• 
  Aaron Burr
  Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) served as the third Vice President of the United States (1801–1805) under President Thomas Jefferson, and was the first Vice President to never serve as President. He fought in the Revolutionary War, was an important political figure in the nation's early history, and spent much of his career after politics engaging in a number of controversial adventures.
  http://wn.com/Aaron_Burr
• 
  Abdul Hamid I
  Abdülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel), called the Servant of God (March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789), was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the son of sultan Ahmed III (1703–30) and succeeded his brother Mustafa III (1757–74) on January 21, 1774. He was born in Istanbul. His mother was Râbi'a Sharmi Sultana.
  http://wn.com/Abdul_Hamid_I
• 
  Adam Smith
  Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – died 17 July 1790 ) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.
  http://wn.com/Adam_Smith
• Adam Weishaupt
  Johann Adam Weishaupt (February 6, 1748 in Ingolstadt – November 18, 1830 in Gotha) was a German philosopher and founder of the Order of Illuminati, a secret society with origins in Bavaria.
  http://wn.com/Adam_Weishaupt
• Ahmad Shah Abdali
  http://wn.com/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali
• 
  Ahmed III
  Ahmed III (Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i sālis) (December 30/31, 1673 – July 1, 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (1648–87). His mother was Emetullah Râbi'a Gülnûş Valide Sultan, originally named Evmania Voria, who was an ethnic Cretan. He was born at Hajioglupazari, in Dobruja. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II (1695–1703). Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and his daughter, Princess Hatice (wife of the former) directed the government from 1718 to 1730, a period referred to as the Tulip Era.
  http://wn.com/Ahmed_III
• Ahmed Shah Durrani
  http://wn.com/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani
• 
  Aimé Argand
  François Pierre Ami Argand (5 July 1750 – 14 October 1803) was a Swiss physicist and chemist. he invented the Argand lamp, a great improvement on the traditional oil lamp.
  http://wn.com/Aimé_Argand
• 
  Alessandro Malaspina
  Alessandro Malaspina (November 5, 1754 – April 9, 1810) was an Italian nobleman who spent most of his life as a Spanish naval officer and explorer. Under a Spanish royal commission, he undertook a voyage around the world from 1786 to 1788, then, from 1789 to 1794, a scientific expedition throughout the Pacific Ocean, exploring and mapping much of the west coast of the Americas from Cape Horn to the Gulf of Alaska, crossing to Guam and the Philippines, and stopping in New Zealand, Australia, and Tonga.
  http://wn.com/Alessandro_Malaspina
• 
  Alexander Hamilton
  Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755  – July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of nationalist forces calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington Administration, especially the funding of the state debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He created and dominated the Federalist Party, and was opposed by Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson denounced Hamilton as too loose with the Constitution, too favorable to Britain, to monarchy and to the moneyed interests of the cities, but Hamilton's policies went into effect. A believer in a militarily strong national government, Hamilton helped defeat the tax revolt of western farmers in 1794, and built a new army to oppose France in the Quasi War of 1798, but Federalist President John Adams found a diplomatic solution that avoided war. Hamilton helped defeat Adams' reelection bid in 1800, but realizing that Aaron Burr would be a dangerous president, Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson who was chosen president in 1801. Tensions with Burr escalated to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed.
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Hamilton
• 
  Alexander Kokorinov
  Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov () (July 10, 1726 – March 21, 1772) was a Russian architect and educator, one of the founders, the first builder, director (1761) and rector (1769) of the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Peterburg. Kokorinov has been house architect of the Razumovsky family and Ivan Shuvalov, the first President of the Academy. Kokorinov's surviving architectural legacy, once believed to be substantial, has been reduced by recent research to only two buildings, the Imperial Academy of Arts and Kirill Razumovsky palace in Saint Petersburg. The Academy was designed by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe based on an earlier proposal by Jacques-François Blondel, while Kokorinov managed the construction in its early phases (1764–1772).
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Kokorinov
• 
  Alexander Pope
  Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744) was an eighteenth-century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare and Tennyson. Pope is famous for his use of the heroic couplet.
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Pope
• 
  Alexander Radishchev
  Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev (; – ) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radicalism in Russian literature to prominence with the publication in 1790 of his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. His depiction of socio-economic conditions in Russia earned him exile to Siberia until 1797.
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Radishchev
• 
  Alexander Suvorov
  Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov () (transliteration: ''Aleksandr Vasil'evič Suvorov; sometimes rendered as Aleksandr, Aleksander and Suvarov''), Count Suvorov of Rymnik, Prince in Italy, Count of the Holy Roman Empire () ( – ), was the fourth and last generalissimo of the Russian Empire.
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Suvorov
• 
  Alexis Clairaut
  Alexis Claude de Clairault (or Clairaut) (3 May 1713 – 17 May 1765) was a prominent French mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, and intellectual.
  http://wn.com/Alexis_Clairaut
• 
  Alois Senefelder
  Johann Alois Senefelder (6 November 1771 – 26 February 1834) was a German actor and playwright who invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.
  http://wn.com/Alois_Senefelder
• Alphonsus Liguori
  http://wn.com/Alphonsus_Liguori
• 
  Anders Celsius
  Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 he proposed the Celsius temperature scale which takes his name. The scale was later reversed in 1745 by Carl Linnaeus, one year after Celsius' death.
  http://wn.com/Anders_Celsius
• 
  Andrew Meikle
  Andrew Meikle (1719 – 27 November 1811) was an early mechanical engineer credited with inventing the threshing machine, a device used to remove the outer husks from grains of wheat. This was regarded as one of the key developments of the British Agricultural Revolution in the late 18th century. The invention was made around 1786, although some say he only improved on an earlier design.
  http://wn.com/Andrew_Meikle
• 
  Ann Radcliffe
  Ann Radcliffe (9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) was an English author, a pioneer of the gothic novel. She published as Mrs. Radcliffe. It was her technique of the explained supernatural, in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes, and the impeccable conduct of her heroines that finally met with the approval of the reviewers, transforming the gothic novel into something socially acceptable.
  http://wn.com/Ann_Radcliffe
• 
  Anne Bonny
  Anne Bonny (March 8, 1702 – possibly April 25, 1782) was an Irish pirate who plied her trade in the Caribbean.
  http://wn.com/Anne_Bonny
• 
  Anne Oldfield
  Anne Oldfield (1683 – 23 October 1730), English actress, was born in London, the daughter of a soldier.
  http://wn.com/Anne_Oldfield
• 
  Antoine Lavoisier
  .
  http://wn.com/Antoine_Lavoisier
• 
  Antoine Watteau
  Watteau redirect here; for other uses of "Watteau" see Watteau (disambiguation)
  http://wn.com/Antoine_Watteau
• 
  Antonio de Ulloa
  Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. He was born in Seville, the son of an economist.
  http://wn.com/Antonio_de_Ulloa
• 
  Antonio Salieri
  Antonio Salieri (18 August 1750 - 7 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor and teacher born in the Republic of Venice, but who spent his adult life and career as a faithful subject of the Habsburg Monarchy.
  http://wn.com/Antonio_Salieri
• 
  Antonio Stradivari
  Antonio Stradivari (1644 – December 18, 1737) was an Italian luthier, a crafter of stringed instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas, double basses and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant artisan in this field. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius, as well as the colloquial, "Strad", is often used to refer to his instruments.
  http://wn.com/Antonio_Stradivari
• 
  Antonio Vivaldi
  Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678 – July 28, 1741), nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest") was an Italian Baroque composer, priest, and virtuoso violinist, born in Venice. Vivaldi is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, and his influence during his lifetime was widespread over Europe. Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well as sacred choral works and over 40 operas. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons.
  http://wn.com/Antonio_Vivaldi
• 
  Arai Hakuseki
  was a Confucianist, scholar-bureaucrat, academic, administrator, writer and politician in Japan during the middle of the Edo Period, who advised the Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu. His personal name was Kinmi or Kimiyoshi (君美). Hakuseki (白石) was his pen name. His father was a Kururi han samurai Arai Masazumi (新井 正済).
  http://wn.com/Arai_Hakuseki
• 
  Aurangzeb
  Shahanshah Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, more commonly known as Aurangzeb () (full official title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Hazrat Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Badshah Ghazi, Shahanshah-e-Sultanat-ul-Hindiya Wal Mughaliya) ( – ), also known by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World") (), was the 6th Mughal Emperor of India whose reign lasted from 1658 until his death in 1707.
  http://wn.com/Aurangzeb
• 
  Baal Shem Tov
  Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul) – May 22, 1760), often called Baal Shem Tov or Besht, was a Jewish mystical rabbi. He is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism (see also Mezhbizh Hasidic dynasty).
  http://wn.com/Baal_Shem_Tov
• 
  Bartholomew Roberts
  Bartholomew Roberts (17 May 1682 – 10 February 1722), born John Roberts, was a Welsh pirate who raided ships off America and West Africa between 1719 and 1722. He was the most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, capturing far more ships than some of the best-known pirates of this era such as Blackbeard or Captain Kidd. He is estimated to have captured over 470 vessels. He is also known as Black Bart (Welsh: Barti Ddu), but this name was never used in his lifetime, and also risks confusion with Black Bart of the American West.
  http://wn.com/Bartholomew_Roberts
• Bartolomeo Rastrelli
  http://wn.com/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli
• 
  Benjamin Franklin
  Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
  http://wn.com/Benjamin_Franklin
• 
  Benjamin Huntsman
  Benjamin Huntsman (4 June 1704 – 20 June 1776) was an English inventor and manufacturer of cast or crucible steel.
  http://wn.com/Benjamin_Huntsman
• 
  Bernardo Bellotto
  Bernardo Bellotto (30 January 1722 – 17 October 1780) was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and printmaker in etching famous for his vedutes of European cities (Dresden, Vienna, Turin and Warsaw). He was the pupil and nephew of Canaletto and sometimes used the latter's illustrious name, signing himself as Bernardo Canaletto. Especially in Germany, paintings attributed to Canaletto may actually be by Bellotto rather than by his uncle; in Poland, they are by Bellotto, who is known there as "Canaletto".
  http://wn.com/Bernardo_Bellotto
• 
  Betsy Ross
  Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836) was an American seamstress and upholsterer who has been widely, but perhaps erroneously, credited with making the first American flag.
  http://wn.com/Betsy_Ross
• Bharatchandra Ray
  Bharatchandra Ray () (1712–1760) was an eighteenth century Bengali poet and song composer famous for his Mangalkavya. He is often referred to simply as Bharatchandra.
  http://wn.com/Bharatchandra_Ray
• 
  Blackbeard
  Edward Teach or Edward Thatch (c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of the American colonies during the early 18th century.
  http://wn.com/Blackbeard
• 
  Boer
  Boer (, , or ; ) is the Dutch word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (which are together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. Their primary motivations for leaving the Cape were to escape British rule and extract themselves from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier.
  http://wn.com/Boer
• Boromakot
  Somdet Phra Chaoyuhua Boromakot () or Somdet Phra Boromaracha Dhiraj III () was the king of Ayutthaya from 1732 to 1758. His reign was the last blooming period of Ayutthaya as the kingdom would fall nine years after his death.
  http://wn.com/Boromakot
• Boromaracha V
  http://wn.com/Boromaracha_V
• 
  Calico Jack
  'John Calico Jack Rackham' (December 21, 1682 – November 18, 1720 in Jamaica) was an English pirate captain operating in the Bahamas during the early 18th century (Rackham is often spelled as Rackam or Rackum in contemporary documentation). His nickname was derived from the calico clothing he wore.
  http://wn.com/Calico_Jack
• 
  Canaletto
  :This is about the first and better known artist "Canaletto"; for his nephew and pupil, sometimes also called "Canaletto", especially in Poland and Germany, see Bernardo Bellotto.
  http://wn.com/Canaletto
• 
  Cao Xueqin
  Cao Xueqin (, 1724 or 1715 — 1763 or 1764) was a Qing Dynasty Chinese writer, best known as the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. His given name was Cao Zhan (曹霑) and his courtesy name is Mengruan (夢阮; 梦阮; literally "Dream about Ruan" or "Dream of Ruan").
  http://wn.com/Cao_Xueqin
• 
  Carl Friedrich Gauss
  Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; , ) (30 April 1777 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.
  http://wn.com/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
• 
  Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist. Isaac Asimov called him "hard-luck Scheele" because he made a number of chemical discoveries before others who are generally given the credit. For example, Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, and chlorine before Humphry Davy.
  http://wn.com/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele
• 
  Carlo Goldoni
  Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni (25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793) was an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice, whom some critics today rank among the European theatre's greatest authors. His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays of Goldoni for their ingenious mix of wit and honesty. His plays offered his contemporaries images of themselves, often dramatizing the lives, values, and conflicts of the emerging middle classes. Though he wrote in French and Italian, his plays make rich use of the Venetian language, regional vernacular, and colloquialisms. Goldoni also wrote under the pen name and title "Polisseno Fegeio, Pastor Arcade," which he claimed in his memoirs the "Arcadians of Rome" bestowed on him.
  http://wn.com/Carlo_Goldoni
• 
  Carlo Gozzi
  Carlo, Count Gozzi (13 December 1720 – April 4, 1806) was an Italian dramatist, known for his play The Green Bird.
  http://wn.com/Carlo_Gozzi
• Carolus Linnaeus
  http://wn.com/Carolus_Linnaeus
• 
  Cesare Beccaria
  Beccaria redirects here. This article is about the philosopher and politician. For the physicist please see Giovanni Battista Beccaria.
  http://wn.com/Cesare_Beccaria
• 
  Charles Burney
  Charles Burney FRS (7 April 1726 – 12 April 1814) was an English music historian and father of authors Frances Burney and Sarah Burney.
  http://wn.com/Charles_Burney
• 
  Charles III of Spain
  :Not to be confused with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, who briefly ruled parts of Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession as Charles III.
  http://wn.com/Charles_III_of_Spain
• 
  Charles Macklin
  Charles Macklin (26 September 1690 – 11 July 1797), originally Cathal MacLochlainn, was an actor and dramatist born in Culdaff, a village on the scenic Inishowen Peninsula of County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland. He was one of the most distinguished actors of his day, equally in tragedy and comedy. He gained his greatest fame in the role of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.
  http://wn.com/Charles_Macklin
• 
  Charlotte Corday
  '''Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont (27 July 1768 – 17 July 1793), known to history as Charlotte Corday', was a figure of the French Revolution. In 1793, she was executed under the guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was partly responsible for the Reign of Terror. His murder was memorialized in a celebrated painting by Jacques-Louis David which shows Marat after Corday had stabbed him to death in his bathtub. In 1847, writer Alphonse de Lamartine gave Corday the posthumous nickname l'ange de l'assassinat'' (the Angel of Assassination).
  http://wn.com/Charlotte_Corday
• 
  Charlotte Lennox
  Charlotte Lennox (c. 1730 – January 4, 1804) was a British author and poet of the 18th century. She is most famous now as the author of The Female Quixote and for her association with Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds, and Samuel Richardson, but she had a long career and wrote poetry, prose, and drama.
  http://wn.com/Charlotte_Lennox
• Chikamatsu
  http://wn.com/Chikamatsu
• 
  Chikamatsu Monzaemon
  Chikamatsu Monzaemon (; real name Sugimori Nobumori, 杉森信盛, 1653 – 6 January 1725) was a Japanese dramatist of jōruri, the form of puppet theater that later came to be known as bunraku, and the live-actor drama, kabuki. Encyclopædia Britannica writes that he is "widely regarded as the greatest Japanese dramatist." His most notable plays deal with double-suicides of honor bound lovers.
  http://wn.com/Chikamatsu_Monzaemon
• China
  China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
  http://wn.com/China
• 
  Colley Cibber
  Colley Cibber (; 6 November 1671 – 11 December 1757) was an English actor-manager, playwright and Poet Laureate. His colourful memoir Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber (1740) describes his life in a personal, anecdotal and even rambling style. He wrote 25 plays for his own company at Drury Lane, half of which were adapted from various sources, which led Robert Lowe and Alexander Pope, among others, to criticize his "miserable mutilation" of "crucified Molière [and] hapless Shakespeare". He regarded himself as first and foremost an actor and had great popular success in comical fop parts, while as a tragic actor he was persistent but much ridiculed. Cibber's brash, extroverted personality did not sit well with his contemporaries, and he was frequently accused of tasteless theatrical productions, shady business methods, and a social and political opportunism that was thought to have gained him the laureateship over far better poets. He rose to ignominious fame when he became the chief target, the head Dunce, of Alexander Pope's satirical poem Dunciad.
  http://wn.com/Colley_Cibber
• Dai Zhen
  Dai Zhen (, January 19, 1724—July 1, 1777) was a notable Chinese scholar of the Qing Dynasty from Xiuning, Anhui. A versatile scholar, he made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influential.
  http://wn.com/Dai_Zhen
• 
  Daniel Bernoulli
  Daniel Bernoulli (Groningen, 8 February 1700 – Basel, 8 March 1782) was a Dutch-Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world.
  http://wn.com/Daniel_Bernoulli
• 
  Daniel Defoe
  Daniel Defoe (ca. 1659-1661 – 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain, and is even referred to by some as among the founders of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.
  http://wn.com/Daniel_Defoe
• 
  David Hume
  David Hume (7 May 1711 [26 April O.S.] – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian, regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.
  http://wn.com/David_Hume
• Dede Efendi
  http://wn.com/Dede_Efendi
• 
  Denis Diderot
  Denis Diderot (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie.
  http://wn.com/Denis_Diderot
• 
  Dmitry Levitzky
  Dmitry Levitzky (Dmitry Grigoryevich Levitsky) (Russian: Дмитрий Григорьевич Левицкий, May 1735 – April 17, 1822) was a Russian-Ukrainian portrait painter.
  http://wn.com/Dmitry_Levitzky
• 
  Domenico Scarlatti
  Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (Naples, 26 October 1685 – Madrid, 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer who spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families. He is classified as a Baroque composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti he composed in a variety of musical forms although today he is known almost exclusively for his 555 keyboard sonatas.
  http://wn.com/Domenico_Scarlatti
• 
  Domenico Trezzini
  Domenico Trezzini (ca. 1670-1734) was a Swiss Italian architect who elaborated the Petrine Baroque style of Russian architecture.
  http://wn.com/Domenico_Trezzini
• 
  Edmond Halley
  Edmond Halley FRS () (8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous Halley's comet.
  http://wn.com/Edmond_Halley
• 
  Edmond Malone
  Edmond Malone (October 4, 1741 – April 25, 1812) was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of William Shakespeare. His first name is sometimes spelled Edmund.
  http://wn.com/Edmond_Malone
• 
  Edmund Burke
  Edmund Burke PC (12 January [NS] 1729 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after relocating to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party. He is mainly remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution. The latter led to his becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig party, which he dubbed the "Old Whigs", in opposition to the pro-French-Revolution "New Whigs," led by Charles James Fox. Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals in the nineteenth century and since the twentieth century he has generally been viewed as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism, as well as a representative of classical liberalism.
  http://wn.com/Edmund_Burke
• 
  Edmund Cartwright
  Edward (Edmund) Cartwright (24 April 1743 – 30 October 1823) was an English clergyman and inventor of the power loom.
  http://wn.com/Edmund_Cartwright
• 
  Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon (April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788. The Decline and Fall is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open denigration of organised religion.
  http://wn.com/Edward_Gibbon
• 
  Edward Jenner
  Edward Anthony Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. Jenner is widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the 'Father of Immunology'. Jenner's discovery 'has saved more lives than the work of any other man'.
  http://wn.com/Edward_Jenner
• Edward Teach
  http://wn.com/Edward_Teach
• Elihu Palmer
  Elihu Palmer (1764 – April 7, 1806) was an author and advocate of Deism in the early days of the United States.
  http://wn.com/Elihu_Palmer
• 
  Eliza Haywood
  Eliza Haywood (1693 – 25 February 1756), born Elizabeth Fowler, was an English writer, actress and publisher. Since the 1980s, Eliza Haywood’s literary works have been gaining in recognition and interest. Described as “prolific even by the standards of a prolific age” (Blouch, intro 7), Haywood wrote and published over seventy works during her lifetime including fiction, drama, translations, poetry, conduct literature and periodicals. Haywood is a significant figure of the 18th century as one of the important founders of the novel in English. Today she is studied primarily as a novelist.
  http://wn.com/Eliza_Haywood
• 
  Elizabeth of Russia
  Elizaveta Petrovna () ( – ), also known as Yelisavet and Elizabeth, was the Empress of Russia (1741–1762) who took the country into the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). On the eve of her death in 1762, the Russian empire spanned almost 4 billion acres (more than 16 million square kilometres).
  http://wn.com/Elizabeth_of_Russia
• 
  Emanuel Swedenborg
  (born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688 – March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic and theologian. Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. In 1741 at the age of fifty-three he entered into a spiritual phase [http://www.swedenborg.com/page.asp?page_name=aboutswedenborgexpanded] in which he eventually began to experience dreams and visions beginning on Easter weekend April 6, 1744. This culminated in a spiritual awakening, where he claimed he was appointed by the Lord to write a heavenly doctrine to reform Christianity. He claimed that the Lord had opened his eyes, so that from then on he could freely visit heaven and hell, and talk with angels, demons and other spirits. For the remaining 28 years of his life, he wrote and published 18 theological works, of which the best known was Heaven and Hell (1758), and several unpublished theological works.
  http://wn.com/Emanuel_Swedenborg
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  Emperor Higashiyama
  :Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City.
  http://wn.com/Emperor_Higashiyama
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  Emperor Nakamikado
  was the 114th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
  http://wn.com/Emperor_Nakamikado
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  Erasmus Darwin
  Erasmus Darwin (12 December 1731 – 18 April 1802) was an English physician who turned down George III's invitation to be a physician to the King. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Darwin was also a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers.
  http://wn.com/Erasmus_Darwin
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  Ethan Allen
  Ethan Allen ( – February 12, 1789) was a farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, and American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the U. S. state of Vermont, and for the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the American Revolutionary War.
  http://wn.com/Ethan_Allen
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  Eugenio Espejo
  Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo (Royal Audiencia of Quito, 1747–1795) was a medical pioneer, writer and lawyer of mestizo origin in colonial Ecuador. Although he was a notable scientist and writer, he stands out as a polemicist who inspired the separatist movement in Quito. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in colonial Ecuador. He was Quito's first journalist and hygienist. As a journalist he spread enlightened ideas in the Royal Audiencia, and as a hygienist he composed an important treatise about sanitary conditions in colonial Ecuador that included interesting remarks about microorganisms and the spreading of disease.
  http://wn.com/Eugenio_Espejo
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  Farrukhsiyar
  '''Abu'l Muzaffar Muin ud-din Muhammad Shah Farrukh-siyar Alim Akbar Sani Wala Shan Padshah-i-bahr-u-bar [Shahid-i-Mazlum] (or Farrukhsiyar''', 20 August 1685 - 19 April 1719) was the Mughal emperor between 1713 and 1719. Noted as a handsome but weak ruler, easily swayed by his advisers, Farukhsiyar lacked the ability and character to rule independently. His reign witnessed the primacy of the Syed Brothers who became the effective powers of the land, behind the façade of Mughal rule.
  http://wn.com/Farrukhsiyar
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  Ferenc Kazinczy
  Ferenc Kazinczy (October 27, 1759 – August 23, 1831) was a Hungarian author, the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. His name is today connected to the extensive Language Reform of the 19th century, when thousands of words were coined or revived, enabling the Hungarian language to keep up with scientific progress and become an official language of the nation in 1844.
  http://wn.com/Ferenc_Kazinczy
• 
  Frances Burney
  :''For playwright Frances Burney (Stephenson)(1776–1828), niece of novelist Fanny Burney Madame d'Arblay 1752-1840, see Frances Burney (1776–1828)''
  http://wn.com/Frances_Burney
• Francesco Geminiani
  Francesco Saverio Geminiani (5 December 1687 – 17 September 1762) was an Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
  http://wn.com/Francesco_Geminiani
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  Francesco Guardi
  Francesco Lazzaro Guardi (October 5, 1712 – January 1, 1793) was an Italian painter of veduta, a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners, along with his brothers, of the classic Venetian school of painting.
  http://wn.com/Francesco_Guardi
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  Francis II Rákóczi
  Francis II Rákóczi (, Hungarian pronunciation: ; 27 March 1676 in Borsi, Royal Hungary – 8 April 1735 in Tekirdağ, Ottoman Empire) Hungarian aristocrat, he was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince (fejedelem) of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was also Prince of Transylvania, an Imperial Prince, and a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Today he is considered a national hero in Hungary.
  http://wn.com/Francis_II_Rákóczi
• Francisco de Goya
  http://wn.com/Francisco_de_Goya
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  François Boucher
  François Boucher (29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories representing the arts or pastoral occupations, intended as a sort of two-dimensional furniture. He also painted several portraits of his illustrious patroness, Madame de Pompadour.
  http://wn.com/François_Boucher
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  François Couperin
  François Couperin () (10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as Couperin le Grand ("Couperin the Great") to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family.
  http://wn.com/François_Couperin
• 
  Frederick Cornwallis
  Frederick Cornwallis (5 March 1713 – 19 March 1783) was Archbishop of Canterbury, and the twin brother of Edward Cornwallis.
  http://wn.com/Frederick_Cornwallis
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  Friedrich Schiller
  Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 1759 9 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works he left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. They also worked together on Die Xenien, a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents to their philosophical vision.
  http://wn.com/Friedrich_Schiller
• 
  Fula people
  Fula or Fulani or Fulbe (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language, Fule) are an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa. The countries in Africa where they are present include Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Chad, Togo, the Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, and as far as Sudan in the east. Fula people form a minority in every country they inhabit, but in Guinea they represent a plurality of the population (40%).Total population 27 000 000.
  http://wn.com/Fula_people
• Gai Qi
  Gai Qi (Chinese: 改琦; 1774-1829) was a poet and painter born in western China during the Qing dynasty. As an artist, he was active in Shanghai. In painting his works mainly concerned plants, beauty, and figures. However he also did numerous landscapes. In poetry he preferred the rhyming ci form and added such poems to his paintings. Though he was from the Hui people, who are Muslim, much of his art involved Buddhism subjects.
  http://wn.com/Gai_Qi
• 
  George Berkeley
  George Berkeley ( ) (12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory contends that individuals can only know directly sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter". The theory also contends that ideas are dependent upon being perceived by minds for their very existence, a belief that became immortalized in the dictum, "esse est percipi" ("to be is to be perceived"). He published his chief philosophical work A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge in 1710.
  http://wn.com/George_Berkeley
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  George Fordyce
  George Fordyce (18 November 1736 – 25 May 1802) was a distinguished Scottish physician, lecturer on medicine, and chemist, who was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
  http://wn.com/George_Fordyce
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  George Mason
  George Mason IV (December 11, 1725 – October 7, 1792) was an American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights." For these reasons he is considered one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States.
  http://wn.com/George_Mason
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  George Vancouver
  Captain George Vancouver RN (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was an officer in the British Royal Navy, best known for his Vancouver Expedition maritime exploration of the North America's northwestern Pacific Coast regions, including the coasts of contemporary Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia.
  http://wn.com/George_Vancouver
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  George Washington
  George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)
  http://wn.com/George_Washington
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  Georges Danton
  Georges Jacques Danton (; 26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety. Danton's role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed; many historians describe him as "the chief force in the'''
  http://wn.com/Georges_Danton
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  Giacomo Casanova
  Giacomo Girolamo Casanova de Seingalt (April 2, 1725 – June 4, 1798) was a Venetian adventurer and author. His main book Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life), part autobiography and part memoir, is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century.
  http://wn.com/Giacomo_Casanova
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  Giacomo Quarenghi
  Giacomo Quarenghi (; 20 or 21 September 1744) was the foremost and most prolific practitioner of Palladian architecture in Imperial Russia, particularly in Saint Petersburg.
  http://wn.com/Giacomo_Quarenghi
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  Gilbert Stuart
  Gilbert Charles Stuart (born Stewart) (December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter from Rhode Island.
  http://wn.com/Gilbert_Stuart
• Goethe
  http://wn.com/Goethe
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  Grigory Potyomkin
  Prince (Reichsfürst) Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheski (, pronounced Patyomkin) () – ) was a Russian general-field marshal, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine II the Great. He is primarily remembered for his efforts to colonize the sparsely populated wild steppes of southern Ukraine, which passed to Russia under the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774). Among the towns founded by Potyomkin are Kherson, Nikolaev (Mykolayiv), Sevastopol, and Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk). He is also widely associated with the "Potemkin village", a method of ruse that may or may not be grounded in historical events. Son of Alexander Potyomkin and Daria Skuratowa.
  http://wn.com/Grigory_Potyomkin
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  Gustav III of Sweden
  Gustav III (Stockholm, – Stockholm, 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great.
  http://wn.com/Gustav_III_of_Sweden
• Handel
  http://wn.com/Handel
• 
  Hannah Pritchard
  Hannah Pritchard (1711–1768) was an English actress.
  http://wn.com/Hannah_Pritchard
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  Henry Cavendish
  Henry Cavendish FRS (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was a British scientist noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. Cavendish is also known for the Cavendish experiment, his measurement of the Earth's density, and early research into electricity.
  http://wn.com/Henry_Cavendish
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  Henry Fielding
  Henry Fielding (Sharpham, 22 April 1707 – near Lisbon, 8 October 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the novel Tom Jones.
  http://wn.com/Henry_Fielding
• 
  Henry Mackenzie
  Henry Mackenzie (August, 1745 - 14 January 1831) was a Scottish novelist and miscellaneous writer. He was also known by the sobriquet "Addison of the North."
  http://wn.com/Henry_Mackenzie
• Hester Santlow
  Hester Santlow (married name Hester Booth; c.1690–1773) was a noted British dancer and actress, who has been termed "England's first ballerina." She was influential in many spheres of theatrical life.
  http://wn.com/Hester_Santlow
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  Hester Thrale
  Hester Lynch Thrale (born Hester Lynch Salusbury and after her second marriage, Hester Lynch Piozzi ) (27 January 1741 [NS] – 2 May 1821) was a British diarist, author, and patron of the arts. Her diaries and correspondence are an important source of information about Samuel Johnson and eighteenth-century life.
  http://wn.com/Hester_Thrale
• Honoré Mirabeau
  http://wn.com/Honoré_Mirabeau
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  Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant () (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of knowledge during the Enlightenment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
  http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
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  Isaac Watts
  Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748), is recognised as the "Father of English Hymnody", as he was the first prolific and popular English hymnwriter, credited with some 750 hymns. Many of his hymns remain in active use today and have been translated into many languages.
  http://wn.com/Isaac_Watts
• 
  Ivan Martos
  Ivan Petrovich Martos (; 1754 — 5 April 1835) was a Russian-Ukrainian sculptor and art teacher who helped awaken Russian interest in Neoclassical sculpture.
  http://wn.com/Ivan_Martos
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  Jacques-Louis David
  Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling chiming with the moral climate of the final years of the ancien régime.
  http://wn.com/Jacques-Louis_David
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  James Boswell
  James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck (29 October 1740 – 19 May 1795) was a lawyer, diarist, and author born in Edinburgh, Scotland; he is best known for his biography of Samuel Johnson.
  http://wn.com/James_Boswell
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  James Cook
  Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
  http://wn.com/James_Cook
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  James Hargreaves
  James Hargreaves (1720 – 22 April 1778),, was a weaver, carpenter and an inventor in Lancashire, England. He is credited with inventing the Spinning Jennifer (shortened to spinning Jenny in 1768) in 1764.
  http://wn.com/James_Hargreaves
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  James Madison
  James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
  http://wn.com/James_Madison
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  Jan Ingenhousz
  Jan Ingenhousz or Ingen-Housz FRS (December 8, 1730 – September 7, 1799) was a Dutch physiologist, biologist and chemist. He is best known for showing that light is essential to photosynthesis and thus having discovered photosynthesis. He also discovered that plants, like animals, have cellular respiration. In his lifetime he was best known for successfully inoculating the members of the Habsburg family in Vienna against smallpox in 1768 and subsequently being the private counsellor and personal physician to the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa.
  http://wn.com/Jan_Ingenhousz
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  Jane Austen
  Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction set among the gentry have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature. Amongst scholars and critics, Austen's realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as a writer.
  http://wn.com/Jane_Austen
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  Jean-Paul Marat
  Jean-Paul Marat (24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793) was a Swiss-born physician, political theorist, and scientist better known as a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution. His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society. Marat was one of the more extreme voices of the French Revolution and he became a vigorous defender of the Parisian sans-culottes; he broadcast his views through impassioned public speaking, essay writing, and newspaper journalism, which carried his message throughout France. Marat's radical denunciations of counter-revolutionaries supported much of the violence that occurred during the wartime phases of the French Revolution. His constant persecution of "enemies of the people," consistent condemnatory message, and uncanny prophetic powers brought him the trust of the populace and made him their unofficial link to the radical Jacobin group that came to power in June 1793. For the two months leading up to the downfall of the Girondin faction in June, he was one of the three most important men in France, alongside Georges Danton and Maximilien Robespierre. He was murdered in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer.
  http://wn.com/Jean-Paul_Marat
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  Jean-Philippe Rameau
  Jean-Philippe Rameau (; September 25, 1683, Dijon – September 12, 1764) was one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the Baroque era. He replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and is also considered the leading French composer for the harpsichord of his time, alongside François Couperin.
  http://wn.com/Jean-Philippe_Rameau
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  Jean-Étienne Liotard
  Jean-Étienne Liotard (1702 at Geneva – 1789 in Geneva) was a Swiss-French painter. His father was a jeweller who fled to Switzerland after 1685.
  http://wn.com/Jean-Étienne_Liotard
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  Jeongjo of Joseon
  King Jeongjo (1752–1800) was the 22nd ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He made various attempts to reform and improve the nation of Joseon. He was preceded by his grandfather King Yeongjo (1724–1776) and succeeded by his son King Sunjo (r. 1800–1834). He is widely regarded as one of the most successful and visionary rulers of Joseon along with King Sejong.
  http://wn.com/Jeongjo_of_Joseon
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  Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
  http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham
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  Johann Pachelbel
  Johann Pachelbel (, , or ; , , or ; baptized September 1, 1653 – buried March 9, 1706) was a German Baroque composer, organist and teacher, who brought the south German organ tradition to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
  http://wn.com/Johann_Pachelbel
• 
  John Hadley
  :This article is about John Hadley, the mathematician. For John Hadley the chemist (1731-1764) see John Hadley (chemist)
  http://wn.com/John_Hadley
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  John Harrison
  John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English clockmaker. He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought device in solving the problem of establishing the East-West position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sail. The problem was considered so intractable that the British Parliament offered a prize of £20,000 (comparable to £Formatprice| / €Formatprice| / $Formatprice| in modern currency) for the solution.
  http://wn.com/John_Harrison
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  John Law (economist)
  John Law (usually pronounced Jean Lass by contemporary French people) (baptised 21 April 1671 – died 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade. He was appointed Controller General of Finances of France under King Louis XV.
  http://wn.com/John_Law_(economist)
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  John Newbery
  John Newbery (baptized 9 July 1713 – 22 December 1767) was an English publisher of books who first made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market. He also supported and published the works of Christopher Smart, Oliver Goldsmith and Samuel Johnson. In honor of his achievements in children's publishing, the Newbery Medal was named after him.
  http://wn.com/John_Newbery
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  John Newton
  John Henry Newton (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was an English Anglican clergyman and former slave-ship captain. He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace" and "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken."
  http://wn.com/John_Newton
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  John Paul Jones
  John Paul Jones ( – ) was the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War. Although he made enemies among America's political elites, his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day.
  http://wn.com/John_Paul_Jones
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  John Smeaton
  John Smeaton, FRS, (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer, and often regarded as the "father of civil engineering".
  http://wn.com/John_Smeaton
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  John Wesley
  John Wesley () ( – 2 March 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian. Wesley is largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar manner to George Whitefield. In contrast to George Whitefield's Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that were dominant in the 18th-century Church of England. Methodism in both forms was a highly successful evangelical movement in the United Kingdom, which encouraged people to experience Jesus Christ personally.
  http://wn.com/John_Wesley
• 
  Jonathan Swift
  Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.
  http://wn.com/Jonathan_Swift
• 
  Joseph Banks
  Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771). Banks is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear Banks's name. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa, and a member of the Society of Dilettanti, which helped to establish the Royal Academy.
  http://wn.com/Joseph_Banks
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  Joseph Black
  Joseph Black FRSE FRCS (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was professor of Medicine at University of Glasgow (where he also served as lecturer in Chemistry). James Watt, who was appointed as philosophical instrument maker at the same university (1756), became involved in Black's works and conducted experiments on steam with Black. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.
  http://wn.com/Joseph_Black
• 
  Joseph de Maistre
  Joseph-Marie, comte de Maistre (; 1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a French-speaking Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer and diplomat. He was one of the most influential spokesmen for hierarchical authoritarianism in the period immediately following the French Revolution of 1789. Despite his close intellectual and personal ties with France, Maistre remained throughout most of his life a subject of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia, whom he served as member of the Savoy Senate (1787–1792), ambassador to Russia (1803–1817), and minister of state to the court in Turin (1817–1821).
  http://wn.com/Joseph_de_Maistre
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  Joseph Haydn
  Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 173231 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn (; ), was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these genres. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
  http://wn.com/Joseph_Haydn
• 
  Joseph I of Portugal
  |align=right
  http://wn.com/Joseph_I_of_Portugal
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  Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier also have a claim to the discovery.
  http://wn.com/Joseph_Priestley
• Joseph Priestly
  http://wn.com/Joseph_Priestly
• 
  Joshua Reynolds
  Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an influential 18th-century English painter, specialising in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealisation of the imperfect. He was one of the founders and first President of the Royal Academy. King George III appreciated his merits and knighted him in 1769.
  http://wn.com/Joshua_Reynolds
• 
  Kamehameha I
  Kamehameha I (ca. 1758 – May 8, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the Kanawai Mamalahoe, the "Law of the Splintered Paddle", which protects human rights of non-combatants in times of battle. Kamehameha's full Hawaiian name is Kalani Paiea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiikui Kamehameha o Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea.
  http://wn.com/Kamehameha_I
• 
  Kamo no Mabuchi
  Kamo no Mabuchi (; 24 April 1697-27 November 1769) was a Japanese poet and philologist of the Edo period.
  http://wn.com/Kamo_no_Mabuchi
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  Kangxi Emperor
  The Kangxi Emperor (; temple name: 清聖祖; Mongolian: Энх-Амгалан хаан, 4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722) was the third emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.
  http://wn.com/Kangxi_Emperor
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  Karim Khan
  Karim Khan Zand, (), (c. 1705- 1779), was the ruler and de facto Shah of Iran from 1749 until 1779. Karim Khan was the chief of the Zand tribe, which was from the Laki. Lakki is the language of west of Iran. He never styled himself as "shah" or king, and instead used the title ''Vakil e-Ra'aayaa (President'').
  http://wn.com/Karim_Khan
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  Karl Blank
  Karl Blank () (1728–1793) was a Russian architect, notable as one of the last practitioners of Baroque architecture and the first Moscow architect to build early neoclassical buildings. His surviving, undisputed legacy consists of three baroque churches and Moscow Orphanage. The Ukrainian palace of Kachanovka is also attributed to him.
  http://wn.com/Karl_Blank
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  Kazakhs
  The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; ; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
  http://wn.com/Kazakhs
• 
  Laura Bassi
  Laura Maria Caterina Bassi was an Italian scientist, the first woman to officially teach at a college in Europe.
  http://wn.com/Laura_Bassi
• 
  Laurence Sterne
  Laurence Sterne (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768) was an Irish novelist and an Anglican clergyman. He is best known for his novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy; but he also published many sermons, wrote memoirs, and was involved in local politics. Sterne died in London after years of fighting consumption.
  http://wn.com/Laurence_Sterne
• 
  Leonardo Coccorante
  Leonardo Coccorante (1680-1750) was an Italian painter who was born in Naples, Italy. He studied with Jan Frans van Bloemen (1662-1749), Angelo Maria Costa (1670-1721), and finally with Gabriele Ricciardelli (active between 1741 and 1777). From 1737 to 1739, he was employed decorating the royal palace of Naples. Coccorante died in Naples in 1750.
  http://wn.com/Leonardo_Coccorante
• 
  Leonhard Euler
  Leonhard Euler (; 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy.
  http://wn.com/Leonhard_Euler
• Li Ruzhen
  Li Ruzhen () (c.1763 - 1830), courtesy name: Songshi (松石), was a Chinese novelist and phonologist of the Qing Dynasty. A native of Beijing, he is the author of the novel Jing Hua Yuan (鏡花緣), or Flowers in the Mirror. He also wrote Lishi Yinjian (李氏音鑑), a work of Chinese phonology, and complied Shou Zi Pu (受子譜), a valuable kifu of Go.
  http://wn.com/Li_Ruzhen
• Liang Desheng
  Liang Desheng (1771-1847) was a Chinese poet and writer active during the Qing Dynasty. She was the wife of a prominent intellectual from Hangzhou. Since her sister died young, Liang Desheng acted as a surrogate mother for her niece Wang Duan, who would become an editor. Both of them were also friends with another female poet, Gu Taiqing.
  http://wn.com/Liang_Desheng
• Louis Montoyer
  Louis Montoyer (1749, Mariemont, Austrian Netherlands, now Belgium - 5 June 1811, Vienna) was an 18th century Belgian-Austrian architect, principally active in Brussels and Vienna.
  http://wn.com/Louis_Montoyer
• 
  Louis XIV of France
  | align=right
  http://wn.com/Louis_XIV_of_France
• 
  Louis XV of France
  Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death. After he acceded the throne at the age of five, his great-uncle, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, served as Regent of the Kingdom until Louis' majority in 1723. Cardinal de Fleury was his chief minister from 1726 until his death in 1743, at which time the young king took over control of the State. Louis XV was a member of the House of Bourbon.
  http://wn.com/Louis_XV_of_France
• 
  Louis XVI of France
  Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France ever to be executed.
  http://wn.com/Louis_XVI_of_France
• 
  Louis XVII of France
  Louis XVII (Versailles 27 March 1785 – Paris 8 June 1795), from birth to 1789 known as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy; then from 1789 to 1791 as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France; and from 1791 to 1793 as Louis-Charles, Prince Royal of France, was the son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. As the son of the king, he was a Fils de France (Son of France).
  http://wn.com/Louis_XVII_of_France
• 
  Luigi Vanvitelli
  Luigi Vanvitelli (May 12, 1700, Naples – March 1, 1773, Caserta) was an Italian engineer and architect. The most prominent eighteenth-century architect of Italy, he practiced a sober classicizing academic Late Baroque style that made an easy transition to Neoclassicism.
  http://wn.com/Luigi_Vanvitelli
• Madhavrao I
  Thorle Madhavrao Peshwa (or Peshwa Madhavrao I), (14 February 1745 - 18 November 1772), was fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.
  http://wn.com/Madhavrao_I
• Madhavrao I Scindia
  Mahadaji Shinde (1730–February 12, 1794), Mahadaji Sindhia or in marathi महादजी शिंदे), was a Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India. Mahadaji was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the debacle of the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, and rose to become a trusted lieutenant of the Peshwa, leader of the Maratha Confederacy, as well as the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. During his reign, Gwalior became the leading state in the Maratha Confederacy and one of the foremost military powers in India.
  http://wn.com/Madhavrao_I_Scindia
• Mahmud I
  Mahmud I (), called the Hunchback (August 2, 1696 December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was born at Edirne Palace the son of Mustafa II (1695–1703) and his mother was Valide Sultan Saliha Sabkati. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57).
  http://wn.com/Mahmud_I
• Marathas
  http://wn.com/Marathas
• 
  Maria Edgeworth
  Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1767 – 22 May 1849) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and children's writer. She was one of the first realist writers in children's literature.
  http://wn.com/Maria_Edgeworth
• 
  Maria Gaetana Agnesi
  Maria Gaetana Agnesi (May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799) was an Italian linguist, mathematician, and philosopher. Agnesi (the "gn" digraph is pronounced with the palatal nasal ) is credited with writing the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus. She was an honorary member of the faculty at the University of Bologna. According to Dirk Jan Struik, Agnesi is "the first important woman mathematician since Hypatia (fifth century A.D.)".
  http://wn.com/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi
• 
  Marie Antoinette
  Marie Antoinette (; Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was an Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of France and of Navarre. She was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and Emperor Francis I.
  http://wn.com/Marie_Antoinette
• 
  Mary Wollstonecraft
  Mary Wollstonecraft (; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.
  http://wn.com/Mary_Wollstonecraft
• Matsudaira Sadanobu
  Japanese daimyo of the mid-Edo period, famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain, and the similar reforms he undertook during his tenure as chief senior councilor (rōju shuza; 老中首座) of the Tokugawa Shogunate, from 1787 to 1793.
  http://wn.com/Matsudaira_Sadanobu
• 
  Matvey Kazakov
  Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov (, 1738 Moscow – 1812 Ryazan) was a Russian Neoclassical architect. Kazakov was one of the most influential Muscovite architects during the reign of Catherine II, completing numerous private residences, two royal palaces, two hospitals, Moscow University, and the Kremlin Senate. Most of his works were destroyed by the Fire of 1812; they were later rebuilt with various degrees of alteration.
  http://wn.com/Matvey_Kazakov
• Michikinikwa
  http://wn.com/Michikinikwa
• 
  Mikhail Lomonosov
  Mikhail (Mikhaylo) Vasilyevich Lomonosov (;  – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere of Venus. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Lomonosov was also a poet, who created the basis of the modern Russian literary language.
  http://wn.com/Mikhail_Lomonosov
• 
  Mohammad Khan Qajar
  Agha Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1837) ()‎‎ was the chief of the Qajar tribe. He became the Emperor/Shah of Persia in 1794 and established the Qajar dynasty. He was succeeded by his nephew, Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar.
  http://wn.com/Mohammad_Khan_Qajar
• 
  Moses Mendelssohn
  Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment) is indebted. He has been referred to as the father of Reform Judaism.
  http://wn.com/Moses_Mendelssohn
• 
  Motoori Norinaga
  was a Japanese scholar of Kokugaku active during the Edo period. He is probably the best known and most prominent of all scholars in this tradition.
  http://wn.com/Motoori_Norinaga
• 
  Mustafa III
  Mustafa III (Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثالث Muṣṭafā-yi sālis) (January 28/18, 1717 – January 21, 1774) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30) and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774–89). He was born in Edirne. His mother was Âminā Mihrimah Sultan.
  http://wn.com/Mustafa_III
• 
  Nader Shah
  Nāder Shāh Afshār (; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.
  http://wn.com/Nader_Shah
• Nadir Shah
  http://wn.com/Nadir_Shah
• 
  Nanasaheb Peshwa
  Nanasaheb Peshwa (1720 or 1721 – 1761), also known as Balaji Bajirao, was the son of Bajirao from his marriage with Kashibai and one of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. He contributed heavily to the development of the city of Pune, India. He was appointed as Peshwa by Chattrapati Shahu himself. At time of his death in 1749, the issueless Shahu made the Peshwas the rulers of the Maratha Empire.
  http://wn.com/Nanasaheb_Peshwa
• Napoleon Bonaparte
  http://wn.com/Napoleon_Bonaparte
• Napoleon I of France
  http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France
• 
  Nathan Hale
  Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was a soldier for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. A spy for the Continental Army, he volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British. He is probably best remembered for his purported last words before being hanged: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
  http://wn.com/Nathan_Hale
• 
  Nguyen Hue
  Nguyễn Huệ (), also known as Emperor Quang Trung (; Quang Trung Hoàng đế ), born in Bình Định in 1753, died in Phú Xuân on 16 September 1792, was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn Dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 1788 until 1792. He was also one of the most successful military commanders in Vietnam's history.
  http://wn.com/Nguyen_Hue
• Nikolai Karamzin
  http://wn.com/Nikolai_Karamzin
• 
  Nishikawa Sukenobu
  Nishikawa Sukenobu (西川祐信, Nishikawa Sukenobu 1671 – 1750), often called simply "Sukenobu", was a Japanese printmaker from Kyoto. He was unusual for a ukiyo-e in being based in the imperial capital of Kyoto. He did prints of actors, but gained note for his works concerning women. His Hyakunin joro shinasadame (Appreciating 100 women), in two volumes published in 1723, depicted women of all classes, from the empress to prostitutes, and received favorable results.
  http://wn.com/Nishikawa_Sukenobu
• 
  Oliver Evans
  Oliver Evans (13 September 1755 – 15 April 1819) was an American inventor. Evans was born in Newport, Delaware to a family of Welsh settlers. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a wheelwright.
  http://wn.com/Oliver_Evans
• 
  Oliver Goldsmith
  Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was an Irish writer, poet, and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770) (written in memory of his brother), and his plays ''The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer'' (1771, first performed in 1773). He also wrote "An History of the Earth and Animated Nature". He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, the source of the phrase "goody two-shoes".
  http://wn.com/Oliver_Goldsmith
• 
  Osman III
  Osman III or Othman III (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان ثالث ‘Osmān-i sālis) (January 2/3, 1699 January 30/October 30, 1757) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.
  http://wn.com/Osman_III
• 
  Ottoman Empire
  The Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish, Persian: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1923.
  http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
• Pashtun people
  Pashtuns ( , , also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (in and Hindi: पठान ) or (ethnic) Afghans (in ; see also origin and history of the term), are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and western Pakistan, which includes Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterized by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, a traditional set of rules and ethics guiding individual and communal conduct.
  http://wn.com/Pashtun_people
• 
  Patrick Henry
  Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779 and subsequently, from 1784 to 1786. A prominent figure in the American Revolution, Henry is known and remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech, and as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential, radical advocates of the American Revolution and republicanism, especially in his denunciations of corruption in government officials and his defense of historic rights. After the Revolution, Henry was a leader of the anti-federalists who opposed the replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution, fearing that it endangered the rights of the States, as well as the freedoms of individuals.
  http://wn.com/Patrick_Henry
• 
  Patrona Halil
  Patrona Halil (? in Argos Orestikon - November 25, 1730 in Istanbul), was the instigator of a mob uprising in 1730 which replaced Sultan Ahmed III with Mahmud I and ended the Tulip period.
  http://wn.com/Patrona_Halil
• 
  Paul Revere
  Paul Revere (May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution.
  http://wn.com/Paul_Revere
• 
  Philip V of Spain
  Philip V (Spanish: Felipe V; French: Philippe de France; 19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746), fils de France and Duke of Anjou, was King of Spain from 1700 to 14 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son, Louis I of Spain, and from 31 August 1724 to 1746, assuming the throne again upon his son's death. Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. His entire reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history.
  http://wn.com/Philip_V_of_Spain
• 
  Pierre Beaumarchais
  Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (; 24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a watchmaker, inventor, musician, diplomat, fugitive, spy, publisher, arms dealer, and revolutionary (both French and American). He was best known, however, for his theatrical works, especially the three Figaro plays.
  http://wn.com/Pierre_Beaumarchais
• Pierre Simon Laplace
  http://wn.com/Pierre_Simon_Laplace
• 
  Pope Benedict XIV
  Pope Benedict XIV (31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XIV
• 
  Pope Clement XI
  Pope Clement XI (23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death in 1721.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XI
• 
  Pope Clement XII
  ::See Corsini for other uses of that name
  http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XII
• 
  Qianlong Emperor
  The Qianlong Emperor (; Mongolian: Tengeriin Tetgesen Khaan, Manchu: Abkai Wehiyehe, Tibetan: lha skyong rgyal po, born Hongli (), 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795. On 8 February (the first day of that lunar year), he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
  http://wn.com/Qianlong_Emperor
• Raghunathrao
  Raghunathrao was Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy from 1773 to 1774. He was instrumental in the downfall of the Peshwa clan.Riyasatkar Sardesai called him villain of Peshwai.
  http://wn.com/Raghunathrao
• 
  Ramprasad Sen
  (Bangla: রামপ্রসাদ সেন) (ca. 1718 or ca. 1723 – ca. 1775) was a Shakta poet of eighteenth century Bengal. His bhakti poems, known as Ramprasadi, are still popular in Bengal—they are usually addressed to the Hindu goddess Kali and written in Bengali. Stories of Ramprasad's life typically include legends and myths mixed with biographical details.
  http://wn.com/Ramprasad_Sen
• 
  Reign of Terror
  The Reign of Terror (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794), also known as The Terror () was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." Estimates vary widely as to how many were killed, with numbers ranging from 16,000 to 40,000; in many cases, records were not kept or, if they were, they are considered likely to be inaccurate. The guillotine ("National Razor") became the symbol of a string of executions: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité (Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans) and Madame Roland, as well as many others, such as pioneering chemist Antoine Lavoisier, lost their lives under its blade.
  http://wn.com/Reign_of_Terror
• 
  Richard Arkwright
  Sir Richard Arkwright (Old Style 23 December 1732 / New Style 3 January 1733 – 3 August 1792), was an Englishman who, although the patents were eventually overturned, is often credited for inventing the spinning frame — later renamed the water frame following the transition to water power. He also patented a carding engine, so could convert raw cotton into yarn. A self-made man, he was a leading entrepreneur of the Industrial Revolution. Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labour, and a new raw material (cotton) to create, more than a century before Ford, mass produced yarn. His skills of organisation made him more than anyone else, the creator of the modern factory system, especially in his mill at Cromford.
  http://wn.com/Richard_Arkwright
• 
  Robert Maynard
  Robert Maynard (c. 1684 - January 1, 1751) was a lieutenant and later captain in the Royal Navy, First Lieutenant of HMS Pearl, most famous for defeating the infamous English pirate Blackbeard in battle.
  http://wn.com/Robert_Maynard
• 
  Robert Southey
  Robert Southey (12 August 1774 – 21 March 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Although his fame tends to be eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey's verse enjoys enduring popularity.
  http://wn.com/Robert_Southey
• 
  Robert Walpole
  Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
  http://wn.com/Robert_Walpole
• 
  Robert Wilks
  Robert Wilks (c. 1665 – 27 September 1732) was a British actor and theatrical manager who was one of the leading managers of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in its heyday of the 1710s. He was, with Colley Cibber and Thomas Doggett, one of the "triumvirate" of actor-managers that was denounced by Alexander Pope and caricatured by William Hogarth as leaders of the decline in theatrical standards and degradation of the stage's literary tradition.
  http://wn.com/Robert_Wilks
• 
  Sadhak Kamalakanta
  Sadhaka Kamalakanta (c. 1769 - 1821) was a poet of India of the late 18th century. He is often considered to have followed the example of Ramprasad, both in his poetry and in his lifestyle.
  http://wn.com/Sadhak_Kamalakanta
• 
  Samuel Adams
  Samuel Adams ( – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.
  http://wn.com/Samuel_Adams
• 
  Samuel Johnson
  Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was a British author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
  http://wn.com/Samuel_Johnson
• Samuel Mason
  Samuel Mason or Meason (1739–1803) was the leader of a gang of river pirates on the lower Ohio River and the Mississippi River in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was associated with Cave-in-Rock, Stack Island and the Natchez Trace.
  http://wn.com/Samuel_Mason
• 
  Samuel Richardson
  Samuel Richardson (19 August 1689 – 4 July 1761) was an 18th-century English writer and printer. He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753). Richardson was an established printer and publisher for most of his life and printed almost 500 different works, with journals and magazines.
  http://wn.com/Samuel_Richardson
• 
  Selim III
  Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. He was a son of Mustafa III (1757–74) and succeeded his uncle Abdülhamid I (1774–89). He was born in Constantinople. His mother was Valide Sultan Mihr-i shah. His attempts to reform the Ottoman Empire ended with his assassination.
  http://wn.com/Selim_III
• 
  Sheikh Mansur
  :''Not to be confused with Sheikh Mansour
  http://wn.com/Sheikh_Mansur
• 
  Shivappa Nayaka
  Shivappa Nayaka (reigned 1645 - 1660), also known as Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, was a notable ruler of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the Vijayanagara Empire in the coastal and Malnad (hill) districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century. At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts (Bayaluseeme) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the Kingdom of Mysore ruled by Hyder Ali in 1763. He was known as Sistina Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a tax system called Sist.
  http://wn.com/Shivappa_Nayaka
• Spaniards
  http://wn.com/Spaniards
• 
  Sugita Genpaku
  Sugita Genpaku (杉田 玄白 20 October 1733 - 1 June 1817) was a Japanese scholar who was known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy).
  http://wn.com/Sugita_Genpaku
• Sultan Husayn
  http://wn.com/Sultan_Husayn
• Tarabai
  :Tarabai is also the name of a small town in São Paulo, Brazil.
  http://wn.com/Tarabai
• 
  The Robbers
  The Robbers () was the first drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. The play was published in 1781 and premiered on January 13, 1782 in Mannheim, Germany. It was written towards the end of the German Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress") movement and has been considered by many critics, such as Peter Brooks, to have influenced the development of European melodrama. The play astounded its Mannheim audience and made Schiller an overnight sensation. It later became the basis for Verdi's opera of the same name, I masnadieri.
  http://wn.com/The_Robbers
• 
  Thomas Gainsborough
  Thomas Gainsborough (christened 14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an English portrait and landscape painter.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Gainsborough
• 
  Thomas Gray
  Thomas Gray (26 December 1716 – 30 July 1771) was an English poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge University.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Gray
• 
  Thomas Herring
  Thomas Herring (1693 – 23 March 1757) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1747 to 1757.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Herring
• Thomas Jefferson
  :
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Jefferson
• Thomas Malthus
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Malthus
• 
  Thomas Newcomen
  Thomas Newcomen (born shortly before 24 February 1664; died 5 August 1729) was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, near a part of the country noted for its tin mines. Flooding was a major problem, limiting the depth at which the mineral could be mined. Newcomen created the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine. Consequently, he can be regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution.
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Newcomen
• 
  Thomas Paine
  Thomas "Tom" Paine ( June 8, 1809) was an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Paine
• 
  Tokugawa Ieharu
  Tokugawa Ieharu (徳川家治 (June 20, 1737–September 17, 1786) was the tenth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1760 to 1786.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Ieharu
• 
  Tokugawa Ienobu
  (June 11, 1662-November 12, 1712) was the sixth shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Tsunashige, thus making him the nephew of Tokugawa Ietsuna and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the great-grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Ienobu
• 
  Tokugawa Ieshige
  Tokugawa Ieshige; 徳川 家重 (January 28, 1712 – July 13, 1761) was the ninth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Ieshige
• 
  Tokugawa Ietsugu
  Tokugawa Ietsugu; 徳川 家継 (August 8, 1709-June 19, 1716) was the seventh shogun of the Tokugawa Dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyo of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Ietsugu
• 
  Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
  Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川 綱吉 February 23, 1646-February 19, 1709) was the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus making him the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Tsunayoshi
• 
  Tokugawa Yoshimune
  was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
  http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Yoshimune
• 
  Tomaso Albinoni
  Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January 1751) was a Venetian Baroque composer. While famous in his day as an opera composer, he is mainly remembered today for his instrumental music, some of which is regularly recorded such as the concertos.
  http://wn.com/Tomaso_Albinoni
• Túpac Amaru II
  Túpac Amaru II (José Gabriel Túpac Amaru b. March 19, 1742 in Tupac Amaru - Tungasuca - Canas, Cusco, Peru – executed in Cusco May 18, 1781) was a leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against the Spanish in Peru. Although unsuccessful, he later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence and indigenous rights movement and an inspiration to a myriad of causes in Peru. He should not be confused with Túpac Katari who led a similar uprising in the region now called Bolivia at the same time.
  http://wn.com/Túpac_Amaru_II
• 
  Ueda Akinari
  Ueda Akinari or Ueda Shūsei (上田 秋成, July 25, 1734, Osaka - August 8, 1809, Kyoto) was a Japanese author, scholar and waka poet, and perhaps the most prominent literary figure in eighteenth century Japan. He was an early writer in the yomihon genre and his two masterpieces, Tales of Moonlight and Rain (Ugetsu monogatari) and Tales of Spring Rain (Harusame monogatari), are central to the canon of Japanese literature.
  http://wn.com/Ueda_Akinari
• 
  Utamaro
  was a Japanese printmaker and painter, who is considered one of the greatest artists of woodblock prints (ukiyo-e). His name was romanized archaically as Outamaro. He is known especially for his masterfully composed studies of women, known as bijinga. He also produced nature studies, particularly illustrated books of insects.
  http://wn.com/Utamaro
• 
  Vasili Bazhenov
  Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (Василий Иванович Баженов in Russian) (March 1 (12), 1737 or 1738 – August 2 (13), 1799) was a Russian neoclassical architect, graphic artist, architectural theorist and educator. Bazhenov and his associates Matvey Kazakov and Ivan Starov were the leading local architects of the Russian Enlightenment, a period dominated by foreign architects (Charles Cameron, Giacomo Quarenghi, Antonio Rinaldi and others). According to Dmitry Shvidkovsky, in the 1770s Bazhenov became the first Russian architect to create a national architectural language since the 17th century tradition interrupted by Peter I of Russia.
  http://wn.com/Vasili_Bazhenov
• 
  Vitus Bering
  Vitus Jonassen Bering (also, less correctly, Behring) (August 12, 1681 in Horsens, Denmark – , Bering Island, Russia) was a Danish navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. He is noted for being the first European to discover Alaska and its Aleutian Islands. The Bering Strait, the Bering Sea, Bering Island, Bering Glacier and the Bering Land Bridge bear the explorer's name.
  http://wn.com/Vitus_Bering
• 
  Voltaire
  François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire (), was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every literary form including plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
  http://wn.com/Voltaire
• 
  Walter Scott
  Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time.
  http://wn.com/Walter_Scott
• 
  War of Jenkins' Ear
  The '''War of Jenkins' Ear' was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its unusual name, coined by Thomas Carlyle in 1858, relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who exhibited his severed ear in Parliament following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731. This affair and a number of similar incidents sparked a war against the Spanish Empire, ostensibly to encourage the Spanish not to renege on the lucrative asiento'' contract (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America).
  http://wn.com/War_of_Jenkins'_Ear
• 
  William Blake
  William Blake (28 November 1757–12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry has led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced". Although he lived in London his entire life except for three years spent in Felpham he produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God", or "Human existence itself".
  http://wn.com/William_Blake
• 
  William Godwin
  William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was a British journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and the first modern proponent of anarchism. Godwin is most famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. Based on the success of both, Godwin featured prominently in the radical circles of London in the 1790s. In the ensuing conservative reaction to British radicalism, Godwin was attacked, in part because of his marriage to the pioneering feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft in 1797 and his candid biography of her after her death; their child, Mary Godwin (later Mary Shelley) would go on to author Frankenstein and marry the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Godwin wrote prolifically in the genres of novels, history and demography throughout his lifetime. With his second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont, he wrote children's primers on Biblical and classical history, which he published along with such works as Charles and Mary Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Using the pseudonym Edward Baldwin, he wrote a variety of books for children, including a version of Jack and the Beanstalk. He also has had considerable influence on British literature and literary culture.
  http://wn.com/William_Godwin
• 
  William Hogarth
  William Hogarth (10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic and editorial cartoonist who has been credited with pioneering western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects". Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian."
  http://wn.com/William_Hogarth
• 
  William Wake
  William Wake (26 January 1657 – 24 January 1737) was a priest in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1716 until his death in 1737.
  http://wn.com/William_Wake
• 
  William Wordsworth
  William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
  http://wn.com/William_Wordsworth
• Wu Jingzi
  Wu Jingzi (, 1701—January 11, 1754) was a Chinese scholar and writer who was born in the city now known as Chuzhou, Anhui and who died in Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
  http://wn.com/Wu_Jingzi
• 
  Xhosa Wars
  The Xhosa Wars, also known as the Cape Frontier Wars, were a series of nine wars between the Xhosa people and European settlers, from 1779 to 1879 in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.
  http://wn.com/Xhosa_Wars
• Yeongjo
  http://wn.com/Yeongjo
• Yuan Mei
  Yuan Mei (袁枚 pinyin: Yuán Méi, 1716 – 1797) was a well-known poet, scholar and artist of the Qing Dynasty.
  http://wn.com/Yuan_Mei
• 
  Yury Felten
  Yury Matveyevich Felten (, German name Georg Friedrich Veldten) (1730–1801) was a court architect to Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.
  http://wn.com/Yury_Felten

• Afghanistan
  {{Infobox country
  http://wn.com/Afghanistan
• 
  Alaska
  Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
  http://wn.com/Alaska
• 
  Aleutian Islands
  The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands, forming part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula thus marking a line between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Gulf of Alaska. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the westernmost part of the United States (and by one definition the easternmost; see Extreme points of the United States). Nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", but at the extreme western end the small, geologically-related, and remote Commander Islands are in Russia. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Alaska Marine Highway passes through the islands.
  http://wn.com/Aleutian_Islands
• 
  Australia
  {{Infobox country
  http://wn.com/Australia
• 
  Battle of Nu'uanu
  The Battle of Nuuanu (Hawaiian: Kalelekaanae; lit. the leaping mullet), fought in May 1795 on the southern part of the island of Oahu, was a key battle in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands. It is known in the Hawaiian language as Kalelekaanae, which means "the leaping mullet", and refers to a number of Oahu warriors driven off the cliff in the final phase of the battle. There are "varied and sometimes conflicting histories of the Battle of Nuuanu."
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Nu'uanu
• 
  Battle of Plassey
  The Battle of Plassey (, Pôlashir Juddho), 23 June 1757, was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, establishing Company rule in South Asia which expanded over much of the Indies for the next 190 years. The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal, on the river banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal. The opponents were Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Plassey
• 
  Battle of Poltava
  The Battle of Poltava (, . ) on 27 June 1709 (8 July, N.S.)28 June according to the then-used Swedish calendar27 June in the old style8 July in the new style was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden of the Swedish Empire in one of the most famous of the battles of the Great Northern War. It is said to have started the end of Sweden's role as a Great Power; the Russians took their place as the leading nation of northern Europe. This also meant the rise of Imperial Russia and a temporary end to the independence ambitions of Ukraine.
  http://wn.com/Battle_of_Poltava
• battle of Waterloo
  http://wn.com/battle_of_Waterloo
• 
  Bengal
  {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 290px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
  http://wn.com/Bengal
• 
  Brazil
  Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
  http://wn.com/Brazil
• 
  California
  California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
  http://wn.com/California
• 
  Caucasus
  The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
  http://wn.com/Caucasus
• Ceylon
  http://wn.com/Ceylon
• 
  Chengde
  Chengde () is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden formerly used by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. The urban center had a population of approximately 450,000 as of 2009.
  http://wn.com/Chengde
• China
  China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
  http://wn.com/China
• 
  Colonial Brazil
  In the history of Brazil, Colonial Brazil (or New Lusitania - in Portuguese, Nova Lusitânia) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to United Kingdom with Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Colonial_Brazil
• 
  Delhi
  Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
  http://wn.com/Delhi
• 
  Denmark
  Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
  http://wn.com/Denmark
• 
  Dublin
  Dublin (; locally or ) is the primate and capital city of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath . The English name is derived from the Irish Dubh Linn (meaning "black pool"). The city has an urban population of over 1 million people and is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. It is currently ranked 29th in the Global Financial Centres Index, has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city, and is listed by the GaWC as a global city (with a ranking of Alpha), placing Dublin among the top 30 cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the country, as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
  http://wn.com/Dublin
• 
  East Prussia
  East Prussia (, pronounced ; ; or Rytprūsiai; or Vostochnaya Prussiya) is the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast from the 13th century to the end of World War II in May 1945. From 1772–1829 and 1878–1945, the Province of East Prussia was part of the German state of Prussia. The capital city was Königsberg.
  http://wn.com/East_Prussia
• 
  England
  England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
  http://wn.com/England
• 
  First Saudi State
  The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 (1157 A.H.) when imam Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and Prince Muhammad ibn Saud formed an alliance to establish a religious & political sovereignty determined to cleanse the Arabian Peninsula of heretical practices and deviations from orthodox Islam. This joint effort in reviving the Islamic religion in its purest form is seen by Muslims as the restoration of the basic belief in Tawhid, while orientalists maintain it marks the beginning of the Wahhabism movement. Practices such as offering prayers to saintly figures, making pilgrimages to tombs and special mosques, venerating trees, caves, and stones were abolished under this rule. Since the establishment of the First Saudi State none of these practices have ever been observed again in Saudi Arabia. In 1744, both Abd al Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud took an oath to achieve their goal. Marriage between Saud's son, Saud Bin Abdul Aziz Bin Muhammad, and the daughter of the Imam helped to seal the pact between their families which has lasted through the centuries to present day.
  http://wn.com/First_Saudi_State
• 
  France
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/France
• 
  Freetown
  Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean located in the Western Area of the country and with a population of 1,070,200 The city is the economic, financial, and cultural center of Sierra Leone. Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters' home offices in Freetown as well as the majority of international companies. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbor - occupying a part of the estuary of the [[Sierra Leone River in one the world's largest natural
  http://wn.com/Freetown
• 
  Great Britain
  Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
  http://wn.com/Great_Britain
• 
  Great Lakes
  The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater seas located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface and volume. The total surface is , and the total volume is The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States. The Great Lakes hold 21 percent of the world's surface fresh water.
  http://wn.com/Great_Lakes
• 
  Hawaii (island)
  The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island ( in English and or in Hawaiian), is a volcanic island (the eastern-most and southern-most in the Hawaiian islands chain) in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of 4,028 square miles (10,432 km²), it is larger than all of the other Hawaiian Islands combined and is the largest island in the United States.
  http://wn.com/Hawaii_(island)
• 
  Iceland
  :
  http://wn.com/Iceland
• 
  India
  India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
  http://wn.com/India
• 
  Ireland
  Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
  http://wn.com/Ireland
• 
  London
  London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
  http://wn.com/London
• 
  Los Angeles
  Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
  http://wn.com/Los_Angeles
• Moscow
  Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
  http://wn.com/Moscow
• 
  Mughal Empire
  The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
  http://wn.com/Mughal_Empire
• 
  Mysore
  Mysore (pronounced in English; Maisūru) is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division and lies about southwest of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka. The name Mysore is an anglicised version of Mahishūru, which means the abode of Mahisha. Mahisha stands for Mahishasura, a demon from Hindu mythology. The city is spread across an area of and is situated at the base of the Chamundi Hills.
  http://wn.com/Mysore
• 
  New Hampshire
  New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
  http://wn.com/New_Hampshire
• 
  New Orleans
  New Orleans ( or , locally or ; ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The New Orleans metropolitan area, (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner) has a population of 1,235,650 as of 2009, the 46th largest in the USA. The New Orleans – Metairie – Bogalusa combined statistical area has a population of 1,360,436 as of 2000.
  http://wn.com/New_Orleans
• 
  New South Wales
  New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
  http://wn.com/New_South_Wales
• 
  Niger River
  The Niger River ( ) is the principal river of western Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta of the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River (also known as the Zaïre River). Its main tributary is the Benue River.
  http://wn.com/Niger_River
• 
  Nootka Sound
  :For other uses of the word Nootka, see Nootka (disambiguation).''
  http://wn.com/Nootka_Sound
• Ocracoke Island
  http://wn.com/Ocracoke_Island
• 
  Pacific Ocean
  The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
  http://wn.com/Pacific_Ocean
• 
  Pakistan
  {{Infobox country
  http://wn.com/Pakistan
• 
  Philadelphia
  Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
  http://wn.com/Philadelphia
• 
  Puning Temple
  The Punning Temple (), or Temple of Universal Peace of Chengde, Hebei province, China (commonly called the Big Buddha Temple) is a Qing Dynasty era Buddhist temple complex built in 1755, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735-1796 AD) to show the Qing's respect to the ethnic minorities. It is located near the Chengde Mountain Resort, and alongside the equally famed Putuo Zongcheng Temple, it is one of the "Eight Outer Temples" of Chengde. Much how the Putuo Zongcheng Temple was modeled after the Tibetan Potala Palace, the Puning Temple was modeled after the Samye Monastery, the sacred Lamaist site in Tibet. The front temple was constructed in the Chinese style, although the temple complex follows both Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles. The Puning Temple also houses the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (22.28-meter-high and 110-ton), hence the Puning Temple is often nicknamed the "Big Buddha Temple". The complex features temple halls, pavilions, drum towers and bell towers.
  http://wn.com/Puning_Temple
• 
  Qing Dynasty
  The Qing Dynasty (; ; Manchu: , Von Möllendorff: Daicing Gurun), also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
  http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty
• 
  Russia
  Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
  http://wn.com/Russia
• 
  Saint Petersburg
  Saint Petersburg () is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Petrograd (, 1914–1924) and Leningrad (, 1924–1991). It is often called just Petersburg () and is informally known as Piter ().
  http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg
• 
  Scotland
  Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
  http://wn.com/Scotland
• 
  Sierra Leone
  Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
  http://wn.com/Sierra_Leone
• 
  Spain
  Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Spain
• 
  Sweden
  Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
  http://wn.com/Sweden
• 
  Sydney
  Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
  http://wn.com/Sydney
• 
  Tbilisi
  Tbilisi (, , literally "Warm Spring") is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari (Kura) River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form ''T'pilisi'' and it was officially known as Tiflis (ტფილისი) until 1936. The city covers an area of 726 km² (280.3 square miles) and has 1,480,000 inhabitants.
  http://wn.com/Tbilisi
• 
  Timbuktu
  Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) (Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; ) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African nation of Mali. It was made prosperous by the tenth mansa of the Mali Empire, Mansa Musa. It is home to Sankore University and other madrasas, and was an intellectual and spiritual capital and centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya, recall Timbuktu's golden age. Although continuously restored, these monuments are today under threat from desertification.
  http://wn.com/Timbuktu
• 
  Tonga
  Tonga (pronounced ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
  http://wn.com/Tonga
• 
  United States
  The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
  http://wn.com/United_States
• 
  Vienna
  Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
  http://wn.com/Vienna
• 
  Vietnam
  Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
  http://wn.com/Vietnam

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18th Century Concepts

Releases by album:

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Orchestra of the 18th Century

Releases by album:

Album releases