Camp Boiro
Camp Boiro Map of Guinea showing the location of Camp Boiro, Conakry.
Coordinates: 9°32′13″N 13°41′08″W / 9.53694°N 13.68556°W / 9.53694; -13.68556Coordinates: 9°32′13″N 13°41′08″W / 9.53694°N 13.68556°W / 9.53694; -13.68556
Country	Guinea
Region	Conakry Region

Camp Boiro or Camp Mamadou Boiro (1960 – 1984) is a defunct Guinean concentration camp within Conakry city. During the regime of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, thousands of political opponents were imprisoned at the camp.^[1] It has been estimated that almost 5,000 people were executed or died from torture or starvation at the camp.^[2]

Early years[link]

Ahmed Sékou Touré

Sékou Touré became president of Guinea when the country gained independence from France in 1958. Over the years that followed, his regime became increasingly repressive, persecuting opposition leaders and dissidents from within the ruling Guinean Democratic Party (PDG).^[1] The camp, situated in the center of Conakry, was originally called Camp Camyenne.^[3] The camp was constructed with assistance from the Czechoslovak government. In 1961 the commandant had the windows reduced in size, since they were too large for condemned men.^[4] The camp was renamed Camp Mamadou Boiro in 1969 in honor of a police commissioner who had been thrown from a helicopter in which he was transporting prisoners from Labé to Conakry.^[3]

The camp was used to dispose of Touré's opponents. Marof Achkar, actor and former Guinean ambassador to the United Nations, was recalled to Guinea in 1968, arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro. He briefly gained his freedom in the 1970 coup attempt. His family learned in 1985 that he had been shot on 26 January 1971.^[5] The so-called Labé plot, linked to French imperialism, was uncovered in February 1969. Touré used this plot to purge the army and execute at least 13 people.^[6] A total of 87 people were arrested and detained in the camp. Two, Diallo Mouctar and Keïta Namory, died of starvation and dehydration only days after their arrest.^[7] Fodéba Keïta, former Minister of Defense, was arrested for alleged complicity in the Labé plot. He was shot after forced starvation on 27 May 1969.^[8]

Aftermath of 1970 coup attempt[link]

On 21 November 1970 a group of Portuguese troops assisted by Guinean fighters invaded Conakry from the sea in an attempt to overthrow the Touré regime ("Operation Green Sea"). They captured Camp Boiro and liberated the prisoners. The camp commandant Siaka Touré managed to hide, but General Lansana Diané, minister of Defense, was captured. He later escaped and took refuge with the ambassador of Algeria. The coup attempt failed, and in the aftermath many opponents of the regime were rounded up and imprisoned in Camp Boiro.^[9] On 23 December 1970, the Bishop of Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, was arrested, and subsequently made a "confession".^[10] Tchidimbo later wrote a book about his 8 year, 8 month stay at the camp.^[11] Alassane Diop, who was Senegalese in origin, a former Minister of Information in Guinea was arrested and held in Camp Boiro for ten years, returning to Senegal after his release.^[12]

Loffo Camara, one of the victims, in West Germany, 1962

The prisoners were given little food other than a scrap of bread the size of a box of matches in the morning, and a ladle of plain rice cooked in dirty water in the evening. There was never any meat except on days when Touré was performing some sacrifice.^[13] Starting in January 1971 the prisoners were interrogated by a Revolutionary Committee headed by Ismaël Touré, half-brother of Sékou Touré and minister of the Economy.^[14] Some prisoners were placed on the "black diet", meaning no food or water until they died. ^[15] Prisoners could only show their courage by refusing to confess during torture sessions, and refusing to beg for food when placed on the black diet.^[16] Loffo Camara, former Secretary of State for Social Affairs, was hanged on 25 January 1971, the only woman killed at that time.^[17] According to El Hadj Ibrahima Diane, an inmate for many years, from June 1972 until August 1973 at least four corpses were taken from the cells each day and thrown into mass graves in the rear yard of the prison.^[18]

In 1975, France agreed to restore diplomatic relations after French prisoners were released from the camp. This reduced pressure on Touré. The book Prison D'Afrique by Jean-Paul Alata, a survivor from the camp, was banned from publication in France and had to be printed in Belgium.^[19] Further incarcerations followed in the ensuing years. Diallo Telli was a popular politician, loyal to the regime, and former Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).^[20] He returned to Guinea in 1972 and was appointed Minister of Justice. On 18 July 1976, Diallo Telli was arrested at his home and imprisoned at Camp Boiro.^[21] In February 1977 five prominent prisoners were eliminated through the black diet: Diallo Telli, ex-ministers Barry Alpha Oumar and Dramé Alioune, and army officers Diallo Alhassana and Kouyate Laminé. The next month five more people died of starvation.^[22][23]

The arrests and deaths continued. In August 1979 Bay Mahmoud, an expatriate from Labé who had moved to France, returned to visit his family. Entering the country from Senegal, all occupants of his vehicle were arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro. Eight of the travellers - all but Bay Mahmoud himself - had died of the black diet within a month.^[24] In September 1983 the government announced they had uncovered a plot to sabotage a meeting of the OAU planned to be held in Conakry the next year. Eighty one people were incarcerated in Camp Boiro.^[25]

Legacy[link]

After the death of Sékou Touré in 1984, the military took power and released many of the political prisoners at Camp Boiro.^[26] Many of the leaders of the former regime were imprisoned, and later executed.^[27] In the years that followed, the association of Victims of Camp Boiro fought for many years to maintain the memory of what had happened.^[28] The council of ministers issued a communique on 27 August 1991 for renovation of the camp and construction of a memorial to all the victims, but no action followed.^[29] The Association was forbidden to establish a museum in the former camp.^[30] In a 2007 interview, Bobo Dieng, a former senior official in the Touré government, stated that there had been just 117 deaths at the camp.^[31] It was not until 2009 that the interim president Moussa Dadis Camara met the members of the association. That year, demolition of the camp buildings began, but it was not known whether a memorial would be erected.^[28] As of 2010, there had been no commission of inquiry, and all documents about the camp were inaccessible or had been destroyed.^[32]

See also[link]

• List of buildings and structures in Guinea

References[link]

Referenced books[link]

Further reading[link]

• Ardo Ousmane Bâ (1986). Camp Boiro. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-649-1. http://books.google.ca/books?id=LCSpNqE_ZDcC&printsec=frontcover. 
• Alsény René Gomez (2007). Camp Boiro: parler ou périr. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-296-04287-2. http://books.google.ca/books?id=LVgvYfPU70IC&printsec=frontcover. 
• Amadou Diallo (1983). La mort de Diallo Telli. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2-86537-072-0. 
• Thierno Bah (2009). 1954-1984, trente ans de violence politique en Guinée. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-296-07282-8. 

External links[link]

• Camp Boiro Memorial (French) (English)

Concello de Boiro
Nickname(s): Boiro
Location of Boiro within Galicia
Parroquias	8
Government
• Alcalde (Mayor)	Xosé Deira Triñanes (BNG)
Area
• Total	86 km2 (33 sq mi)
Population (2004)
• Total	18,302 (INE)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CET (UTC+2)
Website	Concello de Boiro website

Boiro is a municipality of Spain in the Province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia.

It is perhaps best known as the small town where famous quadriplegic (and Galician) Ramón Sampedro received euthanasia. The town was thus filmed in for the 2004 film Mar Adentro, which won an Oscar.

Boiro is also well-known for local tourists that come from inner Spain to enjoy the milder climate and landscape, most notably the Barbanza mountain chain, Praia de Barraña (which lies close to the town center), and Carragueiros and Mañóns beaches (one in O Castro parish and the other in Abanqueiro parish).

v t e Municipalities of the province of A Coruña Abegondo Ames Aranga Ares Arteixo Arzúa A Baña Bergondo Betanzos Boimorto Boiro Boqueixón Brión Cabana de Bergantiños Cabanas Camariñas Cambre A Capela Carballo Cariño Carnota Carral Cedeira Cee Cerceda Cerdido Cesuras Coirós Corcubión Coristanco A Coruña Culleredo Curtis Dodro Dumbría Fene Ferrol Fisterra Frades Irixoa A Laracha Laxe Lousame Malpica de Bergantiños Mañón Mazaricos Melide Mesía Miño Moeche Monfero Mugardos Muros Muxia Narón Neda Negreira Noia Oleiros Ordes Oroso Ortigueira Outes Oza dos Ríos Paderne Padrón O Pino A Pobra do Caramiñal Ponteceso Pontedeume As Pontes de García Rodríguez Porto do Son Rianxo Ribeira Rois Sada San Sadurniño Santa Comba Santiago de Compostela Santiso Sobrado As Somozas Teo Toques Tordoia Touro Trazo Val do Dubra Valdoviño Vedra Vilarmaior Vilasantar Vimianzo Zas

Coordinates: 42°39′00″N 8°54′00″W / 42.650°N 8.900°W / 42.650; -8.900

This article about a location in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Ahmed Sékou Touré
President Ahmed Sékou Touré of the Republic of Guinea arrives at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland during a visit to Washington DC. (June 1982)
1st President of Guinea
In office October 2, 1958 – March 26, 1984
Preceded by	None (position first established)
Succeeded by	Louis Lansana Beavogui
Personal details
Born	(1922-01-09)January 9, 1922 Faranah, French Guinea
Died	March 26, 1984(1984-03-26) (aged 62) Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Nationality	Guinean
Political party	Democratic Party of Guinea
Religion	Islam

Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922 – March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France.

Early life[link]

Sékou Touré was born on January 9, 1922 into a poor Mandinka family in Faranah, French Guinea, while a colonial possession of France. He was an aristocratic member of the Mandinka ethnic group^[1] and was the great-grandson of Samory Touré,^[2] who had resisted French rule until his capture.

Touré's early life was characterized by challenges of authority, including during his education. Touré was obliged to work to take care of himself. He began working for the Postal Services (PTT), and quickly became involved in Labor Union activity. During his youth and after becoming president, Touré studied the works of communist philosophers, especially those of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.

Politics[link]

Touré's first work in a political group was in the Postal Workers Union (PTT). In 1945, he was one of the founders of their labour Union, becoming the general secretary of the postal workers' union in 1945. In 1952, he became the leader of the Guinean Democratic Party which was local section of the RDA (African Democratic Rally, French: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain) , a party agitating for the decolonization of Africa. In 1956 he organized the Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire, a common trade union centre for French West Africa. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with a future rival, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who later became the president of the Côte d'Ivoire. In 1956 he was elected Guinea's deputy to the French national assembly and mayor of Conakry, positions he used to launch pointed criticisms of the colonial regime

Touré is remembered as a charismatic figure and while his legacy as president is often disdained in his home country, he remains an icon of liberation in the wider African community.^{[citation needed]} Touré served for some time as a representative of African groups in France, where he worked to negotiate for the independence of France's African colonies.

In 1958 Touré's RDA section in Guinea pushed for a "No" in the French Union referendum sponsored by the French government, and was the only one of France's African colonies to vote for immediate independence rather than continued association with France. Guinea became the only French colony to refuse to become part of the new French Community. In the event the rest of Francophone Africa gained its independence only two years later in 1960, but the French were extremely vindictive against Guinea: withdrawing abruptly, taking files, destroying infrastructure, and breaking political and economic ties.

As President of Guinea[link]

In his home country, Touré was a strong president.^[3] In 1960, he declared his PDG to be the only legal party, though the country had effectively been a one-party state since independence. For the next 24 years, Touré effectively held all governing power in the nation. He was elected to a seven-year term as president in 1961; as leader of the PDG he was the only candidate. He was reelected unopposed in 1968, 1974 and 1982. Every five years, a single list of PDG candidates was returned to the National Assembly.

During his presidency Touré led a strong policy based on Marxism, with the nationalization of foreign companies and strong planned economics. He won the Lenin Peace Prize as a result in 1961. Most of the opposition to his socialist regime was arrested and jailed or exiled. His early actions to reject the French and then to appropriate wealth and farmland from traditional landlords ^[4] angered many powerful forces, but the increasing failure of his government to provide either economic opportunities or democratic rights angered more. While still revered in much of Africa^[5] and in the Pan-African movement, many Guineans, and activists of the Left and Right in Europe, have become critical of Touré's failure to institute meaningful democracy or free media.^[6]

Opposition to single party rule grew slowly, and by the late 1960s those who opposed his government faced fear of detention camps and secret police. His detractors often had two choices—say nothing or go abroad. From 1965 to 1975 he ended all his relations with France, the former colonial power. Touré argued that Africa had lost much during colonization, and that Africa ought to retaliate by cutting off ties to former colonial nations. Only in 1978, as Guinea's ties with the Soviet Union soured, President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing first visited Guinea as a sign of reconciliation.

Throughout his dispute with France, Guinea maintained good relations with several socialist countries. However, Touré's attitude toward France was not generally well received, and some African countries ended diplomatic relations with Guinea over the incident. Despite this, Touré's move won the support of many anti-colonialist and Pan-African groups and leaders.

Touré's primary allies in the region were Presidents Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Modibo Keita of Mali. After Nkrumah was overthrown in a 1966 coup, Touré offered him a refuge in Guinea and made him co-president.^[7] As a leader of the Pan-Africanist movement, he consistently spoke out against colonial powers, and befriended leaders from the African diaspora such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, to whom he offered asylum (and who took the two leaders names, as Kwame Ture).^[8] He, with Nkrumah, helped in the formation of the All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party, and aided the PAIGC guerrillas in their fight against Portuguese colonialism in neighboring Portuguese Guinea. The Portuguese launched an attack upon Conakry in 1970 in order to rescue Portuguese Prisioners of War (POW), overthrow Touré's regime and destroy PAIGC bases. They succeeded in everything but the overthrow.

Relations with the United States fluctuated during the course of Touré's reign. While Touré was unimpressed with the Eisenhower administration's approach to Africa, he came to consider President John F. Kennedy a friend and an ally. He even came to state that Kennedy was his "only true friend in the outside world". He was impressed by Kennedy's interest in African development and commitment to civil rights in the United States. Touré blamed Guinean labor unrest in 1962 on Soviet interference and turned to the United States.

Relations with Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean delegation was imprisoned in Ghana, after the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington. He feared that the Central Intelligence Agency was plotting against his own regime. Over time, Touré's increasing paranoia led him to arrest large numbers of suspected political opponents and imprison them in camps, such as the notorious Camp Boiro National Guard Barracks. Some 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under the regime of Touré in concentration camps like Camp Boiro.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} Tens of thousands of Guinean dissidents sought refuge in exile.^[14] Once Guinea's rapprochement with France began in the late 1970s, another section of his support, Marxists, began to oppose his government's increasing move to capitalist liberalisation. In 1978 he formally renounced Marxism and reestablished trade with the West.

Single-list elections for an expanded National Assembly were held in 1980. Touré was elected unopposed to a fourth seven-year term as president on 9 May 1982. A new constitution was adopted that month, and during the summer Touré visited the United States as part of an economic policy reversal that found Guinea seeking Western investment to develop its huge mineral reserves. Measures announced in 1983 brought further economic liberalization, including the relegation of produce marketing to private traders.

Touré died on 26 March 1984 while undergoing cardiac treatment at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio; he had been rushed to the United States after being stricken in Saudi Arabia the previous day. Prime Minister Louis Lansana Béavogui then became acting president, pending elections that were to be held within 45 days. On 3 April, however, just as the Political Bureau of the ruling Guinea Democratic Party (PDG) was about to name its choice as Touré's successor, the armed forces seized power, denouncing the last years of Touré's rule as a "bloody and ruthless dictatorship." The constitution was suspended, the National Assembly dissolved, and the PDG abolished. The leader of the coup, Col. Lansana Conté, assumed the presidency on 5 April, heading the Military Committee for National Recovery (Comité Militaire de Redressement National—CMRN). About 1,000 political prisoners were freed.

In 1985 Conté took advantage of an alleged coup attempt to execute several of Sekou Touré's close associates, including Ismael Touré, Seydou Keita, Siaka Touré, former commander of Camp Boiro, and Moussa Diakité.^[15]

Works by Touré (partial)[link]

• Ahmed Sékou Touré. 8 novembre 1964 (Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. A propos du Sahara Occidental : intervention du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant 1e 17e sommet de l'OUA, Freetown, 1e 3 juillet 1980. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Address of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of the Republic of Guinee (sic) : suggestions submitted during the West Africa consultative regional meeting held at Conakry, during 19 and 20 November 1971. (Cairo : Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Afrika and imperialism. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. (Conférences, discours et rapports .). Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958-
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général des travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Conakry, 15-18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine. (Paris) : Présence africaine, c1959.
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Discours de Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil de Gouvernement des 28 juillet et 25 aout 1958, de Monsieur Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de L'Assemblée territoriale et du Général de Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement de la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française, (1958)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Doctrine and methods of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine. Paris, Présence africaine (1959)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée-Festival / commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara) Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Hommage a la révolution Cubaine ; Message du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain a l'occasion du 20e anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973). Conakry : Bureau de Presse de la Presidence de la Republique, (1975).
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic action of the Democratic Party of Guinea; extracts from the report on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Conference of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press, 1962)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Opening speech of the Summit of Heads of State and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of the Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poemes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as the representative of a culture. (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Rapport de doctrine et de politique générale. Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Strategy and tactics of the revolution. Conakry, Guinea : Press Office, 1978.
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Unité nationale. Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P. 1005, Conakry, République de Guinée) : Bureau de presse de la Présidence de la République, 1977.

See also[link]

• Politics of Guinea
• Sekou Touré presidential visit to the Republic of the Congo

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African. 'Ahmed Sékou Touré pp1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). ISBN 0-465-00071-1
• Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Sage Publications (2005) ISBN 0-7619-2762-X
• (French) Ibrahima Baba Kake. Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
• Lansiné Kaba. From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984; in Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960-1980. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis(eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
• Phineas Malinga. Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy
• Baruch Hirson. Communalism and Socialism in Africa: The Misdirection of C.L.R . James. Communalism and Socialism in Africa, 1989.
• John Leslie. Towards an African socialism, International Socialism (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp. 15–19.
• (French) Alpha Mohamed Sow, Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen), in Les ethnies ont une histoire, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386–405, KARTHALA Editions (2003) ISBN 2-84586-389-6
• Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré.

News articles[link]

• New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and GuineaBy THOMAS F. BRADY Special to The New York Times. May 2, 1959, Saturday Page 2, 339
• GUINEA SHUNS TIE TO WORLD BLOCS; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By JOHN B. OAKES, The New York Times, October 25, 1959, Sunday Page 16, 576 words
• Red Aid to Guinea Rises By HOMER BIGART Special to The New York Times. March 6, 1960, Sunday Page 4, 608 words
• HENRY TANNER. REGIME IN GUINEA SEIZES 2 UTILITIES; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, Special to The New York Times. February 2, 1961, Thursday, Page 3, 336 words
• TOURE SAYS REDS PLOTTED A COUP; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), New York Times. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, Page 14, 247 words
• Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Guinea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam July 8, 1962, Sunday The New York Times Magazine, Page 146, 3783 words
• GUINEA RELAXES BUSINESS CURBS; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), The New York Times, December 8, 1963, Sunday Page 24, 333 words
• U.S. PEACE CORPS OUSTED BY GUINEA; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By RICHARD EDER Special to The New York Times, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, Page 11, 655 words
• Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, The New York Times, January 26, 1968, Friday Page 52, 578 words
• ALFRED FRIENDLY Jr. TOURE ADOPTING A MODERATE TONE; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. New York Times. April 28, 1968, Sunday, Page 13, 525 words
• Ebb of African 'Revolution', The New York Times, December 7, 1968, Saturday Page 46, 305 words
• Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), The New York Times, January 16, 1969, Thursday Page 10, 139 words
• Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), The New York Times, March 22, 1969, Saturday Page 14, 146 words
• 12 FOES OF REGIME DOOMED IN GUINEA Special to The New York Times May 16, 1969, Friday Page 2, 213 words
• Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea by Portuguese By The Associated Press, The New York Times, November 23, 1970, Monday Page 1, 644 words
• Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, The New York Times, November 29, 1970, Sunday, Page 194, 717 words
• GUINEAN IS ADAMANT ON DEATH SENTENCES, The New York Times, January 29, 1971, Friday. Page 3, 145 words
• Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; GUINEA IS SEEKING HELP ON BAUXITE, The New York Times, February 15, 1971, Monday Section: BUSINESS AND FINANCE, Page 34, 897 words
• Political Ferment Hurts Guinea , The New York Times, January 31, 1972, Monday Section: SURVEY OF AFRICA'S ECONOMY, Page 46, 464 words
• GUINEAN, IN TOTAL REVERSAL, ASKS MORE U.S. INVESTMENT By BERNARD WEINRAUB, The New York Times, , ; Foreign Desk July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, 592 words
• GUINEA IS SLOWLY BREAKING OUT OF ITS TIGHT COCOON By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times, , ; Foreign Desk, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1098 words
• IN REVOLUTIONARY GUINEA, SOME OF THE FIRE IS GONE By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times, , ; Foreign Desk, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1181 words
• GUINEA'S PRESIDENT, SEKOU TOURE, DIES IN CLEVELAND CLINIC By CLIFFORD D. MAY, The New York Times, , ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, 1253 words
• THOUSANDS MOURN DEATH OF TOURE By CLIFFORD D. MAY The New York Times, ; Foreign Desk, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, 591 words
• AHMED SEKOU TOURE, A RADICAL HERO By ERIC PACE The New York Times, ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 6, Column 1, 1249 words
• IN POST-COUP GUINEA, A JAIL IS THROWN OPEN. CLIFFORD D. MAY. Special to The New York Times. Foreign Desk, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 4, 1336 words.
• TOPICS; HOW TO RUN THINGS, OR RUIN THEM, The New York Times, March 29, 1984.
• Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm, The New York Times, April 7, 1984.
• Guinea Frees Toure's Widow, REUTERS, The New York Times, January 3, 1988.
• How France Shaped New Africa, HOWARD W. FRENCH, The New York Times, February 28, 1995.
• Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution, KAREN DE WITT, The New York Times, April 14, 1996.
• Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, November 16, 1998.
• 'Mass graves' found in Guinea. BBC, 22 October 2002.
• Stokely Speaks (Book Review), ROBERT WEISBROTThe New York Times Review of Books, November 23, 2003.

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Other secondary works[link]

• Jean-Paul Alata. Prison d'Afrique
• Jean-Paul Alata. Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale
• Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman L'affaire Alata
• Ladipo Adamolekun. Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building. Methuen (August 1976). ISBN 0-416-77840-2
• Koumandian Kéita. Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).
• Ibrahima Baba Kaké. Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. Jeune Afrique, Paris (1987)
• Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré. (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). ISBN 978-2-7021-1390-5
• Kaba Camara 41. Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré : cela a bien eu lieu.
• Kindo Touré. Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba
• Adolf Marx. Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.
• Ousmane Ardo Bâ. Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. Harmattan, Paris (1986) ISBN 978-2-85802-649-4
• Mahmoud Bah. Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
• Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. Noviciat d'un évêque : huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.
• Amadou Diallo. La mort de Telli Diallo
• Almamy Fodé Sylla. L'Itinéraire sanglant
• Comité Telli Diallo. J'ai vu : on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry
• Alsény René Gomez. Parler ou périr
• Sako Kondé. Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles
• André Lewin. Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain.
• Camara Laye. Dramouss
• Dr. Thierno Bah. Mon combat pour la Guinée
• Nadine Bari. Grain de sable
• Nadine Bari. Noces d'absence
• Nadine Bari. Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
• Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
• Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari. Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
• Collectif Jeune Afrique. Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.
• Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
• Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
• Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957-1984
• Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
• Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime : lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand
• Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré : quarante ans de dictature
• Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir : l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984

External links[link]

	Guinea portal
	Biography portal

• [1] 1959 Time Magazine cover story about Sékou Touré
• WebGuinee - Sekou Toure Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure
• Camp Boiro Memorial. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.
• More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)
• BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule (1959).
• Conflict history: Guinea, 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.
• 1st page on the French National Assembly website
• 2nd page on the French National Assembly website

v t e Presidents of Guinea Ahmed Sékou Touré • Louis Lansana Beavogui (Acting) • Lansana Conté   • Moussa Dadis Camara • Sékouba Konaté (Acting) • Alpha Condé

v t e Heads of government of Guinea Colonial: Ahmed Sékou Touré • Independent: post abolished, 1958-72 • Beavogui • Traoré • post abolished, 1984-96  • Sidya Touré  • Sidimé  • Fall  • vacant, April-December 2004  • Diallo  • vacant, 2006-07  • Camara  • Kouyaté  • Souaré  • Komara  • Doré  • Fofana

v t e Pan-Africanism Proponents Politicians Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey David Comissiong Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah Julius Nyerere John Nyathi Pokela Thomas Sankara Haile Selassie Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Ahmed Sékou Touré I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson Others Marimba Ani Molefi Kete Asante Steve Biko Edward Wilmot Blyden John Henrik Clarke Cheikh Anta Diop W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon John G. Jackson Leonard Jeffries Yosef Ben-Jochannan Maulana Karenga Fela Kuti Bob Marley Malcolm X Zephania Mothopeng George Padmore Motsoko Pheko Runoko Rashidi Paul Robeson Walter Rodney Burning Spear Henry Sylvester-Williams Stokely Carmichael Omali Yeshitela Concepts United States of Africa Afrocentrism Kwanzaa Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Négritude African nationalism African socialism African Century Africanization Kawaida Ujamaa Harambee Ubuntu Zikism Black nationalism Organizations African Union Organization of African Unity Uhuru Movement UNIA-ACL African Unification Front International African Service Bureau

Boubacar Diallo Telli (1925–1977) was a Guinean diplomat and politician. He helped found the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and was the first secretary-general of the OAU between 1964 and 1972. After serving as Minister of Justice in Guinea for four years he was executed by starvation by the regime of Ahmed Sékou Touré at Camp Boiro in 1977.^[1]

Early career[link]

Diallo Telli was born in 1925 in Porédaka, Guinea. He was of Fulani origin. He studied for his baccalauréat at Dakar, and then went to the École Nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer, in Paris, France.^[1] In 1951 he received his Licence en Droit, and in 1954 his Doctorate in Law. That year he was appointed Deputy of the Procureur (District Attorney) of the Republic at the Court of Thiès in Senegal.^[2] He was then appointed to the court in Cotonou, Benin (then Dahomey). In 1955, he became head of the Office of High Commissioner of French West Africa (AOF) in Dakar, which was the highest position held by an African in the French colonial period. He became Secretary General of the AOF in April 1957 and remained in that post for eighteen months.^[3]

Diplomat[link]

After the referendum of 28 September 1958, in which Guinea chose independence from French West Africa, Telli was sent to the United States as Permanent Representative of Guinea at the United Nations. He held that position until June 1964 with a break between June 1960 and March 1961. He was also Ambassador to the United States from April 1959 to June 1961.^[1]

When the Organization of African Unity was established in Addis Ababa, Telli was appointed the first Secretary General, holding that office for two terms from July 1964 until June 1972.^[1] The job was difficult, if not impossible, since it involved negotiating a common viewpoint among the many leaders of African states, each of whom had different opinions.^[4] In an article published in the Fall of 1965, Telli acknowledged the difficulties and disputes but asserted that the organization had a flexible enough structure to deal with these problems, and asked what would have happened if there had been no OUA.^[5]

At times Telli was criticized for his outspokenness. Some criticized him for pushing Sékou Touré's views too strongly.^[4] In July 1968 it was reported that he was unlikely to be appointed for a second term since he had not shown neutrality.^[6] A report on the OAU summit in Algiers in September 1968 covered Telli's position on the Nigerian Civil War. Although the members generally supported Federal Nigeria, some countries such as Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia and Gabon recognized Biafra.^[7] Overall, Telli was a strong and respected spokesman for the OAU.^[4]

Minister of Justice[link]

In June 1972, Telli was succeeded by Nzo Ekangaki of Cameroon as OAU Secretary-General.^[8] Telli returned to Guinea and was appointed Minister of Justice on 21 August 1972.^[9] His decision to return to Guinea was puzzling. He had many other offers from African heads of state and international organizations. He would also be in danger. Some people in Guinea even thought that Sékou Touré had used occult means to lure him back.^[10] According to Andre Lewin, Touré's biographer, Telli was the only person who could potentially challenge Touré in his Presidency. Therefore Touré felt a special need to destroy him.^[11]

As Minister of Justice, at a conference at the University of Conakry, he stated that justice was the key that opened all doors, and urged students to pursue legal studies.^[12] However, Telli obeyed party directives and was the author of the law of June 1973 that removed all independence from the judiciary, creating people's courts at the village and neighborhood levels. His technical counselor at the time said that Telli was "naive, very nervous, often super-exited, very careless in his words and actions, full of candor and disordered in his work."^[9] After the reconciliation between France and Guinea in July 1975, Sékou Touré suggested, at a meal celebrating the occasion, that Telli could be a suitable candidate to be Secretary-General of the United Nations.^[13]

Death[link]

On 18 July 1976, Diallo Telli was arrested at his home and imprisoned at Camp Boiro.^[1] Mamadi Keïta, the President's brother-in-law, was head of the commission of inquiry that condemned Telli.^[14] Telli was accused of leading a plot by Fulanis against the state of Guinea.^[15] He was subjected to intense interrogations, torture and an inadequate diet.^[16] After the second torture session, Telli was shattered and agreed to sign a "confession" of his treason.^[17] This was an incoherent document even after editing by the tribunal.^[18] In February 1977 five prominent prisoners were killed through the "black diet" (no food or water): Diallo Telli, ex-ministers Barry Alpha Oumar and Dramé Alioune, and army officers Diallo Alhassana and Kouyate Laminé.^[19][20]

The OAU did not react to the death of their former Secretary General.^[21][22] However, the disappearance of Telli, a widely respected international diplomat known for his dignity and good nature, did contribute to growing international awareness of the abuses of the Touré regime.^[23]

References[link]

Referenced sources[link]

Further reading[link]

• Diallo, Amadou (1983). La mort de Diallo Telli. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2-86537-072-0. 
• "Boubakar Diallo on Apartheid and Africa's Independence". Pulaar Speaking Association. http://pulaarspeaking.net/telli.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-18. 

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

Yaya Diallo (born 1946) is a Malian (Fienso, Koutiala Circle, Sikasso Region, French Sudan (now Mali)) drummer, author, and recording artist in the genres of traditional African music and world music. He specializes in the goblet-shaped hand drum called djembe.

Background[link]

Diallo was born to a nomadic Fula father and a Minianka (Bamana)^[1] mother, and was raised within a culture in which the drum plays a major social and spiritual role. An instrument for transmitting traditional knowledge among the Minianka, the drum is the focal point of Diallo's life story and his link, through the universal medium of music, with the Western world.

Musical career[link]

Diallo's educational background includes a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from the Université de Montréal and training in a variety of African instruments: Minianka tam-tam (talking drum), Senufo balafon (xylophone), Mandingo tama, or talking drum, and the Afro-Cuban congas. His 1980 debut album Nangape, an instrumental album of African drumming, balafon and flute music, brought recognition to his profound knowledge of traditional African healing arts. He has performed throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. He is the co-author of The Healing Drum: African Wisdom and Teaching, and has released a CD by the same name, as well as several other CDs.

Books[link]

• Diallo, Yaya, and Mitchell Hall (1989). The Healing Drum: African Wisdom and Teaching. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books.

Discography[link]

• The Healing Drum: African Ceremonial and Ritual Music (1994) CD - Destiny Recordings ISBN 0-89281-505-1, ISBN 978-0-89281-505-0
• Dombaa Fole: Medicine Music of Mali (1998) CD & Audio Cassette - Relaxation Company ISBN 1-55961-501-X, ISBN 978-1-55961-501-3
• Nangape (2003) CD - Onzou Records
• Live at Club Soda (2003) CD - Onzou Records
• Dounoukan (2003) CD - Onzou Records

References[link]

1. ^ from The Healing Drum, p. 8: "In fact, while the term Minianka is officially recognized today as the designation for Yaya's people, they do not refer to themselves by that name. They prefer to call themselves Bamana, which means 'those who refuse the master'." The Minianka language, however, is one of the Senufo languages.

External links[link]

• Yaya Diallo biography
• Farafina Donia - A survival school for traditional African culture
• Onzou Records

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