{{infobox music genre | name

Jungle | bgcolor silver | color black | stylistic_origins Breakbeat hardcore, funk, hip hop, reggae, dub, dancehall | cultural_origins Early 1990s, Bristol and London, United Kingdom | instruments Synthesizer - Drum machine - Sequencer - Sampler | popularity Low | derivatives Drum and bass | subgenrelist List of electronic music genres | subgenres Ragga jungle - Darkcore - Intelligent jungle - Jazzstep | fusion genres | regional_scenes | other_topics }}

Jungle is a genre of electronic music that incorporates influences from genres including breakbeat hardcore, and reggae/dub/dancehall. There is significant debate as to whether jungle is a separate genre from drum and bass as many use the terms interchangeably. For those that consider them separate genres, drum and bass is usually considered to have started to separate musically from jungle in the mid to late 1990s.

Subgenres

Subgenres of jungle include:

Darkcore; instrumental jungle with a dark and more minimal focus (1993-today),

''Hardcore Jungle;'' a subgenre which has a large influence from the early 1990s Rave scene. Typically, melodic stabs and pitched up vocals feature heavily (1993–1995).

Intelligent jungle; a more ambient sound, focusing on mood, synthesis and production methods (1993-today).

Ragga Jungle; more Jamaican-Reggae influenced styles and lyrics (circa 1990-today), which often features an MC who recites dancehall-style lyrics

The fast tempos (150 to 170 bpm) breakbeats, other heavily syncopated percussive loops, samples and synthesized effects makes up the easily recognizable form of jungle. Producers create the drum patterns featured; sometimes completely off-beat, by cutting apart breakbeats most notably the Amen break. Long, computer generated pitch shifted snare rolls are also common in oldschool jungle.

Jungle producers incorporated classic Jamaican/Caribbean sound-system culture production-methods. The slower, deep basslines and simple melodies (which are directly descended from dub, reggae and dancehall) accentuated the overall production and hence gave jungle its 'rolling' quality.

History

The term ''Jungle''

While the use of the word to describe what is now known as jungle is debatable, the emergence of the term in relation to electronic music circles can be roughly traced to lyrics used in Jamaican toasting (a pre-cursor to modern MCs), circa 1970. References to 'jungle', 'junglists' and 'jungle music' can be found throughout dub, reggae and dancehall genres from that era up until today.

Interestingly, and possibly just coincidentally, the term "jungle music" was used to describe music by Duke Ellington in the 1920-30's. With African musical and drumming influences they played a rhythmic, exotic sound advertised as "jungle music" and "the jungle sound", the band at that time was often named The Jungle Band on flyers.

It has been suggested that the term 'Junglist' was a reference to a person either from a ghetto of Kingston known as 'The Concrete Jungle' or from a different suburb, 'The Gardens', which was a leafy area colloquially referred to as 'The Jungle'.

The first documented use of the term is within a song featuring jungle producer and lyricist Rebel MC. In which a sample was taken from a much older dancehall tune containing the lyrics "Rebel got this chant - "'alla the junglists".

Smiley & PJ from Shut Up and Dance were once not let into a club by a bouncer claiming "We don't play your jungle music here", referring to the more drum oriented oldskool hardcore. They started to use the term themselves.

At one time there was even some confusion and debate as to whether the use of the word "jungle" was a racist referral to its apparently blacker, reggae-influenced sound and fans as it was the black youth of Britain who fueled the early Jungle and drum and bass scenes.

Jungle shares a number of similarities with hip hop. First, both genres have been referred to as "black music." When jungle first gained popularity, it received many of the same complaints that hip hop music first did: It was "too dark" and downbeat, glorified violence and gangs and had a focus on rhythm. Both genres of music are produced using the same types of equipment: samplers, drum machines, microphones and sequencers. Furthermore, the music contains the same sort of components such as "rhythmic complexity, repetition with subtle variations, the significance of the drum, melodic interest in bass frequencies and breaks in pitch and time."

Some early proponents preferred to define the "jungle" element as representing the deeper and darker sound of the heavy beats and bass lines, while others saw a connection with tribal drumming, percussion and simplicity.

Producers and DJs of the early 90's MC 5ive '0, Groove Connection and Kingsley Roast, place the origin of the word in the scene with pioneers like Moose, Soundman and Johnny Jungle. :"a guy called Johnny Jungle - he is the first person I always quote. ... As soon as the breakbeat started he was calling it that."

The emergence of the jungle sound

In the summer of 1992, a Thursday night club in London called "Rage" was changing in response to the commercialization of the rave scene (see breakbeat hardcore). Resident DJs Fabio and Grooverider; amongst others, began to take the Hardcore sound to a new level. The speed of the music increased from 120bpm to 145bpm, whilst more ragga and dancehall elements were brought in and techno, disco and house influences were decreased.

Eventually the music became too fast and difficult to be mixed with more traditional rave music, creating a division with the other popular electronic genres. When Hardcore lost the four-on-the-floor beat, and created percussive elements solely from raw, 'chopped up' breakbeats, the terms jungle, junglist or junglism started being used to describe the music. This was reflected in track titles of the era, typically from late 1992 and early 1993.

The club 'Rage' finally shut its doors in 1993, but the new legion of "Junglists" had evolved, changing dancing styles for the faster music, enjoying the off-beat rhythms and with less reliance on the chemical stimulation of the rave era.

Jungle's peak

Jungle reached the peak of its popularity between 1994 and 1995, when at this stage the genre was spawning a number of UK Top 40 hits and a series of jungle compilations. It was toward the end of this period that the genre began to more commonly became known as drum and bass, as most producers started to incorporate new sounds and rhythms into their music.

Jungle's decline

1996 and 1997 saw a less ragga influenced sound and a darker, grittier and more sinister soundscape. Hip hop and jazz influenced tracks dominated the clubs in this period. Dillinja, Roni Size, Die, Hype, Zinc and Krust were instrumental in the transition of the jungle sound to drum and bass. By the end of 1998 the genre's sound had changed forms significantly from that heard earlier in the decade.

Jungle today

Today the term "jungle" is mostly used as a synonym for drum and bass ''(See Jungle vs. drum and bass)''. There is a dissenting viewpoint which asserts that jungle exists distinctive to drum and bass, despite the progressive changes brought by the interpretations of emerging artists throughout the late 90s, (some examples being Reprazent, Ed Rush, LTJ Bukem, Potential Bad Boy, Digital, Total Science, Goldie and Optical).

There is certainly a thriving underground movement producing and developing tracks in the style of a decade ago and some original (though currently mainstream drum & bass) jungle producers have noticed this new enthusiasm for the original sound. The North American ragga-jungle revival in 2001 saw many new names emerge to carry the torch. Krinjah, RCola and Chopstick Dubplate pushed things forward with junglized remixes of classic reggae tunes often produced with re-voicing done by the original singers.

In the United Kingdom the jungle scene, though underground, is still thriving with club nights specifically tributed to the oldschool jungle sound as well as more modern Drum and Bass. Many famous DJs from the original scene, such as Ray Keith, Remarc, Kenny Ken and Doc Scott, just to name a few, are still touring the United Kingdom and the USA to perform live; strictly playing oldschool jungle circa 1993-1997.

Shy FX, creator of "Original Nuttah" with UK Apache, has recently launched the Digital Sound Boy label, and Canadian imprint JungleXpeditions features songs with the structure and production values of modern drum & bass but with ragga vocals and multiple reggae and oldskool elements from an international roster of newschool producers. Ragga vocals and oldskool elements have always featured in the works of drum & bass producers and labels, particularly True Playaz and the last three years has seen a resurgence of vocalized productions.

There has also been an eastern European, jungle oriented, underground movement with clothing fashions similar to the UK's 90s Rave scene. Most notably countries such as Bulgaria are beginning an oldskool jungle revival.

References

Notable artists

4hero

A Guy Called Gerald

Andy C

Aphrodite

Congo Natty

Dillinja

DJ Hype

DJ Krust

DJ SS

DJ Dextrous

DJ Zinc

DJ Trace

Ed Rush

Foul Play

Grooverider

Krome & Time

LTJ Bukem

Marvelous Cain

Micky Finn

Omni Trio

Pascal

Ray Keith

Remarc

Shy FX

External links

http://www.renegaderadio.co.uk - Renegade Radio - Jungle, Drum & Bass, Old Skool Radio Station

http://www.ruggednorth.com - Massive OldSkool Audio Archive

http://www.junglex.ca - ragga-jungle vinyl distribution / label group

http://www.thejunglepreserve.org - The Jungle Preserve

http://www.goldenerajungle.com - Golden Era Jungle

http://junglistradio.info - Old School Jungle Mixes, Videos and Radio Broadcasts

http://www.junglistdownload.com - revived Oldskool jungle digital releases

http://www.ravearchive.com - Rave Archive - contains digitized mixes from many Old School Jungle DJs from the United States, plus related rave ephemera.

http://radio.killawaves.org - Killawaves Radio - Old skool, jungle and drum and bass radio station with download archive

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Category:Drum and bass subgenres

be-x-old:Джангл ca:Oldschool jungle cs:Jungle de:Jungle es:Jungle it:Jungle (genere musicale) nl:Jungle (muziek) ja:ジャングル (音楽) pl:Jungle sk:Oldschool jungle sv:Jungle th:โอลด์สคูลจังเกิล uk:Джангл

In slang, old school can refer to anything that is from an earlier era. Old school refers to something that is fairly old and not very recent. Depending on the context and intent, the term can imply a high regard or respect, or be a pejorative. The term often describes music, clothing, games, language, or perceived norms of behavior and generally implies a vintage of at least 15–20 years, but could be considerably older. When used to imply a high regard for something, "old school" is applied to things perceived to be of timeless style, wisdom, or quality, or with wide acceptance in earlier times and continued value in the present.

More formally, old school may refer to:

;In music

''Old Child'', Carlos Barranco Killauea - El green del sonido

''Old Child'', Lalo Solis - Dj Mexican Green of Green Valley

''Old Childrens, Green Culture - Crew De Childrens Green's

''Old School'', a 1995 song by Tupac Shakur

''Old School'', a song on the album ''ReliXIV'' by Overkill

''Old School'', a 2006 single by Danger Doom

''Old School'' (Hedley song), a 2008 single by Hedley

Old School (quartet), the 2011 international gold medalist

Old school hip hop, also known as ''Old Skool''

Ol' Skool, an American new jack swing group

Moog old school, an analogue synthesizer produced by Moog

''Old Skool Love'', a 2005 single by Divine Brown

Old school rave, a form of rave music

Old Skoöl of Rock, a 2007 compilation album and DVD of hard rock and heavy metal

;In film, literature and art

''Old School'' (film), a 2003 film

''Old School'' (novel), a 2003 novel by Tobias Wolff

Old school (tattoo), a traditional tattoo style

;In gaming

Old school gaming, the hobby of playing and collecting older computer, video, and arcade games

OSRIC, Old School Reference and Index Compilation, a compilation of rules for fantasy gaming

;Others

A professional wrestling aerial technique used by The Undertaker

A production made before the mid-1990s in demoscene

Koryū, translated as "old school" or "traditional school", a category of Japanese martial arts

Category:Slang

es:Old school fr:Old school ja:オールドスクール ru:Old School (значения)

name	DJ SS
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Leroy Small
alias	Leon Small
born	August 27, 1970Leicester, England
genre	ElectronicaDrum and bass
occupation	ProducerDisc Jockey
label	Benz-Street
website	}}

DJ SS (born Leroy Small, 27 August 1970, Leicester, England) is an English drum and bass DJ and record producer. SS is short for Scratchenstein, which is a name he used when he was a hip hop scratch DJ, and a part of the hip hop act, The Formation Five, whose name inspired the name of his record label. Has two children, Parris and Jordan and is married to wife, Tania who runs the artist management agency, UMC (Underground Music Collective). His siblings include Pam, Melanie and Fitzroy.

Originally a breakdancer, DJ Stratchenstein began playing electro music as a teenager in the early 1980s. He then played hip hop and rare groove before turning to producing in 1988 initially acid house, hardcore, breakbeat and finally drum and bass tracks.

SS got his big break DJ'ing at the big British raves of the early 1990s such as Telepathy. Since then he has gone on to DJ world wide. His biggest hit came in 2002 with "The Lighter", reaching number 63 on the UK Singles Chart.

SS is the co-founder and head of the Formation Records label, and has released over 100 tracks using a number of aliases. These include the "Color Series" and the "Country Series", MA3 "Those DJs", the piano-theme-from-''Love Story''-sampling "Lighter" (the label's biggest hit) plus many popular drum and bass tunes. He has also remixed "No Good (Start the Dance)" by The Prodigy. He has featured on radio shows such as BBC 1Xtra's ''D&B; M1X'', on which he put together an hour-long mix of Formation tracks and was interviewed about his career.

The Formation label has become a stable for new drum and bass producers such as John B and Twisted Individual.

References

Further reading

Shapiro, Peter (1999) "DJ SS / Formation Records", in ''Drum 'n' Bass: The Rough Guide'', Rough Guides, ISBN 978-1858284330, p. 211-3

External links

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:English record producers Category:People from Leicester Category:English drum and bass musicians Category:Nightclub owners

de:DJ SS