[[File:North Africa (orthographic projection).svg|right|thumb|325px|
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North Africa or
Northern Africa is the
northernmost
region of the
African
continent, linked by the
Sahara to
Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the
United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes seven countries or territories;
Algeria,
Egypt,
Libya,
Morocco,
Sudan,
Tunisia, and
Western Sahara. Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia,
Mauritania, and Libya together are also referred to as the
Maghreb or
Maghrib, while Egypt is a
transcontinental country by virtue of the
Sinai Peninsula, which is in
Asia. The other notable part of North Africa is the territory of the
Western Sudan, which includes
Senegal,
Gambia,
Mali,
Niger,
Burkina Faso, and
Chad. These countries are located in intercultural zone, where traditions of Berbers, Touaregs and Arabs are mixed with notable quantity of sub-saharan cultures.
Three small Spanish plazas de soberanía – tiny islets with military bases off the coast of Morocco with no civilian population – are in the area, and the Spanish Canary Islands and Portuguese Madeira Islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean northwest of the African mainland, are sometimes included in considerations of the region.
The distinction between Northern Africa and the rest of Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara. Throughout history this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of Africa and, as the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean, the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa. The Islamic influence in the area is significant, and North Africa, along with the Middle East, is a major part of the Arab World.
A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa, and not East or South Africa, was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.
Geography
The
Atlas Mountains, which extend across much of
Morocco, northern
Algeria and
Tunisia, are part of the fold mountain system which also runs through much of
Southern Europe. They recede to the south and east, becoming a
steppe landscape before meeting the Sahara desert which covers more than 75% of the region. The sediments of the Sahara overlie an ancient plateau of
crystalline rock, some of which is more than four billion years old.
Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile valley and delta, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of good farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as cedar and cork, are grown. Typical mediterranean crops such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits also thrive in these areas. The Nile valley is particularly fertile, and most of Egypt's population lives close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins.
Territories and regions
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;width:100%;"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!
Countries and
territories
!
Area(km²)
!
Population
!
Density(per km²)
!
Capital
!
GDP (Total)
! Per capita
!
Currency
!
Government
!
Official languages
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,381,741
| style="text-align:right;"| 34,586,184
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.5
|
Algiers
| $254.7 billion (2010 est.)
| $7,400 (2010 est.)
|
Algerian dinar
|
Presidential republic
|
Arabic and
French
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,001,450
| style="text-align:right;"| 80,471,869
| style="text-align:right;"| 80.4
|
Cairo
| $500.9 billion (2010)
| $6,200 (2010)
|
Egyptian pound
|
Semi-presidential republic
| Arabic
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,759,540
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,461,454
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.7
|
Tripoli
| $89.03 billion (2010)
| $13,800 (2010)
|
Libyan dinar
|
Jamahiriya (
Authoritarian)
| Arabic
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 446,550
| style="text-align:right;"| 31,627,428
| style="text-align:right;"| 70.8
|
Rabat
| $153.8 billion (2010)
| $4,900 (2010)
|
Moroccan dirham
|
Constitutional monarchy
|
Arabic, regionally
French and
Berber
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,505,813
| style="text-align:right;"| 43,939,598
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.5
|
Khartoum
| $98.79 billion (2010)
| $2,200 (2010)
|
Sudanese pound
|
Federal republic (
Authoritarian)
| Arabic and
English
|-
|
| style="text-align:right;"| 163,610
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,589,025
| style="text-align:right;"| 64.7
|
Tunis
| $100.3 billion (2010)
| $9,500 (2010)
|
Tunisian dinar
|
Republic (
Authoritarian)
| Arabic
|-
|
Western Sahara
| style="text-align:right;"| 266,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 491,519
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.8
|
None
| $900 million (2007)
| $2,500 (2007)
|
Moroccan dirham
| Moroccan administration
| Arabic,
French, and
Spanish
|- style="background:#ececec;"
|
Total, North Africa
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,524,704
| style="text-align:right;"| 208,167,077
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.4
|
| $1.2 trillion
| $5,700
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="10" |
Source:
The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 11 February 2011.
|}
People
The inhabitants of North Africa are generally divided in a manner roughly corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the Maghreb, the Nile Valley, and the Sahara. Northwest Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers since before the beginning of recorded history, while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians. Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with peoples that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber.
The official language or one of the official languages in all of the countries in North Africa is Arabic. The largest ethnic groups in North Africa are the Arabs and Berbers. All countries in North Africa are predominantly Muslim, with Christian and Jewish minorities.
Culture
The people of the Maghreb and the Sahara speak various dialects of Berber and Arabic, and almost exclusively follow Islam. The Arabic and Berber groups of languages are distantly related, both being members of the Afro-Asiatic family. The Sahara dialects are notably more isolated than those of coastal cities (see Tuareg languages). Over the years, Berber peoples have been influenced by other cultures with which they became in contact: Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, and lately Europeans.
The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combine indigenous Berber, Arab and elements from neighboring parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. In the Sahara, the distinction between sedentary oasis inhabitants and nomadic Bedouin and Tuareg is particularly marked. The diverse peoples of the Sahara can be categorized along ethno-linguistic lines. In the Maghreb, where Arab and Berber identities are often integrated, these lines can be blurred.
Some Berber-speaking North Africans may identify as "Arab" depending on the social and political circumstances, although substantial numbers of Berbers (or Imazighen) have retained a distinct cultural identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language. Arabic-speaking Northwest Africans, regardless of ethnic background, often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs. This, however, may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and/or other parts of their heritage. Berber political and cultural activists for their part, often referred to as Berberists, may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber, whether they are primarily Berber- or Arabic-speaking (see also Arabized Berber).
The Nile Valley traces its origins to the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Kush. The Egyptians over the centuries have shifted their language from Egyptian to modern Egyptian Arabic (both Afro-Asiatic), while retaining a sense of national identity that has historically set them apart from other people in the region. Most Egyptians are Sunni Muslim and a significant minority adheres to Coptic Christianity which has strong historical ties to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Eritrean Orthodox Church.
North Africa formerly had a large Jewish population, many of whom emigrated to France or Israel when the North African nations gained independence. A smaller number went to Canada. Prior to the modern establishment of Israel, there were about 600,000–700,000 Jews in North Africa, including both Sfardīm (refugees from France, Spain and Portugal from the Renaissance era) as well as indigenous . Today, less than fifteen thousand remain in the region, almost all in Morocco and Tunisia. (See Jewish exodus from Arab lands.)
History
Antiquity and Ancient Rome
The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are
Carthage and
Numidia. The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present day Morocco (including
Chellah,
Mogador and
Volubilis). The Carthaginians were of
Phoenician origin, with the Roman myth of their origin being that
Queen Dido, a Phoenician princess was granted land by a local ruler based on how much land she could cover with a piece of cowhide. She ingeniously devised a method to extend the cowhide to a high proportion, thus gaining a large territory. She was also rejected by the
Trojan prince
Aeneas according to
Virgil, thus creating a historical enmity between Carthage and
Rome, as Aeneas would eventually lay the foundations for Rome. The
Carthaginians were a commercial power and had a strong navy, but relied on mercenaries for land soldiers. The Carthaginians developed an empire in the
Iberian Peninsula and
Sicily, the latter being the cause of
First Punic War with the
Romans.
Over a hundred years and more, all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans, resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the Roman province of Africa in 146 B.C. This led to tension and eventually conflict between Numidia and Rome. The Numidian wars are notable for launching the careers of both Gaius Marius, and Sulla, and stretching the constitutional burden of the Roman republic, as Marius required a professional army, something previously contrary to Roman values to overcome the talented military leader Jugurtha.
North Africa remained a part of the Roman Empire, which produced many notable citizens such as Augustine of Hippo, until incompetent leadership from Roman commanders in the early fifth century allowed the Germanic barbarian tribe, the Vandals, to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, whereupon they overcame the fickle Roman defense. The loss of North Africa is considered a pinnacle point in the fall of the Western Roman Empire as Africa had previously been an important grain province that maintained Roman prosperity despite the barbarian incursions, and the wealth required to create new armies. The issue of regaining North Africa became paramount to the Western Empire, but was frustrated by Vandal victories. The focus of Roman energy had to be on the emerging threat of the Huns. In 468 AD the Romans made one last serious attempt to invade North Africa but were repelled. This perhaps marks the point of terminal decline for the Western Roman Empire. The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by the Heruli general Odoacer. Trade routes between Europe and North Africa remained intact until the coming of the Muslems. Some Berbers were Christians (but evolved their own Donatist doctrine), some were
Jewish, and some adhered to their traditional polytheist religion. African pope Victor I served during the reign of Roman emperor Septimus Severus, of Roman/Berber ancestry. The Byzantine reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals began in 533 AD, as Justinian I sent his general Belisarius to reclaim the former Roman province of Africa.
Arab Conquest to modern times
, founded by the Arab general Uqba Ibn Nafi in 670 AD, is the oldest and most important mosque in North Africa; city of
Kairouan,
Tunisia.]]
The
Arab Islamic conquest reached North Africa in 640 AD. By 670, most of North Africa had fallen to
Muslim rule. Indigenous
Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as
Fez,
Morocco, and
Sijilimasa. In the eleventh century, a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves
Almoravids, expanded south into
Sub-Saharan Africa.
The North Africa's populous and flourishing civilization collapsed after exhausting its resources in internal fighting and suffering devastation from the invasion of the Bedouin tribes of Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.
After the Middle Ages the area was loosely under the control of the Ottoman Empire, except Morocco. After the 19th century, the imperial and colonial presence of France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy left the entirety of the region under one form of European occupation.
In World War II from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the North African Campaign. During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over Western Sahara between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front.
In 2010 - 2011 massive protests swept the region(as well as the middle east) leading to the overthrow of the governments in Tunisia and Egypt, as well as civil war in Libya. Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent. Many hundreds died in the uprisings.
Transport and industry
The economies of
Algeria and
Libya were transformed by the discovery of oil and natural gas reserves in the deserts.
Morocco's major exports are
phosphates and agricultural produce, and as in
Egypt and
Tunisia, the tourist industry is essential to the economy.
Egypt has the most varied industrial base, importing technology to develop electronics and engineering industries, and maintaining the reputation of its high-quality cotton textiles.
Oil rigs are scattered throughout the deserts of Libya and Algeria. Libyan oil is especially prized because of its low sulphur content, which means it produces much less pollution than other fuel oils.
Climate change
In 2010,
Chad,
Niger and
Sudan all recorded their hottest all-time temperatures on record. In Chad, the temperature reached 47.6°C (117.7°F) on June 22 in
Faya-Largeau, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, on also June 22, at 47.1°C in
Bilma. That record was broken the next day, on June 23 when Bilma hit 48.2°C (118.8°F). The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on June 25, at 49.6°C (121.3°F) in
Dongola, breaking a record set in 1987.
See also
2004 locust outbreak
European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World
Northern Africa Railroad Development
Amazigh Moroccan Democratic Party (Berbers)
Notes
External links
Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples
North Africa's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions
North Africa news and analysis
Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa
