israel–Lebanon conflict
Lebanon
425
Category:20th century in Lebanon
Category:21st century in Lebanon
Category:Lebanese Civil War
Category:1978 establishments in Lebanon
Category:Military units and formations established in 1978