Albanian language

Name	Albanian
Nativename
Pronunciation
States	Primarily in Southeastern Europe, and by the Albanian diaspora worldwide.
Speakers	7.6 million primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, southern Serbia and northwestern Greece. Albanian is also spoken by native enclaves in southern Greece and in southern Italy and Sicily. Additionally, speakers of Albanian can be found elsewhere throughout the latter two countries resulting from a modern diaspora, originating from the Balkans, that also includes Scandinavia, Switzerland, Germany, United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada and the United States.

Dr. Robert Elsie, a specialist in Albanian studies, considers that "The Todericiu/Polena Romanian translation of the non-Latin lines, although it may offer some clues if the text is indeed Albanian, is fanciful and based, among other things, on a false reading of the manuscript, including the exclusion of a whole line. . . . Certain evidence, both linguistic and non-linguistic, supports an Albanian origin for the Bellifortis text under study. The incantation and taboo character of such a passage involving initiation rites, however, precludes an interlinear translation. If the Bellifortis text is indeed Albanian, which remains to be prove[n] conclusively, it would be the oldest datable text in that language".

Ottoman period

In 1635 Frang Bardhi (1606–1643) published in Rome his Dictionarum latinum-epiroticum, the first known Latin-Albanian dictionary. The evidence shows, that the study of Albanian has a tradition of 350 years and includes works of Frang Bardhi, Andrea Bogdani (1600–1685), Nilo Katalanos (1637–1694) and others.

In particular, Andrea Bogdani has become known for writing the first Latin-Albanian grammar book.

Standard Albanian

Standard Albanian is a revised form of the Tosk dialect.

The history of Standard Albanian is intrinsically connected to the dictionaries of the Albanian language that have been drafted over time, since the draft of a dictionary has at its basis the choice over script of words and their orthography. In 1904 in Athens, Greece, a very important work of Kostandin Kristoforidhi, Lexikon tis Alvanikis glossis (Albanian: Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe or ), was published.

After World War II the Institute of Albanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Albania dedicated considerable importance to the unification of the two dialects (Gheg and Tosk) into a standardized version of the Albanian language through endeavors in lexicography and orthographical ruling. The publication of two important dictionaries, both in 1954, an Albanian language dictionary and a Russian-Albanian dictionary, projected the need of a project on orthography rules in the Albanian language. () created a considerable degree of phonological normalization as well as spelling reform. The book was followed by a widely distributed authoritative dictionary in 1976 Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuhës shqipe ().

In 1980 the linguists' lexicographical work toward a standardized Albanian language was culminated by the publication of the Dictionary of Today's Albanian language (Albanian: Fjalori i sotëm i gjuhës shqipe).

Classification

Albanian was demonstrated to be an Indo-European language in 1854 by the philologist Franz Bopp. The Albanian language constitutes its own branch of the Indo-European language family.

Establishing longer relations, Albanian is often compared with Balto-Slavic and Germanic, both of which share a number of isoglosses with Albanian. Moreover, Albanian has undergone a vowel shift in which stressed, long o has fallen to a, much like in the former and opposite the latter. Likewise, Albanian has taken the old relative jos and innovatively used it exclusively to qualify adjectives, much in the way Balto-Slavic has used this word to provide the definite ending of adjectives. Other linguists link Albanian with Greek and Armenian, while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European.

Nakhleh, Ringe, and Warnow argued that Albanian can be placed at a variety of points within the Indo-European tree with equally good fit; determining its correct placement is hampered by the loss of much of its former diagnostic inflectional morphology and vocabulary.

Origin

Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian, although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists, who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian. (Illyrian, Dacian, and Thracian, however, may have formed a subgroup or a sprachbund; see Thraco-Illyrian.). Given our poor knowledge of these hypothesized ancestors, all this remains sheer speculation.

(Old) Albanian

According to the central hypothesis of a project undertaken by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, Old Albanian had a significant influence on the development of many Balkan languages. Intensive research now aims to confirm this theory. This little-known language is being researched using all available texts before a comparison with other Balkan languages is carried out. The outcome of this work will include the compilation of a lexicon providing an overview of all Old Albanian verbs. As project leader Dr. Schumacher explains, the research is already bearing fruit: "So far, our work has shown that Old Albanian contained numerous modal levels that allowed the speaker to express a particular stance to what was being said. Compared to the existing knowledge and literature, these modal levels are actually more extensive and more nuanced than previously thought. We have also discovered a great many verbal forms that are now obsolete or have been lost through restructuring - until now, these forms have barely even been recognized or, at best, have been classified incorrectly." These verbal forms are crucial to explaining the linguistic history of Albanian and its internal usage. However, they can also shed light on the reciprocal relationship between Albanian and its neighbouring languages. The researchers are following various leads which suggest that Albanian played a key role in the Balkan Sprachbund. For example, it is likely that Albanian is the source of the suffixed definite article in Romanian, Bulgarian and Macedonian, as this has been a feature of Albanian since ancient times.

Proto-IE features

Although sometimes Albanian has been referred to as the "weird sister" for several words that do not correspond to IE cognates, it has retained many proto-IE features: for example, the demonstrative pronoun *ko is cognate to Albanian ky/kjo but not to English this or to Russian etot.

{| class="wikitable" |+ Albanian and other Indo-European languages !Albanian !! muaj !! ri !! nënë !! motër !! natë !! hundë !! tre !! zi !! kuq !! gjelbër !! verdhë !! ujk |- ! colspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#dedede"| Other Indo-European languages |- | English || month || new || mother || sister || night || nose || three || black || red || green || yellow || wolf |- | Lithuanian || mėnesis || naujas || motina || sesuo || naktis || nosis || trys || juodas || raudonas || žalias || geltonas || vilkas |- | Old Church Slavonic || měsęcь || novъ || mati || sestra || noštь || nosъ || tri(je) || črъnъ || črъvenъ || zelenъ || žьltъ || vlьkъ |- | Ancient Greek || μήν
mḗn || νέος
néos || μήτηρ
mḗter || ἀδελφή
adelphḗ || νύξ
nýks || ῥίς
rhís || τρεῖς
treîs || μέλας
mélas || ἐρυθρός
erythrós || χλωρός
khlōrós || ξανθός
ksanthós || λύκος
lýkos |- | Armenian || ամիս
amis || նոր
nor || մայր
mayr || քույր
k'uyr || գիշեր
gišer || քիթ
k'it || երեք
yerek' || սեւ
sev || կարմիր
karmir || կանաչ
kanač || դեղին
deġin || գայլ
gayl |- | Latin || mēnsis || novus || māter || soror || nox || nāsus || trēs || āter, niger || ruber || viridis || flāvus || lupus |- | Irish || midhe || nuadh || máthair || siúr || oidhche || srón || trí || dubh || dearg || glas || buidhe || faolchú |- | Persian || māh || nou || mādar || khāhar || shab || biní || se || siāh || sorkh || sabz || zard || gorg |- | Sanskrit || māsa || nava || mātṛ || svasṛ || nakti || nasa || tri || kāla || rudhira || hari || pīta || vṛka |}

Albanian-PIE phonological correspondences

Phonologically Albanian is not so conservative. Like many IE stocks it has merged the two series of voiced stops (e.g. both *d and *dh became d). In addition the voiced stops tend to disappear when between vowels. There is almost complete loss of final syllables and very widespread loss of other unstressed syllables (e.g. mik "friend" from Lat. amicus). PIE *a and *o appear as a (further e if a high front vowel *i follows) while *ē and *ā become o, and PIE *ō appears as e. The most remarkable is the fate of the dorsals; the palatals, velars and labiovelars all remain distinct before front vowels, a conservation found otherwise in Luvian and related Anatolian languages. Thus PIE *ḱ, *k and *kʷ become th, q and s respectively (before back vowels *ḱ becomes th while *k and *kʷ merge as k). Another remarkable retention is the preservation of initial *h₄ as Alb. h (all other laryngeals disappear completely).

{| class="wikitable" |+ Proto-Indo-European Labial Stops in Albanian !PIE !! Albanian !! PIE !! Albanian |- | *p || p || *pékʷe/o - "cook" || pjek "to cook, roast, bake" |- | *b || b || *sorbéi̯e/o - "drink, slurp" || gjerb "to drink" |- | *bh || b || *bhaḱeh_a - "bean" || bathë "bean" |}

{| class="wikitable" |+ Proto-Indo-European Coronal Stops in Albanian !PIE !! Albanian !! PIE !! Albanian |- | *t || t || *tuh_x - "thou" || ti "you (singular)" |- | *d || d || *dih_xtis - "light" || ditë "day" |- | || dh || *pérde/o - "fart" || pjerdh "to fart" |- | || g || *dlh₁gho - "long" || gjatë "long" (Tosk dial. glatë) |- | *dh || d || *dhégʷhe/o - "burn" || djeg "to burn" |- | || dh || *ghórdhos - "enclosure" || gardh "fence" |}

|| *ḱuk - "horn" || sutë "doe" |- | || k || *ḱreh₂u - "limb" || krah "arm" |- | || ç/c || *ḱentro - "to stick" || çandër "prop" |- | *ǵ || dh || *ǵómbhos - "tooth, peg" || dhëmb "tooth" |- | || d || *ǵēusnō - "to enjoy" || dua "to love, want" |- | *ǵh || dh || *ĝhedi̯e/o - "to defecate" || dhjes "to defecate" |- | || d || *ĝhr̥sdhi - "grain, barley" || drithë "grain" |}

|| *séḱstis - "six" || gjashtë "six" |- | || h || *nosōm - "us" (gen.) || nahe "us" (dat.) |- | || sh || *bhreusinos - "break" || breshër "hail" |- | || th || *gʷésdos - "leaf" || gjeth "leaf" |- | || h || *sḱi-eh₂ - "shadow" || hije "shadow" |- | || f || *spélnom - "speech" || fjalë "word" |- | || sht || *h₂osti "bone" || asht "bone" |- | || th || *suh₁s - "swine" || thi "boar" |- | || ø || *h₁ésmi - "am" || jam "to be" |}

|| *i̯ése/o - "to ferment" || gjesh "to knead" |- | || j || *i̯uh_xs - "you" (nom.) || ju "you (plural)" |- | || ø || *bhéri̯ō - "bear, carry" || bie(r) "to bring" |- | || h || *streh_ai̯eh_a - "straw" || strohë "kennel" |- | *u̯ || v || *u̯oséi̯e/o - "to dress" || vesh "to wear, dress" |- | *m || m || *meh_atr-eh_a - "maternal" || motër "sister" |- | *n || n || *nos - "we" || ne "we" |- | || nj || *eni-h₁ói-no - "that one" || një "one" (Gheg njâ, njo) |- | || ø/^ || *pénkʷe - "five" || pesë, Gheg pês "five" |- | || r || *ǵheimen - "winter" || dimër "winter" (Gheg dimën) |- | *l || l || *h₃lígos - "sick" || ligë "bad" |- | || ll || *kʷéle/o - "turn" || sjell "to fetch, bring" |- | *r || r || *repe/o - "take" || rjep "peel" |- | || rr || *u̯rēn - "sheep" || rrunzë "female lamb" |- | *n̥ || e || *h₁n̥men - "name" || emër "name" |- | *m̥ || e || *u̯iḱm̥ti - "twenty" || (një)zet "twenty" |- | *l̥ || uj || *u̯l̥kʷos - "wolf" || ujk "wolf" (Chamian ulk) |- | *r̥ || ri, ir || *ǵhr̥sdom - "grain, barley" || drithë "grain" |}

The Shkumbin river is roughly the dividing line, with Gheg spoken north of the Shkumbin and Tosk south of it.

Sounds

Standard Albanian has 7 vowels and 29 consonants. Gheg uses long and nasal vowels which are absent in Tosk, and the mid-central vowel ë is lost at the end of the word. The stress is fixed mainly on the penultimate syllable. Gheg n (femën: compare English feminine) changes to r by rhotacism in Tosk (femër).

Phonetics and Phonology

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !Bilabial !Labio-
dental !Dental !Alveolar !Post-
alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- !Nasal | style="text-align:center;"| | | | style="text-align:center;" | | | style="text-align:center;"| | | |- !Plosive | style="text-align:center;"| | | | style="text-align:center;" | | | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| | |- !Affricate | | | | style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | | | | |- !Fricative | | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| | | | style="text-align:center;"| |- !Trill | | | | style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- !Flap | | | | style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- !Approximant | | | | style="text-align:center;" | | | style="text-align:center;"| | | |}

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Description !! Written as !! Pronounced as in |- | || Voiceless bilabial plosive || p || en |- | || Voiced bilabial plosive || b || at |- | || Voiceless alveolar plosive || t || an |- | || Voiced alveolar plosive || d || ebt |- | || Voiceless palatal plosive || q || eep |- | || Voiced palatal plosive || gj || eese |- | || Voiceless velar plosive || k || ar |- | || Voiced velar plosive || g || o |- | || Voiceless alveolar affricate || c || ha |- | || Voiced alveolar affricate || x || goo |- | || Voiceless postalveolar affricate || ç || in |- | || Voiced postalveolar affricate || xh || et |- | || Voiceless dental fricative || th || in |- | || Voiced dental fricative || dh || en |- | || Voiceless labiodental fricative || f || ar |- | || Voiced labiodental fricative || v || an |- | || Voiceless alveolar fricative || s || on |- | || Voiced alveolar fricative || z || ip |- | || Voiceless postalveolar fricative || sh || ow |- | || Voiced postalveolar fricative || zh || viion |- | || Voiceless glottal fricative || h || at |- | || Bilabial nasal || m || an |- | || Alveolar nasal || n || ot |- | || Palatal nasal || nj || oon |- | || Palatal approximant || j || es |- | || Alveolar lateral approximant || l || ean |- | || Velarized alveolar lateral approximant || ll || ba |- | || Alveolar trill || rr || Spanish peo |- | || Alveolar tap || r || Spanish peo |}

Notes:

* The palatal stops and occur in English as allophones of and before front vowels. Palatal stops are phonemic in many languages including Hungarian and Icelandic. The palatal nasal corresponds to the Spanish ñ and the French and Italian gn. It is pronounced as one sound, not a nasal plus a glide.

The ll sound is a velarised lateral, close to English dark L.

The contrast between flapped r and trilled rr is the same as in Spanish. English does not have either of the two sounds phonemically. The tt in butter is a flapped r for most North Americans and Australians.

The letter ç is sometimes written ch due to technical limitations because of its use in English sound and its analogy to the other digraphs xh, sh, and zh. Usually it's written simply c or more rarely q with context resolving any ambiguities.

Vowels

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Description !! Written as !! Pronounced as in |- | || Close front unrounded vowel || i || sd |- | || Open-mid front unrounded vowel || e || bd |- | || Open front unrounded vowel || a || fther, Spanish csa |- | || Schwa || ë || pen, lrn |- | || Open-mid back rounded vowel || o || l, tss |- | || Close front rounded vowel || y || French t, German ber |- | || Close back rounded vowel || u || bt |}

Grammar

Albanian has a canonical word order of SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) like English and many other Indo-European languages. Albanian nouns are inflected by gender (masculine, feminine and neuter) and number (singular and plural). There are 5 declensions with 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and vocative), although the vocative only occurs with a limited number of words. Some dialects also retain a locative case which is not in standard Albanian. The cases apply to both definite and indefinite nouns and there are numerous cases of syncretism. The equivalent of a genitive is formed by using the prepositions i/e/të/së with the dative.

The following shows the declension of the masculine noun mal (mountain), a masculine noun which ends with "i":

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural |- | Nominative || një mal (a mountain) || male (mountains) || (the mountain) || malet (the mountains) |- | Accusative || një mal || male || n || malet |- | Genitive || i/e/të/së një || i/e/të/së maleve || i/e/të/së t || i/e/të/së maleve |- | Dative || një || maleve || t || maleve |- | Ablative || një || malesh || t || maleve |}

The following shows the declension of the masculine noun zog (bird), a masculine noun which ends with "u":

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural |- | Nominative || një zog (a bird) || zogj (birds) || (the bird) || zogjtë (the birds) |- | Accusative || një zog || zogj || n || zogjtë |- | Genitive || një i/e/të/së || i/e/të/së zogjve || i/e/të/së t || i/e/të/së zogjve |- | Dative || një || zogjve || t || zogjve |- | Ablative || një || zogjsh || t || zogjve |}

The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun vajzë (girl):

{| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural |- | Nominative || një vajzë (a girl) || vajza (girls) || vajza (the girl) || vajzat (the girls) |- | Accusative || një vajzë || vajza || vajzën || vajzat |- | Genitive || i/e/të/së një vajze || i/e/të/së vajzave || i/e/të/së vajzës || i/e/të/së vajzave |- | Dative || një vajze || vajzave || vajzës || vajzave |- | Ablative || një vajze || vajzash || vajzës || vajzave |}

The definite article is placed after the noun as in many other Balkan languages, for example Romanian and Bulgarian.

* The definite article can be in the form of noun suffixes, which vary with gender and case.

* For example in singular nominative, masculine nouns add -i, or those ending in -g/-k/-h, take -u (to avoid palatalization):

* mal (mountain) / (the mountain);

** libër (book) / libri (the book);

** zog (bird) / zogu (the bird).

* Feminine nouns take the suffix -(j)a:

** veturë (car) / vetura (the car);

** shtëpi (house) / shtëpia (the house);

** lule (flower) / lulja (the flower).

Neuter nouns take -t.

Albanian has developed an analytical verbal structure in place of the earlier synthetic system, inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Its complex system of moods (6 types) and tenses (3 simple and 5 complex constructions) is distinctive among Balkan languages. There are two general types of conjugation. In Albanian the constituent order is subject verb object and negation is expressed by the particles nuk or s' in front of the verb, for example:

* Toni nuk flet anglisht "Tony does not speak English" ;

Toni s'flet anglisht "Tony doesn't speak English" ;

Nuk e di "I do not know" ;

S'e di "I don't know".

However, the verb can optionally occur in sentence-initial position, especially with verbs in the non-active form (forma joveprore):

* Parashikohet një ndërprerje "An interruption is anticipated".

In imperative sentences, the particle mos is used :

* Mos harro "do not forget!".

Albanian word order

SVO : Agimi i hëngri të gjithë portokallët.

SOV: Agimi të gjithë portokallët i hëngri.

OVS: Të gjithë portokallët i hëngri Agimi.

OSV: Të gjithë portokallët Agimi i hëngri.

VSO: I hëngri Agimi të gjithë portokallët.

Albanian verbs, like those of other Balkan languages, have an admirative mood (Albanian: mënyra habitore) which is used to indicate surprise on the part of the speaker, or to imply that an event is known to the speaker by report and not by direct observation. In some contexts, this mood can be translated by English "apparently".

* Ti flet shqip. "You speak Albanian." (indicative)

Ti fliske shqip! "You (surprisingly) speak Albanian!" (admirative)

Rruga është e mbyllur. "The street is closed." (indicative)

Rruga qenka e mbyllur. "(Apparently,) The street is closed." (admirative)

Numerals

{| |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" |- | një – one | dy – two |- | tre – three | katër – four |- | pesë – five | gjashtë – six |- | shtatë – seven | tetë – eight |- | nëntë – nine | dhjetë – ten |- | njëmbëdhjetë– eleven | dymbëdhjetë – twelve |- | trembëdhjetë – thirteen | katërmbëdhjetë – fourteen |- | pesëmbëdhjetë – fifteen | gjashtëmbëdhjetë – sixteen |- | shtatëmbëdhjetë – seventeen | tetëmbëdhjetë – eighteen |- | nëntëmbëdhjetë – nineteen | njëzet – twenty |- | njëzetenjë– twenty-one | njëzetedy – twenty-two |}

{| |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" |- | tridhjetë – thirty | dyzet – forty |- | pesëdhjetë – fifty | gjashtëdhjetë – sixty |- | shatëdhjetë – seventy | tetëdhjetë – eighty |- | nëntëdhjetë – ninety | njëqind – one hundred |- | pesëqind – five hundred | njëmijë – one thousand |- | një milion – one million | një miliard – one billion |}

Vocabulary

Cognates with Dacian

Dacian Karpatya (Herodotus: 'Kartpathes Oros'), "Rocky (mountains)"; Rumanian Carpat,i cf. Alb karpë "rock" (< PA *karpā)

Dacian mantía (Dioskorides: 'mantia') "berry, mulberry" ; Old and dial. Alb mandë, mod. Alb mën, man "berry, mulberry" (< PA *mantyā)

Dacian Germisara (Ptolemeus: 'Zermizirga') "hot spring" ; Alb zjarm "fire" (< PA *g^arma)

Dacian Pata-vissa (today Turda) (Ptolemeus: 'Patr-uissa') "'pata(ra)'-village" ; Alb vis "place, settlement" (< PA *wic^ya)

Dacian Malwa (attested in Latin: 'Dacia Maluensis') Rumanian: mal 'shore' Albanian mal 'mountain' (< PA *malwa)

Dacian tsika: (attested in Latin: 'sicca' - Dacian sword) Albanian thikë 'knife' (< PA *tsikā)

Cognates with Rumanian Substratum

Albanian and Rumanian share more then 160 Paleo-Balkan words: very probably originated from Daco-Moesian Substratum

see Romanian Language for the whole list

Cognates with Illyrian

See Illyrian languages

* brisa, "husk of grapes"; cf. Alb bërsí "lees, dregs; mash" (< PA *brutiā)

loúgeon, "pool"; cf. Alb lag, legen "to wet, soak, bathe, wash" (< PA *lauga), lëgatë "pool" (< PA *leugatâ), lakshte "dew" (< PA *laugista)

mandos, "small horse"; cf. Alb mëz, mâz "poney"

mantía "bramblebush"; Old and dial. Alb mandë, mod. Alb mën, man "berry, mulberry"

rhinos, "fog, mist"; cf. OAlb ren, mod. Alb re, rê "cloud" (< PA *rina)

sibina, "spear"; cf. Alb thupër "bar, stick"

sica, "dagger"; cf. Alb thika "knife"

Early Greek loans

Early Greek loanwords borrowed into Albanian were mainly commodity items and trade goods.

* bagëm "oil for anointment" < Gk báptisma "anointment" bletë "hive; bee" < Greco-Latin < Gk (Attic) mélitta "honey-bee" (vs. Gk (Ionic) mélissa).

drapër "sickle" < Gk (NW) drápanos/drépanon

kopsht "garden" < Gk (NW) kā́pos/kḗpos

kumbull "plum" < Gk kokkúmelon

lakër "cabbage, green vegetables" < Gk lákhanon "green; vegetable"

lëpjetë "orach, dock" < Gk lápathon

lyej "to smear, oil" < *elaiwā < Gk elai(w)ṓn "oil"

mokër "millstone" < Gk (NW) mākhaná "device, instrument"

ngjalë "eel" < Gk énchelys

pjepër "melon" < Gk pépōn "melon"

presh "leek" < Gk práson

shpellë "cave" < Gk spḗlaion "cave"

trumzë "thyme" < Gk thýmbrā, thrýmbrē

Gothic loans

Some were borrowed through Late Latin, while others came from the Ostrogothic expansion into parts of Praevalitana around Nakšić and the Gulf of Kotor in Montenegro.

* fat "groom, husband" < Goth brūþfaþs "bridegroom"

gomar "donkey, ass" < *margë < Goth *marh "horse"

horr "scoundrel", horrë "hussy, whore" < Goth hors "adulterer", *hora "whore"

petkë, petëk "clothes, garment", petk "herder's coat" < Goth paida; cf. OHG pfeit, OE pād

shkulkë "boundary marker for pastures made of branches" < Late Latin sculca < Goth skulka "guardian"

shkumë "foam" < Late Latin < Goth scūma

tirq "trousers" < Late Latin tubrucus < Goth *þiobroc "knee-britches"; cf. OHG dioh-bruoh

The earliest accepted document in the Albanian language is from the 15th century AD. The earliest reference to a Lingua Albanesca is from a 1285 document of Ragusa. This is a time when Albanian Principalities start to be mentioned and expand inside and outside the Byzantine Empire. It is assumed that Greek and Balkan Latin (which was the ancestor of Romanian and other Balkan Romance languages), would exert a great influence on Albanian. Examples of words borrowed from Latin: qytet < civitas (city), qiell < caelum (sky), mik < amicus (friend).

After the Slavs arrived in the Balkans, another source of Albanian vocabulary were the Slavic languages. The rise of the Ottoman Empire meant an influx of Turkish words; this also entailed the borrowing of Persian and Arabic words through Turkish. Surprisingly the Persian words seem to have been absorbed the most. Some loanwords from Modern Greek also exist especially in the south of Albania. A lot of the loaned words have been resubstituted from Albanian rooted words or modern Latinized (international) words.

References

Bibliography

Ajeti, Idriz. La presence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Peninsule Balkanique а la lumiere de la langue et de la toponymie. SA 1968/2

Ajeti, Idriz. Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave. SF 1972/4

Banfi, Emanuele. Linguistica balcanica. Bologna 1985

Banfi, Emanuele. Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo. Milano 1991

Bopp, Franz. Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen. Berlin (1855)

Buchholz, Oda / Fiedler, Wilfried: Albanische Grammatik ; Leipzig : VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, (1987)

Camaj, Martin. Albanian Grammar. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.

Çabej, Eqrem. Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH 1962/4 (In German SA 1964/1)

Çabej, Eqrem. Rreth disa Çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH1963/3 (In Romanian SCL 1954/4)

Çabej, Eqrem. Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes. SF 1970/2 (In German “Die Sprache”, Wien 1972)

Çabej, Eqrem. L'ancien nom national des albanais. SA 1972/1

Çabej, Eqrem. Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1972/4

Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1)

Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes.; vëll. II, Tiranë 1976

Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes; vëll. I. Tiranë 1982

Camarda, Demetrio. Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese. Livorno (1864)

Camarda, Demetrio. Appendice al Saggio di grammatologia sulla lingua albanese. Prato (1866)

Campbell, George L., ed. Compendium of the World’s Languages, 2nd edn., vol. 1: Abaza to Kurdish, s.v. “Albanian”. London and New York: Routledge, 2000, pp. 50–7.

Cimochowski, Waclaw. Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise. LP II, 1950

Cimochowski, Waclaw. Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie. LP VIII, 1960

Cimochowski, Waclaw. Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane. SF 1973/2

Demiraj, Shaban. ("Albanian" in pp. 480–501) "Albanian", within The Indo-European Languages, edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998;

Demiraj, Shaban. Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj. Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar (Tirane) 1988

Demiraj, Shaban. Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) TOENA (Tirane), 1996

Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe. Shkenca (Tirane) 1999

Demiraj, Shaban. Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) 2002

De Simone, Carlo. Gli illiri del Sud. Tentativo di una definizione. “Iliria” (Tiranë) 1986/1

Desnickaja, A.V. Albanskij jazyk i ego dialekty. Leningrad 1968

Desnickaja, A.V. Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology Linguistics, EJ088069 (1973)

Desnickaja, A.V. Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija, Cast 1. Leningrad: Nauka Press. 1990

Domi, Mahir. Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma. SF 1974/4

Domi, Mahir. Considerations sur les traits communs ou paralleles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur etude. SA 1975/1

Encyclopædia Britannica, "Albanian language" article, 15th edn. (1985).

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. ("Albanian" in pp. 390–399) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction''. London: Blackwell, 2004.

Gjinari, Jorgji. Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1968/4

Gjinari, Jorgji. Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe. SF 1969/3

Gjinari, Jorgji. Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit. SF 1976/3

Gjinari, Jorgji. Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar. SF 1982/3

Gjinari, Jorgji. Dialektologjia shqiptare. Prishtinë: Universiteti, 1970.

Hahn, Georg von. Albanesische Studien. Wien (1853)

Hamp, E. P. “Albanian”, in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher, vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon, 1994, pp. 65–7.

Huld, Martin E. Basic Albanian etymologies. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. (1984)

Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans (Trends in linguistics). The Hague and Paris: Mouton. (1976)

Kopitar, B.J. Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache. Wien (1829)

Kretschmer, Paul. Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, (Introduction of the History of the Greek Language), Göttingen, (1896)

Kretschmer, Paul. Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans, (Parahistoria gjuhësore e Ballkanit), Revue Internationale des e'tudes balkaniquee, vol. II (1935)

Lambertz, Maximilian. Lehrgang des Albanischen. Teil I: Albanisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Teil II: Albanische Chrestomathie. Teil III: Grammatik der albanischen Sprache (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1954, Berlin 1955, Halle/Saale 1959)

Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams. "Albanian", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.

Mayer, Antun. Die Sprache der alten Illyrier. B. II. Wien 1959

Mann, Stuart E.: An Albanian Historical Grammar ; Hamburg : Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977

Meyer, Gustav. Albanesische Studien. I - Wien 1882; III - 1892; V - 1896

Miklosich, Franz: Albanische Forschungen. I: Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870)

Miklosich, Franz. Albanische Forschugen, II: Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870)

Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1-2

Mihaescu, Haralambie La langue latine dans le sud-est de l’Europe. Bucuresti-Paris: Editura Academiei-Les Belles Lettres (1978)

Newmark, Leonard et al. Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students. Standford: Stanford University Press, 1982.

Ölberg, Hermann. Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel. Akten Innsbruck (1972)

Ölberg, Hermann. Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve. SF 1982/3

Pedersen, Holger. Bidrag til den albanesiske sproghistorie. (Festskrift til Vilhelm Thomsen). Kobenhavn (1894)

Pedersen, Holger. Albanesisch 1905. Rom. Jb. IX (1905). Erlangen (1909)

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l’elemento Latino dell’albanese në: Abruzzo. Rivista dell'Istituto di Studi Abruzzesi XIX, 1980

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin Latin të shqipes (Some observations over the Latin element of the Albanian language), in: SF 1982/3

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Avviamento alla linguistica albanese (Edizione rinnovata) (1997)

Pisani, Vittore L'albanais et les autres langues indoeuropéennes, "Annuaire de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales etslaves", t. X, Bruxelles, 1950

Pisani, Vittore. Les origines de la langue albanaise. SA 1964/1

Pisani, Vittore. Sulla genesi dell'albanese. Akten Innsbruck (1972)

Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian''. Leiden: Brill, 2000.

Price, Glanville, ed. Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, s.v. “Albanian”. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 4–8.

Riza, Selman. Studime albanistike. Pristina 1979

Sandfeld, Kristian. Linguistique balkanique, problemes et resultats. Paris 1930

Tagliavini, Carlo. La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei. Bologna 1965

Thumb, A. Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen. IF 26 (1926)

Thunmann, Johann. Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker. Laipzig (1774)

Watkins, Calvert. The Indo-European Languages, Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998">"Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages, Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998.

Ylli, Xhelal; Sobolev, Andrej N.. Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr. Muenchen: Biblion Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-932331-36-2

External links

Albanian phrasebook at Wikitravel

Learn Albanian

Albanian Grammar

Ethnologue report on Albanian

Albanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)

Modern Greek and Albanian with Japanese translation

The Albanian language - overview (Archived 2009-10-25)

Thracian the Albanian language

Books about Albania and the Albanian people (scribd.com) Reference of books (and some journal articles) about Albania and the Albanian people; their history, language, origin, culture, literature, etc. Public domain books, fully accessible online.

Doctor John Bassett Trumper discussing the classification of Albanian within Indo-European

; Samples of various Albanian dialects

Scroll down for 3 different Albanian dialects: (Gheg) (Tosk) and (Arbëreshë)

Albanian (Arvanitika)

; Dictionaries

English - Albanian / Albanian - English

English - Albanian

French - Albanian Dictionary

; Keyboard layouts

Prektora 1 ISO-8859-1 standardized layout for Windows XP (Albanian language)

Category:Languages of Albania Category:Languages of Kosovo Category:Languages of the Republic of Macedonia Category:Languages of Italy Category:Languages of Serbia Category:Languages of Montenegro Category:Languages of Greece Category:Languages of Turkey Category:Albanian language Category:Indo-European languages Category:SVO languages

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The Albanian Language: Pure and Pelasgian?

Duration: 4:21
Published: 2008-10-27
Uploaded: 2010-12-17
Author: Yanitsaros

Albanians like the late Aristidh Kola claim that the Albanian language is Pelasgian. Let's see what linguists say: 'Historical linguists point out that these borrowings from Ancient Greek were in the Doric dialect and penetrated into Illyrian through Corinthian commercial colonies in Corfu, along the Adriatic coast, and through border towns.' (Edwin E. Jacques, the Albanians: an ethnic history from pre-historic times to the present, p 37) ``The Albanian language has borrowed many words from Latin, Greek and Turkish. (Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More than 400 languages, p 13) Our knowledge of Albanian, except for a few words, extends back only as far as the fifteenth century of our era, and when we first meet with it, the vocabulary is so mixed with Latin, Greek, Turkish, and Slavonic elements owing to conquests and other causes that it is somewhat difficult to isolate the original Albanian. (Albert C. Baugh, Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, p 25) ``Proto-Albanian is viewed as a language already possessing several features typical of the Albanian linguistic type. We reconstruct it in two forms: Early Proto-Albanian immediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts with speakers of Latin/Romance (1st century CE), and Late Proto-Albanian following contacts with Proto-Romance and ancient Slavic dialects still close to Proto-Slavic (6th-7th centuries CE). Major changes shattered the structure of Proto-Albanian during ...

Proto-Albanians

Duration: 9:36
Published: 2008-01-07
Uploaded: 2010-10-22
Author: antonKASA2007

Proto-Albanians were Illyrians(Albani and Dardania's lands) and they had roots- connections with the Ancient Pelasgians who were located in North-East of the Mediterranean lands like South-central Balkan,Crete,Turkey and Italy.Before there were Greeks,Troy(Turkey),Egypt,Israel and Rome, there were Pelasgians who did worship the Goddess (Woman-Mother of Pelasgians),who was in the old myths before there were; Cronus,Zeus,Anu,Aten,Adon,Baal,El,Jupiter(God-Male-Father) For 100 years many people are trying to know more about the ancient pelasgians who are so old in their religion, history and their myths,maybe even older than Noah's. "Pelasgian creation myth involving Ophion as a serpent created by a supreme goddess called Eurynome dancing on the waves. She is fertlized by the serpent and in the form of Night lays a golden egg on the waters about which Ophion entwines until eventually it hatches and the world issues forth. Then Ophion and Eurynome dwell in the world on Mt. Olympus until Ophion's boasting leads Eurynome to banish him to the darkness below the earth". Maybe the Pelasgian Creation Myth tell us that there was a river(goddess) which connected with Ocean(Oceanide)and a lake(egg) where the river Nile(god-snake)water was mixing with the waters of the river(goddess)created(daughter) from the water of the Atlantic Ocean.Was the lake and the lands around the so called the Garden of Eve which later flooded and humans left? Floods after flood the myths come to the time of ...

Albanian Language, descendant of the Illyrian Language

Duration: 2:15
Published: 2008-06-17
Uploaded: 2010-12-09
Author: AlbanianArchlord

The connection between the Albanian and the Illyrian language.

Respons to Serb/greek propaganda

Duration: 4:34
Published: 2010-08-18
Uploaded: 2010-12-22
Author: HaplogroupE3b1a

Respons to Serb/greek propaganda Austrian study about the Albanian language. "(Old) Albanian - Living legacy of a dead language?" www.fwf.ac.at Also "Due to the proto-romanian cognates with Albnanian, it testifies of a close relation for a long period of time. So they must have lived sid by side before the slavic expansion. Since Romanians live to the north, Albanians in the south, while Slavs live in the middle. " i forgot to add: "so slavs must have come in between proto-albanians and proto-romanians"

Measurement of the LANGUAGE PIE (Proto-Indo-European)

Duration: 9:46
Published: 2009-10-10
Uploaded: 2010-12-07
Author: 2bilderberg

It has been a long time, that intellectuals, scholars and Western linguists, unable to discover the real roots of the languages have come up with the theory of Proto-Indo-European language, according to them, a language already disappeared, by which always according to them, lay out all European languages, giving the same credit to the natural offspring and vehicular ones. The following example is one of the many, that this would likely be not true, empirical roots of PIE language are a "scientific" fairytale , which adds more mystery in the whole account. The truth is that all words of written/spoken, are graphical /lexical transformation product of the primitive words which carry a particular concept in themselves, and there is nowhere common PIE roots, which linguists has filled their books with, defocusing our attention from the simple truth. www.arberiaonline.com

Measurement of the LANGUAGE PIE(Proto-Indo-European)

Duration: 9:46
Published: 2009-10-03
Uploaded: 2010-11-20
Author: arberiaonline

Football Ultras:Kosova Republik (Albanians)

Duration: 4:29
Published: 2009-02-03
Uploaded: 2010-12-19
Author: kosovaultras

KOSOVA+ALBANIA+HALF MACEDONIA+SOUTHEAST SERBIA+SOUTHWEST MONTENEGRO+NORTHWEST GREECE==ALBANIAN UNITED ALBANIA OVER 20 MILLION ALBANIANS::ILLYRIA PRISHTINA--PLISAT TIRANA---FANATICS SHKUPI(SKOPJE)---SHVERCERAT ALBANIAN ULTRAS

"Te Masesh" Gjuhen Proto Indo Europiane

Duration: 3:22
Published: 2009-09-29
Uploaded: 2010-08-25
Author: arberiaonline

"U be nje kohe e gjate, qe intelektualet, shkollaret dhe linguistat perendimore, ne pamundesi per te zbuluar rrenjet e verteta te gjuheve kane dale me teorine e gjuhes Proto-Indo-Europiane, nje gjuhe tashme e zhdukur, sipas tyre, nga e cila gjithmone sipas tyre burojne te gjitha gjuhet europiane, duke pasur te njejten vlere si gjuhet natyrore dhe ato vehiculare. shembulli i meposhtem eshte nje nga shembujt e shume, qe kjo gje ska gjasa te jete e vertete, rrenjet empirike te gjuhes PIE jane vecse nje sajese "shkencore", e cila e mbulon akoma me me mister gjithe ceshtjen. E verteta eshte se te gjitha fjalet e shkruara/folura, jane produkt grafik/leksikor i transformimit te fjaleve primitive qe bartin nje koncept te caktuar, dhe nuk ka kurfare rrenje te perbashket PIE, me te cilat linguistet i kane mbushur librat plote, duke e cfokusuar vemendjen tone nga e verteta e thjeshte."-by Zeus10

Albanian language ( Shqip ) "The Language Of Gods" Etymology

Duration: 3:50
Published: 2010-03-02
Uploaded: 2010-08-27
Author: djditii

Words that can ethymologycaly be explainded with their full meaning and a better understanding only by todays Albanian language. Thats why many historians call the Albanian language : The Language of Gods, because many words that can be explainded by Albanian (Shqip) language come through thousands of years ago. As you will see ..in this video, while i was trying to get a better explanation of the sience (Ethymology) for anyone that did'nt know, i encoured something that its not hard to understand if you know Albanian : The word 'Catch' and 'Chase' come from the latin word 'Captare'. Captare is pronounced Kaptare, and the root of the word is Cap or Kap. But Kap is the exact word used in todays albanian language and means 'Catch' or 'Chase' ! More explanations will come soon to make you sure that this are not some part of propaganda and fake pretendings but a serious work of some serious historians and linguistics. EagleEye - 2010

Caucasian civilization (5th-4nd millennia BC)

Duration: 2:49
Published: 2010-10-09
Uploaded: 2010-11-30
Author: NoSochi

Both results of archaeological, linguistic, historical and anthropological investigations show that before the Indo-European expansion, before the end of the 2nd millennium BC, in the 4th-2nd millennia BC, the related Proto-Iberian tribes were inhabited Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Aegean Basin (Khaldi (or Khalib), Tubal (or Tabal), Urartu, Geniokhs, Kasks, Mosiniks, Tibarens, Meshech (or Mesekh/Moskh), Hattian, Pelasgians, Hurits, etc.). As a result of the Indo-European expansion, after the end of the 2nd millennium BC happened assimilation of the part of the Proto-Iberian tribes. This were on the most part of Asia Minor and the Aegean Basin. The Proto-Iberian tribes have kept their originality and statehood in the Caucasus (the Ibero-Caucasian peoples). Very important were investigations of the historians and linguists of the 19th century (Fritz Hommel and others). They proposed the terms Alarodian languages and Alarodian tribes. They asserted that Alarodian languages were languages of the indigenous non-IndoEuropean tribes of ancient Asia Minor and the Caucasus (Proto-Iberian tribes). The Georgian Kingdoms of Iberia and Egrisi were founded between the 6th and 4th centuries BC, in the territory of modern Georgia and the historical Georgian region of Tao-Klarjeti). These succeeded to the Kingdoms of Diaokhi (Eastern and South-Eastern Georgia and Tao-Klarjeti (now territory of Turkey)) and Kolkha (Western Georgia) were founded around the end of the 2nd millenium BC ...

to proto thema sta albanika 2005

Duration: 3:09
Published: 2010-03-24
Uploaded: 2010-12-20
Author: GARDENMAGIC

Tsamiko

Duration: 4:36
Published: 2006-05-27
Uploaded: 2010-12-23
Author: gioannhs

It's me, Pablo and Niko dancing tsamiko at the Greek Tavern "Alexandros" (Rosario, Sta Fe, Argentina). The band playing "To proto persiteri" of Giorgos Ntalaras calls "Logia mas" It's a warrior dance, from the Epirus mountains. I think the name comes from the "Τσάμηδες"(Tsámides), a group of ethnic Albanians, who lived in Albania, Greece and Turkey. The region calls Tsamuriá, It's region of Epirus in southern Albania and northwestern Greece. Other tags: Greece Argentina colectividad Goma Zorba rosario

SHEKI KARAVANSARAY AND RESIDENCE OF KHANS

Duration: 2:35
Published: 2009-05-11
Uploaded: 2010-05-09
Author: IMGROUPRO

From the 6th century BC (and indeed for much of its later history) proto-Azerbaijan was part of the Persian Empire, with Zoroastrianism developing as the predominant religion. The area emerged around the 4th century BC as the ill-defined state of Aran or Caucasian Albania (no link to the present-day Balkan republic). Around AD 325 Albanians adopted Christianity, building many churches, the ruins of some of which still remain today. The history of the Caucasian Albanians is of great political importance to modern-day Azeris largely for the disputed fact that they werent Armenian. This, local historians consider, is important in asserting Azerbaijans moral rights to Nagorno-Karabakh and beyond. Islam became the major religion following the Arab advance into Albania in the 7th century followed by later waves of Oğuz and Seljuk Turks. For arriving Turkic herder-horsemen, proto-Azerbaijans grassland plains were much more inviting than the high mountains, so it was here that Turkic ethnicity became concentrated more than elsewhere in the Caucasus. Pockets of original Caucasian Christians lived on in the hills.

Illyricum Sacrum (Iliria e Shenjtë)

Duration: 2:32
Published: 2010-12-18
Uploaded: 2010-12-19
Author: AlbaniaIllyrianDolls

History of Illyria, about Illyrians.

Aryan Pride

Duration: 4:34
Published: 2009-02-18
Uploaded: 2010-12-22
Author: Diktator86

I apologize for every Aryan country's which not included- its only because conception of movie dont contain that In this movie I put part of good old time team Germany-Austria, Italy, Iran, Croatia, Bulgaria, Scandinavia and Hungary Aryan Pride- aryan nations Persians Croats Germans Romans Hungarian Bulgarian Slovakian Scandinavian Pan-Aryan aryan union Iran Croatia Germany Austria Hungary Bulgaria Norway Sweden Finland Ireland Greece Spain Italy Syria-Assyrian Slovakia Bosnia and Herzegovina Denmark Albania India Afganistan The swastika is the oldest Aryan symbol. This particular example is said to date from the 1st millennium BCE. It was found near Gilan, Iran, and is now at the National Museum of Iran. The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the reconstruction of their language, which was the ancestor of the Indo-European languages, including English. Near East most important king was Hammurabi. In the 17th century new ethnic groups appeared in both Babylonia and Syria-Palestine: Kassites from the Zagros Mountains, Hurrians from what is now Armenia, and Indo-Europeans from Central Asia. This period marked the end of the formative phase of Mesopotamian civilization. The Persian Empire was a series of successive Iranian or Iraniate empires that ruled ...

pyrgos alexis mpanos hip hop proto tragoydi apokalipsis

Duration: 2:59
Published: 2009-05-12
Uploaded: 2010-12-17
Author: panagiotiszah

pyrgos alexis mpanos hip hop proto tragoydi apokalipsis

Kater anet e horizontit, flasin shqip.

Duration: 9:28
Published: 2009-10-08
Uploaded: 2010-08-27
Author: arberiaonline

Ne te gjitha kulturat, drejtimet e horizontit qe sherbejne per orientim hapesinor dhe kohor, per ndertim dhe per shume qellime te tjera, jane percaktuar historikisht me levizjen e diellit ose faktoret metereologjike qe keto drejtime jane te lidhur. Gjithkush e di se Veriu per Hemisferen Veriore eshte sinonim i te ftohtit, i cili vjen me ererat e ftohta, boren dhe akullin. Sigurisht qe kjo eshte e vlefshme dhe per Ballkanin, era e ftohte dhe bora vine perhere nga Veriu, prandaj dhe fjala shqipe veri shpreh pikerisht kete vje+ere, e cila eshte reduktuar ne Veri, duke ju bindur plotesisht ligjeve te shqipes. Duke qene se era e Veriut eshte era e bores, pra era e te ftohtit, qe ne kohe te lashta ajo eshte quajtur boreas ose boras.

KURDISH RACE (KEEP YOUR DNA) Indo-Europian KURDISH CELEBRITIES 1

Duration: 7:15
Published: 2010-06-07
Uploaded: 2010-12-21
Author: xSouthxKURDISTAN

Kurdish RACE, kurds are a nation between East Europians and Iranic Arian nations. They speak Kurdish (Mede language) which is originated from Avesta (mother of all Iranian languages) and the kurds wandered from Russia to Central Asia/Afghanistan-Tajikistan area later continued moving towards Kurdistan (West Iran and North Mesopotamia)

Gazetar: Respektoni gjuhen Shqipe!!

Duration: 3:43
Published: 2009-09-28
Uploaded: 2010-12-16
Author: 2bilderberg

Gazetar: Respektoni gjuhen Shqipe!! Videoja nuk ka qellim tu mesoj njerzve gjuhen por ti beje me te ndjeshem rreth ketij problemi.

Vunoi

Duration: 2:13
Published: 2010-07-23
Uploaded: 2010-08-26
Author: vinarolo

Vuno

Origin of european nations

Duration: 7:33
Published: 2009-08-10
Uploaded: 2010-12-23
Author: SabirOnogur

who were our ancestors?

E1b1b1-M35 the genetic marker of the Sea People (The Meditid Race)

Duration: 6:06
Published: 2009-04-17
Uploaded: 2010-12-16
Author: PhoenicianSomali

E1b1b1-M35 is the genetic marker of the historical Sea People of Med Sea E1b1b1-M35 frequencies: Somalia 80percent Berbers 80percent Coastal N Africa 70percent Ethiopia 50percent Coastal Egypt 50percent Coastal Canaan 50percent Coastal Greece 50percent Coastal Albania 35percent Coastal S Italy 35percent Coastal NW Italy 30percent Meditid subraces Somalid = M78 Heartland Berberid = M81 Western provinces Hardened Meditids = M123 & M35 M123 is most common in the Eastern part of the E1b1b1 Meditid empire

GREECE, THE LAND WHERE MYTHS REPLACE THE HISTORY. (Myths about Epirus)-PART I-

Duration: 10:31
Published: 2009-12-07
Uploaded: 2010-10-02
Author: arberiaonline

What is myth and what does it serve? Myth is a narrative based usually on a false story which can not be used as a replacement of history, but sometimes myth might be considered a distorted account of a real historical event. The myth does not differ much from a folktale and usually the boundary between them is very thin. Myth can not be considered as history, however in the ancient society of the so called Ancient Greeks myth was usually regarded as a true account for a remote past. Surprisingly this tradition is descended to the Modern Greeks as well. They never loose the chance to use the myths and the mythology of a remote past and to pose them as their real ethnic history. This job is being done combining the ancient myths with the ones already created in the modern era. Now lets take a look at two Greek myths, respectively one ancient and one modern, while our job is to prove that even these myths are respectively hijacked or created to join realities not related to each other, but unfortunately propagandized belonging to a real history, the history of the Greek race. Thus before we analyze and expose some of their myths which are uncountable, we are inclined to say that whatever is considered Greek History is completely based on mythical stories, whose reliability and truthiness is deeply compromised for the mere fact that is based on myths not only by the Modern Greeks and especially philhellenes, but even by the ancient authors.

Indo-European Languages Part-1

Duration: 9:39
Published: 2008-02-03
Uploaded: 2010-12-22
Author: alketux

Indo-European Language Tree

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The Albanian Language: Pure and Pelasgian?