| Name | The Right HonourableThe Lord ByronFRS |
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| Caption | Portrait of Lord Byron by Thomas Phillips |
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| Birthname | George Gordon Byron |
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| Birthdate | January 22, 1788 |
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| Birthplace | Dover, Kent,Great Britain |
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| Deathdate | April 19, 1824 |
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| Deathplace | Messolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece |
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| Occupation | Poet, politician |
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| Nationality | British |
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| Movement | Romanticism |
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| Notableworks | Don Juan, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage |
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| Children | Ada Lovelace, Allegra Byron |
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| Influences | John Milton, Alexander Pope |
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| Influenced | Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Ilia Chavchavadze, Ebenezer Elliott, John Clare, Charlotte Brontë, Gustave Flaubert |
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George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, later George Gordon Noel, 6th Baron Byron, FRS (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet and a leading figure in Romanticism. Amongst Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential.
Byron was celebrated in life for aristocratic excesses including huge debts, numerous love affairs, and self-imposed exile. He was famously described by Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad and dangerous to know".
He travelled to fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero.
He died from a fever contracted while in Messolonghi in Greece.
Early life
, date unknown]]
Byron was the son of Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron and his third wife, the former Catherine Gordon (d. 1811), heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byron's paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral The Hon. John 'Foulweather Jack' Byron and Sophia Trevanion.
Vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as "the Wicked Lord".
He was christened George Gordon Byron at St Marylebone Parish Church after his maternal grandfather, George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of King James I. His grandfather committed suicide
in 1779. Byron's mother Catherine had to sell her land and title to pay her husband's debts. John Byron may have married Catherine for her money Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy.
Byron would later say that around this time and beginning when he still lived in Scotland, his governess, May Gray, would come to bed with him at night and "play tricks with his person".
According to Byron, this "caused the anticipated melancholy of my thoughts—having anticipated life".
Gray was dismissed for allegedly beating Byron when he was 11.
After school he went on to Trinity College, Cambridge.
Name
is the subject of one of Byron's poems, in which he reminisces about his childhood]]
Byron's names changed throughout his life. He was christened "George Gordon Byron" in London. "Gordon" was a baptismal name, not a surname, after his maternal grandfather. In order to claim his wife's estate in Scotland, Byron's father took the additional surname "Gordon", becoming "John Byron Gordon", and he was occasionally styled "John Byron Gordon of Gight". Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as "George Byron Gordon". At the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron, becoming "Lord Byron", and eventually dropped the double surname (though after this point his surname was hidden by his peerage in any event).
When Byron's mother-in-law, Judith Noel died in 1822, her will required that he change his surname to "Noel" in order to inherit half her estate, and so he obtained a Royal Warrant allowing him to "take and use the surname of Noel only". The Royal Warrant also allowed him to "subscribe the said surname of Noel before all titles of honour", and from that point he signed himself "Noel Byron" (the usual signature of a peer being merely the peerage, in this case simply "Byron"). This was, it was said, so that his signature would become "N.B." which were the initials of one of his heroes, Napoleon Bonaparte. He was also sometimes referred to as "Lord Noel Byron", as if "Noel" were part of his title, and likewise his wife was sometimes called "Lady Noel Byron". Lady Byron eventually succeeded to the Barony of Wentworth, becoming "Lady Wentworth"; her surname before marriage had been "Milbanke".
Early career
While not at school or college, Byron lived with his mother at Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire, in some antagonism.
Hours of Idleness, which collected many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage, anonymous criticism this received (now known to be the work of Henry Peter Brougham) in the Edinburgh Review prompted his first major satire, Dallas gives a large series of changes and alterations, as well as the reasoning for some of them. He also states that Byron had originally intended to prefix an argument to this poem, and Dallas quotes it. Although the work was published anonymously, by April, Dallas is writing that "you are already pretty generally known to be the author." The work so upset some of his critics they challenged Byron to a duel; over time, in subsequent editions, it became a mark of prestige to be the target of Byron's pen. He followed up his success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated Oriental Tales, The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara, A Tale. About the same time, he began his intimacy with his future biographer, Thomas Moore.
Personal life
Early love life
Byron's first loves included Mary Duff and Margaret Parker, his distant cousins,
Byron returned to Harrow in January 1804, The most enduring of those was with the John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare — four years Byron's junior — whom he was to meet unexpectedly many years later in Italy (1821). His nostalgic poems about his Harrow friendships, Childish Recollections (1806), express a prescient "consciousness of sexual differences that may in the end make England untenable to him".
"Ah! Sure some stronger impulse vibrates here,
Which whispers friendship will be doubly dear
To one, who thus for kindred hearts must roam,
And seek abroad, the love denied at home."
While at Trinity, Byron met and formed a close friendship with the younger John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." In his memory Byron composed Thyrza, a series of elegies.
In later years he described the affair as 'a violent, though pure love and passion'. This however has to be read in the context of hardening public attitudes to homosexuality in England, and the severe sanctions (including public hanging) against convicted or even suspected offenders. The liaison, on the other hand, may well have been 'pure' out of respect for Edleston's innocence, in contrast to the (probably) more sexually overt relations experienced at Harrow School. Also while at Cambridge he formed lifelong friendships with men such as John Cam Hobhouse and Francis Hodgson, a Fellow at King's College, with whom he corresponded on literary and other matters until the end of his life.
Another biographer, Fiona MacCarthy, has posited that Byron's true sexual yearnings were for adolescent males.
First travels to the East
,
Albania]]
Byron racked up numerous debts as a young man, due to what his mother termed a "reckless disregard for money".
and other theories saying that he was worried about a possible dalliance with the married Mary Chatsworth, his former love (the subject of his poem from this time, "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring"). He travelled from England over Spain to Albania and spent time at the court of Ali Pasha of Ioannina,
and in Athens. For most of the trip, he had a traveling companion in his friend John Cam Hobhouse. Many of these letters are referred to with details in Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron.
Byron began his trip in Portugal from where he wrote a letter to his friend Mr. Hodgson in which he describes his mastery of the Portuguese language, consisting mainly of swearing and insults. Byron particularly enjoyed his stay in Sintra that is described in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage as "glorious Eden".
While in Athens, Byron met Nicolò Giraud, who became quite close and taught him Italian. It was also presumed that the two had an intimate relationship involving a sexual affair. Byron sent Giraud to school at a monastery in Malta and bequeathed him a sizeable sum of seven thousand pounds sterling. The will, however, was later cancelled. In 1810 in Athens Byron wrote Maid of Athens, ere we part for a 12-year-old girl, Teresa Makri [1798-1875], and reportedly offered £ 500 for her. The offer was not accepted.
Byron made his way to Smyrna where he and Hobhhouse cadged a ride to Constantinople on HMS Salsette. While Salsette was anchored awaiting Ottoman permission to dock at the city, on 3 May 1810 Byron and Lieutenant Ekenhead, of Salsettes marines, swam the Hellespont. Byron commemorated this feat in the second canto of Don Juan.
Affairs and scandals
In 1812, Byron embarked on a well-publicised affair with the married Lady Caroline Lamb that shocked the British public.
Byron eventually broke off the relationship and moved swiftly on to others (such as that with Lady Oxford), but Lamb never entirely recovered, pursuing him even after he tired of her. She was emotionally disturbed, and lost so much weight that Byron cruelly commented to her mother-in-law, his friend Lady Melbourne, that he was "haunted by a skeleton".
She began to call on him at home, sometimes dressed in disguise as a page boy,
After this break-up of his domestic life, Byron again left England, and, as it turned out, it was forever. He passed through Belgium and continued up the Rhine River. In the summer of 1816 he settled at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with his personal physician, the young, brilliant, and handsome John William Polidori. There Byron befriended the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Shelley's future wife Mary Godwin. He was also joined by Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with whom he had had an affair in London.
]]
Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including Fantasmagoriana, and then devising their own tales. Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, and Polidori was inspired by a fragmentary story of Byron's, "Fragment of a Novel", to produce The Vampyre, the progenitor of the romantic vampire genre. Byron's story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Byron wintered in Venice, pausing his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married.
Children
Byron had a child, The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron ("Ada", later Countess of Lovelace), in 1815 with Annabella Byron, Lady Byron (née Anne Isabella Milbanke, or "Annabella"), later Lady Wentworth. Ada Lovelace, notable in her own right, collaborated with Charles Babbage on the analytical engine, a predecessor to modern computers. She is recognized as the world's first programmer.
He also had an illegitimate child in 1817, Clara Allegra Byron, with Claire Clairmont, stepsister of Mary Shelley and stepdaughter of Political Justice and Caleb Williams writer, William Godwin.
Allegra is not entitled to the style "The Hon." as is usually given to the daughter of barons, since she was illegitimate. Born in Bath in 1817, Allegra lived with Byron for a few months in Venice; he refused to allow an Englishwoman caring for the girl to adopt her, and objected to her being raised in the Shelleys' household.
However, the girl died aged five of a fever in Bagna Cavallo, Italy while Byron was in Pisa; he was deeply upset by the news. but left London on 11 Jun 1809 for the Continent. A strong advocate of social reform, he received particular praise as one of the few Parliamentary defenders of the Luddites: specifically, he was against a death penalty for Luddite "frame breakers" in Nottinghamshire, who destroyed textile machines that were putting them out of work. His first speech before the Lords was loaded with sarcastic references to the "benefits" of automation, which he saw as producing inferior material as well as putting people out of work. He said later that he "spoke very violent sentences with a sort of modest impudence", and thought he came across as "a bit theatrical". The full text of the speech, which he had previously written out, were presented to Dallas in manuscript form and he quotes it in his work.
In another Parliamentary speech he expressed opposition to the established religion because it was unfair to people of other faiths. These experiences inspired Byron to write political poems such as Song for the Luddites (1816) and The Landlords' Interest, Canto XIV of The Age of Bronze.
Examples of poems in which he attacked his political opponents include Wellington: The Best of the Cut-Throats (1819); and The Intellectual Eunuch Castlereagh (1818).
Life abroad
Reasons for his departure
Ultimately, Byron resolved to escape the censure of British society (due to allegations of
sodomy and
incest) by living abroad, His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of the
Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch
Haik. The national poet of Greece,
Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named
To the Death of Lord Byron.
Βύρων ("Vyron"), the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called
Vyronas in his honour.
Byron's body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Messolonghi.
According to others, it was his lungs, which were placed in an urn that was later lost when the city was sacked. His other remains were sent to England for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality".
Huge crowds viewed his body as he lay in state for two days in London.
The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907; The New York Times wrote, "People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of Byron is not a thing of which England should be ashamed ... a bust or a tablet might be put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons."
Robert Ripley had drawn a picture of Boatswain's grave with the caption "Lord Byron's dog has a magnificent tomb while Lord Byron himself has none". This came as a shock to the English, particularly schoolchildren, who, Ripley said, raised funds of their own accord to provide the poet with a suitable memorial. (Source: Ripley's Believe It or Not!, 3rd Series, 1950; p. xvi.)
On a very central area of Athens, Greece, outside the National Garden, is a statue depicting Greece in the form of a woman crowning Byron. The statue was made by the French Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Laguiere. An Athenian suburb, Vyronas, was also named after him.
Upon his death, the barony passed to Byron's cousin George Anson Byron, a career military officer and his polar opposite in temperament and lifestyle.
Poetic works
Byron wrote prolifically.
In 1832 his publisher,
John Murray, released the complete works in 14 duodecimo volumes, including a life
Byronic hero
The figure of the
Byronic hero pervades much of his work, and Byron himself is considered to epitomise many of the characteristics of this literary figure.
Character and description
Lord Byron obtained a reputation as being extravagant, melancholic, courageous, This is often seen as the birth of the sport and pastime and to commemorate it, the event is recreated every year as an open water swimming event.
Physical description
Byron's adult height was about , his weight fluctuating between and . He was renowned for his personal beauty, which he enhanced by wearing curl-papers in his hair at night. causing a limp that resulted in lifelong misery for him, aggravated by painful and pointless "medical treatment" in his childhood and the suspicion that with proper care it might have been cured. (
French for "the lame devil", after the nickname given to
Asmodeus by
Alain-René Lesage in his 1707 novel of the same name). However, he refused to wear any type of mechanical device that could improve the limp,
Celebrity
Byron is considered to be the first modern-style celebrity. His image as the personification of the Byronic hero fascinated the public,
Near this Spot
are deposited the Remains of one
who possessed Beauty without Vanity,
Strength without Insolence,
Courage without Ferocity,
and all the Virtues of Man without his Vices.
This praise, which would be unmeaning Flattery
if inscribed over human Ashes,
is but a just tribute to the Memory of
BOATSWAIN, a DOG,
who was born in Newfoundland May 1803,
and died at Newstead Nov.r 18th, 1808.
Byron also kept a bear while he was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge (reputedly out of resentment of Trinity rules forbidding pet dogs — he later suggested that the bear apply for a college fellowship). At other times in his life, Byron kept a fox, monkeys, a parrot, cats, an eagle, a crow, a crocodile, a falcon, peacocks, guinea hens, an Egyptian crane, a badger, geese, and a heron.
Lasting influence
The re-founding of the
Byron Society in 1971 reflects the fascination that many people have for Byron and his work.
This society has become very active, publishing an annual journal. Today 36 Byron Societies function throughout the world, and an International Conference takes place annually.
Byron exercised a marked influence on Continental literature and art, and his reputation as a poet is higher in many European countries than in Britain or America, although not as high as in his time, when he was widely thought to be the greatest poet in the world.
originally published in Weird Tales, involves the rediscovery and production of a lost play by Byron (from which Polidori's The Vampyre was plagiarised) by a man who purports to be a descendant of the poet.
Tom Stoppard's play Arcadia revolves around a modern researcher's attempts to find out what made Byron leave the country, while Howard Brenton's play Bloody Poetry features Byron alongside Polidori, the Shelleys and Claire Clairmont.
Television portrayals include a major 2003 BBC drama on Byron's life, and minor appearances in (as well as the Shelleys), Blackadder the Third, The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy, episode 60 (Darkling) of , and was also parodied in the animated sketch series, Monkey Dust.
He makes an appearance in the alternative history novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling. In a Britain powered by the massive, steam-driven, mechanical computers invented by Charles Babbage, he is leader of the Industrial Radical Party, eventually becoming Prime Minister.
The events featuring the Shelleys' and Byron's relationship at the house beside Lake Geneva in 1816 have been fictionalised in film at least three times.
# A 1986 British production, Gothic, directed by Ken Russell, and starring Gabriel Byrne as Byron.
# A 1988 Spanish production, Rowing with the wind aka (Remando al viento), starring Hugh Grant as Byron.
# A 1988 U.S.A. production Haunted Summer. Adapted by Lewis John Carlino from the speculative novel by Anne Edwards, starring Philip Anglim as Lord Byron.
The brief prologue to Bride of Frankenstein includes Gavin Gordon as Byron, begging Mary Shelley to tell the rest of her Frankenstein story.
The writer and novelist, Benjamin Markovits, is in the process of producing a fictional trilogy about the life of Byron. Imposture (2007) looked at the poet from the point of view of his friend and doctor, John Polidori. A Quiet Adjustment, which came out in January 2008, is an account of Byron's marriage more sympathetic to his wife, Annabella, than many of its predecessors. He is currently writing the third installment.
Byron is portrayed as an immortal in the book, Divine Fire, by Melanie Jackson. Byron is depicted in the book Edward Trencom's Nose by Giles Milton.
In The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episode "Ecto Cooler", Byron's ghost appears from Billy's mouth, teaching him to be cool.
In the novel The History of Lucy's Love Life in Ten and a Half Chapters, Lucy Lyons uses a time machine to visit 1813 and meet Byron, who is her idol.
Byron is depicted in Tennessee William's play Camino Real.
Byron's life is the subject of the 2003 made for television movie Byron starring Jonny Lee Miller.
Byron is depicted as the villain/antagonist in the novel Jane Bites Back written by Michael Thomas Ford, published by Ballantine Books, 2010. A novel based on the premise that Jane Austen (and Lord Byron) are Vampires living in the modern day literary world.
The play "A Year Without A Summer" by Brad C. Hodson is about Byron, Polidori, the Shelleys, and Claire Clairmont as they spend that famous summer of 1816 at the Villa Diodati. As opposed to other works dealing with the same period, the play is more a biopic of Byron as he was following his divorce and exile from England than the Shelleys.
Lawrence Durrell wrote a poem called "Byron" as a lyrical soliloquy; it was first published in 1944.
Susanna Roxman's "Allegra" in her 1996 collection Broken Angels is a poem about Byron's daughter by Claire Clairmont. In this text, Byron is referred to as "Papa".
Dan Chapman's 2010 vampire novella The Postmodern Malady of Dr. Peter Hudson begins at the time of Lord Byron's death and uses biographical information about him in the construction of its title character. It also directly quotes some of his work.
Stephanie Barron's series of Jane Austen Mysteries has Lord Byron a suspect of murder in the 2010 book, Jane and the Madness of Lord Byron.
Musical settings of, or music inspired by, poems by Byron
1820 - William Crathern: My Boat is On the Shore (1820), a setting for voice and piano of words from the poem To Thomas More written by Byron in 1817
c. 1820-1860 - Carl Loewe: 24 songs
1833 - Gaetano Donizetti: Parisina, opera
1834 - Hector Berlioz: Harold en Italie, symphony in four movements for viola and orchestra
1835 - Gaetano Donizetti: Marino Faliero, opera
1844 - Hector Berlioz: Le Corsaire overture (possibly also inspired by James Fenimore Cooper's Red Rover as the original title is Le Corsaire Rouge)
1844 - Giuseppe Verdi: I due Foscari, opera in three acts
1848 - Giuseppe Verdi: Il corsaro, opera in three acts
1849 - Robert Schumann: Overture and incidental music to Manfred
1849-54 - Franz Liszt: Tasso, Lamento e trionfo, symphonic poem
1885 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Manfred Symphony in B minor, Op. 58
1896 - Hugo Wolf: Vier Gedichte nach Heine, Shakespeare und Lord Byron for voice and piano: 3. Sonne der Schlummerlosen 4. Keine gleicht von allen Schönen
1916 - Pietro Mascagni: Parisina, opera in four acts
1934 - Germaine Tailleferre: Two Poems of Lord Byron (1. Sometimes in moments... 2. 'Tis Done I heard it in my dreams... for Voice and Piano (Tailleferre's only setting of English language texts)
1942 - Arnold Schoenberg: Ode to Napoleon for reciter, string quartet and piano
mid 1970s: Arion Quinn: She Walks in Beauty
1984 - David Bowie: Music video for Blue Jean and short promotional video for Blue Jean, Jazzin' for Blue Jean features him playing an rock star named Screaming Lord Byron (cf. Screaming Lord Sutch). His attire for the rock star mimics that of Lord Byron's in the portrait by Thomas Phillips.
1997 - Solefald: When the Moon is on the Wave
2002 - Ariella Uliano: So We'll Go No More A'Roving
2002 - Warren Zevon: Lord Byron's Luggage
2004 - Leonard Cohen: No More A-Roving
2005 - Cockfighter (band): Destruction
2006 - Kris Delmhorst: We'll Go No More A-Roving
2006 - Cradle Of Filth: The Byronic Man featuring HIM's Ville Valo
2008 - ALPHA 60: The rock, the vulture, and the chain
2008 - Schiller (band) has a song called "Nacht" with Ben Becker on its album, Sehnsucht (Schiller album), which has video on Youtube. The lyrics are a shortened version of a poem in German called Die Seele that is attributed to Lord Byron. It appears to be a translation of the Byron poem, "When coldness wraps this suffering clay" from the collection, Hebrew Melodies. The Identity of the translator/author of Die Seele is unknown although the text may be from "Lord Byrons Werke In sechs Bänden" translated by Otto Gildemeister, 3rd Volume, Fifth Edition, Berlin 1903 (pages 134-135). .
Byron is the subject of the Warren Zevon song "Lord Byron's Luggage"
Perth rock band Eleventh He Reaches London are named in reference to the eleventh canto of Don Juan, in which Don Juan arrives in London. Their debut album, The Good Fight for Harmony also featured a track entitled "What Would Don Juan Do?"
Bibliography
.]]
Major works
Hours of Idleness (1807)
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)
The Giaour (1813)
The Bride of Abydos (1813)
The Corsair (1814)
Lara, A Tale (1814)
Hebrew Melodies (1815)
The Siege of Corinth (1816) ()
Parisina (1816)
The Prisoner of Chillon (1816) ()
The Dream (1816)
Prometheus (1816)
Darkness (1816)
Manfred (1817) ()
The Lament of Tasso (1817)
Beppo (1818)
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818) ()
Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)
Mazeppa (1819)
The Prophecy of Dante (1819)
Marino Faliero (1820)
Sardanapalus (1821)
The Two Foscari (1821)
Cain (1821)
The Vision of Judgment (1821)
Heaven and Earth (drama)|Heaven and Earth (1821)
Werner (1822)
The Deformed Transformed (1822)
The Age of Bronze (1823)
The Island (1823)
Major Poems
The First Kiss of Love (1806) ()
Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination (1806) ()
To a Beautiful Quaker (1807) ()
The Cornelian (1807) ()
Lines Addressed to a Young Lady (1807) ()
Lachin y Garr (1807) ()
Epitaph to a Dog (1808) ()
Maid of Athens, ere we part (1810) ()
She Walks in Beauty (1814) ()
My Soul is Dark (1815) ()
When We Two Parted (1817) ()
Love's Last Adieu
So, we'll go no more a roving (1830) ()
See also
Asteroid 3306 Byron
Bridge of Sighs, a Venice landmark Byron denominated
Lord Byron (chronology)
David Crane (historian)
Mikhail Lermontov (often compared as the Russian Byron)
References
:
Further reading
Blackstone, Byron: 'Byron and Islam: the triple Eros' (Journal of European Studies vol. 4 no. 4, Dec. 1974, 325-63)
Crompton, Louis. Byron and Greek Love: Homophobia in 19th-Century England. Faber and Faber, 1985.
Garrett, Martin: George Gordon, Lord Byron. (British Library Writers' Lives). London: British Library, 2000. ISBN 0-7123-4657-0.
Garrett, Martin. 'Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron'. Palgrave, 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-00897-7
Guiccioli, Teresa, contessa di, Lord Byron's Life in Italy, transl. Michael Rees, ed. Peter Cochran, 2005, ISBN 0-87413-716-0.
Grosskurth, Phyllis: Byron: The Flawed Angel. Hodder, 1997. ISBN 0-340-60753-X
MacCarthy, Fiona: Byron: Life and Legend. John Murray, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-5621-X.
Marchand, Leslie A., editor, Edition of Byron's Letters, Harvard University Press:
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume I, 'In my hot youth', 1798–1810, (1973)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume II, 'Famous in my time', 1810–1812, (1973)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume III, 'Alas! the love of women', 1813–1814, (1974)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume IV, 'Wedlock's the devil', 1814–1815, (1975)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume V, 'So late into the night', 1816–1817, (1976)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VI, 'The flesh is frail', 1818–1819, (1976)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VII, 'Between two worlds', 1820, (1978)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume VIII, 'Born for opposition', 1821, (1978)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume IX, 'In the wind's eye', 1821–1822, (1978)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume X, 'A heart for every fate', 1822–1823, (1980)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume XI, 'For freedom's battle', 1823–1824, (1981)
* Byron's Letters and Journals, Volume XII, 'The trouble of an index', index, (1982)
* Lord Byron: Selected Letters and Journals, (1982)
McGann, Jerome: Byron and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-00722-4.
Oueijan, Naji B. A Compendium of Eastern Elements in Byron's Oriental Tales. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1999.
Prell, Donald: Sailing with Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia. Strand Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0-9741975-5-6.
Prell, Donald: Lord Byron Coincidence or Destiny. Strand Publishing, 2009, http://www.strand-publishing.com/page6/page6.html
Rosen, Fred: Bentham, Byron and Greece. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-820078-1.
St Clair, William, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2008)
Open Book Publishers
Thiollet, Jean-Pierre: Carré d'Art : Barbey d'Aurevilly, lord Byron, Salvador Dali, Jean-Edern Hallier, Anagramme éditions, 2008. ISBN 978-2-35035-189-6
External links
Works
The Byron Society
Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
The International Byron Society
Byron's Grave
George Gordon, Lord Byron at Find-A-Grave
Hucknall Parish Church, Byron's final resting place
Statue of Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge
The Byron Chronology
The Life and Work of Lord Byron
Lord George Gordon Byron—Biography & Works
Centre for Byron Studies, University of Nottingham
Byron page on The Literature Network
Byron Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Byron Materials at Arkansas State
Pictures of Byron's Walk, Seaham, County Durham
Official page of the Byron & Butler family
Greece Honors British Poet As Independence War Hero, Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Apr 21, 1974
Category:1788 births
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Category:Byron family
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
![Toronto Is Broken - Sennacherib [FREE DOWNLOAD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20110430072736im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RQl_ACeWFL4/0.jpg "Toronto Is Broken - Sennacherib [FREE DOWNLOAD]")
