Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)
to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago.
or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea).
Etymology
The term was coined as
Océanie ca. 1812 by geographer
Conrad Malte-Brun.
The word
Océanie derives from the
Greek word (
ōkeanós), ocean.
Definitions
{| style="background:none; text-align:left; table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Demonym
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" | Oceanic; Oceanian
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Area
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Population
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" | 35,670,000
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Countries
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Dependencies
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Languages
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Time Zones
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
UTC+8 (
Australian Western Standard Time) to
UTC-6 (
Easter Island) (West to East)
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Largest Cities
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
SydneyMelbourneBrisbanePerthAuckland
|}
Physiography
Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean, stretching from the
Straits of Malacca to the coast of the Americas. It comprised four regions:
Polynesia,
Micronesia,
Malaysia (now called the
Malay Archipelago), and
Melanesia (now called
Australasia). Included are parts of three geological continents,
Eurasia,
Australia, and
Zealandia, as well the non-continental volcanic islands of the
Philippines,
Wallacea, and the open Pacific. It extends to
Sumatra in the west, the
Bonin Islands in the northwest, the
Hawaiian Islands in the northeast,
Rapa Nui and
Sala y Gómez Island in the east, and
Macquarie Island in the south, but excludes
Taiwan and the
Ryukyu,
Japanese, and
Aleutian Islands of the margins of Asia.
The states that occupy Oceania that are not included in geopolitical Oceania are Indonesia, Malaysia (through Malaysian Borneo), Brunei, the Philippines, and East Timor. The islands of the geographic extremes are politically integral parts of Japan (Bonin), the United States (Hawaii), and Chile (Easter Island). A smaller geographic definition also exists, which excludes the land on the Sunda plate, but includes Indonesian New Guinea as part of the Australian continent.
Biogeography
Biogeographically, Oceania is used as a synonym for either the
Australasian ecozone (
Wallacea and
Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand
Geopolitics
In the geopolitical conception used by the
United Nations,
International Olympic Committee, and many atlases, Oceania includes
Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east, but not the Malay Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea.
Other definitions
The term is sometimes used more specifically than in the geopolitical conception, to denote a
continent comprising
Australia and proximate islands.
Demographics
{| style="background:none; text-align:left; table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Area
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Population
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" | 378 million (2010)
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Time Zones
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
UTC+7 (
Western Indonesian Time) to
UTC-6 (
Easter Island)
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Largest Cities
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
JakartaManilaSydneyBandungMelbourneSurabayaMedan
|}
{| style="background:none; text-align:left; table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Area
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Population
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" | 5.2 million (2008)
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Time Zones
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
UTC+9 (
Palau) to
UTC-6 (
Easter Island)
|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Largest Cities
| style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top;" |
HonoluluNouméaSuvaPapeeteHoniara
|}
The demographic table below shows the subregions and countries of geopolitical Oceania.
! Area(km²)
! Population
! Population density(per km²)
! Capital
! ISO 3166-1
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#eee;" align="center"|Australasia
|-
|
| align="right" | 7,686,850
| align="right" | 22,028,000
| align="right" | 2.7
| Canberra
| AU
|-
|
| align="right" | 268,680
| align="right" | 4,108,037
| align="right" | 14.5
| Wellington
| NZ
|-
|colspan=6|External territories of Australia:
|-
|
| align="right" | 199
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|
|
|-
|
| align="right" | 135
| align="right" | 1,493
| align="right" | 3.5
| Flying Fish Cove
| CX
|-
|
|-
|
| align="right" | 18,270
| align="right" | 856,346
| align="right" | 46.9
| Suva
| FJ
|-
| (France)
| align="right" | 19,060
| align="right" | 240,390
| align="right" | 12.6
| Nouméa
| NC
|-
|
| align="right" | 462,840
| align="right" | 5,172,033
| align="right" | 11.2
| Port Moresby
| PG
|-
|
| align="right" | 28,450
| align="right" | 494,786
| align="right" | 17.4
| Honiara
| SB
|-
|
| align="right" | 12,200
| align="right" | 240,000
| align="right" | 19.7
| Port Vila
| VU
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#eee;" align="center"| Micronesia
|-
|
| align="right" | 702
| align="right" | 135,869
| align="right" | 193.5
| Palikir
| FM
|-
| (USA)
| align="right" | 549
| align="right" | 160,796
| align="right" | 292.9
| Hagåtña
| GU
|-
|
| align="right" | 811
| align="right" | 96,335
| align="right" | 118.8
| South Tarawa
| KI
|-
|
| align="right" | 181
| align="right" | 73,630
| align="right" | 406.8
| Majuro
| MH
|-
|
| align="right" | 21
| align="right" | 12,329
| align="right" | 587.1
| Yaren (de facto)
| NR
|-
| (USA)
| align="right" | 477
| align="right" | 77,311
| align="right" | 162.1
| Saipan
| MP
|-
|
| align="right" | 458
| align="right" | 19,409
| align="right" | 42.4
| Melekeok
| PW
|-
| Wake Island (USA)
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" | 12
| align="right" |
| Wake Island
| UM
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#eee;" align="center"| Polynesia
|-
| (USA)
| align="right" | 199
| align="right" | 68,688
| align="right" | 345.2
| Pago Pago, Fagatogo
| AS
|-
| (NZ)
| align="right" | 240
| align="right" | 20,811
| align="right" | 86.7
| Avarua
| CK
|-
| (Chile)
| align="right" | 163.6
| align="right" | 3,791
| align="right" | 23.1
| Hanga Roa
| CL
|-
| (France)
| align="right" | 3,961
| align="right" | 257,847
| align="right" | 61.9
| Papeete
| PF
|-
| (USA)
| align="right" | 28,311
| align="right" | 1,283,388
| align="right" | 72.8
| Honolulu
| US
|-
| (NZ)
| align="right" | 260
| align="right" | 2,134
| align="right" | 8.2
| Alofi
| NU
|-
| (UK)
| align="right" | 5
| align="right" | 47
| align="right" | 10
| Adamstown
| PN
|-
|
| align="right" | 2,944
| align="right" | 179,000
| align="right" | 63.2
| Apia
| WS
|-
| (NZ)
| align="right" | 10
| align="right" | 1,431
| align="right" | 143.1
| Nukunonu
| TK
|-
|
| align="right" | 748
| align="right" | 106,137
| align="right" | 141.9
| Nukualofa
| TO
|-
|
| align="right" | 26
| align="right" | 11,146
| align="right" | 428.7
| Funafuti
| TV
|-
| (France)
| align="right" | 274
| align="right" | 15,585
| align="right" | 56.9
| Mata-Utu
| WF
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| Total
| align="right" | 8,536,716
| align="right" | 35,669,267
| align="right" | 4.2
| rowspan=2 colspan=2|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| Total minus mainland Australia
| align="right" | 849,866
| align="right" | 13,641,267
| align="right" | 16.1
|}
Religion
The predominant religion in Oceania is
Christianity. Traditional religions are often
animist and prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in evil spirits (
masalai in
Tok Pisin), which are blamed for "poisoning" people, causing calamity and death. In recent Australian and New Zealand censuses, large proportions of the population say they belong to "No religion" (which includes humanism, atheism, agnosticism, and rationalism). In
Tonga, everyday life is heavily influenced by
Polynesian traditions and especially by the Christian faith. The
Bahá'í House of Worship in Tiapapata,
Samoa is one of seven designations administered in the
Baha'i faith.
Sport
Pacific Games
The
Pacific Games (formerly known as the South Pacific Games) is a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics, (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively from countries around the Pacific. It is held every four years and began in 1963.
Rugby League
Rugby league is a popular sport throughout Oceania, and is the national sport of Papua New Guinea (the second most populous country in Oceania after Australia) and is very popular in Australia and attracts significant attention across New Zealand and the
Pacific Islands.
Australia and New Zealand are two of the best sides in the world. Australia has won the Rugby League World Cup a record nine times while New Zealand won their first World Cup in 2008. Australia hosted the second tournament in 1957. Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted it in 1968 and 1977. New Zealand hosted the final for the first time in 1985 - 1988 tournament and Australia hosted the last tournament in 2008.
Rugby Union
Rugby union is one of the region's most prominent sports, and is the national sport of New Zealand, Samoa, and is the most popular football code in Australia. It is also popular in Papua New Guinea.
Association football (soccer)
The
Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) is one of six
association football confederations under the auspices of
FIFA, the international governing body of the sport. The OFC is the only confederation without an automatic qualification to the
World Cup Finals. Currently the winner of the OFC qualification tournament must play off against an
Asian confederation side to qualify for the World Cup.
Currently, Vanuatu is the only country in Oceania to call football (soccer) its national sport.
Oceania has been represented at four World Cup finals tournaments — Australia in 1974, 2006 and 2010, and New Zealand in 1982 and 2010. In 2006, Australia joined the Asian Football Confederation and qualified for the 2010 World cup as an Asian entrant. New Zealand qualified through the Oceania Confederation, winning its playoff against Bahrain. 2010 was the first time two countries from Oceania had qualified at the same time, albeit through different conferences.
See also
Art of Oceania
Economy of Oceania
Europeans in Oceania
Festival of Pacific Arts
Flags of Oceania
Geography of Oceania
History of Oceania
List of cities in Oceania
Military history of Oceania
Oceania (journal)
Pacific Islands Forum
Pacific Union
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
United Nations geoscheme for Oceania
Notes
External links
Category:Continents
Category:Pacific Ocean