Isaac (; , ISO 259-3 Yiçḥaq, "he will laugh"; , ; , ; ; or ) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac was one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
Isaac was the only Biblical patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not leave Canaan. Compared to those of Abraham and Jacob, Isaac's story relates fewer incidents of his life. He died when he was 180 years old, making him the longest-lived patriarch.
Etymology
The
anglicized name Isaac is a transliteration of the Hebrew term
which literally means "He laughs/will laugh."
Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the
Canaanite deity
El. Though this was Abraham's second son it was Sarah’s first and only child.
On the eighth day from his birth, Isaac was circumcised, as was necessary for all males of Abraham's household, in order to be in compliance with Yahweh's covenant.
After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael mocking, and urged her husband to banish Hagar and Ishmael so that Isaac would be Abraham's only heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request.
Binding of Isaac
At some point in Isaac's youth, his father Abraham brought him to mount
Moriah. At Yahweh's command to Abraham, he was to build a sacrificial altar and sacrifice his son Isaac upon it. After binding his son to the altar and drawing his knife to kill him, in the very last moment an
angel of Yahweh prevented Abraham from proceeding. Rather, he was directed to sacrifice a nearby ram instead. This event served as a test of Abraham's faith to Yahweh, not as an actual human sacrifice.
Family life
When Isaac was 40, Abraham sent
Eliezer, his steward, into
Mesopotamia to find a wife for Isaac, from his nephew
Bethuel's family. Eliezer chose
Rebekah for Isaac. After many years of marriage to Isaac, Rebekah had still not given birth to a child and was believed to be barren. Isaac prayed for her and she conceived. Rebekah gave birth to twin boys, Esau and Jacob. Isaac was 60 years old when his two sons were born. Isaac favored Esau, and Rebekah favored Jacob.
Occupation
Around the age of 75, Isaac moved to
Beer-lahai-roi after his father died. When the land experienced famine, he removed to the
Philistine land of
Gerar where his father once lived. This land was still under the control of
King Abimelech as it was in the days of Abraham. Like his father, Isaac also deceived
Abimelech about his wife and also got into the well business. He had gone back to all of the wells that his father dug and saw that they were all stopped up with earth. The Philistines did this after Abraham died. So, Isaac unearthed them and began to dig for more wells all the way to
Beersheba, where he made a pact with Abimelech, just like in the day of his father.
Birthright
Isaac grew old and became blind. He called his son Esau and directed him to procure some venison for him, in order to receive Isaac's blessing. While Esau was hunting, Jacob deceptively, after listening to his mother's advice misrepresented himself as Esau to his blind father and obtained his father's blessing, making Jacob Isaac's primary heir, and leaving Esau in an inferior position. Isaac sent Jacob into Mesopotamia to take a wife of his own family so, he can start a family of his own. After 20 years working for
Laban, Jacob returned home, and reconciled with his twin brother Esau, then he and Esau buried Isaac when Isaac died at the age of 180.
Other references
Isaac in the New Testament
In the
New Testament, there are references to Isaac having been "offered up" by his father, and to his blessing his sons. Hagar is associated with the
Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace, into which her son Isaac enters.The
Epistle of James chapter 2, verses 21-24 states that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification (in the Johannine sense) requires both faith and works.
In the early Christian church, Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac was used as an example of faith and of obedience. views the release of Isaac from sacrifice as analogous to the resurrection of Jesus, the idea of the sacrifice of Isaac being a prefigure of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.
Isaac in the Qur'an
Like many of the
biblical Hebrew patriarchs and prophets, the
Qur'an mentions Isaac as a righteous man of
God. Isaac (and Jacob) are mentioned as being bestowed upon Abraham as gifts of God, who then worshipped God only and were righteous leaders in the way of God:
}}
Testament of Isaac
The Testament of Isaac is a
pseudonymous text which was most likely composed in
Greek in
Egypt after 100 CE. It is also dependent on the
Testament of Abraham. In this testament, God sends the
archangel Michael to Isaac in order to inform him of his impending death. Isaac accepts God's decree but Jacob resists. Isaac in his bed-chamber tells Jacob of the inevitability of death. Isaac has a tour of
heaven and
hell shortly before his death in which God's compassion to repentant sinners is emphasized. In this testament, Isaac also talks with the crowds on the subjects of
priesthood,
asceticism, and the moral life. According to the
documentary hypothesis, use of
names of God indicates authorship, and
form critics variously assign passages like Genesis chapter 26, verses 6-11 to the
Yahwist source, and Genesis chapter 20 verses 1-7, chapter 21, verse 1 to chapter 22, verse 14 and chapter 22, verse 19 to the
Elohist source; this source-critical approach has admitted problems, in that the name "Yahweh" appears in Elohist material. According to the compilation hypothesis, the formulaic use of the word
toledoth (generations) indicates that Genesis chapter 11, verse 27 to chapter 25, verse 19 is Isaac's record through Abraham's death (with Ishmael's record appended), and Genesis chapter 25, verse 19 to chapter 37, verse 2 is Jacob's record through Isaac's death (with Esau's records appended).
Jewish views
, painting by
Govert Flinck (
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam)]]
In
rabbinical tradition the age of Isaac at the time of binding is taken to be 37 which contrasts with common portrayals of Isaac as a child. The
rabbis also thought that the reason for the death of Sarah was the news of the intended sacrifice of Isaac. The post-Biblical Jewish interpretations often elaborate the role of Isaac beyond the Biblical description and largely focus on Abraham's intended sacrifice of Isaac, called the
aqedah ("binding"). Isaac's willingness to follow God's command at the cost of his death has been a model for many Jews who preferred
martyrdom to violation of the
Jewish law. ("Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide"). Rabbinic tradition gave the explanation that Isaac was almost sacrificed and anything dedicated as a sacrifice may not leave the
Land of Israel.
Rabbinic literature also linked Isaac's blindness in old age, as stated in the Bible, to the sacrificial binding: Isaac's eyes went blind because the tears of angels present at the time of his sacrifice fell on Isaac's eyes. The Qur'an states that Abraham received "good tidings of Isaac, a prophet, of the righteous", and that God blessed them both (XXXVII: 12). In a fuller description, when angels came to Abraham to tell him of the future punishment to be imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah, his wife, Sarah, "laughed, and We gave her good tidings of Isaac, and after Isaac of (a grandson) Jacob" (XI: 71-74); and it is further explained that this event will take place despite Abraham and Sarah's old age. Several verses speak of Isaac as a "gift" to Abraham (VI: 84; XIX: 49-50), and XXIX: 26-27 adds that God made "prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring", which has been interpreted to refer to Abraham's two prophetic sons, his prophetic grandson Jacob, and his prophetic great-grandson Joseph. In the Qur'an, it later narrates that Abraham also praised God for giving him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age (XIV: 39-41).
Elsewhere in the Qur'an, Isaac is mentioned in lists: Joseph follows the religion of his forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (XII: 38) and speaks of God's favor to them (XII: 6); Jacob's sons all testify their faith and promise to worship the God that their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", worshiped (II: 127); and the Qur'an commands Muslims to believe in the revelations that were given to "Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Patriarchs" (II: 136; III: 84). In the Qur'an's narrative of Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son (XXXVII: 102), the name of the son is not mentioned and debate has continued over the son's identity, though many feel that the identity is the least important element in a story which is given to show the courage that one develops through faith.
Western scholarly views
Some scholars have described Isaac as "a
legendary figure" while others view him "as a figure representing
tribal history, though as a
historical individual" or "as a
seminomadic leader."
The stories of Isaac, like other patriarchal stories of Genesis, are generally believed in liberal Western scholarship to have "their origin in folk memories and oral traditions of the early Hebrew pastoralist experience." Conservative Western scholarship believes the stories of Isaac, and other patriarchal stories in Genesis, to be factual. The Cambridge Companion to the Bible makes the following comment on the Biblical stories of the patriarchs:
According to Martin Noth, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible, the narratives of Isaac date back to an older cultural stage than that of the West-Jordanian Jacob. Excluding the fragments, Alison Moore Smith classifies these artistic works in three categories:
See also
Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
Notes
References
External links
Isaac in Jewish Encyclopedia
Abraham's son as the intended sacrifice (Al-Dhabih, Qur'an 37:99, Qur'an 37:99–113): Issues in qur'anic exegesis, journal of Semitic Studies XXX1V/ Spring 1989
Category:Biblical patriarchs
Category:Book of Genesis
Category:Burials in Hebron
Category:Descendants of Eber
Category:Edom
Category:Old Testament saints
Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
Category:Prophets of Islam
Category:Torah people